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2 episodes with functional mri
2 episodes with functional mri
4 episodes with functional mri
9 episodes with functional mri
2 episodes with functional mri
The Neurochemistry of Romantic Addiction Limerence, that intoxicating cocktail of dopamine and delusion, mirrors cocaine's grip on the brain. Functional MRI scans reveal CPTSD survivors exhibit 300% higher dopamine reactivity in romantic contexts—a biochemical echo of childhood neglect seeking salvation through intermittent rewards.
In this episode, Jonathan Sackier is joined by Adrian Owen, Professor of Cognitive Neuroscience and Imaging at the University of Western Ontario. They explore Owen's groundbreaking research on consciousness in vegetative states, the ethical questions raised by his work, and the cutting-edge technology that has changed our understanding of the brain. Timestamps: 00:00 – Introduction 02:46 – Taking one album on a desert island 04:03 – A groundbreaking discovery about vegetative states 06:58 – Owen's bestseller: ‘Into the Gray Zone' 11:18 – Where is the border between life and death? 15:40 – Cutting-edge technologies for brain imaging 20:11 – Applications of fMRI and EEG 24:41 – Does brain-training work? 31:09 – Implications for life support and end-of-life care 36:00 – Owen's three wishes for healthcare
In this episode, we discuss everything about ACL injuries. We explore: Role of biomechanics of ACL injuryAre current ACL injury prevention programs effective? Use of Functional MRI in ACL rehabilitationWhat are the long-term consequences of ACL reconstruction? Injury risk post ACL reconstructionWant to learn more about ACL Injury incidence and prevention? Matthew Bourne and Tyler Collings recently did a brilliant Masterclass with us called “Mastering ACL Injury: From Incidence to Injury Prevention” where they go into further depth on this topic.
In this eye-opening episode, we dive deep into the world of post-concussion syndrome (PCS) and brain health with Dr. Mark Allen of Cognitive FX, a leading expert in brain repair. PCS affects millions worldwide, yet many are left frustrated with lingering symptoms like brain fog, fatigue, and headaches. Dr. Allen shares his groundbreaking approach that combines the latest in neuroscience with a holistic, multidisciplinary method to treat and heal the brain. Key topics include: Why Functional MRI (fMRI) is a Game Changer: How it identifies hidden brain dysfunction and tailors treatments to individual needs. Integrated Healing Strategies: From vestibular rehabilitation and neuromuscular therapy to high-intensity interval training (HIIT) programs designed for the brain. Cognitive and Sensory Therapy: Rewiring the brain through targeted cognitive tasks and sensory integration work. The Role of Neurointegration and Occupational Therapy: Enhancing brain-body connections for long-term recovery. Timely Treatment vs. Old Injuries: Why starting treatment early yields the best results, but even years-old injuries can still benefit significantly from intervention. Dr. Allen explains how this multifaceted approach not only addresses symptoms but helps restore overall brain function, enabling patients to return to their lives with clarity, focus, and vitality. Whether you're dealing with a recent injury or have struggled with PCS for years, this episode is a must-watch for anyone seeking answers and actionable solutions.
Dr. Pete is an Assistant Professor of Department of Applied Psychology at Rutgers University, Accomplished Author, Podcast Host & Sports Psychologist --- Upgrade Your Brain Unleash & Use Your Uniqueness https://braingym.fitness/ ------------ Speaking Podcast Social Media / Coaching My Other Podcasts https://roycoughlan.com/ Find the Products mentioned in this Episode or Join the Business https://partnerco.world/ My Website https://partner.co/?custid=N6543249 ------------------ About my Guest Dr. Pete Economou : Dr. Pete is an Assistant Professor of Department of Applied Psychology at Rutgers University, Accomplished Author, Podcast Host & Sports Psychologist What we Discussed: - Who is Dr. Pete (1 min) - How did he get into Mindfulness & Meditation ( 2 mins) - What goes on in your head as a competitive swimmer (4:30 mins) - What he Learnt from a Zen Master (7:30 mins) - Critical Thinking Vs Mainstream (9:30 mins) - People regurgitating a Harvard Study that never happened (11:20 mins) - How to know what is True (11:45 mins) - Negativity from the News (15 mins) - As a Psychologist Trying to Not have a Job (17 mins) - Knowing if a Therapist wants a Customer for life 19 mins) - Yearly Body Test (21 mins) - His Book that helps you with Meditation (22:45 mins) - Should you Apply Visualisation in Sports (24:45 mins) - Functional MRI's (27:10 mins) - What are the 4 Pillars (28:30 mins) - His Podcast (33:30 mins) - Therapists from 2016 reporting that anxiety about Leaders of Countries Increased (36 mins) - Stoping inhouse fighting (37:30 mins) - Rephrase your question (39:30 mins) - What to do what the Ego gets in the way (41:45 mins) How to Contact Dr. Pete Economou : https://thecwcnj.com/ https://www.instagram.com/officialdrpete/ https://www.facebook.com/officialdrpete https://wheneastmeetswest.us/#DrPeter https://x.com/officialdrpete Find the Products or Start in the Business : https://partnerco.world/ My Website https://partner.co/?custid=N6543249 ------------------------------ Help Support the Podcast by visiting my Store, Making a Donation or Supporting my Sponsors http://meditationpodcast.org/ Our Facebook Group can be found at https://www.facebook.com/meditationpodcast.org
At BIO2024, I spoke Sam Clark, CEO and founder of Terran Biosciences, about their development of new long-duration dosage forms for the treatment of schizophrenia . We discussed the development of prodrugs, the potential of psychedelics, and the journey of founding a biotech company. The Genesis of Terran BiosciencesSam's journey into biotech was personal. Growing up around friends and family members with severe mental illnesses like bipolar disorder and Alzheimer's disease, he saw the limitations of existing treatments. Through his studies at MIT and Columbia, he recognized the slow pace of development and the significant side effects of available medications. Existing treatments for mental illnesses have many unpleasant side effects from cause weight gain to Parkinsonian symptoms and hormonal disruptions. All of that led to his decision to found Terran Biosciences hoping to transform the standard of care.Terran's PipelineTerran's lead asset, TerXT, is a novel combination of prodrugs of xanomeline and trospium, compounds that have been around for a long time, but with less than ideal pharmacokinetics. They also have Idazoxan XR, an adjunctive treatment for schizophrenia, and several new forms of psychedelics like psilocybin and MDMA with differentiated pharmacokinetics aimed at making these treatments more accessible and affordable.Sam explained the significance of prodrugs in their approach. Unlike simple reformulations, prodrugs are entirely new compounds created by attaching a side chain to the original molecule. This attachment improves pharmacokinetics, allowing for more effective absorption and longer-lasting effects. For example, the older compounds xanomeline and trospium, which need to be taken twice daily, have been modified into prodrugs that can be administered once daily or as long-acting injectables with multi-month durations. This innovation not only simplifies the regimen for patients but also leverages the FDA's accelerated 505(b)(2) pathway, potentially bringing these new treatments to market faster.Overcoming Development ChallengesCreating effective prodrugs is no small task. Sam described the extensive process, involving a team of world experts and over 200 FTE chemists working tirelessly. They designed over 10,000 prodrugs, synthesized 700, and conducted 500 preclinical studies to refine their approach. This massive undertaking, though challenging, has led to promising results.Are you subscribed yet? If not, let's fix that.The Potential of PsychedelicsI also wanted to explore psychedelics, a field that has generated significant interest in recent years. Terran is developing new forms of MDMA, psilocybin, and 5-MeO-DMT, aiming to improve their pharmacokinetics and make these treatments more accessible. Sam highlighted MDMA's potential, currently under FDA review for treating PTSD, with a decision expected soon. (Right after we spoke, the FDA advisory panel recommended rejecting approval for MDMA. The decision has not been made yet.) By creating new forms and leveraging the 505(b)(2) pathway, Terran aims to overcome patent barriers and ensure these treatments are affordable.Insights into Brain FunctionI am particularly curious about anything we can learn about neurobiology from studies around these therapeutic compounds and psychedelics. Here is the challenge: Psychedelics, for example, act on multiple receptors. Teasing out different pathways in the brain is complicated. Functional MRI studies of people undergoing psychedelic trips show reproducible changes in brain pathways, suggesting potential mechanisms but the circuitry is complicated. There are no simple answers yet.The Journey of a First-Time FounderI asked Sam about his experience as a first-time founder. Terran's success is in large part due to its corporate structure, modeled after fast-moving Silicon Valley companies. By avoiding traditional hierarchical structures and instead utilizing a flat organization with world experts leading sub-teams, Terran has managed to solve complex problems efficiently.Team building has been essential to Terran's achievements. Sam's approach involves creating specialized teams for different facets of a problem, ensuring a comprehensive and collaborative effort. “Workflows” for the WinI have seen a pattern in several interviews recently. Changing a process can have as big of an effect on solving a problem (and creating success for a company) as developing a new product. In this case, it's a bit of both. The problem being solved by TerXT is the patient regimen. Prodrugs with longer-duration pharmacokinetics make adherence easier for the patient. At the same time, I appreciate the enormous amount of development effort that went into creating those prodrugs. A different approach to assembling teams and managing them is also a significant change in the workflow that will have an impact.Your deepest insights are your best branding. I'd love to help you share them. Chat with me about custom content for your life science brand. Or visit my website.If you appreciate this content, you likely know someone else who will appreciate it too. Please share it with them. This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit cclifescience.substack.com
Imagine unlocking a superpower hidden within your mind. Imagine feeling in control of how you engage with the world, how you heal and grow, and how you manage stress. If you're a TBMer, you already know how powerful hypnosis can be, but today we're giving you a fascinating conversation with Dr. David Spiegel, a leading expert in the field of hypnosis and neuroscience. Dive into the incredible world of the mind, where the brain's power to alter perception unfolds before your eyes. Dr. Spiegel shares captivating insights from his groundbreaking research, revealing how hypnosis can create cognitive flexibility, enhance focus, and even facilitate rapid healing. Discover the awe-inspiring potential of your mind to transform your life through practical, science-backed techniques. From personal anecdotes to revolutionary studies, this episode promises to ignite your curiosity and inspire you to harness the full power of your mind. Join us for an extraordinary journey into the wonders of hypnosis and its impact on the mind-body connection. **Trigger Warning: discussion about traumatic event (00:22:10 through 00:22:58)** Find the Complete Show Notes Here -> https://tobemagnetic.com/expanded-podcast In This Episode We Talk About:The role of hypnosis in altering perception and managing painDr. Spiegel's background and family history in psychiatryNeuroimaging studies on the effects of hypnosis on the brainThe significance of the default mode network in hypnosisDissociation and its impact on focus and attentionCognitive flexibility and its benefits in hypnosisHypnosis for managing chronic pain and reducing opioid dependencyFunctional connectivity in the brain during hypnosisThe role of the anterior cingulate cortex in hypnosisHypnosis for stress management and enhancing sleep qualityHypnotic induction techniques and their applicationsThe connection between hypnosis and neuroplasticityPractical applications of hypnosis in daily lifeThe Reveri app and its functionalitiesDr. Spiegel's personal experiences with hypnosis THEMES / TIME STAMPS:Neuroimaging and brain activity during hypnosis (00:13:30)**Trigger Warning: discussion about traumatic event (00:22:10 through 00:22:58)**How hypnosis can be used to manage chronic pain, reduce anxiety, improve sleep, and support personal growth, with real-life examples and clinical trial results. (00:38:45)Unpacking perceived helplessness, and cognitive flexibility (00:55:40)Resources: TBM SUMMER SALE ☀️LIVE NOW Get the lowest prices of the season and up to $96 off 2024 TBM Summer Challenge - Get Out of Your Own WayLIVE NOW - Join anytime Share your challenge manifestations stories for a chance to be featured on The Expanded Podcast Bon Charge - 15% off with code MAGNETICRed Light Face MaskRed Light Neck and Chest Mask BITE - 20% off your first order with code MAGNETICFresh mint toothpaste bits Learn about effectivity of hypnosis on pain management hereLearn about effectivity of hypnosis on quitting smoking hereLearn about our Challenge more in this episodeFind the Safety DI and all workshops mentioned inside our Pathway Membership! (Including all of our Unblocked DIs) Connect with Dr. SpiegelConnect with Dr. Spiegel + Reveri on IGGo to https://www.reveri.com/ to sign up for the app, and be sure to use the exclusive code EXPANDED for 20% off. Where To Find Us!@tobemagnetic (IG)@Lacyannephillips@Jessicaashleygill@tobemagnetic (youtube)@expandedpodcast Other ResourcesSubmit to Be a Process GuestText Us: +1-213-423-5226 - (texting is only for US, Canada, & Puerto Rico)Alexis Smart x TBM EXPANDED Flower RemedyDid you Finish the Manifestation Challenge? Share your experience with us! Free Offerings to Get You StartedLearn the Process! Expanded Podcast - How to Manifest Anything You Desire Get Expanded! The Motivation - Testimonial LibraryNeed Help Identifying Your Block? Access our FREE Find Your Biggest Block Exercise
Ever wondered how neuroimaging works? The development of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in 1990 was revolutionary for the field of neuroscience and has led to groundbreaking discoveries about the brain. However, it has also led to exaggerated claims and misinformation when results are misinterpreted and shared incorrectly in the media. Further, numerous issues and limitations have been raised by critics over the years, threatening the credibility of this method. In this episode, we discuss how fMRI works, what the critics are saying and the common misconceptions circulating about this important tool. What does the future hold for fMRI in the field of neuroscience? Email: thinktwicepodcast@outlook.com Instagram: @thinktwice_podcast Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/ThinkTwicePodcast Disclaimer: Think Twice is a podcast for general information and entertainment purposes only. The content discussed in the episodes does not reflect the views of the podcast committee members or any institution they are affiliated with. The use of the information presented in this podcast is at the user's own risk and is not intended to replace professional healthcare services.
Dr. Francis Deng discusses the treatment of tinnitus with functional MRI neurofeedback with Dr. Nicolas Gninenko and Dr. Sven Haller. Functional MRI Neurofeedback Outperforms Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Reducing Tinnitus Distress:A Prospective Randomized Clinical Trial. Gninenko et al. Radiology 2024; 310(2):e231143.
Important insights from research are illuminating secrets of Chronic Pain in Children.This episode looks at research into the complexities of chronic pain among children. Dr. Lenz discusses the growing understanding that chronic pain often arises from how the central nervous system interprets sensory inputs. The episode highlights the importance of early detection and treatment of chronic pain in altering its lifelong course. Also, it emphasizes that neuroimaging studies have found specific correlations in the brain with chronic pain, but more research is needed. 00:00 Introduction to Chronic Pain in Young People01:00 Meet Your Host, Dr. Michael Lenz01:44 The Struggles of Chronic Pain Patients02:55 The Prevalence of Chronic Pain in Children03:22 The Role of Pediatricians in Chronic Pain Management03:51 Understanding Nociplastic Pain05:10 The Importance of Early Identification and Treatment05:56 The Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development Study09:58 The Role of Genetics in Chronic Pain12:40 The Future of Chronic Pain Treatment13:18 Understanding the Risk Factors for Chronic Pain13:46 Is there a Role of Functional MRI in Chronic Pain Diagnosis19:09 The Impact of Sex Differences on Chronic Pain20:39 Conclusion: The Future of Chronic Pain Research22:15 Final Thoughts Support the showA Fibromyalgia Starter Pack, which is a great companion to the book Conquering Your Fibromyalgia, is now available. Dr. Michael Lenz practices general pediatrics and internal medicine primary care, seeing patients from infants through adults. In addition, he also will see patients with fibromyalgia and related problems and patients interested in lifestyle medicine and clinical lipidology. To learn more, go to ConquringYourFibromyalgia.com. Remember that while Dr. Lenz is a medical doctor, he is not your doctor. All of your signs and symptoms should be discussed with your own physician. He aims to weave the best of conventional medicine with lifestyle medicine to help people with chronic health conditions live their best lives possible. Dr. Lenz hopes that the podcast, book, blog, and website serve as a trusted resource and starting point on your journey of learning to live better with fibromyalgia and related illnesses.
MedLink Neurology Podcast is delighted to feature selected episodes from BrainWaves, courtesy of James E Siegler MD, its originator and host. BrainWaves is an academic audio podcast whose mission is to educate medical providers through clinical cases and topical reviews in neurology, medicine, and the humanities, and episodes originally aired from 2016 to 2021. Originally released: March 29, 2018 What does a brain look like in a patient with a functional movement disorder? Pretty normal, it turns out. But beneath the normal anatomy is a storm of aberrant signaling. Dr. Mark Hallett, Chief of the Human Motor Control Section of the NIH, describes the underlying neurophysiology in this spectrum of disorders. Produced by James E Siegler. Music by Damiano Baldoni, Kevin MacLeod, Ondrosik, and the Philadelphia String Quartet. Voiceover by Erika Mejia. BrainWaves' podcasts and online content are intended for medical education only and should not be used for clinical decision-making. REFERENCES Maurer CW, LaFaver K, Ameli R, Epstein SA, Hallett M, Horovitz SG. Impaired self-agency in functional movement disorders: a resting-state fMRI study. Neurology 2016;87(6):564-70. PMID 27385746Nahab FB, Kundu P, Gallea C, et al. The neural processes underlying self-agency. Cereb Cortex 2011;21(1):48-55. PMID 20378581Vuilleumier P, Chicherio C, Assal F, Schwartz S, Slosman D, Landis T. Functional neuroanatomical correlates of hysterical sensorimotor loss. Brain 2001;124(Pt 6):1077-90. Erratum in: Brain 2016;139(Pt 5):e29. PMID 11353724 DISCLOSURES Dr. Hallett receives funding from the Intramural program of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. No relevant conflicts of interest are present. He serves as Chair of the Medical Advisory Board for and receives honoraria and funding for travel from the Neurotoxin Institute. He may accrue revenue on US Patent: Immunotoxin (MAB-Ricin) for the treatment of focal movement disorders, and US Patent: Coil for Magnetic Stimulation and methods for using the same (H-coil); in relation to the latter, he has received license fee payments from the NIH (from Brainsway) for licensing of this patent. Supplemental research funds have been granted by BCN Peptides, S.A., for treatment studies of blepharospasm; Medtronics, Inc., for studies of deep brain stimulation; UniQure for a clinical trial of AAV2-GDNF for Parkinson Disease; Merz for treatment studies of focal hand dystonia; and Allergan for studies of methods to inject botulinum toxins. Jim is lucky enough to have no relevant competing financial interests. We believe that the principles expressed or implied in the podcast remain valid, but certain details may be superseded by evolving knowledge since the episode's original release date.
After receiving his medical degree from the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences in Bethesda, Maryland, Dr Sauvé completed his residency in adult psychiatry in the National Capital Consortium in Washington, DC, which includes the National Naval Medical Center in Bethesda, Walter Reed Army Medical Center in Washington, DC, and Malcolm Grow Medical Center at Andrews Air Force Base in Maryland. Shortly afterward, he was deployed to the Al Anbar Province, Iraq, as the regimental psychiatrist for the 7th Marine Regiment. After 11 years of active-duty service, he left the US Navy to become Military Clinical Director at Poplar Springs Hospital. After 3 years there, he left hospital work to dedicate his full time to Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, a practice that has now grown to over 100 dedicated TMS centers around the country. Dr Sauvé is certified by the American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology, Inc. Dr Sauvé recently coauthored “The Science of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation” with Laurence Crowther for the July issue of Psychiatric Annals. He is a member of the American Psychiatric Association and a Faculty Member at the Neuroscience Education Institute. You can find Dr. Sauve at https://neiglobal.libsyn.com/metabolism-mitochondria-and-mental-health-an-interview-with-dr-william-sauve-on-what-we-know-about-nutrition-and-the-brain and Twitter: @wilyliam Timestamps: 00:00 Trailer and introduction. 05:15 Listening to podcasts during long drives for education. 07:11 Transitioning to s ketamine in patient treatment. 11:51 FDA approves depression medication, including suicidal ideation. 15:21 30% of adolescents suffer mental health crisis. 19:16 Lab value 10 times higher, medical dilemma 20:20 Lab value to be double-checked, doctors disbelief. 25:43 Understanding and addressing bullying against overweight children. 27:11 Stop picking on people, but don't enable. 31:19 Fear spurs action, must treat severe depression. 36:26 Nolan Williams accelerates TMS treatment to 3 minutes. 37:41 Functional MRI guides treatment for depression efficacy. 41:53 Debate on depression diagnosis and treatment continues. 44:29 Serotonin reuptake inhibitors impact depression treatment. 49:03 Anxiety linked to dementia and Benzodiazepine use. 51:01 Dementia shows up early in some people. See open positions at Revero: https://jobs.lever.co/Revero/ Join Carnivore Diet for a free 30 day trial: https://carnivore.diet/join/ Carnivore Shirts: https://merch.carnivore.diet Subscribe to our Newsletter: https://carnivore.diet/subscribe/ . #revero #shawnbaker #Carnivorediet #MeatHeals #HealthCreation #humanfood #AnimalBased #ZeroCarb #DietCoach #FatAdapted #Carnivore #sugarfree
Dr. Francis Deng summarizes major highlights of current research and future trends from the September 2023 Neuroradiology Centennial content. Functional MRI in Neuro-Oncology: State of the Art and Future Directions. Pasquini et al. Radiology 2023; 308(3):e222028. Neuroimaging in Dementia: More than Typical Alzheimer Disease. Haller et al. Radiology 2023; 308(3):e230173. MRI of the Brain: What Is Driving Innovation in 2023? Hess. Radiology 2023; 308(3):e231657. Challenges of Preparing for Diagnostic Radiology Call. Isikbay et al. Radiology 2023; 308(3):e230421. Neurochemical Differences between 1p/19q Codeleted and Noncodeleted IDH-mutant Gliomas by in Vivo MR Spectroscopy. Branzoli et al. Radiology 2023; 308(3):e223255. Correlating Quantitative MRI-based Apparent Diffusion Coefficient Metrics with 24-month Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in Neonates from the HEAL Trial. Calabrese et al. Radiology 2023; 308(3):e223262.
Gain insights into real estate trends, leveraging income property for impressive returns, and stay informed on the dynamic landscape of mortgage applications. Then Jason and Rob Braxman discuss internet privacy issues and how they affect civil liberties in a dystopian tech world. Rob explains that Facebook uses IP addresses to detect proximity checks using "Mac addresses," which are unique network identifiers that are unique to each device. IP addresses are a protocol used for transferring data over the Internet, while Mac addresses are for announcing traffic inside one's own network. The limitation of Mac addresses is that they can only exist inside a local area network and do not transmit to the Internet. Rob suggests using a VPN virtual private network (VPN) to protect IP addresses, and locations. Listen in as Rob shares how you can defend your privacy in this relentless tech world bent on attacking your privacy. Key Takeaways: Jason's editorial 3:13 The Magic Number 4:19 California numbers YOY 5:19 A surge of new home mortgage applications on October 6:29 Empowered Investor Pro's new insurance product Rob Braxman interview 8:04 This dystopian tech world 10:40 The Idaho Killer and the Google sensor vault 13:26 Why privacy is important 14:52 FB, Reading Minds with Functional MRi and Hot Mics on phones 18:30 Mac and IP Addresses and why it matters 25:31 Layers of privacy via VPNs and "Degoogled" phones 32:35 CALEA LAW- Protection against a cell carrier and a state 39:21 What we can do to protect our privacy Follow Jason on TWITTER, INSTAGRAM & LINKEDIN Twitter.com/JasonHartmanROI Instagram.com/jasonhartman1/ Linkedin.com/in/jasonhartmaninvestor/ Call our Investment Counselors at: 1-800-HARTMAN (US) or visit: https://www.jasonhartman.com/ Free Class: Easily get up to $250,000 in funding for real estate, business or anything else: http://JasonHartman.com/Fund CYA Protect Your Assets, Save Taxes & Estate Planning: http://JasonHartman.com/Protect Get wholesale real estate deals for investment or build a great business – Free Course: https://www.jasonhartman.com/deals Special Offer from Ron LeGrand: https://JasonHartman.com/Ron Free Mini-Book on Pandemic Investing: https://www.PandemicInvesting.com
Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.30.550770v1?rss=1 Authors: Wong, A. P. H., Wu, E. X. W., Rogers, B. P., Asplund, C. L. Abstract: Functional neuroimaging (fMRI) signals are famously sluggish, unfolding over several seconds after even brief sensory (and neural) events. Relative timing differences between different evoking conditions, however, can distinguish between changes in the duration or intensity of neural activity (Henson et al., 2002). Specifically, increases in stimulus duration cause a delayed response peak with a greater amplitude, whereas increases in stimulus intensity affect the peak magnitude alone. These relationships have been empirically demonstrated using stimulus durations of several seconds (Friston, 2005), but many processes relevant to cognitive psychology occur on sub-second timescales. Here we tested whether the predicted relationship between stimulus properties and the hemodynamic response held for sub-second stimuli and sub-second changes in stimulus duration. In Experiment 1 (n=15), we presented visual and auditory stimuli at three durations (100, 300, and 900 ms) and three intensities in a slow event-related design with a rapid TR (625 ms). In Experiment 2 (n=14), the stimulus durations were extended (1000, 1200, and 1800 ms) to increase the evoked signal. By fitting the observed fMRI signals to parameterised hemodynamic response functions, we found that changes in stimulus duration caused differences in peak latency and magnitude, whereas changes in stimulus intensity affected only peak magnitude. Significant effects were found for duration differences as small as 200 ms, with clearer results when a sufficiently large base signal was evoked and when a bootstrap resampling technique was used. Our results support the validity of existing models of the hemodynamic response. They also support the use of time-resolved fMRI for mental chronometry in cognitive neuroscience, thereby allowing researchers to draw additional inferences about brief mental events. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC
Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.24.550403v1?rss=1 Authors: Gentile, C. P., Spitschan, M., Taskin, H. O., Bock, A. S., Aguirre, G. K. Abstract: The classes of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) receive different combinations of L, M, and S cone inputs and give rise to one achromatic and two chromatic post-receptoral channels. Beyond the retina, RGC outputs are subject to filtering and normalization along the geniculo-striate pathway, ultimately producing the properties of human vision. The goal of the current study was to determine temporal sensitivity across the three post-receptoral channels in subcortical and cortical regions involved in vision, to better characterize post-retinal temporal processing. We measured functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) responses at 7 Tesla from participants viewing a high-contrast, flickering, spatially-uniform wide (~140 degree) field. Stimulus flicker frequency varied logarithmically between 2 and 64 Hz and targeted the L+M+S, L-M, and S-[L+M] cone combinations. These measurements were used to create temporal sensitivity functions (TSFs) of primary visual cortex (V1) across eccentricity, and spatially averaged responses from lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), V2/V3, hV4, and MT. Functional MRI responses reflected known properties of the visual system, including higher peak temporal sensitivity to achromatic vs. chromatic stimuli, and low-pass filtering between the LGN and V1. V1 had the slowest peak temporal sensitivity across cortical regions, which increased at higher levels of the visual cortical hierarchy. Unexpectedly, peak temporal sensitivity decreased at greater eccentricities in area V1, especially for achromatic stimuli. Comparison of measured cortical responses to a model of integrated retinal output to our stimuli demonstrates that extensive filtering and amplification is applied to post-retinal signals. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC
Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.27.546751v1?rss=1 Authors: Mill, R. D., Cole, M. W. Abstract: During cognitive task learning, neural representations must be rapidly constructed for novel task performance, then optimized for robust practiced task performance. How the geometry of neural representations changes to enable this transition from novel to practiced performance remains unknown. We hypothesized that practice involves a shift from compositional representations (task-general activity patterns that can be flexibly reused across tasks) to conjunctive representations (task-specific activity patterns specialized for the current task). Functional MRI during learning of multiple complex tasks substantiated this dynamic shift from compositional to conjunctive representations, which was associated with reduced cross-task interference (via pattern separation) and behavioral improvement. Further, we found that conjunctions originated in subcortex (hippocampus and cerebellum) and slowly spread to cortex, extending multiple memory systems theories to encompass task representation learning. The formation of conjunctive representations hence serves as a computational signature of learning, reflecting cortical-subcortical dynamics that optimize task representations in the human brain. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC
This week on #Neurosalience we have two guests, Dr. Natalie Voets and Dr. Andreas Bartsch, who have both been working together to advance the use of fMRI as a complementary yet promising and important technique for guiding neurosurgery. Along with clinical researchers around the world, they have been writing a massive white paper for the OHBM Best Practices Committee on the presurgical mapping of language function. They were also both co-authors on a clear and comprehensive 2022 paper published in the British Journal of Neurosurgery, titled: “Functional MRI applications for intra-axial brain tumors: uses and nuances in surgical practice” Here we have an in-depth discussion of the state of the art of fMRI as it's used in the context of Neurosurgery. While fMRI is becoming a more commonly used tool for helping inform surgeons of brain tissue to be avoided during surgery, standards and best practices are still being worked out as the technique itself has so many stages including acquisition, brain activation paradigm design, processing, and finally interpretation. Natalie and Andreas are not only trained in neuroimaging, but very much in the weeds of daily surgical practice, so have extremely useful insights on all aspects of how fMRI can be and should be used for pre-surgical mapping. Dr. Bartsch is currently with Radiologie Bramber, and affiliated with the University of Heidelberg. He's an MD/PhD Radiologist and Neuroradiologist who studied at Charite Hospital at the University of Berlin, Tufts University in Boston, as well as at the University of Oxford. Dr. Voets is an Associate Professor at the Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience at the University of Oxford and a Special Advisor in Neuroimaging at Genesis Cancer Care. She is also an Intraoperative Awake Neurosurgery Technician at Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust. Episode producers: Omer Faruk Gulban Jeff Mentch Brain Art Artist: Kai Kiwitz Title: Mapping the Human Connectome Description: Mapping the human connectome requires workflows that can deal with ever-increasing amounts of data. Here, the cellular architecture of the human cortex has been analyzed by a deep-learning based approach on a cell-body stained brain section. Visualizing what the approach has learned about the cellular architecture results in stunning images that illustrate the beauty of the human connectome.
Dr. David Mikulis, director of the JDMI Functional Neuroimaging Lab at UHN and University of Toronto, who is fondly regarded as the father of functional MRI of Canada, has retired recently. In this episode of Radiologists, he is looking back on his career and shares his story on how he chose neuroradiology and how his mentors helped him choose the right path, why meeting his wife was his biggest achievement, why he moved to Canada from the US, the biggest advances we can expect in the field of radiology, and so much more! Listen to this engaging discussion with our host Satheesh Krishna.Produced by Inna LevchukThanks for listening! Learn more about us at universitymedicalimagingtoronto.ca and follow us on social media @imagingtoronto.
Today, my guest is Dr. Todd Constable, a Professor in the Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging at Yale University. He is also director of MRI Research in the Department of Diagnostic Radiology in the Yale School of Medicine. Todd received his PhD in 1990 in Medical Physics from the University of Toronto, then moved to Yale for his post-doc and has been there ever since. While his training was in physics, he has clearly become a neuroscientist as well - having been working in fMRI since the early 90's. He still is active in both the physics development and neuroscience applications of MRI, working on low cost MRI strategies as well as working on more insightful ways to use fMRI data for clinical use. Specifically, he has mentored some outstanding students, including Emily Finn and Monica Rosenberg, who have helped pioneer the use of fMRI for predictive modeling of individual traits. Here we talk about, among other things, about the benefits, power, and potential clinical applications of predictive modeling in fMRI. I hope you enjoy our conversation.
Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.13.532400v1?rss=1 Authors: Nagrodzki, J., Passamonti, L., Schweizer, S., Stretton, J., Knights, E., Henson, R. N., Cam-CAN,, Wolpe, N. Abstract: Background Depressed individuals show attentional biases in the processing of emotional stimuli, such as negative face expressions. Some of these biases persist in previously depressed individuals, but their mechanisms remain largely unknown. Methods A population-derived cohort (n = 134, 68 females; 21 - 92 years) was recruited by Cam-CAN. Functional MRI was acquired during a gender discrimination task, which used angry and neutral faces. Drift diffusion modelling (DDM) was used to investigate the latent components of the decision process, focusing on the effect of emotional valence. DDM parameters were correlated with activity in brain regions. Results 14% of participants reported a history of depression in remission. The best fitting DDM specified a different drift rate for angry and neutral faces. A slower drift rate for angry faces predicted depression in remission (OR 0.092, p = 0.048). This effect persisted after accounting for current depression symptoms and drift rate for neutral faces. Participants with a slower drift rate for angry faces demonstrated increased activations in the bilateral insula, bilateral inferior frontal gyrus and bilateral parietal cortex when viewing angry relative to neutral faces. Conclusions Our results suggest a persistent attentional bias in the processing of angry faces in individuals with depression in remission, over and above their current depressive symptoms. The imaging findings suggest that the slowing is associated with changes in areas involved in emotional regulation and evidence accumulation. Attentional biases in the processing of emotional information may reflect a trait, rather than state, in individuals with depression. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC
Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.27.530359v1?rss=1 Authors: Rangaprakash, D., David, O., Barry, R. L., Deshpande, G. Abstract: Resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI) is a popular technology that has enriched our understanding of brain and spinal cord functioning, specifically how different regions communicate (connectivity). But fMRI is an indirect measure of neural activity capturing blood hemodynamics. The hemodynamic response function (HRF) interfaces between the unmeasured neural activity and measured fMRI time series. The HRF is variable across brain regions and individuals, and is modulated by non-neural factors. Ignoring this HRF variability causes errors in FC estimates. Hence, it is crucial to reliably estimate the HRF from rs-fMRI data. Robust techniques have emerged to estimate the HRF from fMRI time series. Although such techniques have been validated non-invasively using simulated and empirical fMRI data, thorough invasive validation using simultaneous electrophysiological recordings, the gold standard, has been elusive. This report addresses this gap in the literature by comparing HRFs derived from invasive intracranial electroencephalogram recordings with HRFs estimated from simultaneously acquired rs-fMRI data in six epileptic rats. We found that the HRF shape parameters (HRF amplitude, latency and width) were significantly similar (p greater than 0.05) between ground truth and estimated HRFs. In the single pathological region, the HRF width was marginally significantly different (p=0.03). Our study provides preliminary invasive validation for the efficacy of the HRF estimation technique in reliably estimating the HRF non-invasively from rs-fMRI data directly. This has a notable impact on rs-fMRI connectivity studies, and we recommend that HRF deconvolution be performed to minimize HRF variability and improve connectivity estimates. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC
Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.12.02.518897v1?rss=1 Authors: Frank, L. E., Zeithamova, D. Abstract: Resting-state functional MRI (fMRI) is widely used for measuring functional interactions between brain regions, significantly contributing to our understanding of large-scale brain networks and brain-behavior relationships. Furthermore, idiosyncratic patterns of resting-state connections can be leveraged to identify individuals and predict individual differences in clinical symptoms, cognitive abilities, and other individual factors. Idiosyncratic connectivity patters are thought to persist across task states, suggesting task-based fMRI can be similarly leveraged for individual differences analyses. Here, we tested the degree to which functional interactions occurring in the background of a task during slow event-related fMRI parallel or differ from those captured during resting-state fMRI. We compared two approaches for removing task-evoked activity from task-based fMRI: (1) applying a low-pass filter to remove task-related frequencies in the signal, or (2) extracting residuals from a general linear model (GLM) that accounts for task-evoked responses. We found that the organization of large-scale cortical networks and individual's idiosyncratic connectivity patterns are preserved during task-based fMRI. In contrast, individual differences in connection strength can vary more substantially between rest and task. Compared to low-pass filtering, background connectivity obtained from GLM residuals produced idiosyncratic connectivity patterns and individual differences in connection strength that more resembled rest. However, all background connectivity measures were highly similar when derived from the low-pass filtered signal or GLM residuals, indicating that both methods are suitable for measuring background connectivity. Together, our results highlight new avenues for the analysis of task-based fMRI datasets and the utility of each background connectivity method. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC
Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.11.16.516765v1?rss=1 Authors: Yildirim, I., Hekmatyar, K., Schneider, K. A. Abstract: Segmenting the magnocellular (M) and parvocellular (P) divisions of the human lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) has been challenging yet remains an important goal because the LGN is the only place in the brain where these two information streams are spatially disjoint and can be studied independently. Previous research used the amplitude of responses to different types of stimuli to separate M and P regions (Denison et al., 2014; Zhang et al., 2015). However, this method is confounded because the hilum region of the LGN exhibits greater response amplitudes to all stimuli and can be mistaken for the M subdivision (DeSimone & Schneider, 2019). Therefore, we have employed two independent methodologies that do not rely upon the functional response properties of the M and P neurons to segment the M and P regions: 1. structural quantitative MRI (qMRI) at 3T to measure the T1 relaxation time, and 2. monocular and dichoptic functional MRI (fMRI) procedures to measure eye-specific responses. Our qMRI results agreed with the anatomical expectations, identifying M regions on the ventromedial surface of the LGN. The monocular fMRI procedure was better than the dichoptic condition to identify the eye-dominance signals. Both procedures revealed significant right eye bias, and neither could reliably identify the first M layer of the LGN. These findings indicated that the qMRI methods are promising whereas the functional identification of contralateral layers requires further refinement. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC
Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.09.06.506787v1?rss=1 Authors: Mobarak-Abadi, M., Mahmoudi-Aznave, A., Dehghani, H., Zarei, M., Vahdat, S., Doyon, J., Khatibi, A. Abstract: There are unique challenges in the preprocessing of spinal cord fMRI data, particularly voluntary or involuntary movement artifacts during image acquisition. Despite advances in data processing techniques for movement detection and correction, there are challenges in extrapolating motion correction algorithm developments in the brain cortex to the brainstem and spinal cord. We trained a Deep Learning-based convolutional neural network (CNN) via an unsupervised learning algorithm, called DeepRetroMoCo, to detect and correct motions in axial T2*-weighted spinal cord data. Spinal cord fMRI data from 27 participants were used for training of the network (135 runs for training and 81 runs for testing). We used average temporal signal-to-noise-ratio (tSNR) and Delta Variation Signal (DVARS) of raw and motion-corrected images to compare the outcome of DeepRetroMoco with sct_fmri_moco implemented in the spinal cord toolbox. The average tSNR in the cervical cord was significantly higher when DeepRetroMoco was used for motion correction compared to sct_fmri_moco method. Average DVARS was lower in images corrected by DeepRetroMoco than those corrected by sct_fmri_moco. The average processing time for DeepRetroMoco was also significantly shorter than sct_fmri_moco. Our results suggest that DeepRetroMoCo improves motion correction procedures in fMRI data acquired from the cervical spinal cord. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by PaperPlayer
Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.09.02.506391v1?rss=1 Authors: Nichols, E. S., Correa, S., Van Dyken, P., Kai, J., Kuehn, T. K., de Ribaupierre, S., Duerden, E. G., Khan, A. R. Abstract: Fetal functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) offers critical insight into the developing brain and could aid in predicting developmental outcomes. As the fetal brain is surrounded by heterogeneous tissue, it is not possible to use adult- or child-based segmentation toolboxes. Manually-segmented masks can be used to extract the fetal brain; however, this comes at significant time costs. Here, we present a new BIDS App for masking fetal fMRI, funcmasker-flex, that overcomes these issues with a robust 3D convolutional neural network (U-net) architecture implemented in an extensible and transparent Snakemake workflow. Open-access fetal fMRI data with manual brain masks from 159 fetuses (1103 total volumes) were used for training and testing the U-net model. We also tested generalizability of the model using 82 locally acquired functional scans from 19 fetuses, which included over 2300 manually segmented volumes. Dice metrics were used to compare performance of funcmasker-flex to the ground truth manually segmented volumes, and segmentations were consistently robust (all Dice metrics greater than or equal to 0.74). The tool is freely available and can be applied to any BIDS dataset containing fetal bold sequences. Funcmasker-flex reduces the need for manual segmentation, even when applied to novel fetal functional datasets, resulting in significant time-cost savings for performing fetal fMRI analysis. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by PaperPlayer
Patient curiosity (and desperation) has been the driving force behind physicians opening up to the idea of cannabis as a medicine. Dr. Rebecca Siegel, Clinical Psychiatrist & Author of “The Brain on Cannabis: What you should know about Recreational & Medical Marijuana”, joins us to discuss her perspective on cannabis and how her team is using Functional MRI scans to study the effects of cannabis. LINK: Periodic Effects Youtube Channel LINK: Schedule 1-on-1 Consulting Call w/ Wayne *read all details for 1-on-1 calls in this calendar link LINK: Contact Periodic Effects Podcast
This is a short talk about Functional MRI brain scans during death. Research conducted at the University of Louisville is part of this episode. an article of LiveScience is the core of this episode. garymurphydustyroad@gmail.com
Functional MRI is a profoundly successful and powerful technique that so many of us use. It's still developing and adding to our insight about the human brain. While MRI was developed in the late 1970's and early 80's, it would be another decade before it was realized that MRI could be used to detect and map, non-invasively, human brain activation. My guests today, Ken Kwong, Bob Turner, and Ravi Menon were the first who showed this capability. Ken's successful experiment in early May of 1991 was arguably the first. Ravi, who was the key player in the Minnesota group, had produced solid fMRI results by the summer of 1991, and I had my first successful experiment in Sept of 1991. Bob Turner was a key player in his physiologic manipulation experiments in Cats. He collaborated with Ken, and also showed results of his own at 4T shortly after as well. We were all there at the Society for Magnetic Resonance Imaging Meeting in San Francisco in August of 1991 when Tom Brady (who headed MGH NMR Center at the time), first showed in his plenary lecture, the crude but stunning jaw dropping brain activation movies. The moment I saw that, I knew what I wanted to do for the rest of my career. We have them all here to reflect on those heady days, what led up to their findings, and the bright future of fMRI. Guests: Ken Kwong has been conducting MRI research at the Mass General Hospital since the late 80's when he pioneered diffusion imaging, as well as perfusion imaging approaches. He's currently associate professor at the MGH Martinos Center. Robert Turner trained with inventor of Echo Planar Imaging, Peter Mansfield, among others, and while working at the NIH, performed those first critical experiments, demonstrating BOLD contrast as well as obtaining some of the first results in humans at 4T using his home built gradient coil. One of Bob's major contributions to the field was his early work in gradient coil design - which remains fundamental to what we do. From 2006 to 2014 he was the Director of the Department of Neurophysics at the Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences in Leipzig and is currently retired and living in Cambridge, England. Ravi Menon was a post doc at Minnesota and a driving force in the effort to produce functional images using a highly challenging non-EPI approach at 4T. He has been a steady contributor to fMRI methods ever since and is currently a Robarts Scientist and Canada Research Chair in Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Co-Scientific Director of BrainsCAN which is Canada First Research Excellence Fund, Scientific Director, Centre for Functional and Metabolic Mapping, and Professor of Medical Biophysics, Medical Imaging & Psychiatry at The University of Western Ontario
In this episode, Peter Bandettini meets with Tom Nichols, Remi Gau and Jack Van Horn to discuss the motivation for a set of best reporting and analysis practices. This provides insight into how the COBIDAS (Committee on Best Practice in Data Analysis and Sharing) in OHBM was started. They talk about the reproducibility crisis in fMRI and how it is being addressed. They discuss how the culture of fMRI has changed from isolated scientists doing N=20 studies to a connected web of researchers collecting and contributing to fMRI databases of high quality data for the purpose of revealing ever more subtle information. Through this work, the field aims to achieve robust biomarkers that are clinically useful in diagnosing and treating diseases. They also discuss many of the issues and decisions made in analysis, and how this may contribute to irreproducible results. Last, they consider the ongoing and future global efforts to increase data transparency to make fMRI a more effective tool.
On this episode of Living Beyond 120, Dr Gladden and Dr Young talk about Wearables (bio measuring devices) Today’s show rundown: So many people have purchased some type of wearable, but they do not know how to use it Understanding the data from your wearable Mark’s new Garmin for Racing – very exciting device Gladden talks about the Value of getting a wearable – real time feedback Some companies are rolling out wearables to their employees and seeing gains in productivity When you are at home thinking about what would you like to perform better at – decide what you want – and Rested Heart Rate – how monitoring this can help WHOOP – looking at sleep mode If you are concerned with things like Dimentia or Altzeimers – you will be able to see things with wearables Heart Rate Straps are a far better option for measuring heart rate Respiration Rate – what knowing this can do for you What can listeners do / what is the most valuable information for you to know Functional MRI of Male and Female brains – the difference What gets measured gets accomplished Sleep is another performance metric It is the age of Wearables
Non-epileptic seizures are difficult to diagnose and hard to treat. In this episode, we delve into the specifics of this disorder and discuss the obstacles to effective treatment. We are joined by the wonderful Dr. Laura Strom, an epileptologist at the University of Colorado who specializes in the treatment of patients with non-epileptic seizures. She went to medical school at Penn State University College of Medicine and completed her neurology residency and epilepsy fellowship at the University of Colorado. She is the head of the non-epileptic seizure clinic at the University of Colorado and is the primary investigator in an ongoing study for patients with non-epileptic seizures. Her clinic provides comprehensive neurologic and psychiatric treatment to patients with non-epileptic seizures and has treated more than 600 patients as of 2020. For this episode, I was assisted by my first ever co-host, Jamie Moffa. Jamie is an MD PhD candidate at Washington University with an interest in the intersection between neurology and psychiatry. Time stamps: 3:49 Why neurology 6:28 Why functional neurological disorders? 9:17 How did you learn to treat patients with non-epileptic seizures? 14:20 Non-medical book recommendation? 15:45 Patient case of non-epileptic seizures (NES) 18:04 What should you call this disorder? 19:50 What are non-epileptic seizures? 22:25 Clinical symptoms that help distinguish between NES and epileptic seizures 23:45 Functional MRI in non-epileptic seizures 26:30 What elements of the history suggest NES? 29:45 Medical co-morbidities associated with NES 31:30 How to discuss a diagnosis of NES 37:10 Common misconceptions about NES 39:02 Treatment for NES 40:45 Group therapy for NES 45:05 Larger applicability of group therapy model 48:27 How do you talk with resistant patients about psychological treatment? 52:40 How do you help patients who can't get access to mental health resources? 55:10 What is the role of neurologists in the care of NES patients? 58:45 Insurance coverage for patients with NES 1:01:40 Other obstacles to treatment for patients 1:06:45 Patient success story Disclosures: Dr. Strom report no relevant financial disclosures. Brain Boy Neurology reports no relevant financial disclosures. Links: Neuroimaging in non-epileptic seizures: https://academic.oup.com/brain/advance-article/doi/10.1093/brain/awab131/6179314 Clinical calculator to determine likelihood of non-epileptic (dissociative) seizures: https://wesleykerr.shinyapps.io/Combined/?_ga=2.119397517.543235477.1603997676-716097154.1580437477
Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.11.20.391375v1?rss=1 Authors: Regev, M., Halpern, A. R., Owen, A. M., Patel, A. D., Zatorre, R. J. Abstract: Humans can internally represent auditory information without an external stimulus. When imagining music, how similar are unfolding neural representations to those during the original perceived experience? Participants memorized six one-minute-long musical pieces with high accuracy. Functional MRI data were collected during: 1) silent imagery of melodies to the beat of a visual metronome; 2) same but while tapping to the beat; and 3) passive listening. During imagery, inter-subject comparison showed that melody-specific temporal response patterns were reinstated in right associative auditory cortices. When tapping accompanied imagery, the melody-specific neural patterns were extended to associative cortices bilaterally. These results indicate that the specific contents of conscious experience are encoded similarly during imagery and perception in the dynamic activity of auditory cortices. Furthermore, rhythmic motion can enhance the reinstatement of neural patterns associated with the experience of complex sounds, in keeping with models of motor to sensory influences in auditory processing. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info
Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.11.08.370288v1?rss=1 Authors: Azevedo, T., Campbell, A., Romero-Garcia, R., Passamonti, L., Bethlehem, R. A. I., Lio, P., Toschi, N. Abstract: Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) has been successfully employed to understand the organisation of the human brain. For rs-fMRI analysis, the brain is typically parcellated into regions of interest (ROIs) and modelled as a graph where each ROI is a node and pairwise correlation between ROI blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) time series are edges. Recently, graph neural networks (GNNs) have seen a surge in popularity due to their successes in modelling unstructured relational data. The latest developments with GNNs, however, have not yet been fully exploited for the analysis of rs-fMRI data, particularly with regards to its spatio-temporal dynamics. Herein we present a novel deep neural network architecture, combining both GNNs and temporal convolutional networks (TCNs), which is able to learn from the spatial and temporal components of rs-fMRI data in an end-to-end fashion. In particular, this corresponds to intra-feature learning (i.e., learning temporal dynamics with TCNs) as well as inter-feature learning (i.e., leveraging spatial interactions between ROIs with GNNs). We evaluate our model with an ablation study using 35,159 samples from the UK Biobank rs-fMRI database. We also demonstrate explainability features of our architecture which map to realistic neurobiological insights. We hope our model could lay the groundwork for future deep learning architectures focused on leveraging the inherently and inextricably spatio-temporal nature of rs-fMRI data. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info
In this episode of Zone 3 Podcast, Dr. Leslie Baxter, Ph.D. a Clinical Neuropsychologist with a specialty in Neuropsychology and Neuro-imaging, was able to join Reggie and Robert in the studio to discuss her experience with functional MRI (fMRI).
Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.09.02.280024v1?rss=1 Authors: Just, N., Adriaensen, H., Chevillard, P.-M., Batailler, M., Dubois, J.-P., Migaud, M. Abstract: Biomedical investigations in clinically relevant animal models is of crucial interest for faster and appropriate transfer to human. The ovine model has already demonstrated its potential compared to rodents and non-human primates (NHP) in various studies: sheep possess a gyrencephalic brain, captivity is not an issue and can undergo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in routine clinical scanners (1.5T, 3T) under identical conditions using similar techniques to humans. To date, the effects of anesthesia have been poorly explored and only few functional MRI (fMRI) studies were conducted in sheep. Here, Blood Oxygen Level dependent fMRI and perfusion MRI were conducted in lambs and adult ewes at 3 T. Robust but weak BOLD responses to visual stimulation were found in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) up to 3% isoflurane anaesthesia. BOLD responses were weaker in adult sheep than in lambs while relative cerebral blood volumes (rCBV) and relative cerebral blood flows (rCBF) were significantly higher in lambs than in adult sheep for both gray and white matter in accordance with previous findings in the human. Assessment of functional responses in healthy individuals under adequate physiological conditions is essential for robust translational studies. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info
Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.08.22.260406v1?rss=1 Authors: Hashimoto, Y., Ogata, Y., Honda, M., Yamashita, Y. Abstract: In this study, we propose a novel deep-learning technique for functional MRI analysis. We introduced an "identity feature" by a self-supervised learning schema, in which a neural network is trained solely based on the MRI-scans; furthermore, training does not require any explicit labels. The proposed method demonstrated that each temporal slice of resting state functional MRI contains enough information to identify the subject. The network learned a feature space in which the features were clustered per subject for the test data as well as for the training data; this is unlike the features extracted by conventional methods including region of interests pooling signals and principle component analysis. In addition, using a simple linear classifier for the identity features, we demonstrated that the extracted features could contribute to schizophrenia diagnosis. The classification accuracy of our identity features was higher than that of the conventional functional connectivity. Our results suggested that our proposed training scheme of the neural network captured brain functioning related to the diagnosis of psychiatric disorders as well as the identity of the subject. Our results together highlight the validity of our proposed technique as a design for self-supervised learning. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info
Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.06.02.129700v1?rss=1 Authors: Gershman, S. J., Guitart-Masip, M., Cavanagh, J. F. Abstract: Pavlovian associations drive approach towards reward-predictive cues, and avoidance of punishment-predictive cues. These associations "misbehave" when they conflict with correct instrumental behavior. This raises the question of how Pavlovian and instrumental influences on behavior are arbitrated. We test a computational theory according to which Pavlovian influence will be stronger when inferred controllability of outcomes is low. Using a model-based analysis of a Go/NoGo task with human subjects, we show that theta-band oscillatory power in frontal cortex tracks inferred controllability, and that these inferences predict Pavlovian action biases. Functional MRI data revealed an inferior frontal gyrus correlate of action probability and a ventromedial prefrontal correlate of outcome valence, both of which were modulated by inferred controllability. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info
Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.05.18.102657v1?rss=1 Authors: Thompson, W. H., Nair, R., Oya, H., Esteban, O., Shine, J. M., Petkov, C., Poldrack, R. A., Howard, M., Adolphs, R. Abstract: Mapping the causal effects of one brain region on another (effective connectivity) is a challenging problem in neuroscience, since it requires invasive direct manipulation of brain function, together with whole-brain measurement of the effects produced. Here we establish a unique resource and present data from 26 human patients who underwent electrical stimulation during functional magnetic resonance imaging (es-fMRI). The patients had medically refractory epilepsy requiring surgically implanted intracranial electrodes in cortical and subcortical locations. One or multiple contacts on these electrodes were stimulated while simultaneously recording BOLD-fMRI activity in a block design. Multiple runs exist for patients with different stimulation sites. We describe the resource, data collection process, preprocessing using the fMRIPrep analysis pipeline and management of artifacts, and provide end-user analyses to visualize distal brain activation produced by site-specific electrical stimulation. The data are organized according to the brain imaging data structure (BIDS) specification, and are available for analysis or future dataset contributions on openneuro.org including both raw and preprocessed data. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info
Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.05.01.073163v1?rss=1 Authors: Di, X., Biswal, B. B. Abstract: Functional MRI (fMRI) study of naturalistic conditions, e.g. movie watching, usually focuses on shared responses across subjects. However, individual differences in the responses have been attracting increasing attention in search of group differences or associations with behavioral outcomes. The individual differences have been studied by directly modeling the cross-subject correlation matrix or projecting the relations into a 1-D space. We contend that it is critical to examine whether there are single or multiple consistent components of responses underlying the whole population, because multiple components may undermine the individual relations using the previous methods. We use principal component analysis (PCA) to examine the heterogeneity of brain responses across subjects in terms of the eigenvalues of the covariance matrix, and utilize this approach to study developmental trajectories and gender effects in a movie watching dataset. We identified several brain networks in the parietal cortex that showed a significant second principal component (PC) of regional responses, which were mainly represented the younger children. The second PCs in some networks, i.e. the supramarginal network, resembled a delayed version of the first PCs for 4 seconds (2 TR), indicating delayed responses in the younger children than the older children and adults. However, no apparent gender effects were found in the first and second PCs. The analyses highlight the importance of identifying multiple consistent responses underlying individual differences in responses to naturalistic stimuli. And the PCA-based approach could be complementary to the commonly used intersubject correlation analysis. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info
A great conversation with Whitefish Bay, WI native Peter Bandettini, Ph.D. We discuss not only his research at the National Institute of Mental Health, but also how he got to where he is and his favorite place to go for a run on the entire planet. You can read his bio here.
Barry Komisaruk, PhD, pioneered the study of the brain-body connection in orgasm. He is the world's leading expert in this domain. His work began with animals, progressed to those with spinal cord injuries, and now encompasses women and men of all ages. His unique approach to studying orgasm will...blow your mind! Listen in as he shares the stories that made him a legend in his field with Dr. Marco Pelosi III. SHOW NOTES Neuroscience [5:00] emerged as a field in the 1960s. There are [6:45] at least 50,000 neuroscientists in the world. You are known [7:38] as The Orgasm Guy on the basis of things you did in your research. We were [9:45] studying brain activity in response to vaginal stimulation first in animals. Vaginal stimulation [11:15] in rats appeared to block pain receptors in the brain, so I had to do a human study. Surprisingly [13:30] women with complete high spinal cord injuries can feel vaginal stimulation. Functional MRI [14:45] was the best way to study the brain response in this situation and some women had orgasms. Nobody [15:30] knows where orgasm occurs in the brain so that led me to study healthy women under MRI. LEEP [17:00] procedures can cause loss of sensation throughout the body. I have [20:30] an animal lab and a human lab. I recruit [23:20] study subjects by word of mouth. Persistent [26:45] genital arousal disorder is caused by pressure from discs, etc. Others [27:45] develop genital numbness preceded by a period of hypersensitivity treatable with spinal surgery. What [29:00] prompted you to write your first book? To get [33:00] funded by the NIH, I couldn’t use the word vagina. The media [35:00] has interviewed you extensively. I grew [36:00] up in the Bronx. A few [37:00] crystals of estrogen placed in the brain of a rat turned on sexual behavior. Aside [38:45] from a group in Holland nobody else is doing neurological orgasm brain activity research. A typical [40:15] MRI session for this study takes two hours. I have [42:00] two sons both in education. For more information on Dr. Komisaruk, visit: http://nwkpsych.rutgers.edu/~brk/
Jodi Pawluski is: a researcher at the university of Rennes 1 Editorial Board member - Archives of Women's Mental Health @AWMH_Journal. Co-organizer Parental Brain Meeting 2018 Fellow International Behavioral Neuroscience Society • www.ibnsconnect.org@IBNSConnect Episode highlights: We discuss: Changes to the maternal brain known as neuroplasticity. Functional MRI studies that show the changes in the maternal brain. We discuss the common references to “baby brain” or “porridge brain" - over 75% of women report short-term memory loss/forgetfulness/loss of concentration/spatial memory deficits.The positive reason for the changes in the maternal brain as an evolutionary trade off with cognitive abilities so we can care for our offspring. Maternal responsiveness is not exclusive to mothers but can apply to other care-givers. In pregnancy the brain size reduces and then returns to pre-conception levels by around 6 months' postpartum. Parental brain conference sees experts in the field meet every 3 years. There was an article in the news which suggested baby brain is increasingly misleading but this is not entirely accurate according to Jodi. Maternal stress can affect the plasticity of the maternal brain.Pregnancy/motherhood well documented time for reduction in response to stress. Jodi's main goal in researching this field. What women can do with the knowledge from this new research. What services Jodi would like to see available to women in an ideal world. The need for more focus on the mother's developmental changes as the current focus is mainly centred on the baby. Relevant links Connect with Jodi: www.jodipawluski.weebly.com Twitter: @JodiPawluski Parental Brain Conference Twitter: @ParentalBrain Facebook Group: Parental Brain -Editorial Board member - Archives of Women's Mental Health @AWMH_Journal -Co-organizer Parental Brain Meeting 2018: www.parentalbrain2018.com@ParentalBrain -Fellow International Behavioral Neuroscience Society • www.ibnsconnect.org@IBNSConnect Boston Globe Article: Pregnant Women Care Ignores One of the Most Profound Changes New Mom Faces You can contact Alison here or follow her on Instagram www.instagram.com/alison_barker_ and find details of her nutrition packages at www.alisonbarker.com/work-with-me-3 Please also join the Facebook group Mothering the Mother where we continue the conversation.
In this episode, we discuss functional MRI and possible applications for concussion management, what we currently know about CTE, and a new study published looking at physical exertion testing prior to return to play clearance. View the study abstract at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30372657 For previous podcast episodes, visit: https://completeconcussions.com/resources/ask-concussion-doc/ CONCUSSION EDUCATION PROGRAMS: Healthcare Practitioners: https://completeconcussions.com/services-courses/healthcare-practitioners/become-a-clinic/ Coaches/Trainers/Teachers: https://completeconcussions.com/services-courses/sports-schools/ Follow us! www.completeconcussions.com www.instagram.com/completeconcussions www.facebook.com/completeconcussions twitter.com/ccmconcussions DISCLAIMER This is not intended as a substitute for the medical advice of doctors and/or healthcare professionals. Patients should consult their physician and/or healthcare providers in matters relating to their health, and in particular, with respect to any concussion and/or symptoms that may require diagnosis or medical attention.
We have a special treat this week on Pain Reframed: Dr. Paul Beattie. Paul’s research is primarily on low back pain as well as the use of technology (primarily MRI) and now moving into the brain and Functional MRI. Paul’s research is absolutely fascinating in how the brain handles, and even creates, pain based on some various factors. Paul shares some of his research and findings in relation to the “and, not the or” approach of looking at best treatments of chronic pain working with the brain and the tissue. Don’t forget to save the date: It’s coming up soon!! June 8-10, 2018 in Denver, Colorado, the Align Conference will be taking place, focusing on neuropathic (nerve) pain. All of the various concepts of calming the nerves down will be covered at this conference. LINKS: pbeattie@mailbox.sc.edu http://ispinstitute.com http://www.alignconference.com/ http://evidenceinmotion.com @eimteam
What does a brain look like in a patient with a functional movement disorder? Pretty normal, it turns out. But beneath the normal anatomy is a storm of aberrant signaling. Dr. Mark Hallett, Chief of the Human Motor Control Section of the NIH, describes the underlying neurophysiology in this spectrum of disorders. Produced by James E. Siegler. Music by Damiano Baldoni, Kevin MacLeod, Ondrosik, and the Philadelphia String Quartet. Voiceover by Erika Mejia. BrainWaves' podcasts and online content are intended for medical education only and should not be used for clinical decision making. REFERENCES Maurer CW, LaFaver K, Ameli R, Epstein SA, Hallett M and Horovitz SG. Impaired self-agency in functional movement disorders: A resting-state fMRI study. Neurology. 2016;87:564-70. Vuilleumier P, Chicherio C, Assal F, Schwartz S, Slosman D and Landis T. Functional neuroanatomical correlates of hysterical sensorimotor loss. Brain. 2001;124:1077-90. Nahab FB, Kundu P, Gallea C, Kakareka J, Pursley R, Pohida T, Miletta N, Friedman J and Hallett M. The neural processes underlying self-agency. Cereb Cortex. 2011;21:48-55. DISCLOSURES Dr. Hallett receives funding from the Intramural program of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. No relevant conflicts of interest are present. He serves as Chair of the Medical Advisory Board for and receives honoraria and funding for travel from the Neurotoxin Institute. He may accrue revenue on US Patent: Immunotoxin (MAB-Ricin) for the treatment of focal movement disorders, and US Patent: Coil for Magnetic Stimulation and methods for using the same (H-coil); in relation to the latter, he has received license fee payments from the NIH (from Brainsway) for licensing of this patent. Supplemental research funds have been granted by BCN Peptides, S.A., for treatment studies of blepharospasm; Medtronics, Inc., for studies of deep brain stimulation; UniQure for a clinical trial of AAV2-GDNF for Parkinson Disease; Merz for treatment studies of focal hand dystonia; and Allergan for studies of methods to inject botulinum toxins. Jim is lucky enough to have no relevant competing financial interests.
Presented April 19, 2016 by Vitaly Napadow, Ph.D., Lic.Ac. Director, Center for Integrative Pain NeuroImaging (CiPNI), Associate Professor, Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Mass. The Lecture Series is kindly underwritten by the Friends of Integrative Medicine and Susan & Dan Boggio
Dr. Cary Savage is the Director of the Center for Health Behavior Neuroscience as well as the John H. Wineinger Professor of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at the University of Kansas Medical Center. He received his PhD in clinical psychology from Oklahoma State University. He completed an internship in clinical psychology and postdoctoral fellowships in neuropsychology and functional neuroimaging at the Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH)/Harvard Medical School. He remained on the faculty of MGH and served as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Psychiatry at Harvard Medical School and as the Director of Cognitive Neuroscience in the Department of Psychiatry at MGH. Dr. Savage moved to Kansas City in 2003 to serve as Director of Functional MRI in the Hoglund Brain Imaging Center and as a Professor of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at KUMC. He was recently named Director of the Center for Health Behavior Neuroscience at KUMC and the John H. Wineinger Professor of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences. Cary is here with us today to tell us about his journey through life and science.
Functional MRI is an exciting but complex imaging modality that is being used with increasing frequency in anaesthesia and pain research. Understanding and interpreting studies requires some knowledge of the fundamentals of fMRI, together with the nuances of study design and statistical analysis. Dr Kyle Pattinson, Consultant Anaesthetist at the John Radcliffe in Oxford and MRC clinician scientist fellow talks us through the basics of fMRI, some of its uses (both potential and realised) and the pitfalls associated with the analysis of multiple repeat tests.
Dr Daniel Bulte, Research Lecturer, explains how Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) works and introduces his research at the Oxford Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain (FMRIB).
Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.04.16.044941v1?rss=1 Authors: Fonseca, M. S., Bergomi, M., Mainen, Z. F., Shemesh, N. Abstract: Behaviour involves complex dynamic interactions across many brain regions. Detecting whole-brain activity in mice performing sophisticated behavioural tasks could facilitate insights into distributed processing underlying behaviour, guide local targeting, and help bridge the disparate spatial scales between rodent and human studies. Here, we present a comprehensive approach for recording brain-wide activity with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) compatible with a wide range of behavioural paradigms and neuroscience questions. We introduce hardware and procedural advances to allow multi-sensory, multi-action behavioural paradigms in the scanner. We identify signal artifacts arising from task-related body movements and propose novel strategies to suppress them. We validate and explore our approach in a 4-odour classical conditioning and a visually-guided operant task, illustrating how it can be used to extract information insofar intangible to rodent behaviour studies. Our work paves the way for future studies combining fMRI and local circuit techniques during complex behaviour to tackle multi-scale behavioural neuroscience questions. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info
Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.04.20.050971v1?rss=1 Authors: Nguyen, K. P., Raval, V., Treacher, A., Mellema, C., Yu, F., Pinho, M. C., Subramaniam, R. M., Dewey, R. B., Montillo, A. Abstract: Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info
Keeping the momentum going and the dream alive with more tightly focused insights from John Gray's fantastic book, Beyond Mars and Venus, and his insights shared on episode 51 of the Get Over Yourself podcast. In this show, I discuss Gray’s insights about how trouble happens in a relationship. Men who are overstressed and underappreciated become underconfident and emotional, as estrogen increases and testosterone drops. This leads to unregulated emotions, manipulative, passive-aggressive , overreacting behavior, and feeling sad, depressed, resentful, angry, and tired. Males need to feel valued and appreciated and be able to say, “I got this!” They need c ave time to replenish testosterone by doing things that come with an expectation of success and appreciation A n overstress ed woman who overexpresses male side (e.g. the modern workplace) will resist help, be frustrated that she has to do too much, and feel overwhelmed, this is excess testosterone, not enough estrogen. They need to share feelings that they have suppressed during the male dominant workday - need Venus talk to rebalance estrogen. A f emale who tries to express herself and isn't listened to puts up walls and increases male side. An out of balance feel will become d etached, cold, critical, independent (“I'll do it myself”), goal oriented (“got so much to do”). Eventually , this will lead to e xhaustion, resentment, dissatisfaction, difficulty sleeping, mental r igidity, resistance to change, l ow libido, depression. John Gray says today’s female is really suffering like no other time in history, with record rates of depression, anxiety, and accordant medications being dispensed. Are conflict-free relations just a dream? No! It’s possible, and studies with successful long-term romantic couples prove that it’s possible to maintain that romantic spark for decades! Functional MRI results show that happy long-term couples light up brain areas in the same manner as new couples who have fallen deeply in love. They are even one better than that because the familiarity and friendship bond developed over the years, combined with the attraction action, lights up the brain all over. Most of the time relationship challenges come from unrealistic expectations of ourselves or our partner. Let go of resentment; open your heart to forgiveness. Transform anger into passing annoyance. Pr actice effortless patience. R emember.. silence is golden! Learn it, know it, live it! Thank you John Gray, and thanks for listening to the Get Over Yourself podcast! Support this podcast at — https://redcircle.com/the-get-over-yourself-podcast/donations Advertising Inquiries: https://redcircle.com/brands
I travel to beautiful Eugene, OR to meet with my Speedgolf mentor and most excellent podcast guest, Christopher Smith. We had an intense all-day podc asting binge, interspersed with a long run around Eugene, including a stop at the Prefontaine Memorial high above the Willamette River. Christopher is a longtime PGA professional and the all-time king of the great sport of Speedgolf. He holds the official Guinness World Record for the lowest round of Speedgolf , when he shot 65 in 44 minutes at Jackson Park in Chicago in 2005. Yes, this guy can break par in under an hour! Can you? No, because he is the only person in history to do so in official competition. On YouTube, you can witness one of the greatest golf rounds in history, when Christopher shot a four-under par 68 in 53 minutes at the legendary Bandon Dunes course while shooting a promotional video. You can watch the entire round in only a few minutes on this entertaining high-speed video and it will absolutely blow your mind. Christopher is much more than a Speedgolfer. He is one of the top-100 ranked golf teachers in America and travels the world as a teacher/consultant for both the PGA of America and Nike Golf. Christopher gets to beta-test the coolest shoes before anyone, and yes Nike is coming out with a Speedgolf shoe ( Sssshhhh )! He i s also a lifelong student of health and peak performance, with a particular interest in the psychology of optimal training and competition. This first podcast covers many thoughtful topics about how to overcome fears, manage emotions, ask the right questions, and pursue true peak performance. Christopher is a passionate guy with an evolved perspective, and he has no problem calling out the many examples of bullshit in hectic modern life, whether it’s overhyped and misdirected golf instruction or the forces of consumerism that disconnect us from our appreciation of the natura l and simple pleasures of life….s uch as his 22.5 year old cat whom he cares for intently. Golf is understandably the backdrop for Christopher’s philosophical observations , but his message applies to any and all peak performance ambitions in daily life. Sign up for his newsletter at ChristopherSmithGolf.com and you’ll see that’s is far more weighted toward life lessons than optimizing your swing plane. Christopher calls his teaching method, Train2Trust. Accordingly, you will get exposed on this show to topics like: More is not better, working smarter and more intently is better. Whatever you are doing, ask yourself, “ are you getting better?” Maybe it’s because you are comfortable with the status quo and fear the unknown. Sports psychologists talk about thinking positive and so forth, but Christopher asserts that thoughts are triggered by emotions, and we must reprogram ourselves from an emotional standpoint to achieve real breakthroughs. He quotes a favorite book, “We are feeling creatures who think, not the other way around.” The most profound takeaway from Christopher’s approach is that for practice to be effective, you must have what he calls context specificity. Say that three times quickly so you never forget it! This means practice must resemble your competitive circumstances or your learning literally will not transfer over to a competitive environment. The concept of sinking ten short putts in a row on the practice queen is not very relevant to sinking a short putt on 18 to win the big bucks. Yes, you have to hone technique in practice so it becomes automatic (Christopher says you can do this very effectively in front of a mirror at home—don’t even need a club!), but you have to simulate competitive pressure in practice for maximum impact. For example, hitting a drive on the practice tee, walking around the parking lot, returning to hit a 6-iron, then walking over to the practice green and stroking a long putt, then a short putt, as if you were playing an actual hole. Context specificity is a vastly more profound concept than my aforementioned breezy example. Functional MRI studies reveal that different parts of the brain light up when you are on the practice green versus trying to make a putt under pressure. Maybe this sounds familiar if you practice your presentation in front of a mirror and then feel a little different when you are called to the podium in a packed lecture hall! Furthering this concept, functional MRIs show profound changes in brain chemistry for people who are asked to go from an angry state to list things they are grateful for. If you get a triple bogey on the golf course or something similar in daily life, express some gratitude and you will calm down! Regarding emotions, Christopher suggests that even anger is okay if it energizes you, but if your emotions weaken you then it’s time to do some hard work rewiring. This is a show of deep content that will really get you thinking, and with more coming in part two! Support this podcast at — https://redcircle.com/the-get-over-yourself-podcast/donations Advertising Inquiries: https://redcircle.com/brands
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