5x5 Crypto News

Preamble rant:The recent collapse of FTX, a large crypto exchange, and its associated entities, left many of us disappointed and disgusted with flashbacks to Enron and Lehman Brothers. Nothing is new under the sun. Unfortunately, whenever humans are involved, there is a potential for bad actors to make poor choices that wreak havoc. This has proven true across industries, countries, and time. But regulation and controls can help safeguard the little guy. I expect more regulation, legislation, and guidelines in the months and years to come.Still, I worry that the wrong lessons are being learned. Some folks might see the FTX implosion as vindication that “crypto is bad”. Others might see it as the death knell for crypto and blockchain technology at large. This is a mistake. Technology is neither good nor bad. Humans use technology for good or bad. That's an important distinction. One of my takeaways is to double-down and continue uncovering ways in which crypto and blockchain technologies can solve real-world problems. Let's go!Giant maps and summer road tripsWhen I was a kid, my family would go on road trips every summer. It was a great adventure. From time to time, we would pull over to the side of the road while our parents struggled and fumbled through giant fold-out maps. This was Nigeria in the 1990s. There was no internet. The maps were sometimes outdated. As you can imagine, we got lost a couple times. One day, we narrowly escaped being detained by the military because we inadvertently were driving towards Aso Rock, which was then the presidential palace of Abacha, one of Nigeria's brutal dictators! Yikes!! Today, I can't remember the last time I opened up a giant fold-out map. Thank God for Google Maps! I now use it every day to find the optimal route for my commute. It's been a massive time-saver as I've learned to deal with the joys of New Jersey's clogged up highways. If you are like me, you might not have realized that some companies such as Uber pay Google to embed Maps in their products. Some other companies use Google Maps to optimize the distribution of their products. It's really important for these companies that Google Maps is accurate and frequently updated.As much as I love Google Maps, it's not perfect. Google Map's gapsI am going to highlight two gaps with existing mapping services: (1) Updates and (2) Ownership.1. UpdatesGoogle has done a great job mapping out the world. However, new roads and buildings are constructed every day, new businesses emerge with new signage. Logically, Google Maps prioritizes map updates for high population cities. Thus, Google updates Street View and Satellite pictures of big cities like London at least every year while smaller cities like my ancestral hometown, Ijebu-Ode, might be updated every couple of years. Is there a better solution?2. OwnershipIn 2013, Google acquired Waze for $1B. Waze was a fast-growing Google Maps competitor that utilized an army of volunteers to submit real-time traffic updates and review maps. Over 420,000 people volunteered to edit Waze's maps. Additionally, Waze had ~100 employees at the time of acquisition. But get this: the average Waze employee received $1.2M after the acquisition but the volunteers received nothing. Ouch. Is there a better solution? Introducing HivemapperHivemapper is a decentralized map built by people using dashcams. It solves both of the problems - updates and ownership - outlined above by providing crypto-incentives and technology to anyone interested in participating. Did you know that each photo in Google Maps' Street View was taken by a Google employee in a specialized car with a 3D camera? One can imagine that the cost would be astronomical. Wouldn't it be better if we could crowdsource images from drivers on their daily commute or road trips? Imagine if just 1% of all drivers did this. They would continually map every new highway off ramp, new small business, freshly created pothole, etc. But that's not all. In the future, these drivers could also collect other types of data such as air quality, weather, noise, wireless coverage, and so on. These contributors would be rewarded with HONEY, the native token of Hivemapper. The best part is that it does not require any change in behavior, contributors need only install a dashcam the size of a deck of cards. The Hivemapper Network recently launched on November 3, 2022. There are two dashcam models available priced from $549 (larger design) to $649 (smaller, more compact design shown above). If you order before January 7, 2023, you will be airdropped 500 Honey tokens. Then you will earn more tokens as you drive once the dashcam is activated.Behind HivemapperHivemapper is led by executives at the confluence of tech, logistics and crypto. The team has individuals who built and scaled global maps and geospatial products at Yahoo Maps, Scale AI, and Mapbox. They are mathematicians, physicists, computer scientists, logistic experts, artists, and designers working together to create a decentralized mapping network. Hivemapper raised over $18M in its Series A from investors including Spark Capital, Multicoin Capital, Solana Ventures, and Founder Collective. Today, the company has a number of esteemed advisers including the current or former CEOs of Solana, Helium, Masterclass, Zillow, Tinder, and the former head of Apple Maps.ConcernsWhile Hivemapper sounds interesting, it also set-off a number of alarm bells in my head. My concerns are centered around privacy, hacks and the HONEY token.A. PrivacyEvery website you visit and every click that you make on the internet is being monitored. Advertisers take that information to market new products and services to you. Now, imagine if your offline activities were being similarly tracked. Kinda scary, right? But I guess Google Maps is already tracking wherever I go.Hivemapper says it has privacy by design. The dashcams only collect the minimum required information. Furthermore, the company blurs licenses plates and people's faces in the pictures and videos captured. B. HacksEven if Hivemapper does what it says it would do to protect privacy, imagine if a bad actor hacked the dashcams and started collecting unauthorized information. It could be ugly. Hivemapper needs to have in place strong information security protocols to safeguard its contributors and collected data. C. HONEY tokenIf a contributor successfully earned 1,000 HONEY tokens while driving across the country, what can they do with it? Worst case scenario, they might sell it. But what is supporting the underlying value of HONEY? For starters, there is a cap on the total amount of HONEY. Thus, if demand increases over time, the price of the HONEY tokens should rise. I also think Hivemapper could establish partnerships with major brands then enable HONEY holders to trade them in for Uber Eats credit or airline loyalty points. Some others have raised eyebrows about HONEY's tokenomics. About 60% of the total HONEY supply has been pre-allocated to insiders with 20% going to employees, 15% to the company itself and 5% to the affiliated foundation. HONEY's initial allocation of tokens to insiders is unusually high. For context, Ethereum only had 15% allocated to insiders while newer blockchains like Avalanche and Solana had 42% and 48% respectively. But one of the golden rules of tokenomics is to avoid projects with high concentration of token ownership amongst a few owners:Early successesDespite some of these misgivings, Hivemapper has achieved some early wins. During the alpha launch, the Hivemapper Network covered 95% of all roads in Manila, the capital of the Philippines in 6 months. It mapped 110,000 miles of road. Crucially, 75% of the map of Manila was refreshed every month. This is much higher than Google Maps. Additionally, the city of Shreveport, Louisiana has also become a Hivemapper customer. The city paid $7,000 for dashcams to be put in the city's fleet of garbage trucks. Shreveport hopes the frequently updated maps will provide greater visibility into residents' challenges ex potholes etc. Ideal customerI have considered getting a Hivemapper dashcam just to test it out and engage with the network. But I don't think I drive enough to accumulate a significant amount of HONEY tokens. I think the ideal customers might be owners of large fleets of vehicles. For instance, cross-country trucking companies, school buses, taxi companies, and mail delivery services. These large fleets cover a lot of miles on an ongoing basis and could generate a lot of HONEY tokens. Nonetheless, it might still be worthwhile for a regular Joe who moonlights as an Uber driver to try it out. What do you think?I hope you have a wonderful week ahead. Stay grounded and seize the day. All the best,Afolabi This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit afolabio.substack.com

If you are like me, then you were a little awkward in college. Here's an example of an interaction I had on campus as I walked from my dorm to class. Pretty college co-ed: “Hey! Do you want a free t-shirt?”Me: Uh! (Awkwardly looks away. Runs in the opposite direction.)Don't hurt me

PreambleMy wife and I recently packed our bags and relocated to New Jersey! Texas was good for us but now we are on to our next adventure in Greater New York City. Would love to meet up if you are in the area. It’s been fascinating observing people’s reactions when I say I work in crypto. Some acquaintances immediately start walking me through their crypto portfolio while others clutch their pearls and flee for dear life. Jokes aside, I am often the first person they have met who works in the space. Sometimes, I get the sense they don’t quite know what to make of me. Crypto’s unsettling reputation has not been helped by the recent market downturn, hacks, and bankruptcies. My singular refrain has been that “the underlying technology could solve real-world problems, focus on that”. But you can’t bury your head in the sand and ignore the world around you. If you fail to study history, then you are bound to repeat the same mistakes. We are living through the early days of Crypto’s history. Let’s learn from this moment lest we fall prey to the same dragons. Heartache 💔Celsius - a prominent centralized crypto lending company - filed for bankruptcy on July 13, 2022. Customers had been unable to withdraw their funds since June 12, 2022. It now looks unlikely that they will ever reclaim all their funds. Some devastated customers have written letters to the judge presiding over the bankruptcy proceedings. These letters are gut-wrenching. Here are excerpts from two of them:But how did we get here?Celsius: Background🔎Celsius was founded in 2017 by Alex Mashinsky (CEO), Daniel Leon (former COO, now Chief Strategy Officer), and Nuke Goldstein (CTO) in Hoboken NJ. Celsius provides customers with high interest-bearing accounts for cryptocurrencies and crypto-collateral-backed loans. High interest-bearing crypto accountsExample 1: Johnny cashed out some of his cash savings and stock investments to buy 1 bitcoin on Coinbase. He then sees an ad from Celsius offering 17% interest rates for customers who deposit bitcoin with the company. He looks at his regular bank account and is reminded that Bank of America is only offering 0.1% interest. It’s a no-brainer! Johnny moves his 1 bitcoin from Coinbase to Celsius to earn high interest. Crypto-collateral-backed loansExample 2: The price of bitcoin has more than doubled. Johnny is feeling good about his investment. Time to finally buy that engagement ring he has been eyeing. The price of bitcoin is $50k but he only needs $10k. However, Johnny doesn’t want to sell his bitcoin because he believes the price will be much higher in the future. Step 1: He transfers 0.3BTC valued at $15k as collateral for a $10k cash loan.Note: (a) There are no interest payments on the loan but he has 1-year to pay it back. (b) There are no credit checks because the loan is overcollateralized with a loan to value (LTV) ratio of 67% => $10k loan / $15k crypto collateral. Step 2: Celsius will monitor the LTV ratio as the price of bitcoin continues to fluctuate. If the price of bitcoin drops deeply, Johnny will have 24 hours to add more collateral or pay down the loan if the LTV hits the predetermined threshold ex 90%. If Johnny fails to bring the LTV back to an acceptable range say ~67% within the prescribed time then Celsius has the right to sell his collateral for cash. Besides lending, Celsius generated revenue from token sales, bitcoin mining, and discretionary trading of cryptocurrencies. As of June 2022, Celsius had lent out $8 billion to customers and had $12 billion in assets under management. The company had 450 employees and reportedly 1.7 million account holders. How did it go wrong?⚡TLDR: Celsius CEO said the company went bankrupt due to “..certain poor asset deployment decisions”. Basically, weak risk management. Unfortunately, this does not appear to be an isolated incident, rather, tales of poor decision-making and under-resourcing are emerging from different parts of the organization. On the surface, the main thrust of Celsius business model was sound. It’s the same model that banks have used for centuries: pay interest to depositors then loan those funds out to another entity at a higher interest rate. Then you simply profit off the difference in interest rates. Celsius grew rapidly by offering up to a 17% interest rate on crypto deposits. At its peak, it had $24B of assets under management. This helped it raise $750M in Nov 2021 at $3.3B valuation. That fundraising round was led by the second largest pension fund in Canada. But it all came crashing down when Celsius filed for bankruptcy due to the $1.2B hole in its balance sheet. Celsius reported its total assets were $4.3B but total liabilities were $5.5B. Of the $5.5B liabilities, Celsius owes its customers $4.7B but does not have the assets to pay them. The company only has $125M cash on hand. Much of the $4.3B of assets are said to be Celsius’ holdings of its own crypto token which has dropped in value from a peak of $7.7 in June 2021 to $0.9 in July 2022. There are questions about the current market value of the $4.3B listed assets and fears the actual is lower than what has been reported. Where did risk management fail?We are still learning about the failures that led to Celsius bankruptcy. Here’s what I have gathered thus far: 1. Failure of leadershipCelsius executives reportedly told the Chief Human Resource Officer NOT to run background checks on the incoming CFO, Yaron Shalem. This is a major red flag 🚩 In Nov 2021, Shalem was arrested in Israel and charged with money laundering at his previous company. Perhaps stronger controls could have identified a CFO who might have steered Celsius away from taking on increasing levels of risk. But ultimately the CEO is responsible. 2. Under resourcing Disruptors don’t color within the lines. They dream up new industries and take risks executing their visions. This is the nature of technological disruption. Uber and Airbnb are great examples of disruptors who launched products ahead of supporting laws, rules and regulations. The Silicon Valley swagger to move quickly and break things has produced results….but one wonders if it is a fit for financial services. Celsius reportedly only had 3 compliance professionals serving 1.7 million account holders. Some banks serving fewer customers might have 10 to 30x compliance professionals. A former Celsius compliance employee shared how the department was seen as a cost center and not a strategic partner for the business. One could extrapolate and imagine that the same attitude of under-resourcing likely applied to risk management too. 3. Poor fund managementCelsius CEO said in retrospect, they made poor fund deployment decisions. These decisions primarily fall into two camps: (a) over-leveraged positions and (b) over-exposure to stETH. (a) Over—leveraged positions: Celsius loaned out depositors’ funds on MakerDAO, a decentralized lending platform. One loan is ~$550M. This loan is overcollateralized like the loans Celsius itself issues. One challenge is that the price of Bitcoin has tumbled more than 60% since the 2021 highs. As a result, Celsius has had to pay down the loan or provide more collateral to bring the LTV back in range, otherwise, the entire $550M collateral would be liquidated. Celsius likely used new customer deposits to secure the collateral consisting of old customer deposits. Celsius came close to losing $550M a couple of times. It has reportedly lost smaller amounts due to insufficient liquidity to shore up the LTV ratio.A sound risk management approach would have considered that crypto prices could fall significantly and perhaps limit Celsius exposure to this high-risk strategy. (b) Over-exposure to stETHCelsius used customer deposits to acquire over $400M of stETH, an irresponsible amount given that no counterparties hold a comparable amount to trade with. stETH is an illiquid receipt stoke for staked ether. stETH is a derivative of ether with each stETH representing one staked ether on the new Ethereum blockchain. However, the price of stETH and the price of ether decoupled in recent months, stETH now has a 3% discount at the time of writing. A sound risk management approach would have considered whether Celsius should have used user’s deposits to acquire stETH, and if decided to, there could have been controls to limit the amount of exposure to this illiquid asset in Celsius portfolio. What next for Celsius customers? ⏭Celsius presented itself like a bank but operated more like a hedge fund. Many customers did not read the fine print in Celsius terms and conditions. Reading through now would yield several realizations. Uninsured depositsDepositors at US banks are protected by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC). If a US bank goes bankrupt, all depositors’ funds are insured for up to $250k. Unfortunately, Celsius is NOT a bank and did not hold any insurance for depositor’s funds. Section 13 of the Celsius user agreement explicitly states that if the company goes bankrupt, customers may not be able to recover ANY funds. Bankruptcy claimsCelsius customers are filing bankruptcy claims. Some have also written letters petitioning the judge to release funds to them. Interestingly, although Celsius is headquartered in Hoboken NJ, the bankruptcy suit was filed in New York’s Southern District. Judges in this district are thought to be more savvy and experienced with major bankruptcies having previously handled notable cases like Merril Lynch and Bernie Maddoff. Unfortunately, it’s not looking good for customers. What lessons have been learned? 📔Not your keys, not your coinsMy friends who have been in crypto for several years frequently admonish everyone to move their holdings off centralized exchangers like Coinbase and lending platforms like BlockFi and Celsius. This episode has made the reasons painfully obvious. It’s clear to see why they recommend one self custody crypto holdings in a cold wallet. Leadership mattersIt looks like Celsius executives lost their heads in the ecstasy of the bull market. They kept on layering on high risk moves perhaps imagining themselves to be invincible. But truth be told, I think the rot started way before the crypto bull market. The absence of background checks for senior executives, the under-resourcing of compliance are symptoms of a culture that turns its nose at the modern financial services industry. I agree that there are some financial services which are ripe for disruption but there are also risk management practices and standard operating procedures which have successfully safeguarded the interest of customers. These mustn’t be discarded with the bath water. Please do considerable research as you invest your funds. Look at the background and statements of the leaders. Sometimes people who are undisciplined with finances reveal themselves to be undisciplined with their words too.Real human impact1.7 million affected account holders may never fully recover their funds. This would undoubtedly leave a lasting bad impression. Some of the stories are simply heart-breaking. There’s the story of a worker close to retirement who sold off their stocks and bonds and deposited everything into Celsius. There are countless stories of families who put decades of life savings into these accounts. Some people will never recover financially. It must be taking a heavy emotional toll too. I fear, a few people may even take their own lives similar to the suicides following the Great Stock Market Crash of 1929.DiversifyPlease do NOT put all of your eggs in one basket. Diversify to reduce your exposure to any one platform and any one company. Consider moving some or all of your crypto holdings into multiple cold wallets and securely store them in waterproof, fireproof, and tamperproof environments. Risk management is a differentiatorCrypto has been pulling in top talent from a variety of backgrounds. Sometimes I sense a tension between the tech-forward move fast crowd and the deliberate, cautious, and risk averse financial services crowd. But we need both legs to run into the future. The Celsius meltdown has given me a renewed appreciation for risk and compliance. In recent days, crypto lending companies have been at pains to explain their risk management approach and distance themselves from Celsius. I expect there could be a flight to quality, with consumers gravitating to more established and regulated providers. There is an opportunity for banks to make a move here. More curious about DeFiHumans are fallible. People get greedy and risky, then bad things happen. This is not limited to crypto. It happens across every industry. One of the beautiful things about decentralized finance (DeFi) is that it runs on smart contracts aka code. It takes the human out of the equation and executes based on the written code. But no system is infallible. DeFi solves for one risk - human behvaior - while heightening another risk: hackers. DeFi is poised to continue growth and eventually will underpin a chunky slice of the mass market.Brace yourself for more regulationSociety functions around a set of rules of engagement. There are consequences when you break those rules. Every industry needs regulation. Crypto is no different. I hope that the regulation is thoughtful and not a knee-jerk reaction. I hope the regulation would seek to protect the consumer, not prevent the consumer from engaging with crypto. I hope the regulation is crafted in partnership with industry, seeking to support technology advancement and not strangle the baby in the bassinet. I’m optimistic. Many advances we take for granted today went through a storming phase in their infancy. I have seen newspaper clips from the 1800s railing against electricity and cars. Today we can’t imagine our lives without them. I expect the US will eventually strike the right balance with crypto regulations. PS - But wait, there’s moreThere’s more to the Celsius story. For instance, I didn’t get into the alleged token manipulation and potential insider trading.PSS - Former Coinbase PM arrested for insider tradingSpeaking of insider trading, this week, a former Coinbase product manager was arrested along with his brother and a friend for insider trading. Background There are about 2,000 crypto tokens. Binance lists over 300 of them on their exchange. Coinbase has been intentionally listing more tokens to close the gap and give their customers more choice. Coinbase currently lists about 200 tokens. It’s been observed that new tokens experience a significant price jump once they are listed on Coinbase. It could be due to millions of users suddenly gaining access and increasing demand. The Coinbase PM obtained intelligence on which tokens would be listed then relayed it to his accomplices. The trio then got wallets controlled by other people to opportunistically buy and sell these tokens. They earned at least $1.5M through this insider trading scheme. Blockchain to the rescuePublic blockchains permit anyone to view transactions. The challenge is that it’s not always obvious to the observer who owns the wallets but that’s why blockchain analytics firms like Chainalysis, TRM Labs and Elliptic specalize in. An avid observer noticed this pattern of sales from a wallet. He shared his observations on Twitter. Soon financial regulators were hot on the chase and identified the trio and notified Coinbase. The Coinbase PM was invited to a meeting where at Coinbase where he was presumably fired. Regulators sent him a letter. He bought a ticket to fly home to India on the same day. The suspect was apprehended before he could flee the country. Contrary to some widely held beliefs, blockchain technology is not just a haven for would-be-criminals, rather, it can be a valuable tool for law enforcement to catch criminals. It’s been long rumoured that there is significant insider trading at some crypto tokens. Perhaps this case is the first of many to come. The industry needs to police itself and partner with law enforcement. This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit afolabio.substack.com

I’ve got a confession. (Cue Usher’s hit single “Confessions”) I am not exactly sure what the metaverse is. There I said it. I feel so much lighter lol :-)Last year, “metaverse” burst onto our collective lexicon when Facebook announced it was reinventing itself as Meta. Mark Zuckerberg produced an hour-long video explaining what the metaverse was and how Facebook was going to engage in it. I didn’t watch the video then but I did see a few clips. It felt important. I felt like it must be a big deal if one of the world’s richest men was betting his ENTIRE fortune on it. I didn’t want my ignorance to cost me this opportunity.So I started a little exploration. I spent part of my New Year’s Eve in the Decentraland metaverse. I started buying a few metaverse tokens and invested in a metaverse-themed ETF. During the hype, I even considered buying some virtual land in the metaverse. Now to be clear, my investments were pretty limited…way less than 1% of my portfolio. But since Facebook’s fateful announcement, the world’s most prestigious investment banks and consulting companies have published a slew of reports on the metaverse opportunity. Citi Bank forecast that the metaverse economy could be worth $13 trillion by 2030. The Boston Consulting Group (BCG) had a less bombastic view, forecasting that the metaverse economy would be worth $1.3 trillion by 2030. To put things in context, in 2021, the total value of the US car and automobile manufacturing market was $83B. The bottom line is this - some smart folks are saying the metaverse could be at least 12 times the US car market in 7.5 years. No one knows the future but there is some consensus that the metaverse could be BIG business. Ok…you’ve got me interested. But what is the metaverse??I have been digging trying to learn more. I finally watched the Zuckerberg metaverse video. I listened to a bunch of podcasts, watched more YouTube videos, read some essays, and flipped through a couple of decks. I’m still organizing my thoughts and refining my thinking. Figured it might be helpful to share some of my preliminary thoughts. Let’s go!What is the metaverse?High school level definitionThe metaverse is a 3D version of the internet. It is a convergence of the physical and digital worlds. According to Matthew Ball, the metaverse represents the 4th wave of computing. The first three waves were mainframe computing, personal computing and mobile computing. So if the mobile era was defined by easy ability to get online, the metaverse era would be defined by always being online, this is called ambient computing. College-level definitionAccording to Roundhill, the metaverse is the successor to the current internet that will be interoperable, persistent, synchronous, open to unlimited participants with a fully functioning economy, and an experience that spans the virtual and 'real' world.TLDR: the metaverse is an immersive, interactive environment generated by a computer.What is NOT the metaverse? Did you notice that none of the definitions mention virtual reality headsets? That was a big surprise to me. I had originally imagined a future where VR headsets became as common as cellphones are today. While I think sales of VR headsets are poised to going to continue rising, they are NOT required to access the metaverse. In fact, some of the closest metaverse-like experiences in gaming are accessible via cell phones. Side note - my jaw dropped when I recently learned that Meta sold 8.7 million Oculus VR headsets in 2021. That’s more unit sales than Xbox consoles in 2021! Do you have one? I’m thinking about getting one to test it out. Sales of these VR headsets have doubled each year. Now Meta is opening up physical stores so more people can experience it firsthand. TLDR: VR headsets provide one way to access the metaverse but they won’t be the only way to experience it. The metaverse must be experienced. One of my cousins in Nigeria told me how undergrads studying computer science did not have access to computers. They would write computer code by hand on paper and then submit their homework to professors to review. These students did not get the opportunity to actually run the code to see if the code did what it was supposed to do. They did not get to practice how to troubleshoot bugs in the code. We can all agree that this is a subpar way to learn. I think about the metaverse along similar lines. It’s nice to read and write about it but ultimately one is best served by diving in and playing with the emerging technology. It’s kinda like going back in time to the 1920s and trying to explain the internet to your neighbors. Not easy lol. Ok. Sounds nice but what problem does the metaverse solve? I’m still ruminating on this. Right now, I think the metaverse could increase accessibility, remote collaboration, education, gaming, social relationships, industry, and more. a) Accessibility: One of my friends in college was a fountain of dry jokes and witty takes. She was also a triple major who graduated with a 4.0 GPA. But I’ll never forget when she shared that she sometimes had to drop classes that she wanted to enroll in because the building was not wheelchair accessible. My heart sank. I did not realize that not all buildings on campus were wheelchair accessible or had elevators. This opened my eyes to the inequity of access. I hope the metaverse can extend access to people who might have different mobility abilities. But then I think about people who are visually impaired and hope access is somehow extended to them too. b) Remote collaboration: I’m tired of Zoom. I love people and I’m energized by engaging with people. But sitting in a chair going back-to-back on never-ending Zoom calls is draining. It’s also often subpar when some coworkers are meeting in person and others are on Zoom. Last year, Bill Gates said that within 2-3 years most work meetings would be held in the metaverse. I laughed when he said it. I still think his timeline is unrealistic. But I hope he is directionally right. I hope a metaverse solution improves the Zoom experience. Perhaps a future where coworkers can use holograms or avatars in 3D to engage with each other and express more body language beyond facial expressions. c) Education: Let’s face it. Not all teachers are created equal. Some are very engaging and can bring a seemingly dry subject to life. But others struggle to impart knowledge to students. Students have different learning preferences. Students who are strong audio-learners are advantaged in the existing education system. Now imagine if students had the opportunity to travel through time and space to experience natural phenomena and historical events. Imagine if instead of memorizing the planets you could see them close up and see the icy rings around Saturn. Or be on the front row as Abraham Lincoln gave the Gettysburg Address. Imagine if medical students could go on a safari through a human’s veins and arteries to learn about heart disease. These immersive experiences would be resonant and more engaging. Researchers say immersive experiences lead to 30% greater retention. This increased understanding could trigger more technological breakthroughs. I’m excited! d) Social relationships: When my grandpa went to medical school in England in the 1930s, his letters would travel 6-10 weeks before they reached his parents in Nigeria. Today my family is spread out across Africa, Europe, and North America. Video calls and cell phones have made the world feel much smaller. But I hope the metaverse could take it to the next level. It would be amazing for my parents to have more immersive experiences with their grandchildren. My nieces are becoming more curious about our culture and heritage, it would be amazing if my parents spend even more time with them and give could give them a virtual tour of our ancestral village or the cities they grew up in. Obviously, I don’t think the metaverse would be a perfect substitute for in-person interaction but I think it could be a bridge over oceans and great distances.e) Industry: According to McKinsey, BMW was designing its most advanced manufacturing plant when a team member suggested they build a virtual replica in the metaverse before beginning construction. So they did! BMW executives and technologists were able to physically tour the metaverse plant. Soon they realized 30% of the design choices were not ideal. They significantly revised the designs before proceeding to construction. Testing it out before construction led to substantial financial cost savings. Sounds good….what are the downsides?In life, you gotta take the rain with the sunshine. a) Terror risks in 3D: Technology is neither good nor bad, it all rests on the application. Unfortunately, bad actors are often early adopters of new technology. Terrorist groups have leveraged Facebook, YouTube, and Twitter to find and radicalize young people. The same may become true in the metaverse. In fact, the metaverse might provide better tools to train terrorists. We will need to develop new counter-terrorism tools. b) Loss of person-to-person contact. The pandemic illuminated the loneliness crisis in many Western countries. Many of us coped with the social-distancing measures by increasing our time spent on social media. But for thousands of years, humans have needed person-to-person interaction to sustain wellness. It remains to be seen if the metaverse will be able to replicate this interaction. c) Too much tech. I’m embarrassed by how much time I spend looking at screens. I’m usually working on a laptop, scrolling on my phone, or watching TV on a big screen. No wonder my eye prescription keeps getting progressively worse! Should we be concerned that there is too much technology in our lives? I wonder if the rise of the metaverse will drive the appreciation of natural, in-person activities. It might become a luxury to travel in real life. We might see more people yearning for eco-tourism vacations where they are cut off from technology. What’s going in the metaverse today?Do you remember when newspapers uploaded a scanned copy of their publication on their website? Over time, newspapers have developed internet-native publications that have functionalities that were not possible with a paper copy. For instance, newspapers can target ads with much greater precision today. They are able to get much more detailed feedback on how readers respond to their articles and headlines. I think the metaverse might be similar. Initially, companies will copy and paste existing models into the metaverse but over time they will develop new metaverse-native models with functionalities that were not possible with the 2D-internet. Do you remember the first concert you went to? Mine was loud, sweaty, and crowded, but so much fun. We stood shoulder-to-shoulder, singing at the top of our voices waving our hands while awkwardly dancing with a cold beverage in hand. Today’s tweens and teens are having a very different experience. Cathy Hackel, self-proclaimed queen of the metaverse, shared how her 10-year-old son’s first concert was a virtual one on Roblox! But this was no isolated incident. In 2020, Travis Scott made headlines when his concert in Fortnite was attended by 12.3 million people (link to the concert). [FYI - Roblox and Fortnite are both gaming platforms]. Side note on gaming:In 2010, Chris Dixon famously said that the next big thing would first look like a toy. Gaming is a big business and a gateway to the metaverse. Fortnite is the blockbuster video game produced by Epic Games. Epic is privately held so financial details are limited. However, we know that in 2020, Fortnite had 80.1 million monthly active users. 63% of its players are aged 18-24. 38% of users spent more than 10 hours a week playing Fortnite. Roblox appeals to an even younger demographic. According to Roblox, two-thirds of US children aged 9-12 use its platform. In 2021, Roblox earned $1.9B of revenue from 45.5 million daily active users who spent 41.4 billion hours engaged on the platform. I am highlighting these because I’m not a big gamer..yet. And as a millennial, I’m beginning to feel a lil old lol. I am recognizing that I may have a big technology blindspot because gaming is often on the bleeding edge of technology. Gaming could give a preview of what might go mainstream.Meta is NOT aloneMeta is not the only major company investing in the metaverse. Microsoft, Apple, and Alphabet are reportedly pouring billions into it too. This year, Accenture, the global consulting company, will onboard over 100,000 new employees through its metaverse platform. This all started at the height of the pandemic. New employees were sitting at home remotely going through 16-24 hours of Zoom presentations. Definitely not an ideal experience. And so Accenture changed things up! They sent each new employee a virtual reality headset. The new hires then created customized avatars (cartoon-like representations of themselves) and were guided to Accenture’s metaverse headquarters. They were put into small teams and worked on simulations to solve customer problems. Crucially, there were opportunities to have 1-on-1 and small group conversations. Partners who often have tight travel schedules were able to readily welcome the new employees from anywhere in the world. Who knows? Maybe in a couple of years, it may be common for new employees to get a new company laptop AND a virtual reality (VR) headset. Times are changing! What’s next?More baby steps forward. The metaverse is very much in its infancy. It requires advances across a range of technologies such as 5G, 3D graphics, virtual reality, augmented reality, and cryptocurrency to move forward. It’s going to take a while. The current hype will simmer down but the building will continue. But I think mass-market adoption will gradually deepen over the next 5-20 years. It’s time to pay attention so you can make the most of this opportunity. So what do you think about the metaverse? I would love to hear from you.Onwards & Upwards,Afolabi This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit afolabio.substack.com

Hey y’all!This will NOT be a typical newsletter. I started writing as a forcing mechanism to learn more about crypto. It has been fun. Along the way, I’ve learned a ton, made new friends, started Bitcoin mining, and got a new full-time job in crypto. Thank you for coming on this journey of discovery with me.The vision of 5x5 Crypto was to simply explain the 5 most important developments in crypto in about 5 minutes. Lately, it has become a drag to consistently produce weekly updates. The truth is that I am no longer satisfied with just reporting news developments in crypto. I want to go deeper. I want to explore real-world use cases of crypto. I am curious about doing more analytical pieces. It’s time to dream again. Introducing Crypto IRLI am repositioning the newsletter. Introducing: “Crypto IRL”. My goal is to explore crypto in real life. I aim to produce 1-2 publications each month on a variety of topics. I have a list of topics that I want to explore and I can’t wait to dive in. Lately, I have been thinking about the metaverse, Bitcoin mining profitability, and crypto applications in Africa. Let me know if there are topics you would like for me to explore. But crypto markets are crashing…Yeah. Crypto markets have tumbled lately. My conviction is unchanged. I am still investing weekly. I had been waiting for a price crash since Q3/Q4 last year. But it seems that Crypto Winter has finally arrived. It was expected. Crypto has historically had multi-year cycles of “summer” (price rise) followed by “winter” (price crash)…with each new summer rising to a new high. Veterans say the Crypto Winter is when serious building happens. It’s the time when fair-weather fans fade into the background. It’s the time when one’s conviction is tested. It’s the time to go deeper and explore. This is the perfect time to pivot. Will you join me? You don’t have to do anything. You will receive the new publication in your email. Please stay tuned. I hope you enjoy this new season. If you do, please be sure to forward it to your friends :-) I hope you and your family have a wonderful week ahead. Onwards & Upwards,Afolabi This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit afolabio.substack.com

Hey y’all! Did you hear the remarkable story of how an inexperienced passenger safely landed a plane when the pilot became incapacitated? Here’s some background: I listened to the recording of the passenger calmly explaining the situation to the air traffic controller multiple times. I listened intently as the air traffic controller steadily guided the passenger to land the plane. And he did it! He safely landed the plane. I was struck by how calm and measured the passenger was. He had a pregnant wife at home. This was a potentially fatal situation. His whole life was at stake! One might have expected to hear the terror, fear, and shock in his voice. There was none. I guess he is ‘built different’. God forbid, if I were in a similar situation, I hope I can be as calm and measured as he was. How do you react when your world is turned upside down? Well, the crypto and stock markets have taken us on a downward heading rollercoaster these past few weeks. How have you dealt with it? Are you ‘built different’ too? Thoughts on ‘Built different’I am often intrigued by how multiple people could have the same experience but polar reactions to it. For instance, we have all experienced the recent plunge in the stock and crypto market, some folks have been writhing in pain and selling off assets while others have been pleasantly buying up investments at ‘bargain’ prices. There’s also a group of people who are steadily executing their investment strategy, unfazed by the market turbulence. I’m in the last group but I’m fixin’ to go bargain shopping. In management consulting, we often heard the refrain “manage expectations”. It is key because disappointment occurs when our expectations fall short of reality. Increasing a company’s profitability by 20% within 1 year is neither good nor bad. It’s only when you factor in expectations that one is able to define the performance. If the company’s CEO was expecting a 30% increase in profitability, then 20% suddenly looks like a shoddy disappointment. However, if the CEO was expecting a 10% increase, then the 20% result is an impressive feat worth celebrating with bonuses and promotions. Managing expectations is key. If you are a long-term subscriber, you’ll know that I’ve been waiting for “crypto winter” since the end of Q3 2021. You might also know that I’ll be unsurprised if the price of Bitcoin fell back to the $10k level or lower but then surge to new highs, dare I say six figures, in the next bull run in a couple of years. This is not based on any technical analysis. Rather, I have glanced at the historical performance of Bitcoin (a proxy for the wider crypto market) and recognized that large price swings are part of the process but over the long term, the price tends to go up. I’m managing expectations I’m in this for the long haul. Over the past seven Mays (2016-2022), the value of the S&P 500 stock market has increased 2x while Bitcoin price has increased 67x. Zooming out can provide a helpful perspective. Tail events and a flight to qualityI recently read “Tails you win”, an article by Morgan Housel. He reminds us that most results are due to tail events. For instance, out of 21,000 VC investments between 2004 and 2014, 65% lost money, 2.5% made 10-20x, 1% achieved more than 20x returns. Incredibly, only about 0.5% or 100 companies achieved the glamorized 50x returns. The vast majority of the industry returns are due to a tiny fraction of investments. We glamorize and idolize these investments and some of us even aspire to make similar 50x returns too. But the odds are not in our favor. Morgan’s analysis on the VC market was not shocking but I had not fully considered what he said next: that tail events drive the vast majority of results is a truism of nature and other disciplines. Each human is a miracle. Just one sperm out of the millions deposited, gets to fertilize the egg and develop into a baby. Or consider that in 2020, just 5 companies (Amazon, Apple, Meta, Microsfot and Tesla) accounted for a whopping 37% of the S&P 500’s total market returns. [S&P 500 consists of 500 publicly traded companies]. Warren Buffett famously said that he has owned 400-500 stocks during his life but he made most of his fortune from just 10 of them….despite painstaking research and analysis on all of them. So what does this mean for crypto? Well, extending the analogy would suggest that the just a handful of crypto tokens will stand the test of time and generate the lion share of returns. Looking back at snapshots in time between Dec 2016 and today, indicates that only 3 tokens: Bitcoin, Ethereum and Ripple, have consistently made the top 10 list. This is not say that other projects will not stand the test of time. But if you are looking to build and sustain long-term value, these might be a helpful place to start. Of course, do your own research as I’m not a financial adviser. Warren Buffet also famously said that “you should be fearful when others are greedy but greedy when others are fearful”. Fortunes are made in downturns. There may be attractive opportunities to acquire high-quality crypto and stocks at “bargain” prices.The reality is that it takes a lot of discipline to execute on this strategy. Plus no one knows if the prices will drop further. Personally, I have focused on dollar-cost-averaging i.e. consistently investing in cryptos and stocks on a weekly or monthly schedule irrespective of market conditions. It’s all automated. The Terra-sized elephant in the roomThe biggest story in crypto has been the Terra Luna collapse. It might rank in the top 5 most catastrophic events in crypto. Terra was an algorithmic stablecoin. I did not have any exposure to it although I have friends and cousins who did. Many other people more knowledgeable than me have touched on this topic. If you are interested, check out this Twitter thread SpeakingI recently participated in an industry panel for the Black Professionals in Tech Network (BPTN) on blockchain. It was great fun. I really enjoyed the audience questions and engaging with other panelists and the event sponsor CIBC. Next up, I’ll be leading a company-wide lunch and learn on “Global perspectives in crypto” at Cross River (~800 people). My goal is to bring stories of how people are using crypto around the world to solve problems in their lives. Wish me luck! That’s all folks! I hope you have a great week. Get outside and enjoy the sun!CiaoAfo This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit afolabio.substack.com

What a difference a year makes! About a year ago the price of Bitcoin hit $63k, today it’s $43k (-30% YoY). But attendance at the annual Bitcoin conference in Miami increased 2.5x to 30,000 people this year. So what’s the deal? Let me tell you a little secret: it’s not just about price.The conference itself is a bit of a sideshow. Tons of people I know went to Miami without stepping foot in the convention center. A lot of the action happens behind closed doors in meeting rooms, rooftop bars, and yachts. Investors, builders, technologists and enthusiast converge for one week in the sun to network and get things done.Bitcoin 2022 key takeawaysBitcoin magazine, the organizers of the conference, posted videos of panels and speeches on their YouTube channel. I’ll highlight some of theCashApp launches 3 new Bitcoin servicesGet Paid in Bitcoin enables CashApp users to auto-invest a portion of their paycheck into bitcoin. Bitcoin Roundups enables CashApp users to round up payments to the nearest dollar then buy bitcoin with the difference.Lightning Network integration enables users to receive Bitcoin in Cash App through the Lightning Network. The ability to send bitcoin through that network was enabled in January.My thoughts: CashApp is key to onboarding people. The fast-growing app has 30 million monthly users. But the demographic is younger and more diverse than the typical bank account holder. CashApp knows that culture leads finance. They routinely partner with hip-hop stars like Megan the Stallion and Lil Nas X for cash and Bitcoin giveaways. This helps drive adoption and builds goodwill for the brand. CashApp meets people where they are: Offering bank-like features like auto-investing and roundup is familiar to the average Joe. Additionally, CashApp excels where crypto falters, CashApp user experience is simple and easy to follow. Building out auto-investing would produce a baseline of steady income for Block (owners of CashApp). It’s a win-win. Walled gardens to open fields: Today you can only send funds to people who have the same app. So now I have a zillion apps on my phone…ugh. For example, I only use CashApp to pay my barber but then I use PayPal to pay my powerlifting coach. CashApp and PayPal are walled gardens, they are not interoperable. Imagine if you could ONLY send emails to people who had a GMail account. That would be incredibly annoying. We would all end up with a zillion email accounts. But in the future we should be able to pay like we email. The future is wide open fields not walled gardens. The Lightning Network can help us get there. But we need more businesses to integrate the Lightning Network….Robinhood is integrating Lightning Network ⚡6 months ago Robinhood announced it was launching a Digital Asset wallet. It quickly garnered a waitlist with over 2 million peopleThis week, Robinhood announced that it would integrate Lightning Network to enable faster Bitcoin transactionsThis is meaningful as Robinhood has over 22 million users. Like CashApp, its users tend to be younger than the typical bank account holder. So far only about 10% have indicated interest in the crypto wallets but I expect that could grow with time. 2 million is good but we need a LOT more integrations to the Lightning Network….Strike integrates Shopify and NCR (largest POS operator)⚡Jack Mallers, CEO of Strike, announced that they are integrating the Lightning Network into Shopify and NCR. This is a HUGE deal. Shopify is the third-largest online retailer in the US behind Amazon and eBay. There are over 1.1 million live stores on Shopify in the US and another 1.2 million around the world NCR is the largest point-of-sale (POS) operator. POS machines are the gadgets we swipe our cards in to pay for goods and services as we are checking out of the grocery stores, coffee shops etc. These integrations would enable millions of merchants to transact using the Lightning Network. Access would be extended to brands, merchants and stores that you are familiar with. The cool thing is that this integration would enable customers to pay in Bitcoin or stablecoins or even dollars. Exciting times ahead. But the question is, will we see adoption? I don’t know. Why? #HODL: I don’t want to part with my Bitcoin today because I believe the price will be higher 5-10 years from now. Inertia: The typical person would default to continue paying the same way unless there is a trigger. There needs to be significant benefit or cost to trigger behavior modification. For international payments, Lightning Network is cheaper, faster, and more convenient to use than some existing options. But domestic payments…I think the interoperability between walled gardens could be one driver. I think merchants stand to save money on interchange fees by switching to the Lightning Network, it would make sense for some merchants to offer discounts to customers who pay with the Lightning Network. But other than that, am I missing something? Lightning Labs ⚡The leading Bitcoin developer has raised $70M in it’s Series B from Valor Equity Partners and global asset manager Baillie Gifford, both early backers of Tesla and SpaceX; Robinhood CEO Vlad Tenev, NYDIG and Silvergate CEO Alan Lane.The goal is to transform the network into a multi-asset layer atop Bitcoin. The first step would be to add stablecoins. Lightning would enable fast and high volume stablecoin transactions. In the future, other asset types like NFTs could be added too. What’s on my mindWalk to earn 🏋️‍♂️I like fitness. I like making money. This week, I discovered Fitness + Money = “walk-to-earn”. Have you heard about this? There are a couple apps where you sign-up for a workout commitment e.g., walk 10,000 steps a day then you get get paid in crypto for following through. I haven’t signed up yet but I’m immediately think what’s the catch? So far, it looks like some of these apps require you to buy some tokens and perhaps you get penalized if you don’t follow through. Check out Step and learn more here.I hope you spend sometime outside this week. It’s spring and the weather has been glorious. I’m aiming to walk outside for at least 30 min every day. Join me! CiaoAfo This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit afolabio.substack.com

Weekly rant: Is Bitcoin religion?The crescent moon was spotted. Ramadan is here. This is a particularly holy time for the 4.5 billion Muslims, Jews and Christians around the world. Muslims are fasting from sunrise to sunset for a month. Jews are preparing for Passover. Catholics are giving up vices to observe Lent as all Christians gear up for Easter. But the world is losing religion. Mosque, synagogue and church attendance have been falling in the West. Is Bitcoin the new religion? The similarities are eerie. Bitcoin maxis seek to evangelize and orange-pill non-believers much in the same way a missionary might seek to convert a pagan. The Bitcoin crowd flocks to Twitter Bitcoin celebrities like the faithful grasp on to every word uttered by televangelists. The plebs tweeting condemnation at Ethereum enthusiasts are reminiscent of the fundamentalist ferociously yelling that all sinners are going to hell. Some tout Bitcoin as the solution to all the sorts of problems just as the devout look to God. But I guess the difference is that we have not had any Bitcoin holy wars….so much blood has been shed in the name of religion. Hopefully Bitcoin does not add to the tally. This week, Miami will host Bitcoin 2022 - the single largest crypto conference in the world. Brace yourself. It’s going to be an eventful week. Many of the speeches will likely be a rehash of content one can already find online but I expect some major announcements. Controversially, President Bukele of El Salvador is set to give a speech. I have mixed feelings about him. On the one hand, I admire a technology-forward leader. At the same time, I’m disturbed by reports of human rights abuses and corruption. Sigh. This reminds me of the early days when Bitcoin was adopted by Silk Road and other unsavory characters. I hope mass media focuses on the underlying technology not the cast of early adopters. The reality is that savvy criminals adopt new technology to evade police tactics. This is not new. Don’t throw the baby away with the bath water. NEWS 🖨📜1. Cross River raises $620M Series DFull disclaimer: I joined Cross River’s Crypto team at the end of last year. We are hiring 😁Funds were raised from an enviable set of investors including Andreessen Horowitz and T Rowe Price. Cross River cut it’s teeth by providing infrastructure for the FinTech revolution. The next phase of growth will come from doubling down, expanding internationally and developing new crypto solutions. Now that we have raised more resources, it’s time to execute. Come build with us. For more info - check out this Tech Crunch article and our website. DM me with questions. 2. Bitcoin Miner goes public via SPAC 📈PrimeBlock, a US-based Bitcoin miner, plans to go public through a merger with a special purpose acquisition company (SPAC) for an estimated enterprise value of $1.25BPrimeBlock has over 110 MW of installed data center capacity across 12 facilities in North America. It sources ~60% of it’s power from non-carbon emitting sources. In Q4 2021, it generated about $25M revenue in Q4 2021. Some investors unwilling or unable to directly purchase Bitcoin have gotten exposure by purchasing shares of publicly traded Bitcoin mining companies like RIOT Blockchain. Shares of Bitcoin miners tends to move in sync with the price of Bitcoin. See below: Personally, I prefer to hold the real thing rather than a proxy. Do your own research! 3. Axie Infinity: Hackers steal $600M😱😳🥴I’m a bullish about play-to-earn games. I think there’s tremendous opportunities for them to grow in developing countries with high unemployment and young populations. Axie Infinity is the darling of play-to-earn….this makes the news of this hack all the more devastating. Here’s what I have gathered: Hackers used social engineering and took advantage of a human error to get away with $600M worth of Ethereum and USDC in the Ronin bridge. The bridge is kinda like a bank for the game. For context, Axie Infinity allows players to trade characters and win earnings which can then be exchanged for ETH or USDC and withdrawn for use in the real world. The impact was swift: 34% drop in volume of trading in the Axie Marketplace within a day (according to DappRadar). But many Axie players while frustrated, have continued to play on. Investors in SkyMavis, the owners of Axie Infinity, include Mark Cuban, Alexis Ohanian, and Animoca Brands. SkyMavis said that they will make impacted players whole. Gosh…I hope they have insurance for that….I doubt it. Unfortunately, this hack is not an isolated incident. Over the past year, hackers have exploited weaknesses in Ronin bridges to steal over $1B. The Philippines is the biggest market for the game where there are over 2.5 million players. The road to Axie Infinity growing 10x to 25 million players will be paved with tougher security. 4. US crypto policy debate heating up💵🏛President Biden’s executive order on crypto intensified ongoing debates around how to regulate cryptoThis week, Sen Elizabeth Warren (D) once again voiced her support for the US to issue a Central Bank-backed Digital Currency (CBDC). She thinks a well designed CBDC could drive out private digital currencies like Bitcoin and improve safety and efficiency of the market. Opponents fear the CBDC would give the US government unprecedented surveillance over citizens. Additionally they fear that a CBDC which the Federal Reserve could issue at will would not be sound hard money. Rather, an extension of the current system where the US government printed printed billions of dollars over the past 2 years whereas Bitcoin is a deflationary store of value by design. There will only be 21 million Bitcoin.Sen Cynthia Lummis (R) is working on a new bill that would propose rules to clarify the role of the SEC and other agencies and provide definitions that would classify many popular tokens as securities. The definition of whether a token is a security is key. If tokens like Solana are deemed to be securities then they would need to be registered with the SEC, crypto exchanges would need to delist them or become broker-dealers…and a host of other adjustments. The net effect is that they would likely increase the cost of serving the customer. That said, there may be some consumer benefits. I need to dig more into this. That’s all folks! I hope you have a great week ahead. Thank youAfo This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit afolabio.substack.com

Is the economy gonna boom or bust? Lately, this question has been popping up everywhere. The Russia-Ukraine conflict has pushed oil prices sky high, inflation has been soaring and many people are feeling the pinch in their wallets. So what’s the deal? Apparently, the answer lies in men’s underwear🩲 Alan Greenspan, former head of the Federal Reserve, once said that sales of men’s underwear are a key economic predictor. The theory is that men’s underwear are discretionary spending…no one sees them except when men change in the locker room or when they are about to….😈. BUT when the economy is bad, men postpone replacing their tired, worn, nasty underwear. This theory proved true during the 2008 recession. I found a study across 56 countries that explored this topic. The takeaway is that the theory does not hold true across all countries…Researchers found a strong correlation between men’s underwear sales and economic performance in Kuwait (0.903), Armenia (0.914), Ecuador (0.917) whereas there was a negative correlation in Cyprus (-0.966), France (-0.955), and Mexico (-0.940). Friends, I have got one question for you: do you plan to buy more underwear in the next 30 days? Fill out this anonymous survey 😁On my mind 🧠 Crypto for good💖I have 60 first cousins. I recently had a nice long chat with one of them. During the pandemic she and her husband buckled down and refocused. The result: they doubled their income over the past year🙌.….BUT they are not any happier. Instinctively, I know this to be true. Beyond a certain point, additional money does not yield more happiness. In fact, it might be the opposite! The great poet Biggie said it best “Mo’ money, mo’ problems”. Don’t get me wrong. I am an ambitious person. I want more. One of my goals is to leave an inheritance for my grandchildren. That said, I have come to realize that achieving that “number” won’t necessarily make me any happier. Life is unpredictable. There will be tears and laughter….SO if you are guaranteed to cry, is it not better to cry in a Rolls Royce…(or a Lucid for me) versus a broken down and unreliable dumpster fire of a car? 🤣 But what would make me happier? Impact. Positive impact. This week was the 15th anniversary of my maternal grandpa’s passing. He was a phenomenal human being. A simple, hardworking, ambitious, and kind man. Grandpa’s life was transformed by a scholarship in 4th grade. Through grit and grace, he became a doctor then the Chief Medical Officer of Nigeria. He directly treated thousands of patients but his influence positively impacted millions. Unlike a bunch of my cousins, I decided not to become a doctor. Instead, I’m going Otolorin (in Yoruba this means “choosing a separate path”) in crypto. But the shared values endure. I have always been guided by potential for impact as I have navigated my career journey. This brings me to crypto. Too often people focus on price but miss the underlying technology. I believe crypto can be a force for good by solving real world problems. I want to dig in and learn more about these solutions. Would you be interested in a series where I highlight some of the solutions, people, and technologies addressing real world problems? Vote here. Tell me what you would like to see or not.News📰1. Ukraine: First Crypto war, now NFTs?🕶🕯It’s been said that Russia’s invasion of Ukraine is the first crypto war, now NFTs are getting in on it too. Given West Africa’s colonial past, I’m painfully aware that it is the victor who gets to write history. The Ukrainian government is establishing an NFT collection memorializing the war - presumably it would feature stories of Russian atrocities and Ukrainian courage. Each piece will be art representing a story from a trusted source written onto an unchangeable, globally distributed blockchain The funds raised from the sales would support humanitarian relief. Would you get in on this?2. Russia accept Bitcoin for oil and gas ⛽️On the other side of the conflict, Russia has been increasingly isolated by Western countriesNow, the Russian government is indicating that they may soon start accepting bitcoin payments for oil and gas sales This is part of a larger story where the US dollar, some say the “petrodollar”, is being challenged as the de facto currency for global oil trade. When China buys oil from Saudi Arabia, they pay in US dollars. Isn’t that odd? If you lived in the US but wanted to buy avocados from Mexico, would you pay for them in Nigerian Naira…I don’t think so! But there is a history and reason why it is that way today. And now it’s been challenged by China’s Yuan…and also Bitcoin. There could implications for the US economy if this catches on at scale…that’s a whole ‘nother conversation.3. Big oil is mining Bitcoin 🤠I love it when my world’s collide….for context, I started my career in in oil & gas as an engineer then a market analyst…..now this week, ExxonMobil disclosed that it has been mining Bitcoin with waste natural gas in North DakotaExxon is reportedly also considering Bitcoin mining projects around the world including Nigeria, Argentina, and Germany. Exxon is far from being alone in this endeavor. ConocoPhillips are other companies have been doing so for sometime. Last year, a friend and I evaluated starting a company to mine bitcoin with flared gas in Nigeria. We had some deep concerns and it did not progress. I’m feeling wistful reading about Exxon executing on this idea….maybe we should have persevered…maybe it’s not too late? 4. First fashion week in the metaverse💋💅🕴🎫🛍Calling all fashionistas! The first Metaverse Fashion Week (MVFW) is upon us.Decentraland is hosting the MVFW from March 24-27 featuring over 60 established and digital-native brands including the likes of Estee Lauder to Forever 21.Attendees can snag NFT wearables, listen to expert panels and have fun at after parties…all in the metaverse. Also, there’s a robot named Sophia who will be walking around wearing the latest NFT wearables. If you spot her in the metaverse, you can snap a selfie and enter a giveaway! 5. Gov of Florida: You should be able to pay your taxes in Bitcoin👨‍✈️It’s tax season! Gov DeSantis of Florida wants to make it possible for businesses to pay taxes in Bitcoin. But why just businesses? You have to remember that there are no personal income taxes in the Sunshine State. I think this is probably more gimmick than substance because why would you pay your taxes with an appreciating asset (Bitcoin) instead of a depreciating one (dollars)? Nonetheless, this move is not surprising as Miami has been positioning itself as an epicenter for the crypto industry. It’s particularly meaningful because Gov DeSantis is one of the frontrunners to be the Republican candidate for President in the next election. At the very least, he could bring introduce the topic at the national level.But Florida won’t be the first! That crown belongs to Colorado. Earlier this month, the Centennial State became the first to accept crypto for tax payments. It’s expected to go into effect in June! In Colorado, the plan is to accept crypto payments BUT convert them into dollars for deposit in the state’s treasury. I guess the next move would be to hold crypto on the state’s balance sheet. Which state is going to be the first to do that? That’s all folks. I hope you have a great week. Remember April Fool’s Day is on Friday! O dabo AfoThank you for reading 5x5 Crypto News. This post is public so feel free to share it. This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit afolabio.substack.com

Hey y’all!I hope you had a terrific week! I’m visiting New Jersey this week. I checked into my hotel, walked towards the elevator when I ran into this: This is a first! I’ve seen Bitcoin ATMs before but never in a hotel. The narrative I’d heard was that there are 2 main sets of Bitcoin ATM users in the US. The first set are immigrants. They buy and send Bitcoin as a means of sending and saving funds for loved ones in their home countries ex Venezuela, Mexico and Nigeria. This is particularly helpful for people who might be undocumented migrants in the US - they may not be able to have a conventional bank account. The second set are people who value anonymity. They like to use cash to buy Bitcoin. Have you used a Bitcoin ATM? If yes, what was your use case? What was your experience?Personally, I don’t love them because the fees are way higher than crypto exchanges. I am curious about the economics of owning Bitcoin ATMs. Might be a interesting side hustle to pursue. Maybe I’ll do a deep dive to investigate assess first.On my mind🧠Introducing the world’s first Bitcoin mortgage: Milo! 🚀BackgroundMilo! Depending on where you grew up, the word “Milo!” evokes memories of a sweet chocolatey drink ☕ or the 10th mayor of Tel Aviv. I’m in the first group. Yum! Milo Credit is a global digital bank founded in 2018 to reshape mortgages for global consumers. Most people around the world don’t have access to a mortgage. They often never own a home. Many of those that do gradually build a house painstakingly over years as their funds allow. This month, Milo Credit launched the first Bitcoin mortgage. They are offering 30-year mortgages up to 100% of the house cost as long as you provide surplus Bitcoin collateral. The interest rates are low and payment plans are flexible and adjustable. So for example, if you wanted to buy a $200k condo, you might be required to provide $300k Bitcoin collateral. Milo establishes a minimum LTV (loan-to-value) - it’s 67% ($200k/$300k) in this example . My guess is that you would get a lower interest if you provide significantly higher collateral. But that’s not all. We all know that the price of Bitcoin can be volatile. Milo would monitor the LTV ratio as the price of Bitcoin evolves. Milo would set a LTV ratio at which the borrower would need to either provide more Bitcoin or pay down the loan. Milo might also set an LTV ratio at which the borrower goes into default or loses the collateral. I’d love to learn more about the fine prints. So continuing the example, if the price of Bitcoin dropped by 50%. The LTV ratio would then become $200k/$150k = 133%. I’m guessing Milo might set the limit for the LTV around 80-100%. This would trigger the borrower to provide more collateral to bring the loan LTV back into balance or risk a default. TakeawayLook, no one wants to be this guy: The Bitcoin Mortgage is NOT a mass-market product. It’s targeted at the lucky few who have bags of Bitcoin but don’t want to sell the underlying asset. It makes sense not to sell today if you believe the value will rise over the next 30 years. But the devil will be in the details. I’m keen to understand the terms and conditions of the mortgage. The lending risk is somewhat mitigated by the fact that the bank could repossess the house if the value of Bitcoin crashed. This is an important first step. We still have a long way to go before uncollateralized crypto loans are possible and we are able to extend mortgages to people who don’t have access today. We will get there! News📰1. Coinbase is subject to class-action lawsuit🚨3 individuals who purchased crypto through Coinbase have filed a class action lawsuit against the firm. They allege that Coinbase operated as an unregistered securities exchange because they claim that 79 of the tokens listed on the website are securities. This lawsuit is not unexpected. The Chair of the SEC is thought to hold the view that many tokens/cryptocurrencies except Bitcoin, Ethereum, dollar-backed stablecoins are securities. If this is true, then Coinbase and other crypto exchanges would be required to register as securities exchanges and adhere to additional requirements. I don’t think there is cause for extreme alarm. This is bigger than Coinbase. I hope this lawsuit nudges the industry closer to achieving clarity and supportive legislation. 2. Crypto goes to Congress: Dems split 💔🪓Democratic party is split on crypto. But it’s not progressives vs centrists. The progressive wing is split. On one hand, Sen Elizabeth Warren is a vocal opponent concerned about consumer protections. On the other hand, folks like Rep Ritchie Torres (NY) are embracing the potential to reach the unbanked and cut lower the cost of services.I liked this quote from Rep Torres: “The project of radically decentralizing the internet and finance strikes me as a profoundly progressive cause….You should never define any technology by its worst uses. ... There’s more to crypto than ransomware, just like there’s more to money than money laundering.”This week, Congress questioned leading crypto experts on the potential of Russia to use crypto to launder money and evade sanctions. TLDR: No evidence to suggest that this happening at scale. Here’s the link if you are curious: 3. 68% of US millionaires own crypto 💸💰💲Survey from Motley Fool finds that we are in good company! Bitcoin is preferred. 60% of US millionaires own some Bitcoin while 50% of them own Ethereum. Turns out they aren’t immune to memecoins with 86% saying they had invested in the likes of dogecoin and Shiba-InuLooking ahead, 59% expect to allocate more of the portfolio to crypto over the next 5 years while 50% of those who don’t currently own any crypto plan to buy some within the next year. Public Service Announcement: It’s less than a month before Tax Day. Commiserations to my crypto trading friends. Let me know how it goes and what tools helped you. O daboAfo This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit afolabio.substack.com

Tomorrow (3/14) is Pi day! Yes, guilty as charged. I’m a recovering math and science nerd. Pi day is an annual celebration of the mathematical constant “pi” which relates to the circumference of a circle. It’s also a great excuse to eat lots of pie. In honor of Pi day, I wanted to take a walk around the world and touch on a couple crypto relevant stories Ukraine vs Russia: Crypto in war? EU may ban proof of work - misguided? Jambo: Can Play to earn take off in Africa?Holy metaverse?1. Ukraine 🇺🇦 vs Russia 🇷🇺: Crypto in war? The good: War is an ugly business. It brings out the worst of humanity. Yet even in those dark days, heroes emerge and necessity gives birth to innovation. Over $100M of crypto has been donated to Ukraine from around the world. Without crypto, many of these donations would have taken 2+ business days to be processed and charged up to 6% fees. But with crypto, we have solutions that provide instant, free-to-near-free international payments. Speed can be the difference between life and death. Imagine you lived in the US but your loved ones were under siege in Ukraine. They urgently requested money to flee. It could be heart wrenching having to wait 2+ business days. Mind you, if the request came on Friday, funds might not arrive till Tuesday. This could be unnecessary exposure. The ban:Many Western governments and companies have put in place sanctions against Russians. This culminated in 7 leading Russian banks being cut-off from the SWIFT global payment network. SWIFT is a global payment messaging system. It links over 11,000 banks across 200+ countries. The system does not transfer money rather its like an email system for banks. It conducts about 42 million messages every day. The ban on 7 Russian banks would cause inconvenience but I expect they might eventually develop workarounds over time. It remains to be seen how effective the sanctions are. Could crypto provide a workaround?The other sideIn Nigeria, we say, when two elephants fight, the grass suffers. Deep wounds are being gored on both sides. Much of the US news coverage is focused on Ukrainian courage amidst Putin’s over-reach. I have also been thinking about regular Russian citizens - they did not choose this war.The sanctions and exits of Western companies are dealing a heavy blow to the their economy. Global companies like McKinsey & Company, Visa, PWC, McDonald’s are among the dozens which have ceased operations in the country. Many Russians now find themselves without a job at the exact moment their local currency (the ruble) has lost 40% of value against the US dollar and inflation rising. Crypto could offer some solutions for them too. Russians could convert their life savings from rubles to US-dollar backed stablecoins or Bitcoin. Out-of-work Russians could consider Play-to-Earn games. Crypto payments could provide optionality in the event that sanctions. My heart goes out to Ukraine 🇺🇦 and all who have had their lives disrupted by the invasion.2. EU 🇪🇺may ban proof-of-workThe European Union (EU) has a legislative framework for governing digital currencies, it’s called Markets in Crypto Assets (MiCA). It contains a provision that could limit the use of proof-of-work cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin and Ethereum Proof-of-work has been a lightning rod as it is an energy-intensive mechanism. Some environmentalists have decried coal-powered bitcoin mining in China as detrimental to the fight against climate change. It is in the in this vein that proof-of-work came under heavy scrutiny. However, I don’t think this premise is based on full understanding of the current state. Bitcoin miners are highly mobile and incentivized to pursue the lowest energy source. Today, 39% of bitcoin mining is powered by renewable energy while only 13% of US power generation is renewable (EIA). Bitcoin mining can subsidize capital investments to build more renewable energy facilities. The EU is right to consider opportunities to reduce carbon footprint. But it is odd to start with Bitcoin mining given its miniscule carbon footprint compared to other related activities like the traditional banking system (650x), gold mining (90x), and paper currency printing (11x). Furthermore, a 1% reduction in carbon emissions from global aviation sector would be 5x larger than total carbon emissions associated with Bitcoin mining. Shouldn’t we focus on that?3. Jambo: Play to earn in Africa💰Last year, I shared the story of how Play-to-earn NFT games were providing thousands of Filipinos a means of livelihood. Africa has many of the same strong fundamentals: 60% of the population is below 24 years old and almost 50% of university graduates in Africa are unemployed. James Zhang, a 3rd-generation Chinese-Congolese, founded Jambo in Kinshasa to capitalize on the same trends in Africa. Jambo’s goal is to become the Web 3.0 super app for Africa. They have already reached 12,000 students across 14 countries (Morocco, Nigeria, Ethiopia, Equatorial Guinea, Kenya, Congo, Uganda, Rwanda, DR Congo, Tanzania, Zambia, Namibia, Madagascar and South Africa). The students go through a 10-weeek program to explore opportunities in play-to-earn gaming and decentralized finance (DeFi). Jambo also takes on some of the students to become local ambassadors. Jambo provides scholarships which enables students to earn money. In some cases, students are making 2x what their salary might be. Jambo recently raised $7.5M from a group of investors including Coinbase Ventures, Alameda Research and other notable crypto investors. The goal is to achieve 1M downloads by the end of year.Too often, US VCs looking to invest in Africa focus in on Nigeria, South Africa and Kenya. It makes sense these are some of the most mature and dynamic hubs on the continent. However, it belies the difference and opportunities in the other 51 countries in Africa. I’ve been impressed by Jambo’s strategy of quickly getting boots on the ground in a a variety of countries. 4. Holy Metaverse ⛪️✝️This week, I learned that there is a VR Church in the metaverse! They host Sunday services, weekly groups, and offer volunteer opportunities…100% in the metaverse. The clincher is that it was established in 2017! One of the great hopes of the metaverse is to improve access. This has proved true in the VR Church. One of the leaders shared how she had been diagnosed with a neuro-muscular condition which effectively left her homebound since 2010. VR Church has given her an avenue to be actively engaged in a community. Just when I was thinking this was pretty fringe stuff, today my sister and brother-in-law shared that their church was planning to run part of their youth summer program in the metaverse. Church attendance in the US has declined in recent decades. It makes sense to leverage technology to reach the next generation. However, VR Church proves that there is staying power. It delivers on creating a more accessible and global experience. What a great time to be alive. I hope you have a wonderful Pi Day and week ahead. O daboAfo This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit afolabio.substack.com

What’s your favorite animal? For a long time I really didn’t have one. When asked, I’d sometimes pick a random African animal or something philosophical to try and impress whoever I was with. Ugh. Thankfully I’ve passed that stage. Lately, I’ve been watching squirrels. I see them everywhere from our backyard to the parks when I’m out cycling. Beyond their cute fluffy tails, squirrels just always seem happy, energetic and playful. They seemingly bound from tree to tree without losing enthusiasm. Have you ever seen a sad or moody squirrel 🐿 ?Crypto prices crashed this week. How did you fare? I hope you channeled your inner squirrel. I’ve been zen. My approach is to devise a strategy then automate execution over the long-term. If prices continue to slide then there might be some very attractive opportunities. Are you ready? What projects are on your shopping list? Remember, Uncle Warren Buffett said “be fearful when others are greedy and be greedy when others are fearful”.Crypto shopping list🛒One of my goals this year is to significantly expand my crypto portfolio beyond my bitcoin and ethereum base. I missed out on a TON of upside last year by playing it very safe and not executing on recommendations from my friends. If the crypto price slide extends there might be opportunities to pick up some coins at decent entry points.I recently finished reading “The Psychology of Money” by Morgan Housel. It argues that we all make rationale financial decisions based on our background. The challenge is that we all have very different backgrounds, personalities and aspirations. For me, the most important thing is peace. A super aggressive strategy might give me amazing returns but it might cost me my sleep at night. That’s not a cost I'm willing to pay.Additionally, we often only think about returns that we could have made but we discount the losses we could have incurred. Social media is a highlight reel. Most people share their triumphs but are mute on losses. So I say this to say, don’t cry over spilled milk. Figure out what works for you then get it done. As we say in Nigeria, “paddle your own canoe”.Disclaimers:I don’t offer any financial advice. I’m just a guy with a laptop trying to figure this thing out. Please do your own research.My crypto shopping list is a work in progress. It’s subject to change at any time. I’m very much still learning. I’m also not sharing my full list of projects that I’m curious about - that might deserve it’s own edition or two lol.Please share your ideas with me too!Crypto shopping listI already have some of these but I want MORESolana (SOL) - low transaction cost, seen as an ethereum challengerChainlink (LINK) - bringing real-world data on-chainAvalanche (AVAX) - fast smart contractsEcomi (OMI) - NFT play; it’s the token for Veve which has major partnershipsDecentraland (MANA) - leading metaverse projectNFT update📈Last week, I shared my excitement about the new Ancient Empires NFT collection. The collection celebrates the history of ancient African and Latin American civilizations by creating art NFTs which could appeal to a broader population. Well I did it! I made an impulse buy. (Not sure we should celebrate that but this is where we are…hahaha).I chose this piece because of the cultural significance of the mask the man is wearing in the picture. Masks are a key part of the cultural heritage of the Yoruba and Benin people. (Context - I’m Yoruba; the Yoruba and Benin empires are in modern-day Nigeria but they have ancient linkages and a tremendous art heritage. Unfortunately, many culturally significant pieces were destroyed when our palaces were raided during wars with the Portuguese and British armies. Many of the surviving pieces were looted and put on display in museums across global art capitals from London to New York and elsewhere.I named my NFT “Oranmiyan” after a prince of the Yoruba and Benin empires. Over 800 years after his death, his descendants still sit on the throne in Benin. My dude looks like a fierce warrior. Maybe I should hit the gym more so my arms match his…NEWS 📰1.Federal Reserve finally published it’s paper on CBDCs 💸The US Federal Reserve FINALLY published it’s long waited paper on Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs). The paper lays out pros and cons of CBDCs. It does NOT make a recommendation. Rather, the Fed is seeking input from the public and will only act if Congress tells it to do so.I read the paper. I am not convinced 2 of the pros listed by the Fed are real.Improve cross-border payments: The average outgoing international payment from the US has a 5% fee. Introducing a CBDC isn’t magically going to solve this. There will need to be conversions among various CBDCs. I am not convinced this system would outperform the existing crypto technology today ex lightning network.Improve financial inclusion: 5% of the US is not banked and another 20% are significantly underbanked ex they routinely depend on high cost, inefficient services like pay day loans, etc. People say crypto and CBDCs will improve financial inclusion but they routinely fail to demonstrate how. This frustrates me. Illiteracy, lack of trust, and low income are leading drivers for exclusion. These are not addressed by a CBDC. Furthermore, during the pandemic CBDC advocates pointed out how the government payment of stimulus funds would have been more efficient if we had CBDCs and each US person held an account with the Federal Reserve. Well, the Federal Reserve Act specifically says the central bank can’t bank retail customers. Maybe I’m missing something.That said, I definitely agree that it is in the US strategic national interest for the dollar to continue being the world’s reserve currency. Other countries want the influence it provides. The dollar could become vulnerable if other countries (cough China) provides a superior technology. The map below shows 9 countries (including Nigeria) have launched CBDCs with 14 countries (including China) running pilot tests and 16 countries (including Russia) have them in development. The US needs to move here.2. Twitter verifying NFTs 🪞Crypto Twittersphere has been awash with NFTs as profile pictures. Some say it’s the ultimate status symbol to indicate you are part of the community. But what’s stopping posers who don’t actually own NFTs from uploading a picture of someone else’s NFT and using that as their profile picture. Well nothing.Until now! Twitter is linking your digital asset wallets to your profile. Thus, you’d only be able to upload NFTs you own as your profile picture. I guess if you do this there’ll be some kind of check mark to indicate it’s been verified.This is an important move for 2 reasons. First, Twitter is one of the first social media platforms to integrate NFTs. Others will follow. Secondly, it marks a departure from Jack Dorsey’s Bitcoin-only philosophy as NFTs are primarily on Ethereum, Solana etc. I’m expecting to hear more from Twitter.3. a16z makes first investment in Africa 🕹a16z, the famed crypto, FinTech and consumer tech VC firm has made it’s first investment in an African startup, Carry1st. a16z was an early investor in Facebook, Coinbase and many other household names.This investment stands out because it’s a gaming company headquartered in South Africa. Of course, there will be a crypto/web3.0 angle to this. I’ve been vocal about how bullish I am on gaming in Africa. I guess I’m in good company lol.Carry1st already accepts various cryptocurrencies as payments. They are looking to expand that. Let’s stay tuned.That’s all folks! Remember, be a squirrel 🐿O daboAfolabi This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit afolabio.substack.com

What’s your favorite animal? For a long time I really didn’t have one. When asked, I’d sometimes pick a random African animal or something philosophical to try and impress whoever I was with. Ugh. Thankfully I’ve passed that stage. Lately, I’ve been watching squirrels. I see them everywhere from our backyard to the parks when I’m out cycling. Beyond their cute fluffy tails, squirrels just always seem happy, energetic and playful. They seemingly bound from tree to tree without losing enthusiasm. Have you ever seen a sad or moody squirrel 🐿 ?Crypto prices crashed this week. How did you fare? I hope you channeled your inner squirrel. I’ve been zen. My approach is to devise a strategy then automate execution over the long-term. If prices continue to slide then there might be some very attractive opportunities. Are you ready? What projects are on your shopping list? Remember, Uncle Warren Buffett said “be fearful when others are greedy and be greedy when others are fearful”. Crypto shopping list🛒One of my goals this year is to significantly expand my crypto portfolio beyond my bitcoin and ethereum base. I missed out on a TON of upside last year by playing it very safe and not executing on recommendations from my friends. If the crypto price slide extends there might be opportunities to pick up some coins at decent entry points. I recently finished reading “The Psychology of Money” by Morgan Housel. It argues that we all make rationale financial decisions based on our background. The challenge is that we all have very different backgrounds, personalities and aspirations. For me, the most important thing is peace. A super aggressive strategy might give me amazing returns but it might cost me my sleep at night. That’s not a cost I'm willing to pay. Additionally, we often only think about returns that we could have made but we discount the losses we could have incurred. Social media is a highlight reel. Most people share their triumphs but are mute on losses. So I say this to say, don’t cry over spilled milk. Figure out what works for you then get it done. As we say in Nigeria, “paddle your own canoe”.Disclaimers: I don’t offer any financial advice. I’m just a guy with a laptop trying to figure this thing out. Please do your own research. My crypto shopping list is a work in progress. It’s subject to change at any time. I’m very much still learning. I’m also not sharing my full list of projects that I’m curious about - that might deserve it’s own edition or two lol. Please share your ideas with me too! Crypto shopping listI already have some of these but I want MORESolana (SOL) - low transaction cost, seen as an ethereum challengerChainlink (LINK) - bringing real-world data on-chain Avalanche (AVAX) - fast smart contractsEcomi (OMI) - NFT play; it’s the token for Veve which has major partnershipsDecentraland (MANA) - leading metaverse projectNFT update📈Last week, I shared my excitement about the new Ancient Empires NFT collection. The collection celebrates the history of ancient African and Latin American civilizations by creating art NFTs which could appeal to a broader population. Well I did it! I made an impulse buy. (Not sure we should celebrate that but this is where we are…hahaha). I chose this piece because of the cultural significance of the mask the man is wearing in the picture. Masks are a key part of the cultural heritage of the Yoruba and Benin people. (Context - I’m Yoruba; the Yoruba and Benin empires are in modern-day Nigeria but they have ancient linkages and a tremendous art heritage. Unfortunately, many culturally significant pieces were destroyed when our palaces were raided during wars with the Portuguese and British armies. Many of the surviving pieces were looted and put on display in museums across global art capitals from London to New York and elsewhere.I named my NFT “Oranmiyan” after a prince of the Yoruba and Benin empires. Over 800 years after his death, his descendants still sit on the throne in Benin. My dude looks like a fierce warrior. Maybe I should hit the gym more so my arms match his…NEWS 📰 1.Federal Reserve finally published it’s paper on CBDCs 💸The US Federal Reserve FINALLY published it’s long waited paper on Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs). The paper lays out pros and cons of CBDCs. It does NOT make a recommendation. Rather, the Fed is seeking input from the public and will only act if Congress tells it to do so. I read the paper. I am not convinced 2 of the pros listed by the Fed are real. Improve cross-border payments: The average outgoing international payment from the US has a 5% fee. Introducing a CBDC isn’t magically going to solve this. There will need to be conversions among various CBDCs. I am not convinced this system would outperform the existing crypto technology today ex lightning network. Improve financial inclusion: 5% of the US is not banked and another 20% are significantly underbanked ex they routinely depend on high cost, inefficient services like pay day loans, etc. People say crypto and CBDCs will improve financial inclusion but they routinely fail to demonstrate how. This frustrates me. Illiteracy, lack of trust, and low income are leading drivers for exclusion. These are not addressed by a CBDC. Furthermore, during the pandemic CBDC advocates pointed out how the government payment of stimulus funds would have been more efficient if we had CBDCs and each US person held an account with the Federal Reserve. Well, the Federal Reserve Act specifically says the central bank can’t bank retail customers. Maybe I’m missing something.That said, I definitely agree that it is in the US strategic national interest for the dollar to continue being the world’s reserve currency. Other countries want the influence it provides. The dollar could become vulnerable if other countries (cough China) provides a superior technology. The map below shows 9 countries (including Nigeria) have launched CBDCs with 14 countries (including China) running pilot tests and 16 countries (including Russia) have them in development. The US needs to move here. 2. Twitter verifying NFTs 🪞Crypto Twittersphere has been awash with NFTs as profile pictures. Some say it’s the ultimate status symbol to indicate you are part of the community. But what’s stopping posers who don’t actually own NFTs from uploading a picture of someone else’s NFT and using that as their profile picture. Well nothing. Until now! Twitter is linking your digital asset wallets to your profile. Thus, you’d only be able to upload NFTs you own as your profile picture. I guess if you do this there’ll be some kind of check mark to indicate it’s been verified. This is an important move for 2 reasons. First, Twitter is one of the first social media platforms to integrate NFTs. Others will follow. Secondly, it marks a departure from Jack Dorsey’s Bitcoin-only philosophy as NFTs are primarily on Ethereum, Solana etc. I’m expecting to hear more from Twitter.3. a16z makes first investment in Africa 🕹a16z, the famed crypto, FinTech and consumer tech VC firm has made it’s first investment in an African startup, Carry1st. a16z was an early investor in Facebook, Coinbase and many other household names.This investment stands out because it’s a gaming company headquartered in South Africa. Of course, there will be a crypto/web3.0 angle to this. I’ve been vocal about how bullish I am on gaming in Africa. I guess I’m in good company lol.Carry1st already accepts various cryptocurrencies as payments. They are looking to expand that. Let’s stay tuned. That’s all folks! Remember, be a squirrel 🐿 O daboAfolabi This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit afolabio.substack.com

Happy New Year! E ku odun! Bonne année! Feliz ano nuevo!I started writing this edition 2 weeks ago but then I became unwell. Thankfully, I am feeling much better now. I hope 2022 brings more joy, growth and good health. Please stay safe out there. I spy a metaverse🕵️Steve Jobs unveiled the first iPhone 📱 15 years ago. Back then, Steve Ballmer, CEO of Microsoft famously laughed at the most expensive phone in the world ($500). Ballmer said the iPhone wouldn’t take off with business customers because it didn’t have a keyboard. The Wall Street Journal, Bloomberg, USA Today, The Guardian and even an iPod engineer joined in bashing the iPhone’s prospects. Flash forward today, over 2 billion iPhones have been sold. Recently, Apple became the first company to reach a $3 trillion valuation. Technology adoption is difficult to predict. Experts are often wrong. We are wired to reach for negative news and naysayers. But then technology takes off much faster than expected in ways that couldn’t have been imagined. This brings me to the metaverse. Metaverse - the internet in 3DThe metaverse has featured in sci-fi novels since the 1970s but it surged to the popular lexicon when Facebook rebranded itself Meta. But this is not just a PR stunt. Mark Zuckerberg announced that Meta would be investing billions of dollars and hiring 10,000 people to build Facebook’s metaverse solutions. Metaverse: dive in!Yesterday, my wife and I were chatting about the metaverse. She described it as “the internet in 3D”. I don’t know if this is an original thought but I like the sound of it. It’s certainly easier than saying “The metaverse refers to a virtual space that is shared by different worlds, created by the combination of augmented reality, virtually-enhanced physical reality, and the Internet.”Experience is the best teacher. So I took the plunge and went to 2 New Year Eve parties in Decentraland’s metaverse platform. Here’s a short clip.Here are my initial thoughts:Pros + Self expression: It was cool designing my own avatar and navigating the virtual world. You could completely reinvent yourself. I can see why fashion brands are heading over to the metaverse. Some people want to dress to impress in real life AND metaverse. + Activity 🏁: I toured an NFT museum, drove a car on a race track, climbed to the top of a couple tall buildings to survey the view and danced with a bunch of strangers. There is a ton of potential for activities. It would be cool to go to a theme park in the metaverse. But I’m gonna need to invest in some hardware so I can have an immersive experience. + New world: I started seeing the potential for new ways of gathering. My siblings are spread out between San Diego and London. We have monthly marathon Zoom calls to catch up. Perhaps one day we will family have reunions in a virtual replica of my parents house in Lagos, Nigeria. Cons+ Over hyped: I felt a bit let down. There’s been so much hype about the metaverse. I wanted to be blown away. I wasn’t. I’m also admittedly new to the scene, so maybe there’s a bit of user error. The the fact that an 8-year old played a masterpiece like Symphony No. 40 poorly does not make Mozart any less of a genius. So, I’m definitely going to spend more time exploring the metaverse. Let me know any tips you might have. +No connections: How do you make friends in the metaverse? I was strolling around by myself. I danced in groups with strangers but I didn’t make a single connection. Maybe it wasn’t time and place. Or maybe I’m missing something. I also found a tracker to count number of people in Decentraland. There were 2,331 people logged in Decentraland at the time of writing. That’s really not a lot.+Glitches: The user experience was a bit glitchy. It froze a couple times. I had some challenges toggling between different views. The experience reminded me how early we are. Most metaverse platforms are not even accessible on cellphones yet. Takeaway: I don’t think we are on the cusp of mass metaverse adoption…that’s gonna take years. I do think the technology is part of our future but the user experience needs to improve, we need mobile phone access, maybe even more hardware ex headsets. I’d love to see the product roadmap. I am going to explore other metaverse platforms. I am also really curious to see what Meta has cooking. Facebook cracked the code on social media, can Meta do the same for the metaverse? Early = Opportunity? So what’s a guy to do if you spot an opportunity that isn’t quite ready for primetime? You invest! I’m clearly not alone here. But how should one invest? This really depends on your risk tolerance, conviction and goals. I don’t offer any financial advice, please do your own research. I’m simply sharing my current thoughts. What are yours?Future fund 📈My goal is to build an investment position around the metaverse theme. I’m looking to hold for 5+ years during which I hope it offers handsome returns 📈. I will achieve this by dollar cost averaging (small weekly purchases) and making more significant opportunistic investments. Equities 🟦For as much I talk about crypto, stocks are still the foundation of my investment strategy. I primarily buy ETFs (basket of stocks) instead of shares of individual companies. Roundhill Ball launched a metaverse ETF in 2021. It’s made up of established tech companies investing in this space. NVIDIA (gaming chips), Meta (social media), Roblox (gaming), Microsoft (diversified tech), make up 30% of the holdings. Apple, Amazon and Snap are also part of the crew. It feels like like a safe tech bet unlikely to cause heartburn. Just watch the 0.75% fees. I expect more metaverse focused ETFs to be launched this year.Crypto 🟧When Facebook made their fateful announcement, it sent the price of metaverse related cryptos soaring sky high. For reference, decentralized metaverse platforms like Decentraland have their own cryptocurrencies. You need them to buy land, products and services. Decentraland has MANA, Sandbox has the Sand token and Axie Infinity has Axies. I hold some MANA and AXIE.I see two categories of metaverse cryptos: established vs newbie. The established cryptos include more well known projects like Decentraland, Sandbox, Axie Infinity which have attracted some following. These are less risky with higher chance of moderate returns. The newbie cryptos like Solice are associated with untested projects that were more recently launched. They are more risky with a higher chance of outsize returns. You have to do research to find and vet these projects. Land 🟥Someone spent $450k to buy land next to Snoop Dogg’s virtual house. A part of me is recoiling from sticker shock at some of the prices I’ve seen. Not all land is created equally. I also don’t feel sufficiently knowledgeable to go ahead with this investment yet. In the ideal scenario, I’d like to own land across a couple platforms - this reduces my exposure if I don’t pick a winner. Let’s see. News🗞1. Walmart goes crypto, metaverseThe stampede of brick-and-mortar businesses diving into the metaverse just got louder. Walmart, America’s largest retailer, is reportedly launching a cryptocurrency, a collection of NFTs and a metaverse project. I found a tweet which reportedly shows how Walmart envisions metaverse shopping: I appreciate that they are aiming to keep up with evolving technology. It reminds me of the early days of the internet when we initially copied and pasted our analog activities onto the web but over time internet native activities and habits emerged. We are still early.2. Arkansas offering $10k in bitcoin It looks like the State of Arkansas has been inspired by it’s favorite daughter (Walmart). Arkansas is now offering remote tech workers $10,000 in bitcoin if you relocate there. The Walton family have also invested and elevated the arts and parks near their headquarters. A couple of my friends have vacationed in Arkansas and came back with great tales of fun and adventure across lakes, hikes and parks. So far, over 35,000 people have already applied. 3. Ancient Warriors Empire NFTAncient Warriors is a new NFT collection of 4,444 warriors hailing from some of the greatest African and Latin American empires in history. The decentralized empire represents the might of the Aztecs, Zulus, Inkas, and Benin Kingdoms. The underlying goal of the project is to help onboard people of African and Latin American descent into Web 3.0 by celebrating their cultural history. I am seriously thinking about getting one of these. This project goes live on Monday Jan 17. Each NFT is expected to sell for 0.5 ETH and minting fee is 0.05 ETH. 4. Rio de Janiero goes cryptoMayor of Rio de Janiero kicked off the year by announcing the Brazilian city would be investing 1% of its treasury in crypto. This move is not in isolation. City government is looking into receiving tax payments in bitcoin and offering discounts to citizens who do so. The mayor wants to position Rio as a leading center for crypto. 5. Banks stablecoin Last year, the President’s Working Group on Financial Markets issued a report on stablecoins wherein they recommended Congress require stablecoin issuers to be depository insured companies. None of the leading stablecoins might this qualification. Now a consortium of US banks are launching a stablecoin. This stablecoin would be programmed for use in wallets which have been KYC-ed. I think this is an exciting development. However, the FDIC has not yet confirmed whether these bank-issued stablecoins would be insured up to $250k like fiat is. I have been thinking about the DeFi mullet (FinTech on the front and DeFi on the back). This could be a significant enabler. Stay tuned! That’s all folks! I hope you have a wonderful week. O daboAfolabi This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit afolabio.substack.com

My wife and I typically do a quick getaway at the end of the year. It’s nice to ring in the new year in a new city but we also invest time to review our goals and set new ones. We hit all the big ones: relationship, fitness, financial goals and more.This year, crypto has become a bigger share of our portfolio. We ramped up our investments and fortunately those investments have done well in the crypto bull run. We continue to think through how best to play in the space. Six months ago, my brother-in-law and I started experimenting with bitcoin mining. I shared about it in April. Today, we will dive into the ROI of our bitcoin mining experiment and then address exciting developments in the cryptoverse. REVIEW: Bitcoin mining with Compass🚀🚀🚀TLDR: We earned 60% ROI on bitcoin mining versus 29% if we just bought bitcoinBackgroundCompass Mining offers a white glove service for regular folks looking to get into bitcoin mining. We purchased a miner (high powered computer) and had it installed at a facility in Nebraska. It took about a month for the miner to be delivered from China. We chose to host the machine at an industrial site instead of our home because they have access to much lower electricity rates. We recently sold the miner to upgrade to a more powerful model. Felt like a good time to assess if the ROI of mining bitcoin was better than buying and holding bitcoin. NumbersCase A: Bitcoin mining 💻Costs: The miner cost $9,800 upfront and we paid $150 a month in hosting fees. Overall, it cost us $10,700 over the 6 months the miner was in operation. Revenue: We sold the miner for $12,469. Yes, you read that right. We sold the miner for more money than we bought it. We benefitted from the tight market for machines. In addition, the miner produced 0.1 bitcoin ($4,697 at today’s price). ROI: We achieved a 60% return on investment.Case B: Buy and hold📈Costs: If we did not buy a miner, we would have invested $9,800 in bitcoin on June 1st. This would have yielded 0.26 Bitcoin (based on $37,340 on June 1). Revenue: The bitcoin would have earned about $287 interest in a BlockFi account. More importantly, there’s been significant appreciation since June. The initial investment in 0.26 bitcoin would now be valued at $12,327 (based on bitcoin price of $46,970 today).ROI: We would have achieved a 29% return on investment.Takeaways📊Bitcoin mining could outperform buying and holding the bitcoin. However, the economics would look different if we sold the miner for less than we bought it. I imagine the price of miners will drop during the crypto market. Timing is key. The 60% ROI is good but it pales in comparison to some other opportunities we could have pursued. During that time period, Solana was +460% and Chainlink was +280%. Bitcoin mining could be a part of a comprehensive crypto strategy. But please do your own research. I am not a financial adviser, just sharing my experience. NEWS 🗞 1. Winter is coming: Are you in it to win it?2021 has been a standout year for crypto. Millions of new investors have dived into the space. Millions of people have found utility and joy through the products and services enabled by blockchain technology. But it is NOT always going to be like this. Crypto winter is coming. I don’t know when it will be or how long it will last but history tells us to expect a deep, sustained price crash for a couple years. The good news is that when winter is over, the crypto summer bull market will take us to new heights.Crypto OGs like the winter because the fakers get out and the OGs double-down. Coinbase used the last crypto winter to buy up companies that have helped cement their dominant position. As an individual, you should have a strategy for the crypto winter. Remember, Warren Buffett said “be fearful when others are greedy, and greedy when others are fearful.” Are you in it to win it? 2. Crypto for Christmas?CashApp and Robinhood have rolled out the capability to send crypto gifts just in time for the holidays. I am excited about this because both of these companies have a sizable user baseThis could be a great gift for that person who has everything. We have friends who have been gifting bitcoin to all the children in their life. 3. Metaverse Magna: Play to earn in AfricaI am very bullish about the potential of play to earn in Africa. This is because 60% of Africans are under 25yo, internet penetration is greater than 60% in key countries, and unemployment has worsened. Metaverse Magna was launched this week. It is the first and largest African crypto gaming DAO with a scholarship program. In Asia, gamers have earned up to $1000 a month playing crypto games but the start-up costs can be high ($1200 for Axie Infinity). Metaverse Magna has a scholarship program with over 160 gamers using rented out Axies and splitting the earnings. With Africa’s population set to grow to 1.7 billion by 2030 (World Bank), I am excited for play-to-earn games to gain a foothold on the continent. 4. Jack Dorsey names Bitcoin Trust boardJack Dorsey and Jay Z previously announced they would donate 500 bitcoin to set up ₿trust, an endowment to fund bitcoin development with a starting focus on teams based in Africa and India.This week, they announced 4 board members out of 7,000 applicants. The board will be made up of 1 South African and 3 Nigerians. I’m excited to see Nigeria (over?) represented. More excited to see what the trust will accomplish. 5. Everyone has an NFT, metaverse playIt feels like everyday another major company announces a play in NFT and/or the metaverse. This brings me back to the point about the fakers getting out of the space during the crypto winter. This week, Nike bought a company that makes sneakers for the metaverseCompanies are opening up virtual offices in the metaverse for employees to return to work. Maybe Bill Gates was up to something, I remain a lil skeptical in the short-term. Here’s a roundup of what companies’ said about the metaverse during their earnings callThat’s all folks! I hope you have a merry Christmas!O dabo Afo This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit afolabio.substack.com

Hey,In recent months, lots of high profile personalities have announced plans to get paid in crypto. The Mayors of New York and Miami joined athletes like Aaron Rodgers and Odell Beckham; and artists like 50 Cent and Mel B to get partially or fully paid in crypto. Coinbase recently partnered with UnitedMasters to let musicians receive their royalties in crypto. But is this just a gimmick for the rich? What are regular Joe and Jane doing? I’m conducting a survey to understand attitudes towards getting paid in crypto. It took me less than 1 minute to it fill out. Please let your voice be heard here! It’s anonymous. I’ll share the results with you. Besides getting paid in crypto, one could also receive crypto rewards for everyday purchases. I’ve been using the Fold card to earn bitcoin rewards for a couple months. I’ll share some of my thoughts below….and of course I’ll touch on some of the recent news developments in crypto: such as Chainlink, metaverse, Novi and regulations. Let’s go!Fold review: Bitcoin rewards card 💳Why Fold?When we got married, we paid for our honeymoon and flights to Hawaii with credit card loyalty points. We had an amazing time! But it was even sweeter knowing that we did not use cash for our luxury getaway. The Fold card presents the same allure. The opportunity to build a bitcoin stash without changing behavior was too good to pass up. How did it go?Fold started out enabling users to earn rewards by buying gift cards. Next, they graduated to offering a debit card with bitcoin buy back on all purchases.Phase 1: Gift cardsI earned 1% bitcoin rewards when I bought Amazon gift cards using Fold. I started buying $100 gift cards and pre-loading my Amazon account. I would spend cash from the gift card on my protein powder or a gift. I’m not a huge shopper but it felt pretty easy to score some free bitcoin. Bitcoin rewards: $100 Amazon gift card x 1% = $1 rewards = 0.00002 BTC rewards (assuming 1BTC = $50,000, 1% rewards for using a credit card)Yeah, the rewards are NOT huge. But I suppose they could add up if you shop a lot. Fold also has gift cards with varying bitcoin rewards from a variety of retailers like Chipotle, Banana Republic and Southwest Airlines. But you have to read the fine print - rewards might be capped at 1% if you are purchasing the gift card with a debit/credit card. Either way, might as well get free from bitcoin while you get your holiday shopping done. Additionally, Fold has an app where you can spin the wheel and potentially turbocharge your rewards or when 1 whole bitcoin! I haven’t won a bitcoin yet but I’ll continue spinning lol. Phase 2: Debit cardEarlier this year, Fold launched a debit card. I got the basic one. I figured I could earn more bitcoin from everyday transactions like going to a local coffee shop or my gym membership. Unfortunately, the card has been a disappointment. Yes, I routinely use it at my local coffee shop and my barber but it’s NOT accepted everywhere. Much to my annoyance, I have been unable to directly pay my gym membership, powerlifting coach or CashApp friends with my Fold card. I have had to develop workaround solutions to pay my coach like PayPal but PayPal charges a ~3% fee on the Fold card which is greater than the bitcoin rewards cash back. I imagine these are growing pains and will eventually be fixed. Right now, it’s incredibly annoying to have a transaction declined or be forced to pay higher fees. VerdictI still use my Fold card for a couple transactions every month. So far, I’ve racked up over $40 worth of bitcoin rewards. Nothing to get to terribly excited about. That said, I have seen folks on Twitter who have won 1 bitcoin from spinning the wheel in the Fold app. I’ve also seen people stack serious sats by putting most of their regular expenses like rent, groceries and airline tickets on their Fold card. To be honest, I could ratchet it up a notch or three. Exhibit A: My biggest recommendation to Fold is to address the pain points around payment acceptance and fees ex PayPal. What’s been your experience?NEWS1. Crypto goes to Congress👩‍⚖️CEOs of 6 crypto companies testified in front of the US House Committee on Financial Services and received encouragement from both Democrats and Republican representatives. The crypto executives provided some context on the potential and opportunities of cryptocurrencies and blockchain solutions to lower costs and drive greater inclusion. They also pleaded for more well thought out regulation to support the industry’s growth. This tone marked a departure from several years ago. Hopefully, there will be more in the future. I would like bipartisan support for crypto. 2. ChainLink: Attracting top talent 📈ChainLink connects real world data to on-chain smart contracts. So for example, a farmer in Kansas could get crop insurance with payouts triggered by weather events ex tornado. All of this could be executed with code NOT people enabled by ChainLinkThe 4-year old company has secured partnerships with a number of major players include AWS, Google, Oracle etc. Now, ChainLink Labs is attracting more big name talent: (1) Eric Schmidt, former CEO of Google, joined ChainLink as a strategic advisor (2) Mike Derezin, former VP of LinkedIn, joined ChainLink as COO. I think ChainLink is well positioned to help bring the promise of smart contracts alive for everyday use cases. It’s definitely on my radar. 3. WhatsApp testing stablecoin payments in the US 💬⚡️This is big. WhatsApp has over 2 billion monthly active users worldwide. Most of my family - scattered across Africa, Europe and North America - are daily users of WhatsApp. They may not understand crypto or stablecoins but they will eagerly use WhatsApp Pay. And more. I can see payments to merchants, lending, and so on. The question is, can Novi deliver on this promise? Last week, David Marcus, the head of Novi, announced he was leaving. Novi has suffered a string of high profile departures. From the outside looking in, it feels like a shadow of it’s former self.4. Bill Gates’ bullish on metaverse 🚀“People overestimate what can be done in one year, and underestimate what can be done in ten“. That said, I think Bill Gates is wrong here. But I also don’t know if he literally meant that MOST office meetings will switch over to the metaverse. I wonder if he was trying to make a clear statement: the metaverse is here to stay and is coming for Main Street USA. Now that’s a message I could get behind. 5. Messari 2022 crypto theses🤯Ryan Selkis, the founder of Messari - a leading crypto research firm - has dropped 165-page tome on crypto developments for 2022 for FREE. It covers everything from bitcoin to NFT, metaverse to solana and MORE!If you are new to crypto or want to learn more then I highly recommend you download it. I’m gradually consuming the content. Ryan is able to borrow thoughts from across cryptosphere. It’s incredible that he shares it for free. Let me know what you agree or disagree with(Bugs’s Bunny accent) That’s all folks! I hope you have a terrific week. May the winds ever blow in your favor. O dabo,Afo This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit afolabio.substack.com

Hey friends, About a year ago, I started publishing this newsletter as a forcing mechanism to document my learning, clarify my thinking and keep up with crypto news. I decided to share in the event that someone else might find it useful. Thank you for coming on this journey with me. #wagmi! (Crypto babble for “We’re all gonna make it!”)Well fam, I’ve got some exciting news to share: I did it! I took the plunge. This week will be my first working in crypto full-time. New beginnings 🚀I came across a conversation between a McKinsey senior partner and executives at Cross River, a technology-forward bank. I was instantly struck by Gilles Gades’ (CEO) and Adam Goller’s (Head of FinTech banking) energy, innovation, and openness to crypto. So I reached out to the team. This led to a series of inspiring conversations and an offer to join the new crypto team! Cross River is not your typical bank. It is backed by esteemed investors like KKR, Andreessen Horowitz, Battery Ventures, and Ribbit Capital. It provides banking-as-a-service to FinTechs like Stripe, Coinbase, and Affirm. For example, they power payments when you purchase a Peloton and pay for it in installments. Cross River also banks a number of crypto companies. Many large and small businesses were hurt in the pandemic. Cross River leveraged technology to become the 4th largest processor of the Payment Protection Program (PPP) loans. In so doing, the 13 year old bank with ~600 employees outdid much larger rivals like Wells Fargo. Now, the company is building a suite of offerings to enable FinTechs and other companies provide crypto payments, lending, and banking to their customers. Our mission is to onboard the next billion people into crypto by bringing crypto to FinTech. I’m really excited to join this talented and passionate team. And we are still hiring. Let’s go!Ruminations 🧠1. Meet people where they areA couple months ago I conducted a survey and learned that consumers would prefer to access digital assets through their existing financial accounts. I can see the logic, why open up a new account with an untrusted brand if you don’t have to? FinTechs like PayPal (392M users), CashApp (70M users), and Robinhood (23M users) are scratching that itch. These companies already enable customers to buy, sell and hold a limited set of crypto. But there is a LOT more they could be doing.2. What about banks?Only a handful of banks have enabled their Main Street customers to engage with digital assets. A year ago, Quontic Bank launched a bitcoin rewards checking account. Then a few months ago, Vast Bank became the first in the US to enable customers to buy, sell and hold crypto. But for the most part, the initial focus of big banks has been enabling institutional clients and high net worth individuals to custody crypto. BNY Mellon, US Bank, JP Morgan, Morgan Stanley, Goldman Sachs and others have made public moves. There are also banks working privately. Bank of America now holds over 160 patents related to blockchain. 3. Why are banks moving gingerly?Initially, it was lack of understanding. But today, bank executives are putting in the work to explore crypto. The COO of BoA reportedly pivoted from being a crypto denier to a crypto supporter after investing hours watching lectures, testing out products and talking with experts. Now, I think the speed bumps are primarily regulatory. Banks are held to higher standards than FinTechs. Measures to safeguard consumers sometimes slow down innovation. Plus, regulations are still evolving and banks will need to build new fraud, AML, risk and compliance muscles to handle this new asset class. Lastly, some banks legacy technology systems are not well suited to meet the increasing demands of modern consumers. Many of these systems would need to be replaced or may require workarounds to integrate crypto solutions. As the fog rises, there will be a huge opportunity to partner with banks, FinTechs, and other companies to enable crypto payments, lending and banking services. I’m excited to help make this happen. News🗞1. Metaverse continues to be all the rageGrayscale published a report stating that the metaverse is a $1 trillion opportunity The red hot housing market extends to the metaverse! This week two records were set! A single plot of land in Axie Infinity sold for 550 ETH ($2.5M). Also an estate of 116 parcels of land in Decentraland sold for 618,000 MANA ($3.2M). I have been dipping my toes into MANA (Decentraland). Still figuring out how best to gain appropriate metaverse exposure. I recently learned about two funds which kinda operate like ETFs for metaverse cryptos: Makara Metaverse and Index Coop Metaverse. Disclaimer: I have not invested in these. Please do your own research. Let me know your thoughts!2. Hackers using Google Cloud to mine86% of 50 recently hacked Google Cloud accounts were used for crypto mining Crypto mining requires large amounts of computation power to produce yield, leveraging Google’s massive cloud computing eases that burdenBut this is wrong! Unethical moves like this taint the industry and feed the false narrative that crypto belongs to shadowy underworld. Stop it, whoever you are!3. Davido launches a social tokenDavido is a living Afrobeats legend. His music sets the tone for every occasion. He is by far the most followed African musician on Instagram with over 22 million fans and another 36 million across Facebook and Twitter. I’m one of them. Full disclosure, Davido’s was the last concert I attended pre-pandemic. This week, the 29 year-old launched a social token “Echoke” to give power back to the fans…and cut out the middleman. The tokens will be airdropped for free to fans for a year beginning Nov 28. Holders of the token will get free access to giveaways, NFTs, backstage passes, jobs, festivals, exclusive merchandise, media, and hospitality benefits. I’m looking forward to checking this out! Stay tuned. That’s all folks! Thanks for hanging with me. Remember, no matter your circumstance, if you are able to read or listen to this then you have a lot to be thankful for. I hope you have a wonderful week. Best,Afo This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit afolabio.substack.com

Hey friends! My wife and I recently drove out for a beach weekend to celebrate my birthday. It was great to hear the crashing waves and feel the sand beneath my feet. I like to watch the sunrise on my birthday. I start the day with gratitude then I reflect on my purpose and aspirations. Recently, more than one friend remarked that crypto felt like a solution looking for a problem. They basically said crypto serves no purpose. I disagreed. What starts off looking like a toy can become big business (ex cellphones, internet, Facebook). I submit that it’s still early days but crypto is already solving real world problems today. This week, I will highlight a couple of them. Ruminations1. Store of valueProblemDuring my freshman year at the University of Texas, $1 was equal to N130. My family lived in Nigeria, my parents were exchanging their hard-earned naira for US dollars so I could pursue our dreams. Since then, it has gotten much worse. In Jan 2015, $1 was N200 but by Jan 2017, $1 was N500. Within 2 years, the effective cost had increased by 2.5x! A $10,000 tuition bill which was equivalent to N2M in 2015 was suddenly N5M in 2017. No one’s income went up by 2.5x in just 2 years. The devaluation of the naira has wrought untold pain on Nigerian families and businesses.SolutionInflation and devaluation are the evil twins robbing hard-working people of their purchasing power. One solution is to save in more stable assets such as US dollars. However, access to US dollars is restricted in some countries. Startups like Xend in Nigeria and Reserve in Latin America enable families to preserve their purchasing power by saving in dollar-backed stablecoins. One challenge with stablecoin deposits is that unlike banks, deposits are not all insured. Thus if the provider failed, customers could lose their savings. Please do your own research and consider using a portfolio strategy of spreading stablecoin deposits across a range of providers. 2. Instant cross-border paymentsProblemMy family is spread across 3 continents: North America, Europe and Africa. I often move funds across the regions for gifts, donations or investments. It’s a pain! The three biggest pain points are: cost, friction, and speed. Cost: According to the World Bank, the average fees to send money to Africa is 8.3% (2020) - the highest in the world. I have previously touched on this here. Every dollar that goes to fees, could have gone to more productive uses like the education charity I recently founded. In 2020, we spent $46B fees on global cross-border payments. What if we could significantly reduce that? SolutionI have tested out crypto solutions that enable instant, free-to-low cost cross-border payments. I have used the Bitcoin Lightning Network and stablecoins. These technologies clearly outperform some existing solutions like international wires. Recently, Meta (formerly known as Facebook) launched their Novi wallet. This digital wallet uses stablecoins to enable FREE cross-border payments. In the future, the wallet will be integrated into WhatsApp, Facebook, Instagram reaching Meta’s 2.8 billion monthly active users. The Novi system would dwarf PayPal and CashApp’s reach. 3. Play-to-earn games ProblemMillions of people in The Philippines lost their jobs as the pandemic slowed down the economy. Unemployment amongst millennials reportedly shot up to 30% in some regions. SolutionI recently watched the 18-minute documentary about the rise of play-to-earn in The Philippines. Check it out. In Cabanatuan City, locals started playing Axie Infinity, a video game where players earn rewards that can be exchanged for money. Everyone from 70-year old shopkeepers to out-of-work professionals seemed to be diving in. Locals earn up to $500 a month, about twice the minimum wage in Phillippines.Axie Infinity is a trading and battling strategy game. Users purchase creatures called Axies, which are digitized NFTs. Players can collect, breed, raise, battle, and trade them. The game allows users to cash out their tokens into local currency. There are 3 things you need to start playing today: a smart phone, high speed internet, and funds to buy Axies. Over the past year, the cost of acquiring Axies has increased beyond $500, now out of reach of many Filipinos. The gaming community rallied and developed scholarship programs where Axies can be rented out in a revenue-sharing model. To be clear, I don’t think this game is the one solution to world poverty. But I love how it gives people an opportunity to improve their lives. I love how gaming reaches people who would otherwise not explore crypto. I am now wondering if Nigeria could see a big boom in play-to-earn gaming. Nigeria has over 200 million people but 62% are under the age of 25 33% are unemployed 70% have access to the internetFeels like a recipe for growth!News1. El Salvador to build Bitcoin CityEl Salvador will build a modern carbon neutral city with NO income, property, capital gains or payroll taxes; there will only be 10% sales tax The country is issuing a 10-year $1B bond with 6.5% yield. $500M will be used to build volcano geothermal energy, bitcoin mining facilities a infrastructure for the city. The other $500M will be used to buy more bitcoin but it will be locked up for 5-year periodBold moves. El Salvador is a poor country aiming to be the Singapore of Latin America. Locals have raised questions about whether the president is over-reaching. I don’t know enough to have an opinion on this but I’m sensitive to dictatorial tendencies given my experience growing up in Nigeria.2. Advertising making crypto ubiquitous Crypto.com recently unveiled a $100M global advertising campaign spearheaded by Matt Damon and featuring one of my favorite quotes “fortune favors the brave”. They also bought 20-year naming rights to the storied Staples Arena where LA Lakers play. FTX has been heavily investing in sports advertising. In basketball, they have the naming rights to the Miami Heats. In football, they have taken out ads for the Super Bowl 2022. In baseball, they run a ton of ads during the World Series. In formula 1, they sponsor the Mercedes team.All these investments are making crypto ubiquitous. But are they working? I think it’s great for name recognition but I dunno if the uptick in customers will cover the costs. Also, is the stadium sponsor curse dead? Between 2001 and 2003, 11 companies sponsoring sports stadia filed for bankruptcy. 3. CitiBank to hire 100 cryptoCitiBank plans to hire 100 in their blockchain and digital assets divisionYet another bank investing in a crypto team. However, a segment of crypto folk are very pro-decentralization and not big fans of banks. We are in a tight labor market and there is a war for crypto talent. Will Citi be able to get the talent they want?That’s all this week. Thanks for sticking with me. I hope you have a wonderful Thanksgiving. Best,Afo This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit afolabio.substack.com

Hey friends! I want to invite you on a trip down memory lane. Can you guess which year these events happened?President Clinton is engulfed in a sex scandal Titanic becomes the first movie to gross over $1B The word’s largest company is born when Exxon acquires Mobil for $74Bn It’s 1998. Gosh, I feel old :-) Crypto continues to march ahead at a dizzying rate. I took a couple weeks off as I completed a Product Management certification while also working on a couple other things. Stay tuned, more updates to come. Ruminations1. Crypto in 2021 = Internet in 1998 My dad is a tech nerd. In the late 1990s, we lived in a small town in Nigeria. My dad would occasionally go on business trips abroad. He would ALWAYS excitedly return home with a new gadget to play with. It must have been around 1998 when he plopped my sister and I down in front of his computer to create our first email accounts. I remember choosing my yahoo domain name. He said we could use our new email accounts to send messages to our friends. Trouble is, most of our friends wouldn’t get online for a couple more years :-) Dad was early but he was right. Thanks Dad! Some fresh analysis suggests that crypto adoption today is where internet adoption was in 1998. That’s crazy early! 1998 is more than 5 years before Facebook was established. Uber and Airbnb came along 10 years later. With this in mind, it’s entirely possible that the killer applications of Web 3.0 / crypto have not even be created yet. That’s wild!Let’s also remember that back in the late 1990s, many people thought the internet was a fad. Nobel-prize winning economist, Paul Krugman, famously said that by 2005, it would be abundantly clear that the internet’s impact on society would be no greater than the fax machine. Ouch! That did not age well. 2. Crypto crystal ballI don’t know if anyone in 1998 accurately predicted how deeply the internet would transform our lives. Today, we find love online. We learn online. We shop online. We work online. It’s difficult to imagine our lives without the internet. Web 1.0 was the first wave of the internet. The focus was connecting information. The killer application was search. Suddenly a teenage girl in rural Malawi was no longer limited to the 11 books in her school library. Now she could Google questions and gain insights gleaned from around the world. Web 2.0 was the next wave. This connected people. Social media was the big kahuna. It started with MySpace then Facebook, Instagram, Snap and bunch of other platforms. Long lost family members reconnected decades after separation. Corporations built advertising fortunes off our digital footprints. Web 3.0 is coming. It will connect information, people, places and devices. It will be decentralized as opposed to the current structure where data ownership is concentrated in large organizations. Users will no longer just be a commodity. Rather, users will be owners. It would also leverage advances in artificial intelligence and machine learning to offer a more intelligent internet experience. The metaverse will be part of Web 3.0. It’s a big enough deal that Facebook went ahead and renamed itself Meta. Now, I am still wrapping my head around Web 3.0 and the metaverse. The best way to learn is by exploring. Dive in and tinker away. The metaverse is a virtual environment for play and work. It is enabled by a suite of technologies including virtual and augmented reality, blockchain, cryptocurrency, NFTs and more. 3. Young guys are leading the wayI love data. There is a ton of data out there but it’s of varying quality. One has to sieve through to separate the facts from the “alternate facts”. The Pew Research Center is a highly respected purveyor of good data. A recent Pew study found that 16% of Americans (~51M people) have dabbled in crypto. Unsurprisingly, the proportion decreases with age. Older techies like my dad are few and far between. Interestingly, 43% of young American men (18-29 years old) have invested, traded or used crypto. However, only 19% of women of the same age have. That’s a huge gap. I was surprised to see that racial minority groups (Asian, Hispanic, Black) are outpacing the majority in crypto exploration. However, this is not mirrored in the crypto labor force. Rare, do I see leaders in the industry who are from minority groups. These groups are often under-represented among the rank and file of leading crypto firms. If crypto is going to be a building block for Web 3.0. Then it’s essential that a broad-section of society is involved in shaping that future. Ideally, the crypto labor force would mirror society. Crypto is a big tent. There is room for you, whoever you are. News 1. Crypto Capital: New York vs MiamiEric Adams, the newly elected Mayor of New York plans to take his first 3 paychecks in Bitcoin. He wants New York City to be the center of cryptoMayor Saurez of Miami announced that residents would be eligible to receive bitcoin dividend from the city’s crypto project I love this friendly rivalry between these two cities. A lil friendly competition helps drive the industry forward.2. Presidential advisors say stablecoins could drive efficienciesPresident’s Working Group on Financial Markets released a report finding that stablecoins can drive significant efficiencies However, they need more regulations to safeguard consumers. They recommend only FDIC insured institutions issue stablecoins.I think this great. Regulation is a marker of growth. Clarity enables even more growth. 3. Robinhood: Crypto results plummetRobinhood’s crypto revenue fell 78% from Q2 ($233M) to Q3 ($51M) as the number of monthly active users (MAU) slipped from 21.3M to 18.6M.Q2 was exceptional due to dogecoin hysteria and broader crypto bull run. Would love to understand how this performance compares to the likes of Coinbase and Square’s CashApp. All is not lost, Robinhood’s Crypto COO recently shared that they have 1.5M people on their waitlist to use their new crypto wallets.That’s all folks! Thanks for sticking with me. As always, I’d love to hear your thoughts. Have a great week! This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit afolabio.substack.com

Last week, I enjoyed sharing my thoughts on Pay like you email in longer form. Thanks for the feedback. This week, I have been reflecting on toys, Facebook and Kim Kardashian. Read on to learn how these relate to crypto. 1. Toy or the next big thing?6 hours! We were all forced to detox from Facebook, Instagram and WhatsApp for 6 hours during the outage this week. It got me thinking about how entrenched Facebook Inc has become in our lives and global business. When I created my Facebook account in college, my goal was to keep up with classmates…. and check out the ladies :-) Side note, my first contact with my wife was through Facebook. Thanks Zuck!What first started as a toy used by teenagers has become a global phenomenon with 2.9 billion users each month. This “toy” produced $28.5B advertising revenue in Q2 2021. It is deeply woven into the fabric of our lives whether you live in Atlanta or Zanzibar.A couple years ago, Chris Dixon of Andressen Horowitz, said that the next big thing will look like a toy. He gave the example of how telephones were dismissed in the 1800s because the technology was still clunky. Naysayers did not believe that businesses would ditch telegrams for telephones. They underestimated the rapid evolution of telephone technology. Today, 6.4 billion people have smartphones. Along those lines, people who dismiss bitcoin ought to take a closer look first. What looks like a toy today could rapidly evolve and catch you unaware. Many folks erroneously focus on the volatile price of bitcoin without recognizing the game changing technology that underpins it. They do not recognize that there are thousands of sharp software engineers working on it. They get caught up in the FUD (fear, uncertainty, and doubt) in the news cycles but never study for themselves. Don’t be like that. Remain open-minded. Study for yourself. Then decide. Chris Dixon “Why the next big thing in tech will look like a toy”. Listening time is 4 minutes.2. Kim Kardashian and millennial millionairesKim Kardashian hosted SNL this weekend. Did you see it? Her family’s rise from the fringe of Hollywood to cultural icons would not have been possible a generation ago. The rise of new technology and platforms enables savvy people to create wealth in new ways. Today, Kim is worth $1.2 billion. The portfolios of millennial and Gen Z millionaires increasingly look different from older millionaires. A CNBC survey found that 47% of younger millionaires have at least 25% of their net worth in digital assets like crypto and NFTs. On the other hand, 98% of baby boomer millionaires do not own NFTs and are not considering it. This reminds me of how Warren Buffett famously missed investing in tech companies like Facebook. Don’t get me wrong, I am still a Buffett fan but I have recognized that it pays to be open-minded to new technology. It’s important to read widely and challenge the recommendations you receive. There may be newer, faster or just different ways to achieve your goal. I can’t wait to see the wave of new careers unleashed by crypto, NFT and Web 3.0. It’s already happening.. 3. Number of Gen Z crypto users could 5x by 2025All this talk about toys and younger millionaires got me thinking about Gen Z crypto adoption. I wanted to understand how many Gen Zers hold crypto today and what that could look like in 2025. So I did some back of envelope calculations then fired up a spreadsheet. Here’s where I landed: Gen Z in 2021: 29.4 million users. I estimated the number of Gen Z crypto users in 3 ways ranging from 28.7 to 30.4 million users globally. Gen Z in 2025: 147 million users. I developed 3 scenarios to assess what the Gen Z crypto adoption could look like in 4 years. My estimates ranged from 48 to 247 million users globally. If you are curious or nerdy like me, you can flip through my analysis here. I hope you have a wonderful week. Let me know your thoughts. This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit afolabio.substack.com

Last week, I scored a personal win. I deadlifted 405 lbs!I remember when I was first struggling to deadlift just the 45lb bar. Now I have lifted 9x that! But it was not smooth sailing. I tried and failed to lift 405lbs at least 5 times over the past month. Truth is, I was intimidated. My mindset was my weak point not my body. I love doing things which I did not think I could do…but it’s not easy. This growth mindset also translates into other spheres of life. I started my career as a chemical engineer designing oil refineries but I’ve reinvented myself a couple times as I transitioned to become an oil market analyst then a product manager then a management consultant and now a payments product strategy director. Similarly, companies that have thrived for over a century have reinvented themselves and adopted new technology. Nobody wants to end up like Blockbusters or Kodak. However, I am increasingly concerned that some legacy financial institutions are not reinventing themselves with appropriate haste. Growth mindset is for people and corporations. Innovate or die. News1. Pay like you emailIn the 1970s, my dad won a scholarship to attend college in England. His parents didn’t have a phone at home. So my dad would write letters that would end up on ships sailing from Europe to Africa. Sometimes it took months for letters to be delivered. Flash forward 35 years, I left my family in Nigeria to attend college in the US. Thankfully, the internet made it possible for me to send emails and have WhatsApp calls. I was able to instantly communicate for free thanks to the internet: a global standard protocol for exchanging files. In the time that communication rapidly evolved in leaps and bounds, payments have only taken tentative steps forward. We are still using many of the same dated solutions (ex Western Union, SWIFT) from when my dad was in college. I use Gmail. Imagine if I could only send emails to other people who use Gmail too. Email would be extremely limiting, right? This is analogous to some of the modern payment solutions ex CashApp. The systems are not interoperable. Therefore, consumers end up with a bunch of apps. The lack of interoperability is worse when you try to send money to a different country. There is no difference when I send an email to my brother-in-law in San Diego versus my other brother-in-law in England. They are both free! But it’s not the same with payments. Instead, you have to deal with different currencies, different apps, lots of fees….it is just a pain! Bitcoin Lightning Network is like email. It enables users to transfer funds irrespective of country, app platform and best of all it’s free. I am extremely bullish on the potential for the Lightning Network to disrupt the payments space. There are economic drivers for this too. In 2020, Costco had $122B sales. They paid about 2.9% fee on their Visa transactions generating up to $3.5B for Visa. If Costco switched from Visa to the Lightning Network, they could boost their profit from $21B in 2020 to $24B. Better yet, they could decide to share some of the savings with their customers like me and give us even lower prices. Nice!Customers just want to get their job done. The average consumer has no idea how the existing payments system really works. I don’t think the average person cares or needs to know how the Lightning Network works either. People will flow to cheaper, faster, better solutions. The herd is coming. 2. Twitter Lightning PaymentsThis week, Twitter expanded its tipping program to now enable users send bitcoin payments to each other. The tipping program already enabled users to send payments using CashApp and Venmo. Bitcoin tips are possible using Strike which runs on the Bitcoin Lightning Network. Strike enables instant and free bitcoin payments globally. I am really excited to see how users respond to this feature. I can imagine folks using tips as a way to send money to loved ones in different countries. I am also curious to see how the other social media platforms respond. Facebook has famously struggled to launch a digital currency. Why not just integrate into an existing one? 3. Bahamas: Sun, Sand and CBDCsWhen I think of Bahamas, I think of sun, sand, swimming pigs….and now the world leader in Central Bank Digital Currencies. Last October, Bahamas became the first country to launch a Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC). The country consists of 700 islands scattered across the Caribbean. The Central Bank was incurring high costs flying cash across the archipelago. A CBDC fixes that. The timing was fortuitous. COVID-19 suddenly increased the demand for government aid. This would have triggered long lines at social services offices at a time when public health officials were advising social distancing. The introduction of the CBDC enabled the government to directly deposit money into citizens accounts. Other1. Nigeria Education FoundationTLDW Oct 1st was Nigeria’s Independence Day. I started a nonprofit to help advance K-12 education in Nigeria. 12+ million children in Nigeria are not enrolled in school, by far, the highest number anywhere :-( Many children enrolled are getting a sub-par education, the government estimates 20% of Grade 6 students can NOT read or write I’m partnering with Destiny Trust to sponsor marginalized children. If you would like to join, we are accepting US dollars, Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies. We are a registered 501©3 non-profit. All donations go to the kids. You receive a receipt for tax purposes. Thanks for your attention. Please let me know what’s on your mind. I always appreciate feedback. Have a great week y’all! This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit afolabio.substack.com

It only took 5 years. But, I finally did it! I visited the Big Bend National Park over the Labor Day weekend. The park is bigger than the state of Rhode Island and it has well preserved dinosaur fossils. The rivers carved temple-like canyons in the ancient limestone and the night skies are as dark as coal but spectacularly set alight by shooting stars. It was peaceful and blissful….and yes there is a crypto connection, stay with me. If only the mountains could talk. They might tell stories of change. Scientists say this region was once a mighty sea but today it’s an arid desert 500 miles away from the coast. The climate and environment slowly changed over time. Today, financial services and technology are changing. It feels like the pace of change is both quick and slow. If you don’t pay attention, you might be surprised by the rise of crypto. NEWS1. El Salvador: Bitcoin is legal tenderI’ll never forget that night in Miami. The air was thick with expectation. Jack Mallers had happy tears in his eyes as he introduced President Nayib Bukele of El Salvador. President Bukele announced he was drafting a bill to make bitcoin legal tender in his country. Instantly, the main hall at the Bitcoin 2021 conference erupted in applause and cheers. As the excitement wore down, I quietly wondered how this would all play out. Well, we are about to find out. This week, on September 7, 2021, the law went into effect. Here’s what it means: All merchants are required to accept bitcoin in addition to US dollars, the other legal tender. Government launched a digital wallet, Chivo, and building out bitcoin ATM network, Chivo ATMs. These allow locals to withdraw cash without fees. The government purchased over $20M worth of bitcoin and all Salvadorans were given about $30 of bitcoin eachEl Salvador’s economy has struggled. Remittances, money sent home by Salvadorans abroad, now account for 25% of the GDP, up from 9% in 1991. Unfortunately, locals pay high fees to receive them. Firms like Western Union earned $400M in fees last year. These are funds that could have gone to health, education, investments and so on. Leveraging Strike built on the Bitcoin Lightning network enables cheaper and faster transactions. It’s not all rainbows and unicorns. There have been protests and local opposition. Protestors allege that the new law was rushed without proper consultation from the public. They sight a need for more education to understand the pros and cons of Bitcoin. A poll by a local university found 70% of population preferred US dollars to bitcoin. The government has given assurances that salaries and pensions will be paid in US dollars. And so it begins. The eyes of the world are on El Salvador as it hosts the first bitcoin experiment. I don’t anticipate we will see a stampede of all countries doing the same thing. However, we could see some countries fast track their Central Bank-backed Digital Currencies (CBDC). 2. McDonalds accepts Bitcoin: I’m lovin’ itMcDonald’s, Starbucks, Pizza Hut and the Holiday Inn are some of the American companies operating in El Salvador that now accept bitcoin payments there. The law requires local companies to accept bitcoin but they are free to immediately convert it to US dollars if they choose to. Perhaps the biggest impact of this law might be accelerating international companies comfort and adoption of bitcoin payments. Now that McDonald’s and Starbucks are accepting bitcoin in El Salvador, could they do the same elsewhere? It remains to be seen. 3. Panama and UkraineEl Salvador was the first to adopt Bitcoin but it certainly won’t be the last.Nearby Panama is an international trade and finance center. A Congressman has introduced a CryptoLaw bill which aims to Provide legal, regulatory, and fiscal certainty to the use, hold and issue digital value and crypto assets NOT limited to bitcoinExpand government use of blockchain technology in identity and transparency Across the Atlantic, the Ukrainian parliament passed a bill to regulate and legalize cryptocurrencies. The bill just needs the president’s signature to become a law. There are some differences compared to El Salvador. Unlike El Salvador’s law, the bill in Ukraine does NOT put cryptocurrency on the same legal footing as the national currency. Additionally, the government is NOT limited to Bitcoin nor is the government invested in rolling out digital wallets and ATMs to support cryptocurrencies4. British Post Office + Bitcoin: Odd duck?Beginning next week, British citizens would able to purchase Bitcoin through the Post Office. I guess it’s not the post office of our grandparent’s generation. My brain is tickled by the union of strange bedfellows. Well, it turns out the process is not so smooth. Verified users of the Post Office app can click through to DEX Swarm where they can purchase vouchers to that can be redeemed for cryptocurrencies. I’m curious to see how much uptake this scheme has. Perhaps the goal was just to get more people signed up to use the Post Office’s app. That’s all for this week. I hope you have a delightful week ahead. Thanks,AfolabiPS. #NeverForget. My thoughts and prayers are with everyone impacted by 9/11. 20 years have gone by but the pain still endures. May we never see a day like that again. This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit afolabio.substack.com

They say history does not repeat itself but it rhymes. Today, Hurricane Ida hit the Louisiana coast on the 16th anniversary of Hurricane Katrina. I have gone through a couple hurricanes, they can be awfully devastating. Ida seems particularly nasty. My thoughts and prayers are with everyone impacted. For this week’s episode, I’m taking a deeper look at 3 stories and not the usual 5. I think you will enjoy it. Let me know what you think. NEWS1. Culture eats finance?Visa dropped $150,000 on an NFT this week. See the pic below. They are the first corporation to do so. But why does this matter? CryptoPunk #7610 (2017). Courtesy of Visa, via Twitter. The internet brought new services, products and careers like email, Twitter, and social media influencers. The crypto age is doing the same. In 2001, I could not have imagined sleeping in a strangers bed but 20 years later we are happy Airbnb guests. Keep an open mind, its early days for crypto. NFTs have been on a tear lately! There were over $2.5B sales of NFTs in the first half of the year. Over 1 million pieces of crypto art have been sold for over $800M.Now back to Visa. Visa believes that NFTs could play a role in the future of commerce. They did not just some cash, Visa also wrote a 17-page white paper about their thesis. They believe that every brand and company will create and/or acquire NFTs. I love that they are exploring and positioning themselves to help their clients. I need to dig into NFTs too. But here’s what I know:NFTs connect to culture. They cut across visual arts, music, sports, gaming and more. NFTs allow fans to own a piece of sports history ex NBA Top Shot. NFTs enable collectors to have an immutable record of ownership. NFTs are good for creators - they could earn royalties on successive resales. Lastly, NFTs could enable gamers to own assets in game, then move and sell them elsewhere. In the heydays of Clubhouse, there were rooms full of hundreds of people trying to learn about NFTs. Many of these people were creators, collectors and fans who were new to the cryptoworld. Culture not finance brought them over. The race is on to see whether culture (ex NFTs) or finance (ex DeFi) will onboard the next 100 million users. 2. Crypto and sports: match made in heaven?The love fest between crypto and sports is blooming. The top draft picks of the NFL and NBA signed endorsement deals with crypto companies. FTX has naming rights to the Miami Heat’s arena and Crypto.com will be sponsoring F1. But right now, I think sport tokens is where the fun is at. In soccer, major teams like Arsenal, AC Milan and Barcelona have issued digital tokens which can be sold to fans and traded like an asset. I like it. Ownership of sports teams is a billionaires game. What’s the average die-hard fan to do? Tokens enable fans to signify their devotion…think of it like a digital jersey. In exchange, teams let token owners have a small say in how the team is run. Juventus token holders voted on the song to be played when a goal is scored. Maybe future token holders might have a say on jersey or player selection.COVID-19 related social distancing has crippled ticket sales and sports revenue. 40 soccer teams in Europe earned $200M in additional revenue from token sales. The value of tokens go up and down like stocks. This week, rumors that Cristiano Ronaldo was moving to Manchester City sent the value of their token surging 25%. But it now looks like Ronaldo may end up at Manchester United instead. Tokens are enabling fans to learn a bit about crypto eco-system without even trying. Culture is eating finance. 3. Stablecoins: Will a rose by another name still smell as sweet?Lightning does not strike the same place twice. Nah. Something is brewing. These were my sentiments when two leading stablecoin issuers made announcements in as many days. The value of stablecoins, unlike cryptocurrencies, are pegged to another commodity. This means that a US dollar backed stablecoin should always equal $1. The 2 largest stablecoins, Tether and Circle, have published reserves indicating that they are not 100% cash and cash equivalent. This week, Circle announced it’s intention to move from 61% cash and cash equivalents by September. The following day, Paxos, the issuer of Paxos Dollar (PAXD) announced two things. First, it was rebranding Paxos Dollar moniker from PAX to USDP. Second, it reaffirmed that it holds 100% cash reserves. I think this flurry of activity is linked to Facebook. Facebook has struggled to launch a digital currency payment system. But it’s leadership indicated that its digital wallet could be launched before year end. Facebook has reportedly had conversations with Circle and Paxos about partnering on a stablecoin. Facebook has almost 3 billion monthly active users. It has already launched WhatsApp Pay in India and Brazil. It could grow a formidable payments business across Facebook, WhatsApp and Instagram. But I expect they will continue to face a lot of regulatory scrutiny.Tweet of the weekTLDR: It’s not too late to begin investing today. Things that I’m excited to read1. DeFi: Future of FinanceThis new book written by a trio of a Duke professor, a venture capitalist and a DeFi founder, was recommended by one of our loyal readers. Thanks!! The authors argue that the current financial landscape is ripe for disruption and we are seeing, in real time, the reinvention of finance. This book conducts a deep dive into some of the most innovative protocols in the DeFi space such as Uniswap and Compound. Can’t wait to dive in!2. Consensys: DeFi reportConsensys is the leading blockchain technology company that develops tools and enterprise solutions on Ethereum. If you have a Meta Mask wallet, you are their customer. They also partnered with JP Morgan to develop their crypto solution. Consensys publishes a quarterly report on the state of DeFi. The Q2 2021 report is here. Thanks for coming for this week’s ride. I’ll see you next time. Be safe. This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit afolabio.substack.com

This weekend, Warri, a city I grew up in crowned a new king. I loved seeing the pomp and tradition on display. The new king is just 37 years old, very young in a country where monarchs are often crowned in their 50s through 70s. His speech spoke of history, inclusion and ambition. Hmm, that word: ambition. Friends, I have lots of ideas about topics to explore and share with you. But my time is limited. I am looking for someone to join the 5x5 Crypto team so we can go further faster. Requirements:Curious about cryptoReady to have funLet me know if you are interested!News1. Afghanistan: Funds transfer is life or death Many of us were moved by the heart-wrenching scenes in Afghanistan this week. I can’t pretend to know how it feels. But I can marginally relate to the Afghans living in the US trying to send money home to help loved ones. In this climate of fear and desperation, Western Union announced that it was stopping operations in Afghanistan…the very moment when sending funds could literally be the difference between life and death. This is infuriating. It does not have to be this way. Yes, I understand that Western Union has a responsibility to care for their workers and business. It just illustrates that the existing model is broken. Fortunately, Bitcoin Lightning Network changes that. It provides a censorship-resistant avenue for people to send funds without rent seeking middlemen. 2. Lightning in Nigeria: 0% fee on US fund transferThis is BIG! Bitnob’s integration with the Lightning Network is now enabling FREE, instant, non-reversible funds transfer between the US and Nigeria. Read that again. In 2018, Nigerians in diaspora sent $25B back home. According to the World Bank, the average remittance fee in Africa was 8.4%. This means that middlemen like Western Union earned $2.1B that could have gone towards education, health, investment etc. This is precisely the type of solution that is needed in Afghanistan and frankly everywhere. I can’t wait to try it out. Too often, people mistake crypto as purely a speculative venture. It’s not. Payment solutions like this are going to reshape the competitive landscape and challenge existing business models while creating new opportunities. Get ready. 3. What do Walmart, Amazon and Kroger have in common?US retail giants are warming up to crypto. Walmart is hiring a crypto payments expert to develop and implement their crypto payments strategy. Amazon also posted similar job descriptions too. Meanwhile, Kroger has partnered with Fold to enable grocery shoppers earn bitcoin rewards for their purchases. It’s all very interesting but I do not plan to spend any bitcoin buying milk. Why would I? When I believe the long-term price of bitcoin is higher than it is today. That said, I think stablecoins like USDC could be a real winner here. Stablecoins allow instant, irreversible transactions UNLIKE credit and debit card payments. When you purchase coffee from a local cafe using a credit card, it could take 1-3 days for the merchant to receive payment. This could be especially frustrating for cash strapped businesses. Why the delay, it’s 2021? Stablecoins are instant.4. Bankers: “digital assets will lead to greater compliance and transparency’Deloitte conducted a global survey of financial service professionals to understand their attitudes towards digital assets (ex crypto like bitcoin, stablecoins, CBDCs). Bankers familiar with blockchain said the top 3 benefits they anticipate from digital assets were: (1) improved access to funding sources (2) greater compliance and transparency (3) more efficient processes ex faster paymentsIt was great to see traditional finance begin to appreciate the opportunities ahead. The point about greater compliance and transparency flies against popular (and incorrect) narratives that crypto is a shadowy tool used only by the underworld. Bankers are saying it’s a force for good. Lastly, it was interesting to note that 79% of all respondents expect digital assets to be somewhat important over the next 24 months. Meanwhile, 76% of respondents strongly or somewhat believe that digital assets will be a strong alternative or replacement for the existing fiat system within the next 10 years. If you are a bank and not thinking about this, you are falling behind! 5. Crypto-Infrastructure bill electrifies communityThe Senate passed a $1 trillion infrastructure bill with a vaguely worded amendment on cryptocurrency. The idea was to increase taxes on crypto to help pay for roads, bridges and so on. But the resulting amendment was so poorly worded that it threatened to cripple crypto adoption and drive innovation abroad. Texas Senator Ted Cruz questioned if up to 5 Senators could describe what a cryptocurrency is, much less ably craft thoughtful legislation about it. Fortunately, IRS sources state that they will ignore the wording in this bill. Nonetheless, this episode has electrified the crypto community. We have seen the emergence of single issue voters and deep-pocketed individuals appearing from the sidelines to bankroll crypto education and advocacy in Washington. Let’s see how impactful this lobby becomes over the next couple election cycles. This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit afolabio.substack.com

Hey y’all! Today we are doing a special edition exploring the opportunity for crypto in the developing world. This is a topic close to my heart as I was born in Nigeria. I have been fortunate to have lived and worked in Africa, Europe and North America. This has given me a perspective on how different and similar we all are. When it comes down to it, people want to create a good life for themselves and their families. However, situations vary greatly within and across countries. This brings me to this question: Can crypto and DeFi (decentralized finance) enable economic prosperity? Join me as I explore. As always, please let me know what your thoughts are. I am always happy to engage. Thanks! Banking the other halfHe quietly walks in at 4pm everyday. Baba Alajo (“man of the accounts”) is dressed in a white kaftan with a dusty wooden walking-stick in hand. Some say, the walking stick is meant to beat off any would-be pickpockets. You see Baba Alajo is here to pick up cash from my grandmother’s roadside store. He is the closest thing to a bank in this community. The World Bank estimates that 1.7 billion people are unbanked. These folks do not have access to potentially life enhancing services like low-interest lines of credit for their businesses or a mortgage to buy a home. Instead, many of these people rely on the likes of Baba Alajo to provide them with cash deposit and withdrawal services. They are also particularly vulnerable to predatory loan sharks. There are 4 key reasons why people do not engage with the formal financial sector.Lack of funds: According to the World Bank, 59% of unbanked people said lack of funds was the reason they did not have a bank account. Small business owners like my grandma might only earn a couple dollars a day. I once learned about a Ugandan bank that charged customers whenever they received deposits. Ouch! This would eat into the already meagre savings. Illiteracy: UNESCO reports that over 770 million adults cannot read and write. Women are over-represented in this group. Most banks and FinTechs are designed to serve literate customers. My grandma did not have the opportunity to get a formal education. When she was in her 70s she took an adult reading class at her local church. Many people can’t read, we need to also have solutions to onboard them too.   Trust: Some people have been traumatized by the banking system. As a kid in Nigeria, I remember outcries when banks failed and families lost their life savings. In contrast, people like Baba Alajo are part of the communities they serve. In my grandma’s case, she knew his family and he learned the rhythms of her business. Often times, people like Baba Alajo would pass on their business to their child when they retired. Trust has been built over generations.  Access: Mobile phones have enabled billions of people to participate in modern banking by expanding access to the internet. However, the UN estimates only 47% of people in the developing world have access to the internet. Technology alone can’t close this gap. Trusted community members like my grandma could host mobile phones for shared access. More innovation is required to close this gap at the last mile.Lack of funds is the primary reason people do not bank. However, my sense is that the unbanked and underbanked have varying exposure to the drivers. I would guess that the underbanked are more literate than the unbanked. They may also have higher trust in financial institutions and greater access to them than the unbanked. Figure 1. Illustration of the differences between the unbanked and the underbankedNow that we have established why some people don’t engage with the modern financial sector. Let’s explore what problems they have that could be solved. I’m highlighting three. Store of value. Situation/Complication: Most of the unbanked live in countries facing high levels of inflation and currency devaluation. For instance, in Nigeria, the price of rice has tripled over the past 6 years. During that time period, salaries have not kept up and unemployment worsened. Meanwhile, the nairas’ value has tumbled over the past 6 years from $1 = N200 (2015) to $1=N500 (2021). Consumers who are earning and saving in naira are fighting a losing battle with inflation. Resolution: One solution is to save in alternative currencies such as US dollars, fiat-backed stablecoins ex. USDC or cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin. Access to dollar denominated accounts is limited in Nigeria but dollar-backed stablecoins paired with high interest savings accounts such as BlockFi or yield farming on Compound could provide a wall of defense against the rising tide of inflation. Access to credit Situation/Complication: Access to credit is notoriously limited in some developing countries. There are difficulties enforcing contractual breaches and credit scores are generally not available. The bank lending rate in Nigeria averaged 11.5% over the past year whereas interest rates in the US were 2-4%. This leads to massive differences in total interest paid over the course of a 30-year mortgage on a $200k house. The hypothetical borrower in Nigeria pays over $400k in interest whereas the US borrower pays a little more than $100k over 30 years. Wow!Resolution: Establish digital identities on the blockchain to simplify assessment of credit worthiness. DeFi could be leveraged to expand access to global pools of credit. This could enable credit-worthy individuals and business to developing countries more readily gain access to more and lower-interest financing Remittances Situation / Complication: Many migrants send a portion of their paychecks home to support family members and invest in businesses. The World Bank estimates that $702B remittances were sent in 2020. In many developing countries, remittances accounted for more than 20% of the GDP. However, the fees associated with these transfers can be exorbitant. The World Bank found the average cost of receiving remittances in Sub-Saharan Africa was 8.2% in Q4 2020. In contrast, domestic funds transfer within the US is FREE using CashApp. Resolution: Blockchain-enabled cross-border payment solutions are near instant and low cost (

Thrilling weekHey y’all! I love the Olympics. I admire the passion, discipline and resilience to win. There have been so many triumphs and disappointments. I particularly enjoyed seeing Philippines and Bermuda win their first gold medals EVER. What a thrill! It’s also been a thrilling week in crypto as bitcoin price rebounded to $42k. I’m almost kinda famousI recently appeared on the Citizens of Blockchain podcast. I got to share my “come to crypto” story. I also discussed crypto in Nigeria vs US, bitcoin mining, energy, banking and more. I really enjoyed the conversation. Please check it out here.Side note - it’s a bit weird watching yourself on video. I was struck by how similar my brother and I are. We don’t look alike but boy do we have similar mannerisms and speech patterns. Twins! NEWS1. 200 million crypto users!Research by Crypto.com finds there are now more than 200 million crypto users around the world, it took only 5 months to double from ~100 million in JanuaryBitcoin’s dominance was eroded from 67% (Jan 2021) to 51% (Jun 2021) share as other cryptocurrencies (excluding ethereum) surged from 20% to 38% share.Investors are looking beyond the blue chips to Cardano, Polkadot, Solana and many others. Let’s not forget the impact of Elon Musk and dogecoin. The chart below indicates that the big surge in crypto users occurred AFTER the bitcoin bull run simmered down. Odd. I would have expected more users jumping on board during the price increase. If this is true, then a number of users caught a falling knife. Will they have the conviction to #HODL? Source: Number of users from Crypto.com and bitcoin prices are from Coindesk2. Happy 6th birthday Ethereum!The second largest cryptocurrency turned 6 this week. There aren’t many 6-year olds valued over $300B. What a run! Last month, 20,000 validators staked their ethereum in anticipation of the move from proof-of-work to proof-of-stake. Ethereum now has over 200,000 validators representing about 5% of the ethereum supply earning about 6% yield. Ethereum continues to be the main blockchain where DeFi applications are being built. However, it’s been plagued with high fees and increasing competition. The Eth 2.0 upgrade is expected to ease some of these issues. 3. Uniswap going mainstreamThe internet never forgets. A new video from the EthCC conference was deleted last week. In it, Uniswap’s Growth Lead talks about plans to partner with FinTechs like PayPal, Stripe, to provide DeFi to mainstream consumers. Exciting!The video was taken down at the request of Uniswap concerned that the comments might be understood and taken out of context. Uniswap is the largest decentralized exchange on Ethereum. A marriage with FinTechs could enable mainstream users have access to a wider set of assets, 24/7/365 access and instant settlement…these are all wins for the everyman!4. Wall Street in and out on crypto startupsPaxos announced that Bank of America and Coinbase joined it’s recent Series D fundraise. Paxos has raised more than $540M. BoA is also a Paxos customer after the US’ second largest bank joined Paxos Blockchain Stock Settlement Network. It’s not all good news though. BlockFi has been faced with rising regulatory challenges from at least 4 US states. The lead investor in BlockFi is reportedly developing cold-feet and mulling pulling in the face of mounting legal and regulatory challenges. Stay tuned! 5. US Infrastructure bill targets cryptoThe Infrastructure Bill was a centerpiece of President Biden’s campaign. Congress has been working on an ambitious proposal to build roads, railways, and other core infrastructure. But that’s not all. Buried in the bill is language that could increase the tax reporting burden on crypto users. The verbiage is so broad and ambiguous that it is open to interpretation and stifle adoption. Crypto industry groups are petitioning Congress to exercise restraint. President Biden is forcefully behind the Infrastructure Bill. Remains to be seen if this addition targeting crypto will stand in the final version. Explore1. Fractional NFT ownership NFTs are still having a moment. The artist Beeple sold NFT for $69M. Since then NFT art have continued to post significant appreciation. However, iconic pieces are often out of reach of entry level collectors. Enter Fractional Art. This platform enables fractional ownership of the world’s most sought after NFTs ex Beeple’s Elon piece. Fractional unlocks liquidity, reduces entry costs, and allows for synergy with other DeFi primitives. I’ve been thinking about adding art to my investment portfolio. The fractional model exists for NFTs ex Fractional Art and conventional analog art ex Masterworks2. More on retirement Last week, I invited you to check out Choice which enables you to invest tax advantaged retirement dollars into bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies This week, Choice announced that they are partnering with my friends at Compass Mining to enable users to purchase mines using retirement dollars. I like this idea! I expect Compass will expand the program to other retirement account providers. Caution: One of my friends wrote back sharing his experience with Choice. It was not pleasant. He found the process to be a bit clunky and manual. He ended up closing his account and going with KeyKeeper IRA. Solutions like KeyKeeper might be particularly attractive if you value holding your own keys. To be fair, he tried using Choice earlier on, their products may have evolved since. Tweets of the weekThanks for reading. Let me know what’s on your mind. Have an awesome August! Afolabi This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit afolabio.substack.com

I’m back! I took a couple weeks off to recharge. I surprised my wife with a beach getaway to the Caribbean. It was sunny, sandy and so much fun. Unfortunately, I got pretty sick on our last full day. Thankfully I’m fully vaccinated and it wasn’t COVID. My doctor urged me to go straight from the airport to urgent care. It was pretty gnarly but I’m finally feeling better now. I’ve missed y’all. What have you been up to? How has your summer been? Crypto never sleeps. While I was laying low, crypto kept on pumping and churning. I’m going to highlight 5 recent developments then share some resources for you to explore and read. Let’s go! News1. BlockFi is under fireRegulators in New Jersey, Texas and a growing number of states are challenging BlockFi’s Interest Account. BlockFi provides high interest savings accounts (2-8%) for stablecoins and cryptocurrencies. The firm also provides collateral backed loans. Regulators allege that these interest accounts are securities under state rules. BlockFi may need to cease operations in some states until they can obtain appropriate registration. Boohoo! I’ve been a happy customer for over a year. This would be disruptive to customers like me. It could also be a big blow for BlockFi’s IPO plans. The implications could extend to other companies and FinTechs seeking to offer similar products. I’m gonna follow this closely. 2. High interest savings accounts going mainstreamI was really excited to see that Compound launched a Treasury business that would enable FinTechs and banks offer high interest savings stablecoins account to their customers. I’m earning 0.40% APY on my cash savings at my bank. My bank brags that this is 5 times the national average. In June, the US Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) reported that the inflation rate was 5.4%. It sucks. My savings aren’t keeping up! Meanwhile, Compound’s new offering would enable banks and FinTechs to offer their customers 4% annual interest on USDC deposits. To be clear, USDC is a stablecoin that is pegged to the value of a dollar, 1 USDC always equals $1. 4% is literally 10x what I’m getting at my bank. But it doesn’t come without risk. Unlike dollar accounts that are insured by the FDIC up to $250k, I don’t think the stablecoin savings accounts will be insured. I still think it’s a good product as long as you manage your exposure based on your risk tolerance. I’m excited to see Compound Treasury help bring truly high interest rates to the masses. Let’s go! 3. Square building DeFi unit Jack Dorsey, one of my favorite CEOs, announced that Square is building a new business focused on DeFi. Right now, there’s about $50B worth of value locked up in DeFi applications. Most of this value is on the Ethereum blockchain. But Square is going to focus on building its DeFi platform on Bitcoin instead.If you are unfamiliar, DeFi refers to Decentralized Finance. It uses smart contracts and blockchains to provide permission-less financial services to customers. Right now, we send money, make payments and trade through a series of middle men ex banks, brokerages, payment networks…each of these have significant costs, limited hours of operation and require permission and/or documentation. DeFi changes that.Square’s new business unit is yet to be named. I think it could be big deal. Square could help scale by leveraging its 36 million Cash App users and hundreds of thousands of vendors using its products. It’s easy to see how CashApp could add the ability for consumers to take loans against their bitcoin holdings. Or leverage Tidal to introduce new ways for us to purchase and earn income from music. I’m really excited about it. It’s not going to be easy but I think we will look back and realize this was a big deal. 4. Stellar eyes buying MoneyGramStellar is a crypto network focused on cross-border payments. It is reportedly considering buying 81-year old MoneyGram, one of the largest remittance companies. This would be a fascinating development seeing a crypto company acquiring an established traditional financial services company. I’m guessing that Stellar wants to leverage MoneyGram’s reputation, presence in 200 countries and 350,000 agents with last-mile access to millions of consumers. I have family across Europe, Africa, and North America. My family and I frequently move money across borders. Existing options are less than ideal. This is an area ripe for disruption. Consumers want cheaper, faster, and easier cross-border payments. If Stellar and MoneyGram can deliver that then I’m all for it. 5. Malaysia police STEAMROLL 1,069 bitcoin minersSome folks in Malaysia acquired bitcoin miners. The problem is they got greedy and illegally tapped electricity from the local power authority for free. Eventually they were caught, arrested and prosecuted. Justice was served. But then the local police takes it a step further and uses a steamroller to crush 1,069 perfectly functioning bitcoin miners valued over $10M. I think the police should have auctioned off the machines to raise money for the community. Each year, the US government raises billions of dollars by conducting over 300 auctions selling seized or abandoned property. Maybe Malaysia could borrow a leaf? Here’s a video if you are curious: EXPLORE1. Strike: best way to buy bitcoin?Strike is now charging 0.3% rates on bitcoin purchases. In contrast, Coinbase charges up to 3.99%. Lately, I’ve been using SwanBitcoin for my weekly bitcoin purchases. They charge 0.99 to 2.29%. Strike’s new rates are a big deal and could help drive down fees for all consumers.Strike is still in beta mode and is only limited to Bitcoin, you can’t buy other cryptocurrencies on the platform. Sign up for the waiting list here and earn $5: https://invite.strike.me/8LBL22 2. Choice: Buy crypto with retirement funds?Choice allows you to use some of your tax advantaged retirement dollars to acquire digital currencies. Bitcoin has been the best performing asset of the past decade. If you are a long-term crypto bull then this might be something you want to check out. Right now, Choice has over 125,000 accounts and $18B assets under custody. They have a website where you can make your allocations and manage your portfolio. Choice recently announced that they will be launching an app. I’m excited to try it out. If you would like to join me on their waiting list you could do so here: https://www.choiceapp.io?kid=1KZEV7 ReadThere are so many good reads on the internet. Here are a couple I’m digging through. Deconstructing CeFi by Kraken: If you are curious about how crypto lending platforms are able to offer high interest rates, then check this out. Compass Mining: Risk vs Reward by Lyn Alden: Earlier this year, I became a bitcoin miner. Lyn Alden is a great thinker. In this piece, she analyzes the risks vs rewards of bitcoin mining with Compass. Compass is a white glove service that makes it easy for regular non-tech folks to become miners. Check it out if you are curious. Thank you for making it this far. I always appreciate your questions and feedback. Have a great week ahead! Afolabi This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit afolabio.substack.com

Time flies when you are having have fun. It’s been about 6 months since I wrote my first newsletter. I’ve learned a lot. I hope you have too. If there is anything that’s you on your mind - just go for it AND stick to it. Now that we have gotten the pep talk out of the way, let’s dive into key developments this week. News1. Bitcoin Taproot upgrade: More DeFi?It’s going to be easier to build financial services on Bitcoin. Now it’s up to developers and entrepreneurs to make it happen Right now, a lot of DeFi (decentralized finance) like lending products are based on the Ethereum blockchain. The Taproot upgrade will make Bitcoin more competitive. This is possible because 99% of Bitcoin miners indicated support to move forward with Taproot, the upgrades are expected to take effect in November. This is a big deal! Remember this week, years down the road. 2. China is enforcing bans on bitcoin miningChina accounts for about 65% of global bitcoin mining capacity. But officials in key provinces have proposed harsh penalties for miners. The Chinese government started a crackdown on crypto in 2017 when it banned cryptocurrency exchanges and initial coin offerings. But the government has been moving forward with field tests of its Central Bank-backed Digital Currency. Bitcoin miners in China are under pressure. Some are selling equipment, relocating overseas or moving underground. The silver lining is that this exodus could lead to greater geographic diversification of mining and perhaps reduced reliance on high carbon emitting power sources. 3. Gov: Texas wants cryptoThe windswept plains of West Texas are fertile ground for bitcoin mining. A number of renewable energy powered projects have been proposed there. Some Chinese miners are reportedly eyeing the Lone Star state.Last week, the Governor of Texas signed law creating a master plan for expanding the blockchain and digital asset industry in Texas. There’s even rumors that the state might acquire some digital currency (likely bitcoin) on its balance sheet. Texas wants to lead how Miami has become a magnet. But the herd is coming. 25 states are reportedly considering signing blockchain and digital currency legislation in this congressional year. 4. VC fund focused on Black & African crypto launchesAudacity Fund founded by 29-year old Erikan Obotetukudo launched on the 100th anniversary of Tulsa Race massacre. My conversation with her was one of my highlights at the Bitcoin 2021 conference. The fund aims to invest up to $100k in up to 3 black or African crypto startups each quarter. In addition, the fund aims to deliver insights to help these companies win. The idea is investing in crypto, culture, and community creates economic opportunities for those who are often overlooked, underbanked, and underserved. Exciting stuff! Stay tuned5. 13-year old builds $7M crypto applicationWhen I was 13 years old, I was thinking about school and praying for my athletic genes to kick in. Gajesh Naik built a DeFi protocol that has managed $7M worth of cryptocurrency. This 13-year old emailed a VP at Polygon (fast-rising Indian crypto company) for guidance. Since then he has successfully built PolyGaj, a DeFi protocol inspired by Goose Chain which is built on Binance Smart Chain (PolyGaj is on Ethereum). Gajesh, whose father studied computer science, now has 5 years experience coding. He is experienced with C, C++, JAVA, and Solidity. Very impressive, the future is bright! Explore1. What crypto consumers want? I recently surveyed subscribers to learn about their attitudes towards crypto exchanges. Thanks to all who participated. Please check out the insights and results here. Let me know what you think. 2. World Economic Forum: DeFi kitThe WEF recently produced a starter kit on DeFi for policy makers around the world. Check it out here.3. Currently reading: The Infinite Machine This is the story about the origins of Ethereum. I’m trying to learn more about DeFi so I figured it would be helpful to learn about the history. This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit afolabio.substack.com

This is a special edition of 5x5 Crypto News. I hope you enjoy it. As always I welcome your feedback. They say curiosity killed the cat. Fortunately, I’m not a feline. Ha! Jokes aside, my mind is frequently buzzing with questions. Lately, I have been thinking about the future of cryptocurrency exchanges. Why do people choose certain exchanges but not others? Would consumers be happy to access cryptocurrencies through banks? I conducted a survey to answer these and other questions. Here are the key takeaways from my survey: Consumers want investment accounts: ~80% of surveyed consumers see cryptocurrencies as strategic investments. 50% of consumers would like to purchase cryptocurrencies through investment accounts like Fidelity or Vanguard. Consumers are promiscuous: Trust, cost and ease of use are the most important factors when selecting a cryptocurrency exchange. Customers are kinda promiscuous: 46% of surveyed consumers are very likely to change to a provider who provided superior performance in their key buying factors. So what does this mean? Consumers value convenience. They have limited funds to invest and are evaluating both stocks and cryptocurrencies. If this holds true, then should we not see cryptocurrency exchanges and investment accounts converge? But it won’t look the same. One of the hallmarks of cryptocurrencies is 24x7x365 access to trade. In contrast, the stock market is closed more hours than it is open each week. Binance has started tokenizing select stocks likes Tesla enabling them to be traded around the clock. We live in a 24-hours news cycle with 24-hour gyms and grocery stores. The 40-hour a week stock market feels like a relic of yesteryear. If regulators are supportive, one could imagine consumers embracing this opportunity. Not just an investment. The predominant narrative is ‘Bitcoin is a store of value like digital gold’. It makes sense that surveyed consumers would prefer to access it through their investment accounts. But that’s not all. There are also opportunities to earn high interest rates by staking. Digital currencies could also support cheaper and faster payments. There’s more. Perhaps established players will adopt crypto solutions aligned with their mission. For example, banks might engage with digital currencies to enable cheaper and faster payments. Survey resultsWhy do you buy cryptocurrencies?~80% of surveyed consumers buy and hold cryptocurrencies as strategic investments; they most frequently buy them monthly This could evolve as digital currencies are used for payments especially remittances What would be your ideal way to purchase cryptocurrencies?Almost 50% of surveyed consumers would prefer to purchase cryptocurrencies via investment accounts ex Vanguard, Fidelity27% of participants would prefer to use bank accounts or cryptocurrency exchanges. This suggests that banks have an opportunity to provide additional services to customers. Interestingly, none of the participant listed digital wallets ex Apple Pay or FinTech solutions ex CashApp as an ideal solution. I think this might to speak to the more established trust participants have with banks, investments and crypto exchanges. Results may differ with a larger sample size. What are top 3 most important factors when selecting a crypto exchange?Trust, cost, and appearance are the 3 most important factors when selecting a cryptocurrency exchange Trust is difficult to build but easy to lose. Banks and investment firms have established trust with their existing customers. They could extend new services to their customers. However, crypto exchanges need to intentionally build trust. Large players like Coinbase have outsize name recognition which helps engender trust. I’m curious to see if there will be consolidation of native crypto exchangesHow willing are you to change to another provider that has superior performance in the most important factors?46% of surveyed consumers are likely to change to another product if it provided superior performance in the features most important to themThis suggests that we are still in the early daysConclusionsThere is an opportunity for banks and investment managers to enable their customers to access cryptocurrencies. The majority of consumers are strategic investors, however, high frequency traders are likely to drive the majority of revenues. Trust, cost, and appearance are the most important factors when selecting a product to access cryptocurrencies. However, almost half of surveyed consumers are willing to change to a provider that provides superior performance. NOTESI surveyed subscribers of my newsletter. The respondents were primarily aged between 20 and 40 years old and located in the United States, Canada and Nigeria. There were less than 20 participants. These results are highly preliminary and do not constitute financial advice. This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit afolabio.substack.com

This is a special edition of the 5x5 Crypto News focused on the Bitcoin 2021 conference.Last weekend, I attended the Bitcoin 2021 conference in Miami. My goal was to learn and connect. I figured I could watch the presentations on YouTube on my own time but I could not recreate the networking opportunity. Therefore, I focused on walking around the exhibition hall and connecting with companies and people. I found myself chatting with NFT creators on the beach and hobnobbing with newbies and VCs alike in multi-million dollar gated communities. Here are a couple things I learned.1. El Salvador adopts bitcoinI was in the room when Jack Mallers took the stage. He wept as he discussed how bitcoin and the lightning network was bringing relief to people in El Salvador. For context, 20% of El Salvador’s GDP is from remittances. However, folks receiving funds pay up to 50% transaction fees because 70% of the population does not have access to banks. Strike and the Bitcoin lightning network enabled instant and free cross border payments. This meant families received more money to buy medicine, food, school fees and so on. This deeply resonated with me.  The atmosphere was already charged when we watched a special message from President Bukele of El Salvador. He announced that the country would be adopting bitcoin as a legal tender. The room erupted in a standing ovation. Strangers hugged each other, high fives were exchanged and tears flowed freely. It was electric. I got to experience history! In some ways, it reminded me of the night President Obama was elected to his first term in office. It’s not the same but I will never forget how it felt to be in that room. I finally got it. While I may have entered into this space for investment purposes. I am learning and experiencing that bitcoin is also about freedom and making the world a better place. That is a vision that I can get behind. 2. Bitcoin miningEarlier this year, I jumped in and became a miner. The conversation about carbon emissions is not just an academic one, it has now become personal. I believe mining can become a force for good by subsidizing energy investments that might not have been economic otherwise. I have first hand experience with energy poverty. It is a terrible thing. This has informed my support of a multi-pronged approach to power development. Yes, I 100% support low-to-no carbon power sources like geothermal and solar. At the same time, I am not going to scorn natural gas.    It was exciting to learn that Square is partnering with Blockstream to build a $5M solar powered bitcoin mining facility. At the same time, it was also exciting to connect with Upstream Data on their solutions to capture flared gas to power bitcoin mines. One of my contacts shared that these natural gas set-ups have a payback period of about 2 years. I also learned that some of these facilities use older bitcoin miners (S9s) because they handle irregular power supply better than the newer models. Upstream Data is working on integrating carbon credits into their solution. They are also developing modules suitable for offshore applications. These systems would need to be corrosion resistant and sturdy for that use case. Lastly, I met the ePic team. They produce machines to mine Siacoin. Sia works as an “Airbnb for hard drives”.  It is a cryptocurrency software that allows any computer running it to rent out unused hard drive space to users looking to store files. I have not done extensive research on Sia but I thought the use case was interesting. Additionally, the team shared that the estimated payback period for a Siacoin miner was 6 months based on $2k miner investment. ePic is struggling to keep up with demand for these miners. There’s currently a 3-6 month wait for machines. Learn more here.3. NFTsThere is a lot more to NFTs than art and NBA Top Shot. I learned about virtual reality projects, gaming, movie production and other projects. NFTs are here to stay. They will be one of the most effective on-ramps for the next billion crypto users. The beautiful thing is that many of these users may not recognize that NFTs are crypto solutions. I really enjoyed connecting with NFT creators, investors and technologists. I have a lot to learn here but it has certainly gotten more of my attention. 4. PrivacyI also learned about the Secret Network. As blockchain solutions continue to evolve into a myriad of applications, it would become increasingly important to protect user privacy. Data on a users transaction history could be paired with other data sets ex house address to produce unnecessary criminal exposure. The Secret network is the first public blockchain with privacy as a default. Learn more here. 5. DeFiDecentralized finance (DeFi) repeatedly came up in my conversations. For context, DeFi is focused on removing the middle man from transactions and enabling people to obtain financial services for lower costs, greater speeds and anytime (24/7/365). It is more closely associated with the Ethereum blockchain. However, DeFi applications are now being built on Bitcoin too. A number of crypto OGs encouraged me to dive deeper into both Bitcoin and Ethereum DeFi protocols. Their hypothesis is that DeFi is going to be the killer application of cryptocurrency. DeFi will also be a major on-ramp for the next billion users into the cryptosphere. I am taking their advice in digging in. Closing thoughtsI learned much more than I highlighted here. I had a number of interesting conversations about payments, custody and much more. I would like to leave you with links to some of my favorite presentations from the conference. Bitcoin for billions, not billionaires by Lynn Alden and Elizabeth StarkHow Bitcoin can stimulate the green transition by Steve Lee and Aaron van Wirdum Bringing innovation home to America by Senator Lummis and Rep DavidsonHow to onboard a billion people by Yan Pritzker, Bobby Lee and Ray YouseffBanking the unbanked by Jack Dorsey and Alex GladsteinLet me know if you have any specific questions. I am always happy to engage. This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit afolabio.substack.com

This is a special edition of the 5x5 Crypto News focused on the Bitcoin 2021 conference.Last weekend, I attended the Bitcoin 2021 conference in Miami. I’m new to this space so I figured it would be a great way to learn and connect with others. This is an attempt to capture some of my thoughts. This is the first in a 2-part series. This piece will focus on general observations, the next piece will address some of my learnings. First things first, I did not know what to expect. Bitcoiners have been caricatured in the media as cultists and speculators. Others see them as innovators and technologists. Would I fit in? Secondly, this conference was focused on bitcoin only. This meant that ethereum and other projects in the crypto sphere would not take center stage. Would I be surrounded by only the most fervent bitcoin maximalists? My sense is that multiple blockchains and projects can win. Well, I am SO glad that I went. I continue to find growth and delightful experiences by putting myself out there and taking a risk to venture into unfamiliar terrain. I left the conference with new friends, new ideas, and increased confidence in the future. Much has been said about the conference. A lot of the media focus has been negative. Some folks have latched onto the most colorful and sensational elements. Remember that 50,000 people traveled to Miami with 12,000 attending the conference while others participated in a smorgasbord of satellite events. A handful of loud voices should not define a community. In the words of Chimamanda Adichie, “...beware, there is danger in a single story”.  Observations1. Is Miami the crypto capital?Mayor Saurez has been wooing the crypto community to Miami. I met a 26-year old crypto hedge fund manager who relocated from New York City during the pandemic. He shared that everyone in the luxury high rise he lived in worked in crypto and they were mostly 25-30 years old. He was enjoying the networking, lifestyle and lower cost of living in Miami. While the city has made strides, the talent and funding pools still pale compared to NYC and SF. As the country emerges from the lockdown, will Miami continue its crypto rise? 2. Diversity: What brings you here?Bitcoiners traveled down a variety of paths yet converged on the same destination. Motivations ranged from ideology to profit seeking, efficiency to innovation. I enjoyed this diversity of thought. I liked engaging with everyone from libertarian ideologues to pragmatic opportunists and bitcoin maximalists to blockchain agnosts. At times it felt like an intellectual playground. If you are a curious person, there is space for you within this big tent. 3. Diversity: Who is not in the room?For the first time in my life, I had to wait 10-15 min to use the men’s restroom. In contrast, there was never a line for women’s restrooms. Bitcoin operates at the nexus of technology, economics and philosophy. These sectors have less gender and ethnic diversity than the US population. Unsurprisingly, the conference demographics was not representative of the general population. It’s important for all communities to have a seat at the table as new technologies are being developed and deployed. Again I say, there is room for you within this big tent.4. Hey stranger, do you want to be my friend? I came to the conference by myself. I struck up many random conversations and I ended up meeting people from all over the US and across 4 continents. Y’all are friendly! I found strangers quickly became friends as people were generous with their time and resources. Thank you! We debated ideas. We talked about our personal hopes and aspirations. The next challenge will be staying in touch. Any ideas?5. What are you working on?Everyone is a founder. It was inspiring to meet so many folks betting on themselves and building the future they want to see. One of my favorite conversations was with an entrepreneur starting a VC focused on investing in black and African crypto startups. If you are interested in investing in the VC, I would be happy to make introductions. In addition, I also had more vulnerable conversations with founders who were struggling and questioning whether to pivot. I learned that the crypto bull run has made many folks independently wealthy. They could self-fund their startups without raising money but some were missing external input. This helped reinforce the idea that investors don’t just bring money but insight. Their feedback could be invaluable while launching and scaling a business. Closing thoughtsOverall, I am really happy I went. Knowing what I know now, I would do it again. That said, I am unsure if I will go to the next bitcoin conference. My tickets were pricey but I met many folks who travelled to Miami just to attend the satellite events without going to the conference. Sure if I got affordable tickets, I might go again but I think one could get significant value just from attending the satellite events. I am also really curious about going deeper into DeFi (decentralized finance) and other parts of the crypto ecosystem. I would be open to attending a conference on that. This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit afolabio.substack.com

It’s Memorial Day weekend. This is a time for somber reflection. Thank you to all who gallantly serve in the military. My thoughts are particularly with the families of those who are deployed and those who fell in the line of duty. One of my buddies is a captain in the US Air Force. He grew up as an army brat. His family frequently relocated to US military bases across the Lower 48 and in different countries. I imagine sending money across countries was an ordeal. The legacy financial system is slow (2-4 days) and costly. I am excited that digital currencies can help these service men and women gain access to faster, better solutions. News 1. Everyone wants chips There is a global shortage of computer chips. Computer chips are now used in cell phones, smart cars, gaming consoles, and so on. Apple is the biggest buyer of computer chips; the shortage contributed to delays in releasing the iPhone 12.Last year Nvidia, the 3rd largest computer chip manufacturer, introduced chips specially designed for cryptocurrency mining. In Q1 2021, the company earned $155M revenue from these crypto chips and expects about $400M sales in Q2. I expect more chip manufacturers to go down this path. However, concerns about the energy consumption of crypto mining could lead more protocols to shift from proof of work (mining) to proof of stake. Proof of stake does not require mining. 2. China silver lining China recently added bitcoin mining to a list of industries that requires government scrutiny to protect the economy. This move spooked bitcoin miners. Some turned off machines. Others are shipping them abroad. This is a big deal because China hosts about 70% of global bitcoin mining capacity. One consequence is that bitcoin mining difficulty dropped by 16%. Mining difficulty is a measure of how much computation power is required to mint new bitcoin. The difficulty rises and falls based on the number of computers competing on the network. This is good news for folks like me who mine bitcoin in the US. It means our machines don’t have to work as hard and may receive more yield in the short term. However, I don’t think i this is a short-term bleep. 3. USDC is a freak USDC adoption is up an eye-watering 28x in just one year. In that time, this stablecoin has supported over $615B transactions. This mind boggling growth is driven by traders, DeFi, high-interest savings accounts, cross-border payments and more. Circle, the issuer of USDC, just raised $440M. This is the single largest fundraising round by a crypto startup…so far. The funds are going to support growth and strategic investments. Circle has also been on a hiring spree. I am really excited by stablecoins and USDC is in particular. Stablecoins are digital currencies that are pegged to the value of a dollar. Thus, 1 USDC is always equal to $1. Unlike dollars, USDC can be transferred instantly and cheaply. There are big opportunities for stablecoins to disrupt cross-border payments and more. 4. Coinbase takes on crypto FUDOne hundred years ago newspapers urged their readers to stick to horses and avoid cars. In 1995, Bill Gates famously called the internet a passing fad. New technology is often met with FUD (fear, uncertainty, doubt). Blockchain and cryptocurrency are too. There is a lot of misinformation and propaganda. Sadly, traditional news sources have repeatedly missed the mark. Coinbase is launching a fact-check blog. I think this is a great idea because there is a lot of FUD in this emerging sector. That being said, one still has to ask questions and test to see if the logic is sound. Coinbase is a profit-seeking company after all :-) 5. Built with BitcoinUNESCO reports that over 260 million children worldwide do not attend school. About 10% of them are in Nigeria. Built With Bitcoin (BWB) is a non-profit founded by the founders of Paxful, a peer-to-peer crypto exchange. BWB aims to build 100 schools. They recently launched their 4th school in Kaduna, a state in northern Nigeria. Digital currency and decentralized finance aims to democratize access to quality financial tools. However, you can’t take advantage of these opportunities if you can’t read. Education is key. I absolutely love this project. I am also developing an education focused non-profit. More later. QuestionWhat do you think about dogecoin for payments?Dogecoin was created in 2013 as a joke. Recently, it has surged in popularity as Elon Musk and others touted it. Elon Musk and Mark Cuban are pushing the use of dogecoin for payments. Mark Cuban’s Dallas Mavericks basketball team became the first company set-up to receive dogecoin payments via BitPay. Elon Musk’s SpaceX is now accepting dogecoin payment for a trip to the moon. I am not convinced. Why would you exchange a depreciating asset ex a car or coffee for an appreciating one like bitcoin or dogecoin? I wouldn’t. For payments, I think stablecoins like USDC or Central Bank Digital Currencies are more likely to gather steam. Buyers and sellers would appreciate a currency with stable values. This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit afolabio.substack.com

I hope you got a slice or two. Yesterday was Bitcoin Pizza Day. On May 22 2010, Laszlo Hanyecz bought 2 Papa John’s pizzas with 10,000 bitcoin. It was the first commercial transaction with bitcoin. Today, those pizzas would be valued at $333M. That’s a pretty penny per slice. Crypto enthusiasts celebrate the day by chowing down on pizza. Unfortunately, my allergies have been in over-drive so it’s been a soup and sleep kinda weekend for me….still I got in one slice :-)This was a turbulent week for the crypto market. In the future, we will look back and see that this week was a blessing in disguise. Two main reasons: (a) buy when the price dips and (b) accelerate redistribution of mining capacity beyond China and more renewable sourcesNews1. Crypto market crashThe price of cryptocurrencies crashed across the board with Bitcoin plunging 30% in one week. Last week, Elon Musk had tweeted concerns around the environmental impact of bitcoin mining. It is thought some other institutional investors may come under pressure about Bitcoin emissions too.Elon Musk clarified that Tesla continues to hold $1B worth of Bitcoin but the market was already spiraling down. Bearish sentiment from the OCC (banking regulator) and China only added fuel to the fire. In spite of these concerns, Bitcoin is still trading 3x price this time last year. Cathie Woods of Ark Investment continues to hold a long-term forecast of $500,000 per bitcoin. Market corrections and volatility are part of this journey. I used this as an opportunity to extend my position across Bitcoin and Ether. 2. China crypto crackdown: a blessing in disguiseA high ranking government official in China declared a “crack down on bitcoin mining and trading” as China continues to ramp up it’s launch of its digital currency. Some miners reportedly panicked and dumped bitcoin onto the market. This increased supply further lowered the price of bitcoin. China has about 65% of global bitcoin mining capacity. This could accelerate a more equitable distribution of mining capacity. This a golden opportunity for new bitcoin mining facilities to be built and powered by renewable sources. My sense is that decentralized systems like bitcoin are philosophically at odds with the ethos of the communist party. Therefore, Bitcoin could join a long list of technology solutions that are effectively banned in China including Wikipedia, Google, Facebook and Netflix. 3. New OCC to review all crypto guidanceThe new acting head of the OCC, a key bank regulator, does not believe rules allowing banks to engage with digital currencies and blockchains involved all relevant stakeholders. Therefore, the OCC, will review all crypto rules. An African proverb says “if you want to go fast, go alone but if you want to go far, go together”. I wonder if the OCC pushed out a slew of crypto guidance last year to force other regulators to react. My gut says review really means “revise” crypto guidance to make it more restrictive or higher bars. 4. BlockFi promotion goes wrong Fewer than 100 people were impacted and less than $10M is still outstanding. BlockFi has apologized and revised procedures to ensure this does not repeat. One person received 701 bitcoin ($10M) instead of $701. This transaction was reversed but a few others transferred the bitcoin rewards off the platform. Mistakes happen. Citibank erroneously wired $500M. Traders mishaps have turned million dollar transactions to billion dollar fiascos. This got me wondering if the back-office operations are more manual than expected. BlockFi is now partnering with Matt James, the first black Bachelor, to promote crypto. Hopefully no mishaps! 5. US Treasury and IRS change things upUS treasury is calling for businesses to report digital currency transactions greater than $10,000 to the IRS. This proposal is on par with transactions with fiat currency (ex dollars) greater than $10,000The IRS plans to more than double it’s size by hiring 86,000 people over the next 10 years. The goal is to more aggressively enforce compliance and close the $7 trillion “tax gap” by going after people who cheat on their taxes. I think these are great moves. Improved enforcement of rules could increase government revenue and reduce risk of the government printing more money This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit afolabio.substack.com

This week I spent some time with family. We had lots of great conversations. I was persuaded to change my position on a couple topics. This led me to reflect on the importance of being open-minded and willing to adjust views when presented with new evidence. The tragedy is that many people miss the advent of new technology or new ideas because of their mindset. In 1995, Bill Gates famously said that the internet was a passing fad. Can you imagine your life without the internet today? I can’t. News1. Moneygram launching crypto: 20x ATMsMoneygram has over 410,000 locations around the world. The company provides global money transfer and bill pay services. Moneygram is partnering with Coinme, a cryptocurrency exchange, to enable people buy crypto with cash or withdraw it from brick-and-mortar locations. This is a big deal because there are only about 20,000 crypto ATMs worldwide. This partnership could 20x that number. Crypto ATMs are often used by migrants sending funds back to their home countries. They also help reach people who may not have smartphones or regular access to the internet. I think this could help democratize access to crypto. 2. Diem moves back to US, picks SilvergateThe Facebook-backed Diem project (formerly known as Libra) is relocating from Switzerland to the US and partnering with Silvergate Bank to launch a stablecoin Facebook is going to become a payments giant. FacebookWith the recent launch of WhatsApp Pay in Brazil and India, Facebook, with over 2 billion users across its platform, is gearing up to become a payments giantExpect the competition for global P2P (person-to-person) and merchant payments to heat up. Circle, the issuer of USDC, has been snapping up executives from Diem while PayPal has big ambitions and is rumored to be launching a stablecoin. Stay tuned. 3. Coinbase bans salary negotiation Last year, the New York Times alleged that female and black Coinbase employees were paid 8% and 7% less, respectively, than their peers in the same role. This week, Coinbase announced it was banning negotiation and offering the same pay package to all new hires into each role. However, promotions and pay increases would continue to be tied to performance. This new policy has generated mixed responses. I think it is a great step to eliminating pay disparities and encouraging meritocracy. I applaud Coinbase for taking action. Let’s see how this experiment goes.4. Tesla STOPS vehicle purchases with bitcoinElon’s tweet felt like the shot heard all around the world. It reignited concerns about the environmental impact of bitcoin mining. Some say up to 70% is powered by renewable sources. But this was a big nothing burger. Tesla continues to hold over $1B of bitcoin. More importantly, only a small group of people were using bitcoin to buy Teslas. Elon Musk is a modern day polymath genius. He is trying to colonize Mars…surely he could help drive down the environmental impact of bitcoin mining. Offer solutions, don’t just point problems. 5. Crypto becomes a force for goodThis week, Vitalik Buterin, the 27 year old founder of Ethereum, donated $1.5B worth of cryptocurrencies to COVID-19 relief in India Recently, Crypto Twitter users donated over $800,000 to a child battling leukemia whose parents were struggling with hospital bills There are so many more examples of cryptocurrencies being a force for good. Money and power don’t change who you are, rather, they reveal your true nature. Love to see more examples like this. I am working on a couple ideas too :-) QuestionsI’d like to dip my toes in crypto but I don’t know if I can trust these crypto exchanges. I would feel more comfortable going with my bank or stock trader app. What do you think?You are not alone. Survey by NYDIG found that 70% of people would prefer to access digital currencies through their bank. Unfortunately, most banks are not there yet but the tide is turning. Revolut and US Bank both enable customers to do so and I expect there will be more announcements over the next 12 months. Do you already have a CashApp, PayPal or Robinhood account? These FinTechs enable users to buy and sell a few cryptocurrencies. I have tried a number of exchanges. I’m actually gone to beta-test Okcoin’s revamped app. Now, Coinbase is the de facto option for a lot of people new to crypto, however, I have been impressed by Okcoin for 2 reasons: (a) lower fees (b) ease of set-up: I think it takes about 17 mouse-clicks to establish an account while Coinbase and others have more than double that. This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit afolabio.substack.com

Mayday! Mayday! We have a situation. Crypto continues to move at the speed of light. Also, it’s May already! There’s still time to hit the gym to get that summer bod. Get it.This week, a lot of the developments point to the continued maturation of the sector. Obviously, there is still a long way to go but let’s celebrate the progress. In the explore section we introduce a set-up that enables you to earn bitcoin while taking a hot shower. Intrigued? Let’s go.News1. Galaxy Digital buys BitGo for $1.2BGalaxy Digital and BitGo may not be familiar names. BitGo stores digital currencies for companies like Nexo. Galaxy is focused on institutions too. Lately, I have been thinking about consolidation in the crypto space. There are more than 14,000 banks in the US but the top 3 account for 30% of all deposits. I expect a cluster of large diversified digital currency companies will emerge and consolidate. Galaxy is on that list. It’s rumored to be going public later this year.2. NYDIG and FIS partner to enable banks support cryptoBravo! This was a smart move. FIS is a leading provider of bank technology systems. NYDIG enables institutions to buy, sell and hold crypto. I love this partnership because most banks are incredibly risk averse. This union brings credibility and helps ease the process for banks to support crypto. I expect NYDIG will partner with other technology providers. Additionally, its competitors like Paxos and Anchorage could do the same. It’s gonna heat up!3. US Bank enables customers to buy, sell and hold cryptoI was impressed to learn that US Bank established its Blockchain & Digital Currency Practice in 2015 when Bitcoin was $200. Billions of dollars are flowing out of bank accounts to Coinbase and friends. Those dollars are not coming back. This is a threat to bank’s business model. I expect more banks to offer these services, especially given the FIS and NYDIG news. Crypto exchanges should brace themselves for increased competition. 4. Visa partners with Tala to give the underbanked access to USDCTala is serving the global underbanked. It allows anyone with a smartphone to apply for a loan without credit history and receive a decision in minutes.Tala will now issue Visa payment cards linked to its digital wallets. Its customers will be able to spend USDC at more than 70 million merchants worldwide. I love the mission of Tala. 3 billion people are underbanked. Some of them are in my extended family. I think this partnership could help support remittances and other use cases. I’m rooting for y’all! 5. Grayscale sponsors NFL’s GiantsRecently, FTX won the naming rights to the Miami Heat arena. Now crypto has come to football. These sponsorships send a clear message: crypto is here to stay. Grayscale is the world’s largest digital asset manager with $46B under management. It’s based in New York, it’s fitting to sponsor the home town team. This got me thinking, if I struck it big, what team would I sponsor. Right now, it would be the Houston Rockets. The name was just made for skyrocketing crypto. Plus, Houston is where I got my first job after college there and I still have lots of friends and family there. Can you imagine the Ogunnaike Arena? Hahaha! ExploreDid you know your water heater could produce bitcoin?Ok…that is not technically true. It’s more the other way round, your bitcoin miner could heat water for all your domestic needs. Wise Mining provides a set-up to do that! Bitcoin mining is the use of powerful computers to solve hard problems that yield bitcoin. It produces a lot of heat. This waste heat can be captured and recycled to heat water and reduce your energy consumption. This might make sense if you were already planning to mine. However, if you weren’t planning to do that, beware that mining is energy intensive. Prepare for your electric bill to rise but it could be profitable over the medium term. Question of the weekWhat are your thoughts on dogecoin?First of all, I am not an investment professional nor do I provide investment advice. My friend’s friend bought $200 of dogecoin in 2018 and it’s now worth about $40k! Remind me, what was I doing in 2018?! What are your goals? Traders make money from volatility. It almost doesn’t matter what commodity it is. If it moves, they are happy to trade it and make a quick buck. Long-term investors study the fundamentals to understand if it solves a real-world problem. If it does, they then consider if the price is fair. I’m gonna guess that you are the latter. Do your own research and remember don’t invest anything you are not prepared to lose. Personally, I have zero dogecoin. Good luck! This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit afolabio.substack.com

Spring is upon us! Flowers are blooming, the sun is shining and allergies are in season. (Sneeze!) This week I gave a Blockchain 101 presentation for an Austin-based company. It was great discussing what blockchain is and how it could impact a variety of industries. I’m super pumped about the future. What a great time to be alive! This edition, I’ve introduced a new section called “Question of the week” where I address a reader’s question. Keep the texts and emails coming, let me know what’s on your mind. News1. Cardano is supporting education in Ethiopia Ethiopia’s Rift Valley is known as the ‘cradle of humanity’. A generation after famine wreaked havoc on the ancient land, the country has had one of the fastest growing economies in the world for a decade. Now blockchain has come to play. IOHK, the company behind the Cardano protocol, is partnering with Ethiopia’s government to reduce academic fraud and improve record keeping. 5 million students will receive a Cardano blockchain-based ID to track academic performance. 750k teachers will use the system too. A Chinese company will be providing laptops and tablets too. This solution could be scaled across Africa. Beyond education, there are blockchain experiments across Africa in property titles, health and supply chain. These blockchain solutions are a giant step up from the existing broken systems. Stay tuned. 2. Andreessen Horowitz launches $1B crypto fundWhen was the last time your investment went up 300x in 8 years? The firm first invested in Coinbase in 2013 at $1 per share. Coinbase recently went public, the shares closed at $298 on Friday. That’s a 300x return in 8 years. The tech VC is reportedly raising up to $1B for its third crypto focused fund. Previous funds included investments in Coinbase, Compound, Anchorage etc. I’m excited to see what companies and themes they will focus on in the next fund. Chances are those ideas will be mainstream in about a decade. 3. Paxos is the 3rd crypto firm to snag a federal charter from the OCCPaxos provides stablecoins-as-a-service, exchange and custody products; and crypto brokerage services to clients like PayPal, Revolut and Credit SuisseIt is the first crypto firm regulated at the state (NY) and federal levels; enabling Paxos to serve customers across the US while adhering to the highest standardsI’m excited about Paxos mission to modernize financial market infrastructure and enable the movement of any asset, any time, in a trustworthy way 4. Binance to launch NFT platformIn June, Binance will launch what it hopes will become the worlds’s largest NFT platform. This new entrant will compete with OpenSea, Nifty Gateway etc. The marketplace will have 2 tracks. The premium will feature artists and exclusive partners. The trading track would allow anyone to sell or buy NFTs. Binance operates the largest crypto exchange; they have a big vision including payments and now NFTs. It’s large user base is a competitive advantage.5. JP Morgan completes bitcoin change of heart Jamie Dimon, CEO, called bitcoin a fraud and threatened to fire anyone who traded it. He later regretted his comments and affirmed his belief in blockchain. The bank is expected to launch an actively managed investment fund with bitcoin for its high net worth clients this summer. About-face complete! This raises another question. Why ask legacy companies about technology that is disrupting them? Remember Blockbuster dismissed Netflix. For the record, I think JP Morgan will endure but I am not not convinced all banks and financial institutions will. Explore1. Urgh, taxes. Did you know you could buy crypto with your 401(k)?Digital currencies are taxed as assets. This means users have to pay capital gains taxes (15-25%) whenever they sell digital currencies. For example, if you purchased 1 bitcoin for $1,000 then 2 years later you sell it for $5000, you would have to pay long-term capital gains tax of $600 ([$5000-$1000] x 15%]). Long-term investors could consider using tax-advantaged retirement funds to buy digital currencies. Some 401(k) plans permit alternative digital assets. Otherwise, investors could use self-directed retirement accounts like Choice2. What’s smart money buying?If you have already acquired positions in bitcoin and ether but curious what else to consider, you might like the list below. Messari, a leading digital assets research house, analyzed the portfolios of over 35 crypto focused VCs and hedge funds. They identified the most commonly held digital assets, besides bitcoin and ether, to be Polkadot, Keep and Uniswap. Question of the day Should I leave my crypto on the Coinbase exchange? Would you cry if your favorite crypto exchange was hacked and you lost all your digital assets? If the answer is yes, then you should reconsider your strategy. One option is to distribute your assets across a variety of platforms. Bitcoiners love to say “Not your keys, not your cheese”. Basically, if you don’t self custody your private keys to your digital assets then you could lose them. The refrain was born of pain. Many OGs lost eye-watering sums of bitcoin in hacks. Today, exchanges have strengthened their security but you never know. Lately, I’ve been checking out Casa. It provides 10x the security of a hardware wallet by using an app. It’s Multisig blends security, privacy, and control. Check it out! This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit afolabio.substack.com

Woohoo! This is my 20th edition! I started writing on a whim without a plan. I knew I wanted to learn more about crypto and share with others interested and so I just started. Thanks for coming along on this ride. Be sure to invite others who might get a kick out of this too. There is room at the table. Quick rant: I intentionally do not spend a lot of time talking about the price of bitcoin or other cryptocurrencies. Developments in this ecosystem are going to transform our lives, the products we buy and build. Sometimes, I feel like the price is a distraction. #DollarCostAverage #BuyTheDip #StackSats #HODL NewsLuxury goods get on blockchainOver $600B of fake goods are sold each year. How would you feel if you unknowingly bought a fake $5,000 Rolex watch or $50,000 Birkin bag? LVMH (ex Louis Vuitton), Prada, and Richemont (ex Cartier) formed the Aura Blockchain Consortium to provide customers with proof of authenticity and ability to track ownership and post-sale repairs.This is huge for the pre-owned market for luxury goods. Maybe one day you could whip out a phone and scan watches, bags, jewelry to find if its real. Binance US names Brian Brooks as CEOBinance US is the American arm of the world’s biggest crypto exchange. The company has a big vision with projects in payments and stocks. For example, the US stock market is closed more hours than it is open, Binance has tokenized Tesla stock so that you can buy and sell it 24/7/365However, Binance US needs a steady hand to navigate complex regulatory environment. Brian is the crypto-loving former head of a bank regulator. Sounds like a win-win!Venmo goes cryptoDo you remember writing checks or using cash to pay your nanny? Person-to-person payment solutions like Venmo and CashApp have changed the game. Venmo is owned by PayPal. Last year, PayPal announced it’s grand vision for digital assets like bitcoin and stablecoins. Now Venmo enables users to buy, hold, and sell a few cryptocurrencies. They have over 52 million users in the US. This is a big advantage over crypto exchanges like OKCoin who have to work hard to acquire new users Crypto mining to subsidize renewable energyElectricity from wind and solar is now cheaper than natural gas. However, it is not consistent. The wind is variable and sun only shines during the day.Building bitcoin mines at wind and solar facilities would enable them to gobble up any surplus electricity. It could subsidize these investments. Square and Ark Investment partnered on a research project exploring this topic. If implemented, it would be a win for the climate and the bitcoin network. It would end the narrative that crypto is bad for the environment. NYDIG acquires bitcoin mine financierThe supply of bitcoin mining machines has not kept up with the surging demand. The price of machines has more than doubled in the past year. Time is of the essence if operators want to capture record high bitcoin mining revenue. Arctos Capital provides financing for bitcoin mine investments and leasing of mining equipment.This week, NYDIG acquired Arctos Capital. NYDIG provides a range of services including custody for institutional investors like Mass Mutual. ExploreDid you know you could passively earn bitcoin by shopping?This week my Fold card arrived! Fold is a bitcoin rewards debit card. I’ve been using the app to buy Amazon gift cards which I use for my regular shopping. Now, I have the card so it’s easier than ever. I’m excited to #StackSomeSats (FYI: sats are the subunit for bitcoin like cents is to dollar except 1 bitcoin = 100 million sats) Check it out: Fold Did you know there are also crypto credit cards too? I used credit card points to pay for my honeymoon at a 5-star luxury island resort. It was amazing. But wouldn’t it be cool to get rewards for an appreciating asset? Enter crypto credit cards. BlockFi, Gemini, and Crypto.com have or are launching crypto credit cards. Check them out and get in line! This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit afolabio.substack.com

Mid April usually means one thing tax day. This year, the IRS has postponed the deadline by a month. Get on it if you are running behind! This year, mid April is all about COVID vaccines. Good news is that I’ve now received my second dose of the COVID vaccine. Bad news is that I’m feeling a bit under the weather. Instead of preparing a separate issue for the “Explore” section, this week, I touch on two topics that have been on my mind. Let me know which one you think I should do a deep dive on next. As always, I welcome your feedback. Thanks y’all! News Coinbase goes publicCoinbase shares ended their first trading day priced at $328 implying a valuation of $68B. That puts them in between UBS and Goldman Sachs. Unlike during an IPO, Coinbase did not issue additional shares for its direct listing. The only shares available were sold by employees and investors. Notably, the CEO sold 1.5% of his shares for $290M. A few eyebrows were raised when the CFO sold all of her shares for about $100M. Blackouts in China slows bitcoin miningXinjiang and Sichuan provinces of China account for more than 50% of global bitcoin mining activity A series of accidents at coal-powered plants in Xinjiang led to government mandated power outages These outages led to ~20% drop in bitcoin mining i.e. computing power to secure the network. This underlines the risks of concentration and need for greater distribution of bitcoin mining capacity around the world.US minority speaker says bitcoin is geopolitically strategicKevin McCarthy, the Republican minority speaker of the US House of Representatives, stated that bitcoin and other digital currencies are geopolitically strategic. I see 2 strands to pull here: a) China could drive adoption of its new digital currency by strong-arming aid-receiving countries and business partners. This could challenge the US dollar status as the global reserve currency.b) As more US investors embrace bitcoin, the risk rises of contagion spreading if a catastrophic event impacted bitcoin. Citigroup’s former chairman joins crypto payments firm Dick Parsons became the first member of Celo’s external board. This is a significant vote of confidence in this 4-year old organization. Celo aims to empower anyone with a smartphone anywhere in the world to access financial services, send money to phone numbers, and pay merchants Celo’s ecosystem includes a variety of applications including stablecoins. Stablecoins are pegged to the value of another commodity like the US dollar. They improve on the existing system by enabling near real-time Canada approves 2 ethereum ETFs in one dayTwo months after Canadian regulators approved Bitcoin ETFs, they have now approved 2 ethereum ETFsA crypto ETF mimics the price of the cryptocurrency. This gives investors exposure to the cryptocurrency without buying the asset class. Additionally, in South Africa, there are plans to launch a bitcoin ETF. Closer to home, the US SEC still has not approved a bitcoin ETF. Dozens have been proposed over the past 8 years, there a couple under review. ExploreFuture of faster payments: Who will win? The Federal Reserve Bank and US banks are investing millions (probably billions) in implementing a faster payments network. This new system will provide near instant final settlement within the US. Unbeknown to most, when you swipe your card at your favorite grocery store, the money does not instantly get delivered to the merchant. This process can take a couple days to several weeks! The new solution will shrink that to seconds. In parallel, crypto enthusiasts are building out the lightning network on top of bitcoin blockchain. One start-up, Strike, is working to build a global payments network that would enable low-cost, final settlement of domestic and cross-border payments without using the likes of Visa or banks. Will these two systems co-exist? Will regulators or merchants prefer one to the other? What is going to happen to traditional cross-border heavyweights like Western Union? I’ve got so many questions. I might do a longer study into this. Bitcoin mining - a driver for sustainable development?It’s been argued that bitcoin mining is the most profitable use for stranded energy that is otherwise not economically feasible to develop or export. Oil and gas companies in the US and Canada are using gas that would have been flared to power bitcoin minesCould this be extended to lower carbon energy? Could bitcoin mining subsidize the development of hydroelectric dams or solar farms in Africa? So many questions here! I might do a longer study into this too. Let me know what you think and if you have a preference for which area I should dig in next. Until next time, I hope you stay safe and healthy. Have a great week! This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit afolabio.substack.com

I hope you had a great week. It’s been sunny in Texas, almost feels like summer is here. Meanwhile, the crypto news cycle continues heating up. Next week is the much anticipated Coinbase IPO. But first let’s dive into some highlights from last week. As always, I look forward to your feedback. Let’s go. NewsCoinbase had a monster Q1Coinbase reported 56M users and 11% of all crypto assets are on their platform (both retail and institutions). Some analysts have upgraded their valuations over $100B ahead of Wednesday’s IPOLately, I have been thinking about two flavors of the Coinbase effect Messari Research reported that tokens listed on Coinbase average a whopping 91% price increase in the first 5 days! For more information check this out this link. The IPO is going to mint a fresh batch of millionaires. Real estate agents and car dealerships are salivating. I also expect to see an exodus of talent as employees explore new opportunities. Some may become angel investors and pump more funds into the crypto sector. Crypto Twitter is divided on whether or not to invest in Coinbase. Bitcoin maximalists believe bitcoin will outperform Coinbase in the long run. They are also fundamentally opposed to the centralized exchange. Pragmatists argue that Coinbase is a key part of the ecosystem. Besides, whenever crypto prices inevitably fall, Coinbase may prove more resilient than bitcoin. After all, Coinbase profits from transactions irrespective of the price. Q1: Robinhood had more crypto traders than CoinbaseIn Q1, 9.5M Robinhood customers had crypto transactions each month. This was ~50% higher than Coinbase’s monthly users (6.1M). Unlike Coinbase, Robinhood does not charge a commission for cryptocurrency transactions. However, Coinbase pays interest on deposits in its account and covers more cryptocurrencies. Robinhood and other companies with existing customer bases have an advantage over crypto native solutions that have to work harder to win each customer. This begs the question when will retail banks and other FinTechs enable customers to buy, sell, and store cryptocurrencies?Crypto crosses $2T The total value of all cryptocurrencies topped $2 trillion for the first time this week.Bitcoin accounts for more than 50% of this value. This week we reached a milestone where 100 cryptocurrencies were valued at $1B or more In Q1, the top 5 gainers were: BinanceCoin, Cardano, Uniswap, Polkadot, and Ripple. I hope to dive into these in the future. Crypto climate accordThe Crypto Climate Accord is styled after the Paris Climate Accord. It has an ambitious goal to achieve net-zero emissions for the entire industry, including eliminating all historical emissions by 2030. Ripple, CoinShares and ConsenSys have joined the accord. I expect some other prominent players will follow in the months ahead.  The environmental impact of cryptocurrency mining has been a hot button issue in recent months. CoinShares research found that 74% of cryptocurrency is powered by renewable energy largely due to surplus hydroelectric capacity in China. Critics think it is lower. The push to net-zero emissions may have implications for new miners aiming to use coal, gas and crude oil to power their operationsChinese companies pivot to cryptoChina is ground-zero for cryptocurrency. Much of the mining capacity, miner production, and national digital currency innovation is centered there. This week, two Chinese companies made significant pivots to become players in the cryptocurrency industry.The9, a publicly traded gaming company in China purchased $6M computers to become a cryptocurrency miner 500.com, an online lottery company in China, spent $100M to acquire Bee Computing, a manufacturer of cryptocurrency mining computers These moves are even more aggressive than what we have seen in the US. Stay tuned. ExploreBitcoin Billionaires: This week, I a wrote book review on this book. I really enjoyed reading it and I’m convinced one day it will be made into a movie. It tells the story of the Winklevoss twins and the history of bitcoin. Check it out my review hereBitcoin & Black America: I previously shared a book review on this book. It argues that African Americans have a lot to gain by embracing cryptocurrencies and decentralized finance. Check out my review here.What should I read next? Let me know if you have any suggestions. Crypto Course: This week, I’m starting a 3-week crypto course. I’m super pumped to learn more. I’ll keep you posted on how it goes. This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit afolabio.substack.com

Today, I am doing a special session. It’s a review of a book called Bitcoin Billionaires by Ben Mezrich. Accessibility: ALearning: AEnjoyment: A OverviewBitcoin Billionaires is one of those books you could see being made into a movie. It’s not that far fetched given that the author, Ben Mezrich, also wrote the award winning “Social Network”, the movie about Facebook. In some ways, it feels like Bitcoin Billionaires continues that story except the focus is now shifted to the Winklevoss Twins. Tyler and Cameron Winklevoss became famous as the tall, Harvard-educated, Olympic rowers who alleged that Mark Zuckerburg ripped them off while founding Facebook. The author weaves the bold story of how the twins became among the first bitcoin billionaires along with a colorful dose of bitcoin history. The Winklevoss twins founded Gemini, one of the largest US based crypto-exchanges and Nifty Gateway, a leading NFT marketplace. The book lays bare the tension between ideologues like Ronald Ver and businessmen like Tyler and Cameron. Additionally, key developments like the Mt Gox hack and the Cyprus banking crisis also feature in the story. Mezrich does a great job making bitcoin history fun to learn. Key storiesStoring bitcoin in banks: The twins have taken extreme measures to safeguard the private keys to their mountain of bitcoin. The private keys - a long alphanumeric code - are split up and stored in bank safety deposit boxes across the country. Funny how banks are keeping crypto safe probably without them even knowing it. 2013 Cyprus banking crisis: What would you do if you woke one morning and 10+% of your life savings were gone? This was the reality for bank account holders in Cyprus in 2013. The banks were too big to fail but the government didn’t have the funds to bail them out. As a last resort, the government dipped into all bank accounts while everyone slept. This set off a bitcoin price rally as consumers lost confidence in fiat currency. Flashforward to 2021, the US has printed unprecedented trillions of dollars related to COVID. There are rising concerns about the US government spending and the dollar’s value. Part of the current bitcoin bull run is motivated by investors seeking shelter for the funds.Silk Road takedown: Ross Ulbricht founded Silk Road to enable anonymous transactions. It quickly became synonymous with drug smuggling, human trafficking and money laundering. Silk Road used bitcoin as its primary currency until it was shut down in 2013. However, the damage was already done. Bitcoin had become associated with criminals and the dark web, a shadow it’s still struggling to shake today. Silicon valley vs crypto: Early bitcoin enthusiasts were outsiders in Silicon Valley. The Winklevoss twins were occasionally shunned by folks wary of not upsetting Mark Zuckerberg and Facebook. This outsider mentality is helpful as an innovator and an entrepreneur. Along the way, bitcoin became less fringe and much of Silicon Valley has embraced cryptocurrency to some degree. Google has gone from banning crypto ads to adding cryptocurrency prices in Google Finance. Bitcoin ETF: The Winklevoss twins began the quest to launch the first US-based bitcoin ETF in 2013. 8 years later, there are now 2 Canada-based bitcoin ETFs but none in the US. Major firms like Fidelity have now also proposed ETFs. I think the SEC will eventually approve a US-based bitcoin ETF. This struggle highlights some of the difficulties associated with innovation and introducing a new asset class. Purists vs Pragmatism: There is some tension within the bitcoin community between purists and pragmatists. Some bitcoin purists are wary of the existing banking sector and governments. They would prefer to operate in a peer-to-peer, permissionless, tamper free environment without government oversight. On the other hand, pragmatists prefer to operate within the existing banking sector and seek government regulation to foster growth.Charlie Shrem: was the brains behind BitInstant. In 2012, BitInstant was the leading vehicle by which early adopters purchased bitcoin via a network of over 700,000 store locations.The author suggests that 23-year old Charlie was caught up in the tension between purists vs pragmatism. He was ambivalent about enforcing KYC (Know-Your-Customer) requirements and alerting authorities to suspicious transactions.  Ultimately, Charlie was arrested and imprisoned for money laundering. He was released in 2016. His fall from grace highlights the importance of coloring within the confines of the law and delegating (he served as CEO and Compliance Officer). The optimist in me is rooting for a comeback story for Charlie. Let’s see. ConclusionI really enjoyed Bitcoin Billionaires. I probably wharfed it down in a couple long reading sessions. The book is accessible and engaging. I highly recommend it for folks who are new to crypto and want to learn about the history and key characters. One day there will be a movie made about the times we are living in. Let me know what you think. As always, I appreciate book recommendations or any other feedback you might have. Have a great day! This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit afolabio.substack.com

Welcome to the 5x5 Crypto podcast. Each week, we cover the “so what’ of 5 key crypto stories in about 5 minutes. My name is Afo and I’m interested in crypto. I think you’ll enjoy this week’s episode. Like and subscribe on iTunes, Spotify, and Substack. Let’s go!Happy Easter y’all! Q1 2021 is over and we are in a new month. I hope you have been keeping up with your new year resolutions. If you have fallen off the horse, now is a great time to get back on. Last week, I shared that I will be tinkering with the format over the next couple episodes. I appreciate the feedback. Please keep it coming. Let me know why you subscribe and what you are looking to see. Thanks! This episode includes 5 news stories and a link to help you explore bitcoin mining. NewsVisa to support digital currency paymentsVisa became the first payment network to settle transactions on USDC. USDC is a digital currency that is pegged to the value of the dollar. Unlike Bitcoin, the price of USDC is stable (1 USDC = $1), hence the name stablecoin.What does this mean? Why should I care? Why is this important?Have you ever wondered why some gas stations offer a discount if you pay with cash instead of card? Well, it is because when you swipe your debit card, it takes several days and dollars before the funds reach the gas station’s bank account.With USDC, the funds will be transferred near real-time and cost a fraction of a cent. It’s plausible that some merchants could eventually offer discounts to customers who pay with USDC. This is a win-win for the customer and merchant.USDC will achieve near real-time payments by batching transactions on the Ethereum blockchain. Figure 1. Illustrates fees associated with a credit card paymentEther soars to an all-time high (ATH)This week’s announcement that Visa would utilize Ethereum to settle USDC transactions fueled an 18% rally in the price of ether to ~$2100Ether has almost tripled this year as deposits in DeFi doubled to $38B in Q1 and new Bitcoin investors explored Ethereum and the suite of applications built on top of it  Coinbase to finally go public on April 14Lots of retail and institutional investors are prepping funds to go shopping on April 14. The US largest crypto exchange will directly list 115 million shares. They are expected to price around $350 each which was the average weighted price in the private market in Q1.  Up to $40B could be raised putting Coinbase valuation up to $100B. This would make the highly anticipated debut one of the largest tech IPOs. Coinbase would be larger than some banking heavyweights like UBS, Barclays and BNP Paribas.   Coinbase will release its Q1 2021 earnings report before the going public. It’s most recent disclosures indicate it had $90B assets under management, over 43 million customers in more than 100 countries. Figure 2. List of largest tech IPOs (CNBC)Goldman Sachs goes crypto but don’t hold your breath for the others Goldman Sachs wealth management to allow high net worth clients invest in bitcoin. This follows Morgan Stanley’s lead two weeks ago. It’s unlikely that Wells Fargo would follow suit shortly. The bank has been under significant regulatory scrutiny in recent years. Many retail banks won’t move on crypto until they have to. They are focused on upgrading their dated technology, being compliant with regulators, and keeping up with FinTechs and Neobanks. Some traditional retail banks have not yet put in the work to fully appreciate the promise and challenge of crypto and decentralized finance. They view it as a fad or an experiment waiting to crashFormer Chainalyis exec becomes FinCEN bossThe rise of digital currencies is expected to attract more regulation. There are concerns that some legislators and regulators may not be sufficiently well-versed in these technologies to adequately police and/or support them. Some of these fears were abated with the recent appointment of Michael Mosier as the head of FinCEN (the US Financial Crimes Enforcement Network). Michael was previously the Chief Technical Counsel of Chainalysis, the leading crypto surveillance firm. ExploreBitcoin mining for dummies: Yesterday I dived into Compass, a company which makes it easy for anyone to become a bitcoin miner. I profiled Meltem Demiror’s experience, she used to be a treasury analyst with ExxonMobil but now she is the Chief Strategy Officer at CoinShares. Check it out if you are curious about what bitcoin mining is and the potential returns you could earn. Click here.I hope you have a great day. Let me know what you think and what you’d like to see. This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit afolabio.substack.com

I periodically do a deeper dive on relevant topics. I am simply sharing my thoughts not offering financial advice. My thoughts are subject to change. I am not a registered financial adviser.They shuffled around excitedly jabbering on about hash rates and mining pools. It sounded like Greek to me. I had accepted that I may not always be able to keep up with my tech bros. Besides this latest idea sounded intense and risky. The first rule of investing is to invest in what you know. The only rig I knew about was used to produce oil and gas. I resolved within myself to stay away from this harebrained experiment.Those were my thoughts back in 2016-2017 when my friends were tinkering around with bitcoin mining. Flash forward a couple years and here I am enthusiastically investing and learning about bitcoin and other crypto assets. I have more fully embraced a growth mindset. Better late than never!The crypto industry has a UI (user interface) problem. Early adopters were highly technical. They built products for other highly technical people...and it showed. Fortunately, it’s been getting easier for lay people off the street to engage with crypto assets. Just as Mt Gox (early clunky crypto exchange) gave way to the likes of Coinbase, could basement mining rigs give way to Compass?What is Compass?Compass provides white glove service for customers who want to mine crypto assets like bitcoin but do not want to bother with hosting or maintaining operations. Finally, you could have a machine that “prints” (crypto-) money. One could sign up in less than 10 minutes and sync up your digital wallet to receive payments. There are 3 key steps in the process.Mining rig: The first step is to select a mining rig. Mining rigs are high powered computers which work to solve a complex math problem. Successfully solving the equation in the allotted time would yield crypto assets. Compass currently has 2 mining rig models to choose from ranging from $5k to $8k each. Hosting: Next up, select which facility you would like the mining rig to be hosted in. Compass has dozens of facilities from China to Canada and across the US too. The cost of electricity is the biggest operating cost. You definitely want to select a facility that has low electricity costs. Compass’ facilities have access to lower industrial rates ($0.06 per kwh) whereas basement miners pay residential rates ($0.12+ per kwh). It is important to note that Compass charges a monthly fee of $160+ to cover the cost of hosting. This does not include electricity cost. I wonder if there are tax implications for owning mining rigs abroad. Mining pool: Mining pools are networks of computers who work together to solve the math problem that yields crypto assets like bitcoin. Joining a mining pool increases the odds of solving the equation. Go ahead and join one, just recognize they usually charge 1-4% fee on yields. Slushpool is the oldest one and F2Pool is the largest mining pool. Finally, connect the rig with your crypto wallet and watch the crypto pile up as you sleep. Is bitcoin mining profitable?The answer is it depends. Meltem Demirors, a former corporate treasury analyst at ExxonMobil turned investor and Chief Strategy Officer of Coinshares shares the details of her bitcoin mining experience with Compass. Let’s dig in. Figure 1: Meltem Demiror’s bitcoin mining performance sourced from TwitterRevenue: Meltem averaged 0.0006 bitcoin mined per day (0.0331 bitcoin / 55 days) from Feb to March 2021. If this holds steady for a year, she would mine 0.22 bitcoins. The value of the yield would vary with the price.Figure 2: Estimated bitcoin mining yield at different bitcoin pricesAt high bitcoin prices, the mining rig pays for itself in less than a year. That said, there is a growing sense that this bitcoin bull market could be drawing to a close. Pantera Capital produces a monthly price outlook for bitcoin. Their forecasts have performed well versus actual. They have a view that the bitcoin bull market could end by December 2021, certainly over before December 2022. Turns out, when you start bitcoin mining could have a significant impact on the payback period. Figure 3: Monthly bitcoin miner revenue sourced from GlassnodeBitcoin miners earned a record $1.6B revenue in March 2021 up 5x from September 2020. Monthly revenue is highly variable. It is influenced by the price of bitcoin and size of the reward.About 18.5 million bitcoin have been mined out of a total 21 million bitcoins available. Every 10 minutes, miners confirm one block of bitcoin transactions. The reward is currently 6.25 bitcoins. Every 4 years, the size of the reward is halved. Therefore, bitcoin mining is expected to continue through 2140. The most recent halvening occurred in May 2020. Miners achieved record revenues despite the halvening because the price of bitcoin increased to sufficiently cover the reduced reward. Hardware: Meltem is mining bitcoin using a Bitmain S19 mining rig. These are some of the most popular and efficient mining rigs. High demand for mining rigs has run up the price. Computer chip manufacturers simply can’t keep up the pace with demand. This has led to the unusual scenario that the resale value of the mining rig is higher than the initial upfront cost. A flood of new high power mining equipment is estimated to be delivered in November 2021 and January 2022. This may push down the resale value and bitcoin yield.Costs: There are 3 key sets of costs to bear in mind: electricity costs, hosting fees and mining pool commission. Electricity: Compass has a range of hosting facilities with access to low-cost electricity prices ($0.04 to 0.065 per kwh). This is more than 50% lower than residential rates in the US. The selection of an energy efficient mining rig and operating system could also help manage consumption. Some miners like Meltem are concerned about the environmental impact of their activity. They choose to offset their carbon impact by buying carbon credits. Carbon credits work by providing lower carbon solutions ex modern cooking stoves for women in India who would otherwise be using firewood. This is an optional additional expense to keep in mind. Hosting: Compass charges about $160 per month for operating, maintaining and housing your mining rig. Customers sign a 1-year hosting contract.Mining pool: Participating in a mining pool would significantly increase the odds of earning bitcoin. The cost ranges from 1 to 4% and mining pools have a variety of payout mechanisms. VerdictBitcoin mining is not just about minting bitcoin. It strengthens the bitcoin network. Additionally, becoming a miner is an education in itself. It would push one to dive deeper into the industry. The returns from bitcoin mining are highly variable. Many have argued that it is better to simply purchase bitcoin instead of going through all the hassle. If Meltem had invested $7,500 in bitcoin on February 1st instead of becoming a miner, she would have acquired 0.22 BTC (1 bitcoin = $33k). That purchase would now be worth $13,200 (1 bitcoin = $60k). But this is just a snapshot. Meltem’s set-up provides her with an engine that could churn out 0.22 bitcoins per year. Over the course of 2 years she could earn 0.44 BTC. If you are bullish on the price of bitcoin and have a long-term price target greater than $100k+ then mining might not be an unattractive target (0.44BTC = $44k+ at $100k bitcoin price) OpportunitiesI think Compass has done a great job simplifying the mining process. They are able to reach people who would otherwise not have considered mining. I am not aware of a direct competitor at scale. Increased competition could drive down the hosting fees and increase miner profitability. The upfront capital required is a stumbling block for some potential customers. I think Compass could take the democratization of mining one step further and let customers purchase fractions of a mining rig. This could lower the barrier of entry and experimentation from $6k mining to $1k. The trouble, however, is that owners would need to be aligned on how to dispose of a mining rig. I think Compass could also do a better job helping customers understand the tax implications of mining. It would be helpful to understand if there are implications from owning a mining rig outside of the US. Additionally, it would be helpful to understand if customers could write off the mining investment and operating cost. This could change the equation. Lastly, would-be customers who are not ready to proceed with mining directly could consider investing in publicly traded mining companies like Marathon Patent Group, Riot Blockchain and Hive Blockchain. These stocks tend to move with the price of bitcoin. This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit afolabio.substack.com

This week, I have been reflecting on the journey so far. I did not start out with the intention of creating a newsletter or a podcast. Rather, my goal was to learn more about crypto. Then it evolved to sharing my learnings with others curious about the space. Lately, I have been considering how best I might serve you. One reader suggested more actionable insights while another asked for more brevity. I am going to be experimenting with the format over the next several weeks beginning with this episode. Today, I am shortening the news stories followed by one longer piece with actionable insight. Please let me know what you think.  News1.     Fidelity wants to launch Bitcoin ETFFidelity Investments has applied to the SEC to launch a bitcoin ETF. Since 2013, dozens of firms have tried to launch bitcoin ETFs – none have been successful.Fidelity is the highest brow company to throw it’s hat in the ring. It is one of the largest asset managers in the world with almost $5T assets under management. Fidelity has an army of experienced lawyers and a deep understanding of SEC. If Fidelity is successful it would be a big step in taking bitcoin mainstream. That said, it would almost seem unfair to the bitcoin pioneers who have spent almost a decade knocking on the SEC’s doors. 2.     Goldman Sachs goes bitcoinGoldman Sachs has applied for an ETF with an option to invest in BitcoinThe bank is also offering payouts on notes linked to performance of ETFs that track bitcoin. This is way for the bank to enable its customers gain exposure to bitcoin without directly holding the asset.Additionally, Goldman Sachs recently relaunched its cryptocurrency trading desk.In the past couple weeks, we have reported moves by Morgan Stanley, JP Morgan and BNY Mellon. These are not mere coincidences. Rather, it is an unmistakable pattern of Wall Street’s growing acceptance of bitcoin. 3.     FTX wins naming rights to Miami Heat’s stadiumFTX will replace American Airlines as the naming sponsor of Miami Heat basketball team’s stadium by bidding $135M for a 19-year contract. FTX is a cryptocurrency derivatives exchange founded by 28-year old Sam Bankman-Fried who reportedly has a net worth approaching $10BMiami Heat is one of the most recognizable sport team’s in North America. Mayor Saurez wants to make the city a leading center for crypto and blockchain developments. The FTX arena puts Miami and crypto squarely on the map. 4.     Ripple XRPMany central banks are developing digital currencies. The underlying technology is similar to that used for cryptocurrencies. Ripple contends that central banks are focused on domestic use cases and are not collaborating to ensure interoperability. They propose XRP could provide efficient solution. The trouble is that Ripple has mired in legal disputes with the SEC to since Dec 2020. It remains to be seen whether central banks will bite while the lawsuit is in session. I doubt it. That said, speculators have started buying XRP in the hopes that the price will soar in the future. Stay tuned. 5.     Uniswap launches version 3Uniswap is a leading decentralized exchange. Coinbase is the largest centralized crypto exchange in the US. Last year, Uniswap surpassed Coinbase in trading volume. Yet, Uniswap only has 13 employees while Coinbase has over 1,200 employees. I love the decentralized Uniswap will be launching version 3 on May 5. This new version has concentrated liquidity, new fee structure and more flexibility.   ExploreEarn high interest savingsBanks proudly advertise high interest savings accounts with 0 – 0.6% annual interest per year. It’s a joke because US inflation has averaged 2% over the past several years. Unfortunately, funds saved in these accounts are steadily losing value like clockwork. Fortunately, there are some other options. BlockFi, Nexo and Celsius are like the crypto equivalent of banks. These institutions receive deposits, pay out interest and provide loans for digital currencies. It’s possible to earn 2-10% annual interest on deposits. They simply blow bank interest rates out of the water. It’s not even close. Let’s dig in. There are 3 types of digital currencies: cryptocurrenices, stablecoins, and Central Bank-backed digital currencies. Cryptocurrencies are created and transmitted using blockchain. Their values are set by supply and demand.  Stablecoins are pegged to another commodity such as the US dollar. Unlike cryptocurrencies, the exchange value of stablecoins is fixed. Tether (USDT) and USDC are the two largest stablecoins pegged to the US dollar. Central Bank-backed digital currency (CBDCs) are legal tenders that exist only in digital form. The value is influenced by national monetary policy. BlockFi, Nexo and Celsius offer high-interest savings accounts for cryptocurrencies and stablecoins. Some consumers are exchanging some of their fiat savings with stablecoins in order to earn 2-10% annual interest. Would be converts should recognize that unlike banks these institutions are not yet FDIC insured. This means that if they were to fail, there is no recourse to getting funds back. On the other hand, deposits at traditional banks are insured up to $250,000. I am deliberately focusing on stablecoins recognizing that you might be at an early stage on your digital assets journey. Stablecoins provide an easy on-ramp. So how can these crypto banks afford to pay high interest rates?These companies generate interest on deposits by lending them to institutional or corporate customers. Crypto assets are lent in over-collaterized fashion. That’s all this week. Let me know what if you experiment with these high interest savings account. As always, I appreciate your feedback. This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit afolabio.substack.com

Welcome to the 5x5 Crypto podcast. Each week, we cover the “so what’ of 5 key crypto stories in about 5 minutes. My name is Afo and I’m interested in crypto. I think you’ll enjoy this week’s episode. Like and subscribe on iTunes, Spotify, and Substack. Let’s go!The 15th of March aka The Ides of March are best known as the day that Julius Caesar was assassinated. What I did not know until recently, is it’s the traditional deadline for Romans to settle their debts. I was thinking about this as I read stories of early bitcoin investors who have paid off mortgages, student loans and basically achieved financial independence. I hope you achieve your goals too. This week, the news ranges from the bizarre to the thought provoking. Let’s go. NYC man sells fart for $85Yes, you heard that right. And frankly, that could have been you. Alex Ramirez-Mallis, a 36 year old Brooklyn artist and his friends, recorded the sound of their farts every day for a year They are selling each fart sound as an NFT for $85. Fans are also bidding on the entire year long collection and the highest bid is currently $183. So what?So Alex did not originally intend to sell his (sniff) farts. It’s actually kind of a protest. He finds the current NFT craze absurd and is frustrated that the buzz is more about price tags than creativity. Look, I can see how the current hype could feel like a bubble. The price tags are astronomical and NFTs are everywhere. There are two things to keep in mindCollectors will always collect. They buy original art pieces then store them behind Matrix like security. Some collectors only care about appreciation. This is not new. This is not going to change. Sorry Alex. If NFTs were in place 500 years ago, then Leonardo da Vinci and his heirs would have gotten a slice of the pie every time one of his masterpieces was sold. Instead, when a Saudi prince bought one of his paintings for almost $0.5B, all of the spoils went to the collector. NFTs enable creatives to get their fair share. They are here to stay. Morgan Stanley goes cryptoMorgan Stanley wealth management is enabling its customers to invest in bitcoinHowever, it’s only limited to individuals with $2M assets at the bank or corporations with $5MSo what?This is a big deal because Morgan Stanley is the first major bank to do this. Last week, we talked about how JP Morgan was creating an index to mimic bitcoin exposure. It’s clear that there is demand from clients. Expect more banks to follow suit. That said, I’m kinda frustrated that it is limited to only high net worth individuals. Many of the best investment opportunities have a high minimum of $100k or more. Whereas you could start with bitcoin with as little as $5. Fortunately, regular folks could get started using CashApp, OKCoin, Swan Bitcoin or one of other options. Taking a step back, Morgan Stanley has been making steady moves in this direction. Last year, they acquired 10% of MicroStrategy which is one of the largest corporate holders of bitcoin. This weekend, it was rumoured that Morgan Stanley was trying to acquire South Korea’s largest cryptocurrency exchange. Stay tuned. The promise of decentralized insuranceA study by Accenture found that 65% of insurance executives believe that they must adopt distributed ledger technology in order to remain competitive. So what?It is important to keep in mind that there is a lot more to crypto than bitcoin. Decentralized insurance is just one of the many applications that could one day have billions of users.McKinsey estimates the global insurance industry is valued at about $5 trillion, that’s equivalent to a quarter of the US GDP. The growing middle class in developing countries is driving growth as they seek coverage for their health and property as their purchasing power expands. The insurance industry is ripe for disruption: payouts are often slow and transparency is limited. Decentralized insurance utilizing smart contracts could expand access, lower costs and speed up payouts.So who are the winners? It’s still early days. Nexus Mutual is one of the companies to watch. The 3-year old company now has over $300M total value locked. There’s definitely more to come. Kentucky wants bitcoin miningKentucky’s state legislators overwhelmingly voted in favor of passing 2 laws aimed at attracting more bitcoin mining to the stateMiners won’t have to pay 6% sales taxes nor 6% excise taxes on their rigs' electric bills and mining equipment So what?The cost of electricity is the biggest driver of bitcoin mining operating costs. Kentucky already has some of the lowest electricity prices in the country, the tax breaks make it even more attractive.According to the EIA, 71% of Kentucky’s energy is sourced from coal. An increase in bitcoin mining in Kentucky would likely increase the carbon impact of the cryptocurrency. Hmmnn. Is this what we want to do?Taking a step back, we have seen an uptick in cities, states and countries competing to lure in tech companies. Amazon’s search for it’s second headquarters and Miami’s ongoing overtures to crypto companies are great examples.Source: US Energy Information Administration (EIA), November 2020Watch list: Upcoming crypto IPOs Coinbase delays IPO to April 2021: direct listing on Nasdaq for the largest US-based crypto exchange with 43M users is expected to be valued at $70-100BKrakken aiming to IPO in 2022: US-based company is considering a direct listing on Nasdaq in 2022, the crypto exchange has more than 5 million users. Expected to be valued around $10-$20B. eToro IPO in 2021: Israel-based firm is going public by SPAC IPO, eToro provides customers to purchases stocks and cryptocurrencies through its exchange. Expected to be valued around $10B.Northern Data AG in 2021: Germany-based company claims to be biggest bitcoin miner. It is considering issuing shares on Nasdaq to raise about $500M This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit afolabio.substack.com

Hey, so I am trying something new. I have been reading books as I’ve been going down the crypto rabbit hole. Figured it might be helpful to share some key takeaways and guidance if you are also on this journey. Today, I'll be providing a quick book review of Bitcoin & Black America by Isaiah Jackson. Summary: What would you do if a stranger knocked down your door and stole a little money each month?Isaiah Jackson says most people sit by and let inflation steal their hard earned savings. He argues bitcoin is one way to fight back. Black America is particularly vulnerable. The net worth of a typical black family is about 10% of a typical white family. The FDIC found that 32% of Black Americans are underbanked. Older African Americans in particular have deeper distrust given banks long and recent history of discrimination. For example, in 2012, Wells Fargo paid $175M for charging black and Hispanic customers higher mortgage interest rates than similarly qualified white customers. Isaiah shares his own “Come to Bitcoin” story and his passion for crypto evangelism. He argues that Black America has more to gain from embracing digital currency and decentralized finance (DeFi). For example, race is not a factor when obtaining credit from DeFi. He lays out how individuals, professionals, business owners, churches, HBCUs etc. can get involved. He also highlights a ton of people and organizations who are developing programs and capabilities for digital currency economy. For example, there’s a summer camp in North Carolina that teaches school-aged children about crypto. Review: Bitcoin & Black America is an easy to read. This stands out in a good way in a sea full of technical jargon and weird terminology. This was the third crypto book I bought but it was the first I finished. Props to the author for making this topic more accessible. He highlights a lot of people and companies from a wide variety of backgrounds who are embracing and driving crypto forward. I enjoyed learning these stories and finding new people and projects to follow. While the book is easy to read, at times, it wasn’t the most enjoyable. This is because I’m partial to a story with a good plot twist. Parts of this book feel like a reference book. This isn’t a bad thing, it’s actually quite helpful. Just mange your expectations.  Overall, I think it’s a good book to read if you want a new perspective or if you are new to crypto. For more information, check out Isaiah on Twitter: @BitcoinZay Next bookI have a couple books lined up next. Let me know if you have any recommendations or want to join the crypto reading club. Have a great week! This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit afolabio.substack.com

Welcome to the 5x5 Crypto podcast. Each week, we cover the “so what’ of 5 key crypto stories in about 5 minutes. My name is Afo and I’m interested in crypto. I think you’ll enjoy this week’s episode. Like and subscribe on iTunes, Spotify, and Substack. Let’s go!Ladies and gentleman, it’s finally here. Tomorrow is pi-day. One of my newer traditions is to gorge myself with a variety of pies every 14th of March. I hope you celebrate too. Hopefully we don’t blow up like NFTs have this week. Let’s dive in. NFTs are blowing upChristie’s auctioned 5,000 digital art pieces by Beeple for a record $69M, this is the third highest sale by a living artist So what?You might have only just heard about NFTs but they have been around since 2012. Like many innovations that seem like an overnight success, the current NFT digital art buzz has been years in the making. Beeple, the artist who is now $69M richer, had created one digital art piece everyday for the past 13 years. There are no shortcuts. I’m inspired by his consistency in honing his craft. The fact that Christie’s, the venerable 255 year old British auction house, hosted the sale speaks to the inroads NFTs have made into high end art scene. NFTs will likely prove to be a key gateway for folks to engage with the crypto universe. So the big question is what next? I’m not sure. Beeple’s success will draw more creatives into NFTs. Collectors will also pile in. The NFL is not far behind and I bet companies like Disney and Marvel are figuring out how to play in this new world. Who are the winners? I think the Winklevoss Twins are well positioned to do well. They own Nifty Gateway which is one of the leading marketplaces for NFTs. Some analysts now estimate this company is now valued at $1B. This is one of the 5,000 digital works of art that sold for $69M Binance launches app for merchant paymentsBinance Pay is an app that enables person-to-person payments along the lines of Venmo for crypto. The news is that, it now enables users to pay merchants using the app. For some background - Binance is the world’s biggest crypto exchange, yes bigger than Coinbase. It was founded in China and has significant market share in Asia-Pacific. It also has a US subsidiary that is quite popular too.Although Binance Pay supports 30 currencies including euros, Brazilian Real and Bitcoin, it is NOT available in the US. Boohoo!So what?McKinsey estimates the global payments revenue in 2020 was $2.1 trillion. Banks account for about 38% of this revenue with the rest accruing to payment providers and FinTechs. Jeff Bezos famously remarked that “your margin is my opportunity”. Crypto enabled payments are faster and cheaper than traditional payments. This year, PayPal plans to enable its 26 million merchants to accept cryptocurrencies. Binance Pay is positioned to handle both fiat and crypto currencies too.The race is on to provide the pipelines for the future of payments. Banks beware. Aker to set up bitcoin companyAker is a Norwegian conglomerate with over $5B annual revenue from oil & gas, maritime, and other business unitsAker is forming a new company, Seetee, to invest in bitcoin and other blockchain projects So what?Kjell Rokke, the CEO and majority shareholder of Aker, wrote a 24-page announcement sharing his reasoning and aspirationsKjell shared that he regrets not being an early investor in internet businesses two decades ago. He expects crypto and blockchain applications are another opportunity to reimagine industries. He wants in. I was excited by the thoughtfulness and vulnerability of Kjell’s long letter. I think there are great opportunities to build solutions that leverage Aker’s existing expertise. Additionally, I’m inspired by a 62-year old who wants to keep learning and dive deep into a whole new space. JP Morgan to launch fund with indirect bitcoin exposure The new fund is a basket of 10 companies stocks with some exposure to cryptocurrency. It includes MicroStrategy which holds about $5.5B of bitcoin and PayPal which is committed to supporting crypto paymentsSo what?The Winklevoss twins of Facebook infamy were the first to propose a bitcoin ETF in 2013. They were not approved. There have been many applications since which the SEC has similarly not approved. A bitcoin ETF would enable investors to access bitcoin like a stock.In lieu of a bitcoin ETF, JP Morgan has proposed an investment offering made up of a basket of companies with bitcoin exposure. The idea is that the performance of these companies would move in sync with bitcoin. This could prove attractive to investors curious about bitcoin but unable or unwilling to invest it.I am not convinced that this basket approach will be as sensitive to the price of bitcoin as some investors may hope. For instance, while NVIDIA produces chips used in bitcoin mining, it is not a big driver of the company’s revenue and share price. The same could be said for many companies on the list. Buyer beware.[Investors might be better served by going straight to a company with direct exposure. Argo is a bitcoin miner listed on the London Stock Exchange]Argo acquires 320 acres in West TexasArgo Blockchain, a publicly traded bitcoin miner, has completed the acquisition of 320 acres in West Texas to build a 200MW mining facility in the next 12 months So what?Bitcoin miners run computers to rapidly solve difficult math problems. It’s a relatively low margin business, thus, miners aim to minimize their costs. West Texas has some of the most abundant and low-cost supplies of electricity. Argo is committed to powering its mining operations with sustainable energy. It primarily uses hydroelectric supplies for its mines. In West Texas, Argo aims to use wind energy. Much has been said about high energy consumption associated with bitcoin mining. Argo’s operations are an example of low carbon bitcoin mining. Meanwhile, Kentucky, one of the leading coal-producing states in the US, is considering new laws to give bitcoin miners tax breaksIn general, I think miners like other businesses, will seek to minimize costs by using the cheapest energy available. It is up to government and policy makers to put in place carbon taxes or other measures to incentivize the use of low carbon solutions. This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit afolabio.substack.com

Welcome to the 5x5 Crypto podcast. Each week, we cover the “so what’ of 5 key crypto stories in about 5 minutes. My name is Afo and I’m interested in crypto. I think you’ll enjoy this week’s episode. Like and subscribe on iTunes, Spotify, and Substack. Let’s go!This year has been flying by. Can’t believe its already one week to pi day. I’m looking forward to some good shepherds pie, key lime pie, and Patti LaBelle’s sweet potato pie…hmm. But that’s not why we are here. Crypto. This week did not disappoint. NFTs are still booming, corporates are making moves and bitcoin mining is under pressure. Let’s dive in. Pay with cryptoRakuten launches a cryptocurrency that enables users to pay within their ecosystem Customers can earn rewards tooSo what?One of the biggest criticisms of cryptocurrencies is the inability to pay for regular expenses like rent, utilities, and groceries. To be clear, it’s possible but not easy. I know of a guy who lived off bitcoin for 3 years in San Francisco. That’s a different story. Rakuten is often called the “Amazon of Japan”. The company serves over 1 billion people across 30 countries. The conglomerate includes a range of businesses including the largest e-commerce site in JapanRakuten is launching Rakuten Cash, a cryptocurrency that can be obtained for free by exchanging bitcoin or other cryptocurrencies. This enables users to essentially shop across Rakuten with cryptocurrencies. I am excited to see how much traction this gets. I bet other platform companies like Amazon and Apple are paying attention but they would need to tread carefully given how the Facebook-backed Libra (now called Diem) project fared. PayPal deepens crypto ambitions PayPal is creating a new business unit focused on crypto and digital currenciesPayPal is reportedly acquiring a Curv, a crypto custodian So what?PayPal wants to become a SuperApp. Enabling users to pay, however, they want is a big part of that. The company also recognizes efficiencies from using cryptocurrencies. Last year, PayPal enabled its US users to buy and hold bitcoin and a few other cryptocurrencies using their app. This year, they will extend that offering to a greater share of its 346 million users while also enabling its 26 million merchants to receive cryptocurrency paymentsThe purchase of a crypto custodian like Curv would position PayPal to offer more crypto services while driving down the costs of operationsWe should expect more activity as PayPal builds out the new crypto business unit China bitcoin mining down; Canadian Bitfarms bought 48,000 new machines and 8x production by Dec 2022; Bitcoin miners brought in record $1.36B in Feb Chinese province cracking down on energy intensive industries including bitcoin miningUS and Canadian bitcoin miners continue to investSo what?Bitcoin miners earned $1.36B in Feb 2021. High revenue helped fuel vigorous debate about high energy consumption. Inner Mongolia, a Chinese province, accounts for 8% of global bitcoin production. The local government has banned new projects and is shutting down existing ones in April. The local government is also taking a look at other high consumption industries like steel production. That said, bitcoin mining is a lot more mobile than steel, so it makes to focus on that first. Meanwhile, US and Canadian bitcoin miners continue to expand. We have previously new projects in West Texas and now Bitfarms is buying 48,000 new machines to 8x its production capacity by next Christmas. In a reversal of manufacturing trends, we could see more bitcoin mining migrate from the East to the West. Let’s see. Brave is launching searchBrave is the privacy-first web browser. This week, it announced plan to launch search in the first half of 2021. So what?Brave was launched in 2019 by one of the co-founders of Mozilla. It is ad free web browser that loads 60% faster than Chrome. One of the cool things, is that Brave allows you to opt into watching ads and earn BAT - Brave’s cryptocurrency. Additionally, you can also tip some participating websites in BAT. I am a power user of Wikipedia and you know how they run campaigns asking for donations. Honestly, I think I tried to contribute at least once but not sure if I finished the transaction. That said, I would be much more inclined to donate to Wikipedia if I had money coming into my Brave wallet. Anyway, search is a huge business. Google has over 90% market share. If Brave can develop a competitive offering that gets traction, they could onboard millions of people onto cryptocurrencies and help usher in Web 3.0I’ve joined the waitlist. Stay tuned. NFT craze continuesKing of Leon and 3LAU launch NFT albumsJack Dorsey is auctioning the first tweet as an NFT Square buys TidalSo what?Last week, we touched on the booming NFT art market. Now it’s extending to music with the Kings of Leon selling collectible albums as NFTs. Jack Dorsey jumped into the action by auctioning off the first tweet. Last, I checked, the highest bid was $2.5M. The cool thing about NFTs is that Jack will get a slice of the pie whenever the tweet is resold. This week, Square announced it was buying Tidal with Jay Z joining Jack Dorsey and others on the board of Square. Perhaps there’s a world where Square helps musicians and other creatives issue NFTs and get their far share. Not sure how this is going to play out, but I’m curious. What do you think? This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit afolabio.substack.com

Each week, I cover the “So what?” of 5 key crypto stories in about 5 minutes. Let’s go. This week:Federal Reserve OutageMIT to strengthen bitcoinCoinbase is $100B NFT record art sale Dubai Fund sells bitcoin, buys Cardano and PolkadotFederal Reserve outage exposes single point of failureFederal Reserve Bank’s payment systems were out of service for several hours due to an operational error. The impacted services include but not limited to FedACH, FedWire, FedCash, and settlementFedACH system handles direct deposits of payroll, Social Security and income tax refunds as well as scheduled payments for mortgages and utility bills. It supported 62 million transactions a day in 2019. So what?The outage disrupted payment transactions across the economy and highlighted the single point of failure. A pattern could be emerging as FedACH had 2 disruptions in 2019. Recently, I read Sandworm by Andy Greenberg, this book helped drive home the point that the next great war might be fought in cyberspace. High traffic systems with a single point of failure built on dated technology are attractive targets. The US might be better served by a more resilient decentralized system perhaps one that leverages blockchain technology MIT to strengthen bitcoinMIT’s Digital Currency Initiative has launched a 4-year R&D effort to strengthen bitcoin security The program has been endorsed by cryptocurrency industry leadersSo what?Bitcoin ascended from an obscure project to a robust network that secures over $1 trillion in value due to millions of hours invested by open-source developers The program will contribute neutral, expert resources to improve the robustness of Bitcoin protocol and security. This could include exploring new programming languages and pre-emptive investigations against possible attacksI think this is great news particularly in light of the recent outage at the FedCoinbase releases financials ahead of $100B IPOCoinbase, the US leading digital currency exchange, is now expected to be valued over $100B at IPO In 2020, Coinbase reported $322M profit on $1.28B revenue. The company also served 43M retail investors and 7,000 institutional investors. 76% of customers are based in the US. So what?The Block Research has forecasted that Coinbase could generate $2.4B revenue in Q1 2021 alone. That’s more than 2x full year 2020 in the first quarter. IPO at $100B would make Coinbase a top 20 financial services company right below Goldman Sachs and above S&P. The data implies about 10% of Americans have a Coinbase account. It is not farfetched to anticipate the valuation rising 5-10x as adoption of digital currencies scale. Some industry observers believe Coinbase will become a trillion dollar company. Select Coinbase Financials from The Block ResearchNFTs: Beeple art sells for record $6.6M Mike Winkleman is the artist also known as Beeple. Everyday for the last 13 years he creates one piece of digital art. This week, one of those pieces was sold as an NFT for a record $6.6M.Next week, Christie’s will begin a 2-week auction of 5,000 pieces by Beeple with payments accepted in ether. So what?NFTs have been booming lately. The market size grew over 700% from $42M in 2017 to $338M at the end of 2020 according to NonFungible.com Think of NFTs as a new type of file like JPEG or MP3. NFTs are encrypted files authenticated by blockchain technology. They are not limited to art, for instance NBA Top Shot enables fans to purchase officially licensed video of key plays. NFTs are ushering a new era for creators. Leonardo da Vinci painted Salvatore Mundi which sold for $450M in 2017 setting a world record. Yet, in his lifetime, he likely was a cut or two above a starving artist. With NFTs, in the future, the creator or their estate could receive commission (~10%) upon the resale of their workBottomline: Digital Art and NBA Top Shot are opening doors for new consumers to engage with cryptocurrencies and blockchain applications Crossroads by Beeple sold for $6.6M this weekDubai fund sells $750M Bitcoin to buy Cardano and Polkadot FD7 Ventures has $1B under management; the crypto fund’s thesis is that Cardano, Polkadot and Ethereum will be the foundation of Web 3.0 So what?Investors are going beyond bitcoin. FD7’s decision highlights growing excitement about Ethereum, Cardano, and Polkadot; these blockchains support greater functionality than Bitcoin. Cardano is a third generation cryptocurrency network, it aims to improve upon Bitcoin by having faster and more secure blockchain. It is also more scalable and safe than Ethereum. There are pilot projects in Ethiopia and Tanzania leveraging Cardano to extend financial services to the unbanked. Polkadot aims be the platform for Web 3.0 by connecting a new web of decentralized blockchains. In Web 3.0, trust is built in the network, individuals have more power than corporations and governments, and people own their data. This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit afolabio.substack.com

Each week, I cover the “So what?” of 5 key crypto developments in about 5 minutes. Let’s go. Bitcoin now has a $1 trillion market capThis week the price of bitcoin soared to new highs over $56,000Adoption continues to grow as BlackRock revealed it has started “to dabble” in bitcoin. BlackRock is the world’s largest asset manager with $8.7 trillion under it’s nose. I wonder what “dabble” means to them. So what?The bigger bitcoin becomes, the more attractive it is for institutional investors with big bucks to parkBitcoin is seen as “digital gold” but it still is only a fraction of gold’s $8 trillion market cap Modern solutions tend to be much better than older technology. For example, cars can travel more than 4x as fast as horse-drawn carriages (15 mph). By extension, bitcoin is a better store of value than gold because it is has more characteristics of “hard money”. Some bulls believe that the long-term target market cap for bitcoin is 2-10x gold. If this holds true, we are still in the first innings. Expect the price of bitcoin to rise over time while going through dips and cliffs along the way. [Transition: Speaking of rising prices]Bitcoin is now trading at $80,000 in NigeriaYes, you heard that right. Bitcoin is now trading at a 36% premium in an African country where 40% of people live in poverty.How does this makes sense?Two weeks ago, the Central Bank of Nigeria banned local banks from engaging with cryptocurrency exchanges. The CBN’s rationale is that cryptocurrencies were being used for money laundering. By that extension, we should expect the CBN to also ban local banks from using the naira, dollars, pounds, euros, yen, rand…..you get the picture. Prior to the ban, Nigerians had traded over $560M worth of bitcoin from 2015 to 2020. The ban does not appear to have crushed the demand, rather, it has redirected consumers to person-to-person (P2P) exchanges like Paxful where users do not have to engage with the banking system. Demand for bitcoin in Nigeria is significantly outstripping supply, this has led to a price spike. [Transition: Now, Nigeria is not the only country grappling with crypto laws]India proposes crypto taxIndia like Nigeria is considering a ban on private cryptocurrenciesThe government is considering an 18% tax on cryptocurrency exchange commissions and an income tax on cryptocurrency transactions So what?The Indian government could implement the new taxes retroactively for the period between April 2020 and March 2021, this could be a rude surprise for traders and investors There continues to be vigorous arguments both for and against the ban; some opponents of the ban encourage the government to tax crypto instead of blocking it; it would be difficult to enforce a ban; it would likely be bypassed by person-to-person (P2P) exchanges as in Nigeria.[Nigeria is a big oil producer just like the state of Texas. That brings us to #4] Texas freeze impacts cryptoRecord low temperatures and an onslaught of snow brought Texas to its knees. Widespread power outages wreaked havoc. I know because I lived through it. We did not have power or heat for 3 days while it was 12F (-11C) outside. Not fun. So what?West Texas is an emerging destination for cryptocurrency mining. Miners’ profitability likely plummeted as the price of electricity skyrocketed with surging power demand. Probably made sense to halt mining. Good news is that wind energy proved to be the most resilient piece of Texas power infrastructure. This would be encouraging for the bitcoin miners who recently signed agreements with wind energy producers. Expect more to follow suit. We were already in the midst of a global chip shortage when Austin-based manufacturers like Samsung, Infineon, and NXP shut down production. Chips are used by cryptocurrency miners and there’s increasing competition from computers, gaming, and car manufacturers. The Texas freeze could drive up chip prices. [Transition: This week, NVIDIA announced it is developing chips for ethereum mining only; ethereum is the basis for many DeFi protocols]Bitwise launches first DeFi ETF Bitwise, creator of the largest crypto index fund, has now launched a DeFi index fundSo what?Interest in decentralized finance (DeFi) is booming with $39B total value locked up, up from $1.2B last year; this week Uniswap became the first decentralized exchange (DEX) to reach $100B volumeDeFi enables users to access a range of financial services peer-to-peer using blockchain and cryptoassets rather than legacy systems. Financial services could include trading, loans, interest accounts and much more. I am increasingly excited about the potential for DeFi to drive greater inclusion and better products in Africa and other developing regions. This new ETF enabled retail investors participate in the emergence of this new category This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit afolabio.substack.com

Nigerians go gaga over education. Parents strain to send their children to the best schools possible to give them an edge in a country plagued by rampant unemployment. About 15 years ago, my mum told me about her friends who were sending their teenagers to boarding school in Kenya. The school had a track record of churning out MIT and Oxford graduates who blossomed into government ministers and captains of industry. The school sounded ritzy and getting there would cost a pretty penny. Our family friends had to fly from Lagos to London then switch over to another flight from London to Nairobi. It blew my mind that the safest path to travel across Africa from Nigeria to Kenya was through Europe. They repeated this long and expensive journey multiple times a year until each child completed high school. Surely, there had to be a better way! Traditional cross-border payments are also equally expensive and circuitous. If my mom’s friend, Mrs Ade, wanted to pay her children’s tuition, the payments would similarly travel the world just to cross the continent. Mrs Ade would initiate the transaction in Lagos with her local bank, Access Bank, who would charge a service fee. Access Bank would transfer the funds to their US-based correspondent bank to convert naira to dollars. This correspondent bank would charge a 4-6% fee for foreign exchange before passing the funds onto the correspondent bank of the receiving bank in Kenya. The second correspondent bank, again likely US-based, would charge another 4-6% fee to convert the dollars to Kenyan shillings. Finally, the second correspondent bank would transfer the Kenyan shillings to the receiving bank in Nairobi. This whole process is expensive (up to 10+%) and long (3+ days). Surely, there had to be a better way! A number of FinTechs such as TransferWise have emerged to disrupt this inefficient system. They offer faster (usually 2 hours) and cheaper service. TransferWise maintains bank accounts in countries across the world. Money is never transferred across borders. Mrs Ade would pay her children’s tuition in naira into TransferWise’s Nigeria account and then TransferWise would pay out the equivalent amount of Kenyan Shillings in Nairobi a few hours later. This system depends on a large network of users providing a steady flow of funds in and out TransferWise’s accounts. Transfers of large amounts of funds on low traffic payment corridors run the risk of delays if TransferWise’s local bank account is insufficiently stocked. While this system is a step up from the traditional cross-border payments, there is still room for improvement.What if I told you that there was a solution which enabled cross-border transfers in less than 10 minutes and more than 50% cheaper than leading FinTech solutions like TransferWise? Blockchain enabled solutions like Strike by Zap and Send Cash Africa provide this level of service. Here’s how it would work. Mrs Ade initiates the fund transfer on a mobile wallet. Strike instantly exchanges the naira for bitcoin and then bitcoin for Kenyan shillings. Send Cash Africa goes the extra mile and directly deposits the funds in the school’s bank account in Kenya. The volatile price of bitcoin raises concerns that value could be lost during the transfer. Strike mitigates this risk by using the Lightning Network to process the payments in almost real-time. In fact, there’s often an arbitrage opportunity across markets such that the exchange rate is more advantageous than directly exchanging fiat currency. Each year trillions of dollars are transferred across borders. These transfers run the gamut from consumer to business (C2B) like Mrs Ade through business to business (B2B) like British Airways ordering jets from Boeing. Remittances or person-to-person transfers are a lifeline for many families. Migrants scrimp and save to send funds home to pay for medicine, school, and general upkeep of loved ones. Reducing transfer costs lowers the burden on their shoulders. Blockchain based solutions whether they use cryptocurrency or stablecoins can drive significant efficiencies. Let’s get to it! This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit afolabio.substack.com

Each week, I cover the “so what?” of 5 crypto news stories in about 5 minutes. What a week! In the past 5 days, crypto news has been on freaking overdrive. But I’ve filtered and done some research so let’s go. What do Tesla, BNY Mellon, and MasterCard have in common?This week, they all made major commitments to digital currency The big news this week was Tesla invested $1.5B into bitcoin; the car company is open to selling cars for bitcoinBNY Mellon, one of the oldest banks in the US; random fact it was founded by Alexander Hamilton and Aaron Burr, is going to custody cryptocurrency later this yearMasterCard is going to support digital currency payments, likely via stablecoinsSo what?So you are gonna buy a Tesla with 2 bitcoin? I don’t think so. Maybe if you are a bitcoin OG with tons of coins just lying around. But if you a mere mortal with more humble assets, you are probably better off #HODLingMuch of the Twitter hype focused on Tesla but lets be real, Tesla is a disruptor, are we really surprised? Now BNY Mellon is said to be a very conservative bank. They also do business with a lot of traditional banks who will be watching and learning from their experience. I think stablecoins are poised to play a bigger role as a medium of exchange. Gaming, trade and remittances are key use cases. I think MasterCard is taking a path that makes sense for their business and frankly more palatable to risk averse banks. First bitcoin ETF in North America is approvedCanadian regulators approved the first exchange traded fund (ETF) that will track the price of bitcoinRemember that, ETFs can be bought and sold like stocks on apps like Robinhood and FidelitySo what?This is important because ETFs would give retail investors an easy path to bitcoin exposure without having to create new crypto exchange accountsETFs tend to be winner take all. For example, there are 31 gold ETFs, however, the top 2 account for 75% of the $130B market cap. The race is on to become the dominant bitcoin ETFs. This move could increase the likelihood that the SEC would approve a US-based bitcoin ETF. Stay tuned!Fed paper says DeFi is a paradigm shift The Federal Reserve (read: US central bank if you are not a yank) shared a paper concluding that decentralized finance (DeFi) could be “a paradigm shift” and contribute to a more robust, open, and transparent financial infrastructure.So what?DeFi has been having a moment lately with high praise from the Fed and the likes of Mark Cuban. Expect interest to grow as new crypto converts seek to go beyond bitcoin to check out DeFi projects like AaveNonetheless, it is not all sunshine, rainbows and unicorns. The paper also outlines three risks to DeFi(i) Smart contract risk: Last year, over $100M was lost to DeFi hacks. Hacks mostly happened due to coding errors when writing smart contracts. (ii) Operational security risk: DeFi staff could be bribed into letting bad actors gain access to project admin keys and compromise smart contracts; this could be mitigated by multi-signature controls by a large group(iii) Interdependencies: Many blockchains and projects interact with each other. This means that a failure in one area could have a ripple effect. JayZ & Jack Dorsey launch bitcoin non-profitDonating 500 Bitcoins - currently valued at $23M - to establish ₿trust endowment to fund bitcoin development in Africa and IndiaSo what?Africa and India have over for 2 billion people with more than 50% of them under the age of 25. This young and increasingly internet savvy population could propel cryptocurrency usage if adopted en masse One challenge is that there is rising government opposition with Nigeria and India banning or considering banning banks from engaging with cryptocurrency. ₿trust aims to advance the development of bitcoin as internet’s money by giving grants to local developers and projects advancing bitcoin. Stay tuned!More Bitcoin mining headed to Texas! Argo is buying 320 acres in West Texas to build a 200MW data center for bitcoin mining in the next 12 months. The land was acquired for $17.5M and mining facility to be built with an investment of $100M. There is room to expand up to 800MW. So what?There is an ongoing debate about bitcoin mining’s energy consumption and environmental impact. West Texas is a hot destination for bitcoin mining because it has some of the world’s cheapest and most abundant supplies of wind, solar, natural gas and oil. Argo’s project could leverage the region’s cheap wind energy and deregulated power market to achieve lower costs and higher profitsBut there is a catch. Bitcoin mining produces a lot of heat and in this case, it will be compounded by the steamy desert heat of West Texas. Argo may need to develop innovative cooling technology to sustain operations. This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit afolabio.substack.com