Podcasts about prostaglandins

A powerful ancient remedy is gaining modern attention, and it's as simple as drinking clove water before bed. Studies suggest it might improve digestion, support immunity, and even help you sleep better! Curious how? Let's dive in! We'll explore the science-backed reasons why clove water is a nighttime game-changer, how to make it, and precautions to take.  What Is Clove Water and Why at Night? What is clove water? Made by steeping cloves in water to extract active compounds like eugenol, flavonoids, and tannins. Why at night? Optimal absorption: The body focuses on repair and recovery during sleep, allowing active compounds to work effectively. Evening consumption aids digestion after your last meal and preps the body for restful sleep.

The internet is panicking that seed oils cause inflammation and disease. Yet, they're everywhere. Canola, sunflower, safflower oil - these are all seed oils. So why is there so much fear? And are any of the accusations true? In this episode, we unpack the science of seed oils. With Professor Sarah Berry's expertise, we simplify what seed oils are, what the latest science says and why countless videos online say they're toxic.  Sarah Berry is a professor in the Department of Nutritional Sciences at King's College London and Chief Scientist at ZOE. She reveals the surprising truth about seed oils and tips to navigate a world full of them.

Humans have had an insatiable appetite for inhibiting production of prostaglandins for centuries! This series delves into the history of aspirin and NSAIDs, looking at the understanding of the prostaglandin pathway. ·       Intro 0:12 ·       In this episode 0:23 ·       What are NSAIDs? 0:53 ·       Prostaglandins 5:50 ·       What are prostaglandins? 7:19 ·       Where do prostaglandins come from? 8:45 ·       So, what do we do with prostaglandins? 13:15 ·       How did they figure out prostaglandins? 13:55 ·       Naming the prostaglandin 21:25 ·       Phospholipids 24:46 ·       Arachidonic acid 25:28 ·       Arachidonic acid into prostaglandins: how do you prove it? 26:32 ·       How does arachidonic acid turn into prostaglandins? 27:27 ·       Cyclo-oxygenase 28:36 ·       mRNA and COX-2 32:50 ·       On the next episode 35:55 ·       Summary 36:38 ·       Thanks for listening 37:49 Disclosures: Brown reports no relevant financial disclosures. We'd love to hear from you! Send your comments/questions to Dr. Brown at rheuminationspodcast@healio.com. Follow us on Twitter @HRheuminations @AdamJBrownMD @HealioRheum. References: Botting RM. Pharmacol Rep. 2010;doi:10.1016/s1734-1140(10)70308-x. Flower RJ. Br J Pharmacol. 2006;doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706506. Flower RJ. Br J Pharmacol. 2019;doi:10.1111/bph.14588. Kurzrok R, et al. Exp Biol Med. 1930;doi:10.3181/00379727-28-5265. https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1970/euler/biographical/. von Euler US. J Physiol. 1936;doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1936.sp003433.

In this episode, Dr. Shannon and Doula Rachael discuss key pregnancy hormones and their roles in conception, pregnancy, and labor. They emphasize the importance of honoring and understanding these hormones to support a healthy and empowered pregnancy journey. The hormones discussed include relaxin, HCG, estrogen, oxytocin, progesterone, and prolactin. This conversation explores the role of hormones in pregnancy and childbirth. It covers topics such as nighttime feedings and their impact on ovulation, the hormones involved in labor, the role of prostaglandins in cervical softening, the signaling of the baby for birth, the importance of oxytocin in labor, and the role of endorphins in pain relief. It also discusses the impact of cortisol and adrenaline on labor, and provides tips for supporting healthy hormones through sleep, movement, and nutrition. The conversation concludes with recommendations for additional resources on hormones.Resources mentioned in episode:Hormone Intelligence by Dr, Aviva RommBooks by Lily NicholsTaking Charge of Your Fertility by Toni WeschlerThe First 40 Days by Heng OuChapters:00:00 Introduction and Honoring Hormones05:50 Relaxin08:08 HCG (Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin)09:59 Estrogen11:40 Oxytocin14:03 Progesterone16:00 Prolactin16:28 Nighttime Feedings and Ovulation18:04 Prostaglandins and Cervical Softening19:20 Baby Signaling and Due Dates20:16 Oxytocin and Labor21:39 Supporting Oxytocin Flow22:37 Endorphins and Pain Relief23:06 Transition and Intensity of Labor24:06 Cortisol and Adrenaline in Labor25:38 Supporting Hormones through Sleep, Movement, and Nutrition27:45 Chiropractic Care and Nervous System Function29:54 Additional Resources for Learning about HormonesSupport the showWant to show your support? Want to help us continue doing this important and impactful work: Support the Show (we greatly appreciate it!)Don't miss new episodes: Join the Aligned Birth CommunityInstagram: Aligned Birth Email: alignedbirthpodcast@gmail.com Find us online:Sunrise Chiropractic and Wellness North Atlanta Birth Services Editing: Godfrey SoundMusic: "Freedom” by RoaDisclaimer: The information shared, obtained, and discussed in this podcast is not intended as medical advice and should not be relied upon as a substitute for professional consultation with a qualified healthcare provider familiar with your individual medical needs. By listening to this podcast you agree not to use this podcast as medical advice to treat any medical condition in either yourself or others. Consult your own physician for any medical issues that you may be having. This disclaimer includes all guests or contributors to the podcast.

We're wrapping up our cycle syncing series with today's episode featuring ALL the things related to the menstrual phase of your cycle!For many of us, our actual period is something that can really knock us down - it's not an optimal, exciting time we look forward to. If this rings true for you, trust me when I say, I felt VERY similarly for a long time. I was completely disconnected from my own cycle for the first decade I was menstruating (thank you hormonal birth control), and I had some extremely difficult periods in the past. In this episode, I'm discussing what's normal (and what's not so normal) when it comes to your period length, heaviness, and pain. I'm also sharing more about how to navigate heavy, ‘clotty' periods (and why they're happening in the first place), the role of prostaglandins during your menstrual phase, holistic options that can provide pain relief, some of my favorite period products, and more. While I wouldn't say my period is always a walk in the park now, it's not something that keeps me bedridden, or has me feeling like I can't make it through the day due to super painful cramps. Whatever your journey currently looks like with your period (and cycle as a whole), I hope this four-part series has given you plenty of valuable tips and tricks to implement into your own life. Ultimately, your menstrual cycle should be something you are in tune with, and should feel incredibly empowered by as a woman!Episode Recap: What's normal and what's NOT normal regarding your cycle length, heaviness, blood loss, etc. with your period {4:02}What a shorter cycle may actually be linked to {6:10}Navigating heavy periods + addressing the root causes as to WHY you're experiencing an extremely heavy, ‘clotty' period {7:25}The connection between endometriosis and painful periods {10:46}The role of adenomyosis, fibroids, and underlying infections in painful periods {13:16}What the color of your period blood can indicate of your cycle {14:37}What to focus on nutritionally during your period + how your digestion is affected during this time {16:27}How to adjust your calendar, work, and overall productivity around your period {21:15}Why you should try to avoid refined grains and sugars as much as possible during your period + what prostaglandins are {26:48}What you should consider limiting and/or avoiding all together if you're experiencing high inflammation and painful periods {28:30}Holistic options for pain relief during your period {29:14}My favorite period products {31:17} **Disclaimer: The information shared in this podcast is NOT meant to be taken as individual or medical advice. Please seek the advice of your physician or healthcare provider regarding any medical condition or treatment.Complete show notes (including all links and resources I mentioned in this episode): https://margaretpowell.com/podcast/episode36Connect with me on Instagram @margaretannpowell and @fueledandfreenutritionLearn more about working together by visiting https://fueledandfree.com/For questions or suggestions about the podcast, send us an email at fueledandfreepodcast@gmail.com

In this episode we dive into the intricate web of hormone imbalances, menstrual disorders, and andropause. We explore the impact of estrogen and progesterone imbalances on the menstrual cycle, as well as the role of prostaglandin imbalances in conditions like dysmenorrhea and PMS. We also uncover the complexities of andropause in males and address the various symptoms and treatment options available.Learn more at drknews.comFor patient-oriented courses, visit https://drknews.com/online-courses/For CE and CME practitioner courses, visit https://kharrazianinstitute.com00:00 Female and male hormone transition patterns summarized.08:51 BMI impacts endocrine system, genetic factors matter.12:40 Excessive estrogen production causes gynecomastia in men.18:51 Prostaglandins influence menstrual pain and discomfort.26:21 Causes of heavy or light menstrual bleeding.32:24 High DHE and testosterone levels suggest PCOS.33:24 PCOS symptoms can normalize with metabolic control.38:45 PCOS pathophysiology, treatment, and clinical manifestations.45:19 Adrenal glands help manage perimenopausal symptoms.49:33 Hormonal changes in perimenopause cause inflammatory response.59:03 Inflammation and hormones affect women's health.01:03:18 Menopause can worsen underlying health conditions.01:06:44 Adulthood: decline in male function and symptoms.01:13:49 LH levels range indicates potential hormone balance.01:16:27 Free testosterone is crucial, especially as we age.01:25:04 Normal range testosterone, relative hypogonad men, DHT.01:27:26 Male and female hormone disorders patterns explained.Support this show http://supporter.acast.com/solving-the-puzzle-with-dr-datis-kharrazian. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

In this episode of the Up the Duff podcast, host Brittany Darling speaks with Stefanie Valakas APD, an expert certified fertility and pregnancy dietitian & nutritionist and founder of The Dietologist, about endometriosis and its impact on fertility. They discuss the signs and symptoms of endometriosis, how it can affect your chances of getting pregnant, the process of getting a diagnosis, and the role that nutrition and diet play in managing the condition. This episode is a must-listen for anyone dealing with endometriosis or wanting to learn more about it. In this episode you'll discover:  [00:02:19] Endometriosis and its symptoms. [00:04:19] Delay in endometriosis diagnosis. [00:08:32] Inflammation and fertility. [00:13:38] Over-attributing symptoms to endometriosis. [00:17:12] Gut microbiome's link to endometriosis. [00:22:16] Gluten and endometriosis. [00:24:43] Vaginal microbiota and endometriosis. [00:29:30] Pregnancy and endometriosis. [00:34:08] Prostaglandins and period poops. [00:36:58] Antioxidant combinations and fertility. Thank you to our sponsors  Eius Fertility https://eiusfertility.com/ Items mentioned in this episode include: Eius Fertility  Website: thedietologist.com.au Instagram @the_dietologist and @endo.dietitian TikTok: @the_dietologist Facebook Pages: The Dietologist and The Endometriosis Dietitian Podcast: Fertility Friendly Food Join our Facebook Community - ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠Up the Duff Podcast⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ Follow us on ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠Instagram

References General and Comparative Endocrinology 2018-06-01, Volume 262, Pages 27-35. Immunohorizons. 2022 Jun 22; 6(6): 366–372. Biochem J. 2009 Dec 14;425(1):265-74. Nature. 2023; 614(7948): 530–538. Winwood,S. 1969 Blind Faith "Had to Cry Today". https://youtu.be/Z4Yo_VbGdMg?si=3whbMcoWNFtfgPwE --- Send in a voice message: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/dr-daniel-j-guerra/message Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/dr-daniel-j-guerra/support

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.23.546291v1?rss=1 Authors: Mellentine, S. Q., Ramsey, A. S., Li, J., Brown, H. N., Tootle, T. Abstract: A key regulator of collective cell migration is prostaglandin (PG) signaling. However, it remains largely unclear whether PGs act within the migratory cells or their microenvironment to promote migration. Here we use Drosophila border cell migration as a model to uncover the cell-specific roles of two PGs in collective migration. Prior work shows PG signaling is required for on-time migration and cluster cohesion. We find that the PGE2 synthase cPGES is required in the substrate, while the PGF2 synthase Akr1B is required in the border cells for on-time migration. Akr1B acts in both the border cells and their substrate to regulate cluster cohesion. One means by which Akr1B regulates border cell migration is by promoting integrin-based adhesions. Additionally, Akr1B limits myosin activity, and thereby cellular stiffness, in the border cells, whereas cPGES limits myosin activity in both the border cells and their substrate. Together these data reveal that two PGs, PGE2 and PGF2, produced in different locations, play key roles in promoting border cell migration. These PGs likely have similar migratory versus microenvironment roles in other collective cell migrations. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC

Regain your freedom from Crohn's, ulcerative colitis, constipation and more in 12 weeks or less without harmful drugs or surgeries. To book a free call and to learn more about working with Dr. Christine, visit: www.bit.ly/gutcall   

prostaglandins and their related compounds- I prostacyclins (PGl), thromboxanes (TXA), leukotrienes (LT) and lipoxins are collectively known as eicosaniods, since they all contain 20 carbons (Creek : eikosi-twenty). Eicosanoids are considered as locally acting hormones with a wide range of biochemical functions. History : Prostaglandins (PCs) were first discovered in human semen by Ulf von Euler (of Sweden) in 1930. These compounds were found to stimulate uterine contraction and reduce blood pressure. von Euler presumed that they were synthesized by prostate gland and hence named them as prostaglandins. lt was later realized that PCs and other eicosanoids are synthesized in almost all the tissues (exception- erythrocytes). By then, however, the name prostaglandins was accepted worldwide, and hence continued. The prostaglandins E and F were first isolated from the biological fluids. They were so named due to their solubility in ether (PCE) and phosphate buffer (PCF, F for fosfat, in Swedish). All other prostaglandins discovered later were denoted by a letter-PCA, PCH etc. Structure o{ prostaglandins Prostaglandins are derivatives of a hypothetical 2O-carbon fatty acid namely prostanoic acid hence known as prostanoids. This has a cyclopentane ring (formed by carbon atoms 8 to 12) and two side chains, with carboxyl group on one side. Prostaglandins differ in their structure due to substituent group and double bond on cyclopentane ring. The different prostaglandins are given in Fig.32.l. The structures of the most important prostaglandins (PGF2 and PGF2o), prostacyclins (PCl2), thromboxanes (TXA2) and leukotrienes (LTA+) along with arachidonic acid are depicted in Fi9.32.2. A subscript numeral indicates the number of double bonds in the two side chains. A subscript c-denotes that the hydroxyl group at Ce of the ring and the carboxyl group are on thesame side of the ring.Synthesis of prostaglandins Arachidonic acid (5,8,1 1,1 4-eicosatetraenoic acid) is the precursor for most of the prostaglandins inhumans. The biosynthesis of PCs was described by scene Bergstrom and Bengt Samuelsson (1960). lt occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum in the following stages, as depicted in Fi9,32.3. 1. Release of arachidonic acid from membrane bound phospholipids by phospho- lipase A2-this reaction occurs due to a specific stimuli by hormones such as epinephrine or bradykinin. 2. Oxidation and cyclization of arachidonic acid to PGG2 which is then converted to PCH2 by a reduced glutathione dependent peroxidase. 3. PGH2 serves as the immediate precursor for the synthesis of a number of prostaglandins, including prostacyclins and thromboxanes. The above pathway is known as cyclic pathway of arachidonic acid. ln the linear pathway of arachidonic acid, leukotrienes and lipoxins are synthesized (details given later). Cyclooxygenase-a suicide enzyme : lt is interesting to note that prostaglandin synthesis can be partly controlled by suicidal activity ofthe enzyme cyclooxygenase. This enzyme is capable of undergoing self-catalysedestruction to switch off PG synthesis. lnhibition of PG synthesis : A number of structurally unrelated compounds can inhibit prostaglandin synthesis. Corticosteroids (e.g. cortisol) prevent the formation of arachidonic acid by inhibiting the enzyme phospholipase 42. Many non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs inhibit the synthesis of prostaglandins, prostacyclins and thromboxanes. They do so by blocking the action of the enzyme cyclo' oxygenase. Aspirin inhibits PG synthesis :Aspirin (acetyl salicylic acid) has been used since nineteenth century as an antipyretic (fever-reducing) and analgesic (pain relieving). The mechanism of action of aspirin however, was not known for a Iong period. lt was only in 1971, John Vane discovered that aspirin inhibits the synthesis of PC from arachidonic acid. Aspirin irreversibly inhibits the enzyme cyclooxygenase.

References Journal of Biological Chemistry.2013. 288 Issue 52 Pages 37355-37364. Prostaglandins & Other Lipid Mediators. 2022(April) . Volume 159, 106621 --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/dr-daniel-j-guerra/message Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/dr-daniel-j-guerra/support

Today, we're talking about diarrhoea. An unconventional podcast topic, for sure - but also an extremely important one. Diarrhoea affects almost everyone at some point. It's one of the most common symptoms that something in our gut is not right. In most cases it's transitory and we move on - but what do you do if it doesn't just go away? We've touched on this topic before while talking about The Athlete's Gut, but today we're taking a closer look at this all-too-common issue. On today's podcast, NBT Scientific Director and Coach Megan Hall is with me to talk about diarrhoea: the different types, the many causes, and how to fix it when it occurs. She talks about how diarrhoea is both a cause and consequence of gut (and sometimes systemic) pathologies and describes ten different things that may be perpetuating the problem. Most importantly, Megan offers specifics on what you can do to identify and treat your ongoing gut problem. Be sure to follow along with Megan's excellent and detailed outline for this episode. Here's the outline of this episode with Megan Hall: [00:01:37] Diarrhoea: why we should care. [00:02:06] Bristol Stool Chart. [00:02:54] Megan's outline for this podcast. [00:03:15] Three general categories: watery, fatty, and inflammatory. [00:04:53] Causes of diarrhoea. [00:05:00] Food triggers. [00:08:45] Tommy Wood's Highlights #2. [00:10:37] Bile acid malabsorption. [00:13:08] Genova GI Effects test. [00:14:23] Histamine; Podcast: Understanding Histamine Intolerance: Symptoms, Causes and Treatments. [00:16:22] Stress. [00:18:19] Do Simon Marshall's stress audit; Podcast: How to Manage Stress. [00:18:25] Caffeine. [00:20:18] Prostaglandins. [00:21:19] Exercise. Podcast: The Athlete's Gut: Why Things Go Wrong and What to Do About It. [00:25:45] Female Hormone Fluctuations. [00:27:38] Microbial dysbiosis or pathogens. [00:28:37] Video: Rewilding the gut - Lucy Mailing (AHS21). [00:28:59] Malcolm Kendrick; Podcasts: 1, 2, 3. [00:30:30] IBD, Croh's, Colitis, Celiac Disease, Diverticulitis. [00:31:11] How to fix the problem. [00:31:16] Remove food triggers. [00:34:13] Balance fiber types. [00:35:43] Lucy and Tommy's paper on the metabolic flexibility of the gut: Sholl, Jonathan, Lucy J. Mailing, and Thomas R. Wood. "Reframing Nutritional Microbiota Studies To Reflect an Inherent Metabolic Flexibility of the Human Gut: a Narrative Review Focusing on High-Fat Diets." Mbio 12.2 (2021): e00579-21. [00:35:58] Address stress. [00:39:02] Watch caffeine intake. [00:39:19] Prostaglandin inhibitors. [00:40:16] Address microbial dysbiosis or pathogens. [00:40:52] Supporting gut barrier function and integrity; butyrate: Tributyrin and ProButyrate. [00:42:18] Bile acid sequestrants; GI Detox. [00:43:33] Probiotics. [00:44:52] Pomegranate husk/peel: Dr. Mercola's pomegranate peel tablets. [00:46:47] Serum derived bovine immunoglobulins (SBIs). [00:48:44] Support estrogen detoxification. [00:49:14] Loperamide/Imodium. [00:51:38] 4 quadrant model. [00:55:09] Schedule a free 15-minute call with Megan or Clay.

From Samantha Catanzano, PharmD, BCPP, this episode delves into nonopioid options for pain management. Listen as Dr Catanzano provides information on the available nonopioid medications, including valuable details on their indications, mechanisms of action, contraindications, and adverse event profiles. The episode ends with an overview of factors to consider when choosing the best nonopioid pharmacologic agent for a patient.  Presenter:Samantha Catanzano, PharmD, BCPPClinical Assistant ProfessorDivision of Pharmacy PracticeThe University of Texas at Austin College of PharmacyBoard-Certified Psychiatric PharmacistIntegrated Behavioral Health DepartmentAustin, TexasThis activity is supported by an independent educational grant from the Opioid Analgesic REMS Program Companies. Please seehttps://bit.ly/3mgrfb9 for a listing of REMS Program Companies. This activity is intended to be fully compliant with the Opioid Analgesic REMS education requirements issued by the FDA.Provided by Clinical Care Options, LLC, and in partnership with the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Practicing Clinicians Exchange, and ProCE.Link to full program:https://bit.ly/3mcDHsi

Huberman Lab Podcast Notes Key Takeaways Pain and pleasure system is a scale: if you overwhelm the pleasure system, you will set yourself up for anhedonia (lack of enjoyment) and depressionDaily EPA above 1,000mg per day can be beneficial for mood and offset inflammatory pathwaysDepression interventions to change biological function: exercise, ingesting EPAs, reducing inflammation, Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)Ketamine and psilocybin take unique paths but focus on rewiring circuitry to function better in the futureThe ketogenic diet has been explored for potential relief of depressive symptoms by modulating GABBA – particularly in those who do not respond to pharmaceutical treatmentRead the full notes @ podcastnotes.orgThis episode, I explain what major depression is at the biological and psychological level and the various treatments that peer-reviewed studies have revealed can help prevent and treat depression. I explain the three major chemical systems that are altered in depression: norepinephrine, serotonin and dopamine. I discuss genetic predispositions to depression and how stress, thyroid hormone and cortisol play a role in many forms of depression. I also discuss inflammation as a common feature of many depression symptoms. I review 8 specific science-supported protocols for treating and avoiding depression, including EPA fatty acids (which have been shown to rival certain prescription treatments), how exercise protects against depression, studies of creatine, adjusting dopamine balance and more. I also discuss the results of ongoing clinical trials for ketamine and psilocybin for depression, how these compounds work and finally, I review how ketogenic diets can help in certain cases of depression, especially treatment-resistant major depression.   Thank you to our sponsors: InsideTracker - https://www.insidetracker.com/huberman Athletic Greens - https://www.athleticgreens.com/huberman Belcampo - https://www.belcampo.com/huberman -- code "huberman"   Our Patreon page: https://www.patreon.com/andrewhuberman   Supplements from Thorne: http://www.thorne.com/u/huberman   Social: Instagram - https://www.instagram.com/hubermanlab Twitter - https://twitter.com/hubermanlab Facebook - https://www.facebook.com/hubermanlab Website - https://hubermanlab.com Join Newsletter - https://hubermanlab.com/neural-network   Links: Review of EPAs for the Treatment of Depression - https://bit.ly/2Wl15ti  Review of Creatine for the Treatment of Depression - https://www.mdpi.com/520864  Recent Study on the Clinical Use of Psilocybin for Treatment of Depression - https://bit.ly/3sFSGMM    Timestamps: 00:00:00 Mood Disorders & Maintaining Mental Health (Protocol 1) 00:07:10 Sponsors 00:11:15 Major Depression 00:18:40 “Anti-Self” Confabulation 00:21:42 Autonomic (Vegetative) Symptoms of Depression 00:26:58 Norepinephrine, Dopamine & Serotonin 00:31:50 SSRIs (Prozac, Zoloft, etc.): Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors 00:37:00 Epinephrine/Motor Functions, Dopamine/Motivation & Craving, Serotonin/Emotions 00:39:33 Physical & Emotional Pain are Linked: Substance P 00:41:50 Hormones & Depression: Thyroid & Cortisol  00:46:50 Genetic Susceptibility to Depression: Impact of Stress  00:50:50 Understanding Biological Mechanism Is Key: Recipes versus Skills 00:52:50 Tools for Dealing with Depression: Logic & Implementation (Protocol 2) 00:56:25 Brain Inflammation & Mental State: Cytokines, Prostaglandins, etc. 00:59:20 Protocol 3: Essential Fatty Acids (Omega-3, EPAs: Eicosapentaenoic Acid)* 01:02:50 How EPAs Help Offset Depression: Serotonin Synthesis, Kynurenine, Quinolinic Acid 01:05:25 Protocol 4: How Exercise Offsets Depression  01:11:44 Protocol 5: Creatine Monohydrate, Forebrain Function & NMDA receptors* 01:20:30 Protocol 6*: Ketamine, PCP (*Prescription-Only), & NMDA-Receptor Function 01:33:08 Protocol 7*: Psychedelics (*In Clinical Trials) for Major Depression: Psilocybin* 01:47:00 Protocol 8: Ketogenic Diet, GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) 01:54:50 Summary of Protocols Covered 02:00:10 Support & Additional Resources   Please note that The Huberman Lab Podcast is distinct from Dr. Huberman's teaching and research roles at Stanford University School of Medicine. The information provided in this show is not medical advice, nor should it be taken or applied as a replacement for medical advice. The Huberman Lab Podcast, its employees, guests and affiliates assume no liability for the application of the information discussed.   Title Card Photo Credit: Mike Blabac - https://www.blabacphoto.com

This episode, I explain what major depression is at the biological and psychological level and the various treatments that peer-reviewed studies have revealed can help prevent and treat depression. I explain the three major chemical systems that are altered in depression: norepinephrine, serotonin and dopamine. I discuss genetic predispositions to depression and how stress, thyroid hormone and cortisol play a role in many forms of depression. I also discuss inflammation as a common feature of many depression symptoms. I review 8 specific science-supported protocols for treating and avoiding depression, including EPA fatty acids (which have been shown to rival certain prescription treatments), how exercise protects against depression, studies of creatine, adjusting dopamine balance and more. I also discuss the results of ongoing clinical trials for ketamine and psilocybin for depression, how these compounds work and finally, I review how ketogenic diets can help in certain cases of depression, especially treatment-resistant major depression.   Thank you to our sponsors: InsideTracker - https://www.insidetracker.com/huberman Athletic Greens - https://www.athleticgreens.com/huberman Belcampo - https://www.belcampo.com/huberman -- code "huberman"   Our Patreon page: https://www.patreon.com/andrewhuberman   Supplements from Thorne: http://www.thorne.com/u/huberman   Social: Instagram - https://www.instagram.com/hubermanlab Twitter - https://twitter.com/hubermanlab Facebook - https://www.facebook.com/hubermanlab Website - https://hubermanlab.com Join Newsletter - https://hubermanlab.com/neural-network   Links: Review of EPAs for the Treatment of Depression - https://bit.ly/2Wl15ti  Review of Creatine for the Treatment of Depression - https://www.mdpi.com/520864  Recent Study on the Clinical Use of Psilocybin for Treatment of Depression - https://bit.ly/3sFSGMM    Timestamps: 00:00:00 Mood Disorders & Maintaining Mental Health (Protocol 1) 00:07:10 Sponsors 00:11:15 Major Depression 00:18:40 “Anti-Self” Confabulation 00:21:42 Autonomic (Vegetative) Symptoms of Depression 00:26:58 Norepinephrine, Dopamine & Serotonin 00:31:50 SSRIs (Prozac, Zoloft, etc.): Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors 00:37:00 Epinephrine/Motor Functions, Dopamine/Motivation & Craving, Serotonin/Emotions 00:39:33 Physical & Emotional Pain are Linked: Substance P 00:41:50 Hormones & Depression: Thyroid & Cortisol  00:46:50 Genetic Susceptibility to Depression: Impact of Stress  00:50:50 Understanding Biological Mechanism Is Key: Recipes versus Skills 00:52:50 Tools for Dealing with Depression: Logic & Implementation (Protocol 2) 00:56:25 Brain Inflammation & Mental State: Cytokines, Prostaglandins, etc. 00:59:20 Protocol 3: Essential Fatty Acids (Omega-3, EPAs: Eicosapentaenoic Acid)* 01:02:50 How EPAs Help Offset Depression: Serotonin Synthesis, Kynurenine, Quinolinic Acid 01:05:25 Protocol 4: How Exercise Offsets Depression  01:11:44 Protocol 5: Creatine Monohydrate, Forebrain Function & NMDA receptors* 01:20:30 Protocol 6*: Ketamine, PCP (*Prescription-Only), & NMDA-Receptor Function 01:33:08 Protocol 7*: Psychedelics (*In Clinical Trials) for Major Depression: Psilocybin* 01:47:00 Protocol 8: Ketogenic Diet, GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) 01:54:50 Summary of Protocols Covered 02:00:10 Support & Additional Resources   Please note that The Huberman Lab Podcast is distinct from Dr. Huberman's teaching and research roles at Stanford University School of Medicine. The information provided in this show is not medical advice, nor should it be taken or applied as a replacement for medical advice. The Huberman Lab Podcast, its employees, guests and affiliates assume no liability for the application of the information discussed.   Title Card Photo Credit: Mike Blabac - https://www.blabacphoto.com

Chile, this week we are talking about how castor oil which is obtained from the castor plant scientifically known as Ricinus communis. Tune in to this episode to discover things you didn't know about this miraculous oil, learn how it can help boost your health with its anti-inflammatory properties and also give you lush-looking lashes! In this show I will chat about the main components of castor oil, the main benefits of castor oil packs and when not to use castor oil packs, Later, I will speak to Dr. Marisol Teijeiro, an author, naturopath, to gain more insight. -Xo Raw GirlGet your castor oil pack, get comfy and learn:What is castor oil?Castor oil propertiesThe origin of Jamaican black castor oilWhat is a castor oil pack and how is it made?9 benefits of castor oil packsHow does castor oil treat inflammation?The Yin and Yang of the plant, CastorThe use of castor oil's anti-inflammatory propertiesDoes castor oil aid digestion?Why you should never use a castor oil pack when on your periodHow castor packs stimulate oxytocin and melatonin to reduce agingCheck out Dr. Marisol Teijeiro's website: drmarisol.comFind Marisol Teijeiro on Instagram @queenofthethrones

Hi ladies, welcome back! Prostaglandins may be the culprit to your period issues such as cramps, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and headaches! This episode dives into the three types of prostaglandins : PgE1, PgE2, and PgE3 and their direct connection with our Omega-3:Omegas-6 ratios. Great news is we can do some simple dietary changes to help support this bodily process and see changes in our menstrual cycle. Tuen in to find out all the deets! Click to get on the email list for special offers and discounts! Click to download your free period journal! Click to get $10 off period panties! Click to connect on Instagram!

Today we have the brilliant Dr. William Harris on the show to discuss some findings from a pilot study published in the journal Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes, and Essential Fatty Acids, that shows evidence that having a higher omega-3 index may decrease your chances of dying from COVID-19. He also touches on other topics such as cytokine storms, the effects of omega-3s on mortality, the different standards in omega-3 supplementation, and healthy aging. Dr. Harris is an internationally recognized expert on omega-3 fatty acids and how they can benefit patients with heart disease. He obtained his Ph.D. in Human Nutrition from the University of Minnesota and did post-doctoral fellowships in Clinical Nutrition and Lipid Metabolism with Dr. Bill Connor at the Oregon Health Sciences University. You can learn more about Dr. Harris and purchase omega-3 index tests at www.omegaquant.com

It would be hard to find any health practitioner - traditional, functional, or otherwise - who doesn’t acknowledge the importance of consuming omega-3 fatty acids. Supplements in the form of fish oil or krill oil are widely recommended and consumed, and come with claims of cardiovascular disease prevention, cognitive benefits, and anti-inflammatory properties. But is it really a good idea to get your omega-3s in a gel cap rather than from food? And do they really do everything the media would have you believe? On this podcast, NBT Scientific Director Megan Hall and I discuss omega-3 fatty acids: what they are, what they’re good for, and the best ways to get them. Megan outlines the different types of omega-3 and explains why some are better than others. She also explains why some health claims are overblown, and why buying fish oil supplements may not be the best health strategy. Be sure to follow along with Megan’s outline for this podcast.  Here’s the outline of this interview with Megan Hall: [00:04:30] Blood flow restriction (BFR) training; Podcast: Blood Flow Restriction Training for Improved Strength, Performance, and Healthspan with Dr Jim Stray-Gundersen MD. [00:04:51] Podcast: Wired to Run: Why Your Brain Needs Exercise, David Raichlen. [00:05:41] What are omega-3 fatty acids? [00:06:31] Picture of omega-3 fatty acids. [00:08:40] Finding omega-3s in the diet; Review: Saini, Ramesh Kumar, and Young-Soo Keum. "Omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids: Dietary sources, metabolism, and significance—A review." Life sciences 203 (2018): 255-267. [00:09:16] Poor conversion from ALA to EPA/DHA: Gerster, Helga. "Can adults adequately convert a-linolenic acid (18: 3n-3) to eicosapentaenoic acid (20: 5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (22: 6n-3)?." International journal for vitamin and nutrition research 68.3 (1998): 159-173. [00:10:56] Why EPA and DHA are important. [00:11:38] Conditions associated with inadequate omega-3 intake. [00:12:02] Whole foods vs. supplements; other micronutrients. [00:12:42] Krill oil vs. fish oil; Studies: 1. Ulven, Stine M., et al. "Metabolic effects of krill oil are essentially similar to those of fish oil but at lower dose of EPA and DHA, in healthy volunteers." Lipids 46.1 (2011): 37-46. 2. Schuchardt, Jan Philipp, et al. "Incorporation of EPA and DHA into plasma phospholipids in response to different omega-3 fatty acid formulations-a comparative bioavailability study of fish oil vs. krill oil." Lipids in health and disease 10.1 (2011): 1-7. 3. Maki, Kevin C., et al. "Krill oil supplementation increases plasma concentrations of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids in overweight and obese men and women." Nutrition research 29.9 (2009): 609-615. 4. Mödinger, Yvonne, et al. "Plasma kinetics of choline and choline metabolites after a single dose of SuperbaBoostTM krill oil or choline bitartrate in healthy volunteers." Nutrients 11.10 (2019): 2548. [00:16:59] Megan's outline for this podcast. [00:18:21] Algae-based omega-3 supplements. [00:19:40] Omega 6:3 ratio; Paper: Simopoulos, Artemis P. "The importance of the ratio of omega-6/omega-3 essential fatty acids." Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy 56.8 (2002): 365-379. [00:25:54] Should we be supplementing with grams of fish oil? Studies: 1. De Magalhães, João Pedro, et al. "Fish oil supplements, longevity and aging." Aging (Albany NY) 8.8 (2016): 1578. 2. Strong, Randy, et al. "Longer lifespan in male mice treated with a weakly estrogenic agonist, an antioxidant, an α‐glucosidase inhibitor or a Nrf2‐inducer." Aging cell 15.5 (2016): 872-884. 3. López-Domínguez, José A., et al. "The influence of dietary fat source on life span in calorie restricted mice." Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biomedical Sciences and Medical Sciences 70.10 (2015): 1181-1188. [00:27:42] No support for omega-3 (fish oil) in the prevention of cardiovascular disease; Meta-analysis: Aung, Theingi, et al. "Associations of omega-3 fatty acid supplement use with cardiovascular disease risks: meta-analysis of 10 trials involving 77 917 individuals." JAMA cardiology 3.3 (2018): 225-233. [00:29:12] Signs you're supplementing too much fish oil. [00:30:26] Podcast: How Oxidative Stress Impacts Performance and Healthspan [00:30:43] Elevated blood glucose omega-3 supplementation; Study: Friday, Karen E., et al. "Elevated plasma glucose and lowered triglyceride levels from omega-3 fatty acid supplementation in type II diabetes." Diabetes care 12.4 (1989): 276-281. [00:31:01] Immunosuppressive effects of supplementing omega-3s: Fenton, Jenifer I., et al. "Immunomodulation by dietary long chain omega-3 fatty acids and the potential for adverse health outcomes." Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids 89.6 (2013): 379-390. [00:34:17] Stages of life when omega-3s are especially important. [00:34:48] Specialized pro-resolving mediators; STEM Talk podcast episode: David LeMay Talks About Countering Inflammation with SPMS. [00:35:31] DHA to mitigate traumatic brain injury; Study: Bailes, Julian E., and Vimal Patel. "The potential for DHA to mitigate mild traumatic brain injury." Military medicine 179.suppl_11 (2014): 112-116. [00:35:45] DHA for cognitive function and aging; Study: Weiser, Michael J., Christopher M. Butt, and M. Hasan Mohajeri. "Docosahexaenoic acid and cognition throughout the lifespan." Nutrients 8.2 (2016): 99. [00:37:20] omega-3s for athletic performance; Review: Gammone, Maria Alessandra, et al. "Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids: benefits and endpoints in sport." Nutrients 11.1 (2019): 46. [00:38:54] omega-3s during pregnancy; Studies: Greenberg, James A., Stacey J. Bell, and Wendy Van Ausdal. "Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation during pregnancy." Reviews in obstetrics and Gynecology 1.4 (2008): 162; 2. Braarud, Hanne Cecilie, et al. "Maternal DHA status during pregnancy has a positive impact on infant problem solving: a Norwegian prospective observation study." Nutrients 10.5 (2018): 529. [00:39:44] Excess omega-3 consumption during pregnancy could be detrimental to offspring; Study: Church, M. W., et al. "Excess omega-3 fatty acid consumption by mothers during pregnancy and lactation caused shorter life span and abnormal ABRs in old adult offspring." Neurotoxicology and teratology 32.2 (2010): 171-181. [00:40:12] Testing: The Omega Index test; Framingham Heart Study: Harris, William S., et al. "Erythrocyte long-chain omega-3 fatty acid levels are inversely associated with mortality and with incident cardiovascular disease: The Framingham Heart Study." Journal of clinical lipidology 12.3 (2018): 718-727. [00:42:34] Bottom line: More may not be better. [00:43:09] SMASH fish - sardines, mackerel, anchovies, salmon, herring (also black cod), 3-4x/week. [00:49:30] Schedule a free 15 min call with Megan.

I love this topic because I used to suffer from migraines so I understand how debilitating they can be. The good news is that they're coming from a root cause that we can address & heal so they go away! Elevated blood sugar & insulin cause our immune system to produce excess inflammatory chemicals creating inflammation throughout the body. Inflammation that goes unnoticed is a major root cause of pain in any part of your body, specifically migraines, ovulation pain and menstrual cramps. What causes inflammation? Eating problematic foods like refined carbs (white bread, pizza, bagels, desserts etc) and sugars triggers the same reaction inside your body as it does to your foot when you stub your toe on the table. It’s a kind of inflammation you can’t see that happens in your brain, gut, joints, reproductive organs, and more. If we continue eating inflammatory foods, the inflammation never gets a chance to heal so it starts to spread in your body like wild fire. When it comes to cramps, migraines, period pain there’s something called Prostaglandins that come into play. Prostaglandins are lipids (made from fats) with hormone like affects & are in literally every organ in the body. Their main job is to deal with infections and injuries. So there are 2 type of Prostaglandins: pro inflammatory and anti-inflammatory. We need both! Insulin resistance and excess inflammation reduces the anti-inflammatory prostaglandins and increases the pro inflammatory Prostaglandins which we obviously don’t want. When the Inflammatory prostaglandins are activated they trigger inflammation, pain and fever in the injured part of the body in an attempt to heal the damage area. When there is bleeding involved, prostaglandins simulate the formation of blood clots and contract the muscles around the damaged area to prevent blood loss. Here’s the crazy part: Our bodies perceive our period as a type of injury and take steps to heal it. So the shedding of the endometrial lining triggers a release of a ton of prostaglandins. Since prostaglandins are located throughout the body their impact during our period and during ovulation is not restricted to our abdomen. Prostaglandins are partially responsible for stimulating the release of an egg so if you notice worsening pain around ovulation there’s a potential sign of underlying inflammation. Women are at higher risk of developing a migraine or tension headache in the 2 days leading up to their period. And at the highest risk between days 1 and 3 of their period. Prostaglandins are a major cause of migraines throughout the course of our entire cycle. PGE2 Prostaglandins  increase significantly during a menstrual migraine. SOURCE: Fix Your Period by Nicole Jardim EPISODES REFERENCED: 45. ROOT CAUSES of MIGRAINES & Natural relief 10. Is your GUT the problem? WAYS WE CAN CONNECT!    Come hangout with me on instagram @corinneangealica  Join my FREE TEXT COMMUNITY to get weekly HORMONE HEALTH & MINDSET TIPS texted right to your phone! Want professional grade supplements for 10% off? Head to my dashboard! (Click HERE for the CANADIAN dashboard). Just Thrive Health brand is my fave probiotic. Use code CORINNE for 15% off! If you're obsessed with organic, non-toxic skin care and you want one that's AFFORDABLE & EFFECTIVE check out my fave Skin Essence Organics and use code CORINNE for 15% off! (Canadian website) If you want high quality ORGANIC products check out ORGANIFI & use code CORINNE for 15% off! So grateful you’re here! XO Corinne

Tahnee's back on the Women's Series today, with returning guest Dr. Amanda Waaldyk talking female reproductive health, with a spotlight on endometriosis (endo). Recent figures on the  Endometriosis Australia page show approximately 1 in 9 women worldwide suffer from this at times debilitating disease, that's around 200 million. These are pretty alarming statistics, considering it takes (on average) 7-10 years for endo diagnosis. Amanda has so much knowledge in this space; she is the founder/director of Angea Women's Health Clinic (Melbourne), doctor of Chinese Medicine, acupuncturist, yoga teacher, and energy healer. Being diagnosed and living with endo herself, Dr. Amanda's personal experience has deepened her holistic approach to treating this disease and is helping so many women on their journey of healing. This episode is a must for all women; the ladies get into pertinent aspects of the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, the contraceptive pill, and how they're affected by endometriosis.    Tahnee and Dr. Amanda discuss: What is endometriosis, why is it so painful? Endometriosis and the vital role of the liver.  Chinese herbs for treating gynecological issues.  Treating endometriosis holistically. Adenomyosis vs endometriosis, what's the difference? Dyspareunia (painful intercourse) and dysmenorrhea (painful menstruation), as common symptoms of endometriosis.  Why painful menstruation is not normal. The genetic link with endometriosis; looking at paternal and maternal family history.  Why is endometriosis often misdiagnosed as IBS?  The DUTCH test (advanced hormone testing) and why it's essential when diagnosing endometriosis.  The benefits of abdominal, Mayan, and womb massage for the female reproductive system.  Understanding endometriosis as an inflammatory condition and foods to avoid.  Yoni steaming.   Who is Dr. Amanda Waaldyk? Amanda is the founder and director of Angea Women’s Health Clinic, an integrative Chinese medicine practice that focuses on fertility, female endocrinology, and supporting women through every phase of life. With extensive experience in reproductive/hormonal conditions, menopausal concerns, endometriosis, and PCOS, Angea clinic is truly a haven for women. Amanda’s practice is soul meets science, guiding her patients to ultimate health by providing a whole-body approach. Amanda is a Doctor of Chinese medicine, yoga and meditation teacher, acupuncturist, hormone expert, and energy healer. Amanda empowers and educates her clients to reconnect with their inherent body wisdom, navigate their way back to balance (naturally), and live the happiest and most thriving version of their lives.    Resources: Angea Clinic Angea Instagram Angea Facebook  Women's Yoga Training Holistic Fertility with Dr. Amanda Waaldyk (EP#35) I Am Gaia (the SuperFeast Nourishing Women's Blend) read about it here   Q: How Can I Support The SuperFeast Podcast? A: Tell all your friends and family and share online! We’d also love it if you could subscribe and review this podcast on iTunes. Or  check us out on Stitcher, CastBox, iHeart RADIO:)! Plus  we're on Spotify!   Check Out The Transcript Here:   Tahnee: (00:00) Okay. Hi everyone, and welcome to the SuperFeast podcast. Today I am here with Dr. Amanda Waaldyk from Angea, which is this incredible space down in Melbourne, and I can't wait to go there as soon as I'm allowed. She's the founder and director of Angea Women's Health Clinic and she has an integrative Chinese medicine practise that also weaves in traditions like yoga and abdominal massage, which I hope we get to touch on a little bit today. And she works a lot with fertility and female reproductive health.   Tahnee: (00:34) So, we're here to talk about endometriosis today, which I'm really excited about, but I wanted to welcome Amanda back, because we have had her on the podcast before and she was very, very popular amongst our community. So thank you for coming back again, Amanda.   Dr. Amanda: (00:48) Oh, thank you for having me. I've been so excited to chat about this today.   Tahnee: (00:52) Yeah. Such a great topic, and I mean, such a relevant one right now. Something we're hearing a lot through our communication channels at SuperFeast. It's one that women are really enduring. So I wonder, could you tell us a little bit about how you got to be working in women's fertility, and your journey toward becoming this expert on endometriosis?   Dr. Amanda: (01:14) Well interestingly, I am an adenomyosis and endo as well myself. So it's something that I've been really interested in back in my university days. I did an assignment on liver function and looking at endometriosis and the role of the liver and endo together. So that sparked a little bit of an interest. And then also, to just with the magnificence of Chinese herbs, how well herbs can actually treat gynaecological issues for women. And I did study four years of Chinese medicine, specifically herbs, and then did two years after with an acupuncture degree.   Dr. Amanda: (01:55) So, I was always into sports, I think, and when I finished university I went over to China and lived in China and studied in China for a year. Did a lot of gynaecological training over there. And was going to come back and set up a sports clinic, but of course, the universe had other things in store. And women just kept appearing at my door. So from there it's just organically grown, and I think because I've had so much trauma in my life, how much that actually I can support on a holistic perspective, not only physically, but also through the use of acupuncture, but also emotionally as well.   Tahnee: (02:38) Yeah, because we were first connected by Farley who's one of our staff, and that was her experience, being treated by you was not just about receiving Chinese medicine treatment, it was on this multi-dimensional level that you were really supporting her. And she still raves about that experience, and I think she's still looking for someone like you up here.   Tahnee: (02:59) But yeah, I think it's like you were saying before we jumped on, a huge amount of women coming through your clinic are suffering from endometriosis. So do you know anything around the statistics of how many people are suffering from the condition in general? Or is that hard to gauge?   Dr. Amanda: (03:17) Yeah, it's an epidemic. Statistically worldwide there's 176 million women been diagnosed with endometriosis. So if we think about those numbers, there's probably a higher amount as well, considering the ones that go undiagnosed. Because unfortunately it takes around seven to 10 years for women to be diagnosed. A lot of women often go misdiagnosed as irritable bowel or just heavy periods.   Dr. Amanda: (03:43) It's just part of the female normal existence, and that's part of, I think, where this podcast is so important, because it's creating an education piece for women to really understand their bodies more, but also their menstrual cycles. I think in Australia it's about 600,000 women have been diagnosed with endometriosis, and one in 10 women have endo.   Tahnee: (04:08) Wow.   Dr. Amanda: (04:10) And also too, the statistics now are that 42% of women that have been diagnosed with adenomyosis are also diagnosed with endometriosis. So it's huge, and for some women it can be a very debilitating condition that they're living with, not only daily but monthly. And having those constant reminders of being in excruciating pain and then being told that, sorry, there's nothing that we can do for your pain, I think is extremely frustrating. Because women are so intuitive, and we know when there's something wrong in our bodies, don't we?   Dr. Amanda: (04:45) So when we notice that something's wrong, we seek out answers. And then we'll go and see our GP or our healthcare provider. And if those symptoms are dismissed, then the dialogue starts to create of, "What's actually wrong with me? What's wrong with myself and my body?"   Dr. Amanda: (05:06) A lot of common symptoms that we see with women with endometriosis is dyspareunia. Dyspareunia is painful intercourse. Dysmenorrhea which is painful periods. And we have a rating at work, we often have a scale of one to ten. So if any women are experiencing pain up around the eight, nine, ten mark, that requires an investigative process. Because if you're having to take days off school or having to take time off work when you're having your period, we just want to assure you that that's actually not normal, and painful periods are not normal.   Dr. Amanda: (05:42) Then also, too, menorrhagia which is heavy bleeding. And also too pelvic pain is part of that presentation. Abdominal bloating. Nausea, vomiting, clotting. So you can see it's quite an extensive list, and if I've missed something all, I think I've managed to catch it all.   Tahnee: (06:04) Well, it's something that when you say that, that sounds like what a lot of people endure just with periods. And one of your big topics is always around painful periods aren't normal. I appreciate your social media so much for flying that flag all the time. It's your right to have a healthy menstrual cycle.   Tahnee: (06:22) So if you're saying it takes seven to ten years to be diagnosed, are you saying that women are suffering for seven to ten years waiting to find someone who can diagnose them? Is that basically the problem? It's common?   Dr. Amanda: (06:34) Yeah, yeah.   Tahnee: (06:34) Yeah. Okay.   Dr. Amanda: (06:37) I guess what happens is, I mean, it is an invisible condition in the sense that if you were to go and see your GP, you were complaining of painful periods, and they sent you off for a pelvic ultrasound, and that pelvic ultrasound showed that there was no endometriomas or no endometriotic tissue then that would come back and they'd say, "Well, you're fine. There's nothing there."   Dr. Amanda: (07:02) Also, too, it's genetically linked, so it's really important, and I think this is what's great about the Chinese medicine, is that when we go back to the history of what was your mother's menstrual cycle like? What was your grandmother's menstrual cycle like? Because it can come from both the genetic link of paternal and maternal sides.   Dr. Amanda: (07:20) For young women that are going through puberty, it's that if their mothers had a hysterectomy or if they had endo, because a lot of it went misdiagnosed back in our parents' generation, because they were all having children younger, and that's why it's called the career women's disease because now we're forging on our careers and having children later, is that painful periods will often start for those pubescent girls when they have their first menstrual cycle.   Dr. Amanda: (07:47) So, for all our young listeners out there, if you're having painful periods and heavy periods and you're needing to take time off school, and your mother's had a history of heavy periods, then please find someone that you can actually work with. A GP or a healthcare provider, that can offer you some support. Because sometimes women have to have laparoscopic surgery in their teenage years because their periods are so debilitating.   Tahnee: (08:15) Yep. Just if people don't know exactly what we're talking about, one of the main things that occurs with endometriosis is that the lining of the uterus, the endometrium, actually exists outside of its normal habitat, right? Is that the diagnosis?   Dr. Amanda: (08:34) Yeah. You're exactly right, but it's so interesting, because there's a lot of women out there now, I guess, that are celebrities, that are actually creating a greater awareness for endometriosis. But the actual definition is, it's not actually the endometrium that lines our uterus that we shed each month. It's a different type of tissue. It's called epithelial glands, and the endometrial stroma, that basically it migrates to areas within our uterus, to essentially the pelvic organs, the pelvic reproductive organs.   Dr. Amanda: (09:16) So the tissue will migrate, it'll implant around the ovaries, it could implant into the fallopian tubes. It can also go into the muscle layer of the bowels. It can be found in our pouch of Douglas, our uterine ligaments, and then also, too, in extreme cases, lungs and liver, and it can also migrate to our bladder. So you can just get that constant irritation when you're having your period of feeling like your bladder's full all the time and that you need to go.   Dr. Amanda: (09:48) The issue is, is that the tissue still responds to the same hormonal fluctuations that our menstrual cycle relates to, so your oestrogen and progesterone. So the tissue still responds in that way, so every time you're about to get your bleed, is that tissue will start to respond because it's got prostaglandins. Prostaglandins line endometrium, and so if we've got endometriosis, we know that it's an inflammatory condition, and the research also shows that prostaglandins are actually elevated for endometriosis.   Dr. Amanda: (10:26) I've done so much study into the endometrium. I love it, because it's its own endocrine gland, and it forms in spirals. I always like to say you imagine a DNA helix. Endometrium forms in spirals. It has prostaglandins. The prostaglandins' role is to essentially create a gentle uterine cramp, so as the oestrogen and the progesterone drop, it signals the endometrium to start to shed, to start to bleed. So it creates this gentle, mild cramping so the lining can start to shed.   Dr. Amanda: (10:57) Can you imagine, if we've got endometriosis, we've got high amounts of inflammation, is that that tissue has a wringing. Imagine a towel wringing out, right? And that's going to cause extreme amounts of pain, because I'll go on a divergent here. In Chinese medicine we know that the liver meridian comes up through the medial aspect, it circulates around our reproductive organs, finishes at our breast tissue. You know the liver, the liver's role is to ensure the smooth flow of chi and blood.   Dr. Amanda: (11:25) So the heart being the empress at the time of the period says to the liver, "Okay, General," which it should be a woman, "It's time to release the blood. So let that blood flow." And so when the liver is impacted, which we know that it is, because endometriosis is an oestrogen-dominant condition, and the liver's role within Western medicine is to be able to metabolise our estrogens through the right pathways. So that chi and blood then becomes impeded, and starts to form pockets of blood stagnation, because the blood can't empty properly.   Dr. Amanda: (12:17) Because the first thing that we're taught in Chinese medicine in our gynaecological classes is that the period has to empty completely so you can start afresh with a new cycle, new, fresh blood flows, and endometriosis is called [foreign language 00:12:33] in Chinese medicine which essentially means big stagnation.   Tahnee: (12:36) So there's pain as well, when you have stagnation.   Dr. Amanda: (12:43) Yeah. All that pathology.   Tahnee: (12:46) Yep. Because one of the things blood stagnation causes is pain, because it's a bruise or something, right? You touch it and it hurts. Is it throughout the cycle that there's that stagnation feeling as well?   Dr. Amanda: (13:00) Yeah, absolutely.   Tahnee: (13:01) Yeah.   Dr. Amanda: (13:02) Yeah. Because the liver attacks the spleen, so you've got an inflammatory response condition happening the whole time. And some women experience, throughout their entire cycle, that pain and stagnation. Because also, too, if their bowels involved, most of the time it gets diagnosed as irritable bowel, is that when they're trying to have a bowel movement is that they're getting a lot of constipation. So that whole peristalsis action becomes impeded as well, so you get blocked bowels. You're alternating from constipation sometimes to diarrhoea.   Dr. Amanda: (13:42) So when you've got that pressure... Because if we think anatomically, girls, if you imagine that you've got your bladder and then you have your vagina next to your bladder, and then at the back you've got your rectum. And then in between the rectum and your vagina you have the pouch of Douglas. And the pouch of Douglas is where a lot of endo tends to hide, goes into this... It's like a deep, dark crevice, right? And so that then pushes onto the bowel. So that's where you get even more stagnation. So you just think, because [foreign language 00:14:20] as we know, what's the role of the [foreign language 00:14:23] 00:14:24] it's that water element.   Tahnee: (14:25) Exactly.   Dr. Amanda: (14:26) To keep everything in flow. So nothing's in flow. The liver's not in flow. Everything's becoming stagnant, tight, and so blocked, and then you just start to get all this pathology.   Tahnee: (14:40) So I'm thinking immediately we've got spleen and liver involved and then kidney, because you're sounding like there's this genetic link as well. Is that where you're looking mostly when you're treating women? It's a combination of those organs that you tend to see dysfunctional? Or is there more going on? Because I've also heard it's positive as an autoimmune kind of thing, but is that more the inflammatory response, that the tissue's in the wrong place and the body's attacking it? Would that be more what that would be pointing to?   Dr. Amanda: (15:13) No. You're absolutely right. There is an immune condition as well, from the research they've found that there is an immune response which is also linked to that inflammatory response. So you have multiple organs involved. But it's also too, so much of that is the liver.   Dr. Amanda: (15:34) That's why I always recommend my endo patients to have the Dutch test, and the reason being, because if they have to go and have a surgery, because once they've had excision surgery, and we'll come back to that, is that you want to make sure that the endometriosis is being completely removed with the scissors and cut out. Because that way, it reduces the chances of that endometriotic tissue growing back. And so, by doing the Dutch test, we can see which pathway is our liver metabolising the estradiol properly. Because then we know we've got the 2-OH pathway, and that's the way that we can metabolise that oestrogen out properly, and then with endometriosis sometimes we can have high amounts of estrone, which is the 16-OH pathway, and then estriol, which does the 4-OH.   Dr. Amanda: (16:23) They're the ones that are more prone to breast cancers, to ovarian cancers, so this is where it's really important to find out that whole history of your family. So when I did my Dutch test, I found out mum's got breast cancer, ovarian cancer, so I was very high on that estrone. So my liver wasn't metabolising my oestrogen properly. So by finding that out, then you can support it, supplement foods, to make sure that you're able to metabolise it. And of course your gut health as well, to metabolise your excess estrogens and make sure you're getting the conversion into estradiol that can then be metabolised out through your liver correctly.   Dr. Amanda: (17:06) I think there's actually, if anyone's out there, just putting it out there if anyone's up for doing a study on that, I actually think it would be great research.   Tahnee: (17:19) For sure. Well, because I think that's the thing, like we were talking before we turned on the recording, but about how people are prescribed the Pill. I'm thinking if you've already got a liver that's not functioning well and then you're putting a synthetic oestrogen or a progesterone or something in there, that's going to make the liver suffer more. It seems like you're just building up for more problems later on down the track, right? Is that what you see?   Dr. Amanda: (17:47) Babe, yes, you're so right there. Because I would actually love the medical community to go, "Okay, we've got a young girl who's Stage Four endometriosis, and if she's had surgery I need to make sure this grows back quite quickly." There sometimes these women are candidates for the contraceptive pill in terms of just management, because sometimes these are the options that are available, particularly for those really difficult cases.   Dr. Amanda: (18:22) But then, to see if they did go on the contraceptive pill, to perhaps go back and do a surgery in two years to actually see if the endometriosis had grown back. Or had the pill actually stopped the growth of endometriosis? Because we know that women that go on the Pill that come off the Pill then have to have laparoscopic surgery. The endo's still there. And then like you said, because if your whole liver pathway's this synthetic oestrogen, I see it as synthetic oestrogen liver can't metabolise, you're therefore then increasing that estradiol which is then going to amplify the endo anyway.   Tahnee: (19:07) Which sounds like maybe a band-aid solution for short-term results. So, I mean, I've heard of people having improvements with pregnancy. Is that something you see clinically as well, or is that more of an anecdotal thing?   Dr. Amanda: (19:22) What was that? Say that again. It cut out a bit.   Tahnee: (19:24) I've heard of people having improvements with pregnancy. Is that something you see clinically?   Dr. Amanda: (19:34) Doctors will be like... I had a patient the other did, she said, "The doctor said to me after my surgery that I should get pregnant, because pregnancy essentially cures endometriosis."   Tahnee: (19:43) Yeah, but then you have a child.   Dr. Amanda: (19:45) I thought that was...   Tahnee: (19:49) Oh, my dear.   Dr. Amanda: (19:52) No. So in terms of, absolutely, it's like a Band-Aid, isn't it? It solves a problem for a short period of time. But I think that's where we absolutely have control of being able to support our health by doing all the right things to minimise that endometriosis from growing back, which is diet, nutrition, all your lifestyle factors, and then your supplements, acupuncture, exercise, pelvic floor, physiotherapist. So having a real holistic approach to it.   Tahnee: (20:33) Because you offer abdominal massage in the clinic, and is that something? Because I often think with these inflammatory things, is it beneficial to manipulate that tissue, or do you have any experience with that in terms of women doing self-massage and those kinds of things? Because I mean, I'm always an advocate for it just in terms of connecting to your body. It's such a great way, I think, to get in touch with learning where all the bits are and all that kind of thing. But yeah, I'm just wondering as a clinical treatment, I imagine it would help relieve some of the stagnation and pain.   Dr. Amanda: (21:06) Yeah. Absolutely. Like you said, it's the best way to be able to reconnect into your body and develop a loving relationship. Because for a lot of women that have endo, you hate your body. You hate it, because you're experiencing so much pain. Because tissues have issues, as we know. Tissues have imprints of everything. They hold our whole life story. It's a web. So by doing abdominal massage, absolutely. Because then, you're starting to create healthy blood flow through your reproductive organs and through your abdomen. So then you start to break out some of that tissue as well.   Dr. Amanda: (21:51) We know that for women that have had laparoscopic surgery, or haven't, is scar tissue. So what does scar tissue look like? When tissue meshes, it meshes in together like there's a synergy, where it just folds in together. But with scar tissue, it's all just hacky. Hacky tissue, that's formed together in these weird, web-like structures. So by doing gentle abdominal massage, we're starting to create a beautiful flow. And we know that when tissue's in flow that it brings in chi, it brings in energy, allows the blood to flow.   Dr. Amanda: (22:26) So absolutely, abdominal massage, Mayan massage, womb massage. Because you're going deeply into the layers of that connected tissue and the reproductive organs are part of the fascial planes, as we know, embryonically that form when we're embryos. And there's a body of research that says that endometriosis is formed actually when we're in utero.   Tahnee: (22:51) Wow. Okay. Is that pointing to then something genetic? Or is it pointing to something going on in an epigenetic sense? Do you have any sense of what that might be?   Dr. Amanda: (23:04) I would say genetic, absolutely. And then also too epigenetic, isn't it? Because when we're an egg in our grandmother's womb, forming in our mothers, so you think about that.   Tahnee: (23:16) Wow.   Dr. Amanda: (23:19) And trauma. Trauma. So much trauma. I mean, I got only diagnosed with endo at 41. I'd never had painful periods. I've had multiple traumas. I was raped a couple of times, and I think that that definitely... It's our sacred chakra. It's our pleasure centre. So if someone has entered without permission, that causes a stagnation and a trauma, and that then develops into a pathology. So I think there's so much stuff around trauma, and I see a lot of women in clinic with a link between sexual abuse experiences. First-time sexual experience trauma, whether that's physical abuse, emotional abuse, even women working in male-dominated industries where they've not been able to be their expressive selves.   Tahnee: (24:22) Well, that ties into what you're saying about that idea of being a career woman, too, and almost in a more masculine setting. It could be some suppression of that feminine, creative expression. Because you really think about that lower area as that Shakti, it's that feminine, creative space, and so if it's not fully expressed then yeah, you're going to see stagnation of that energy. And over time, that's one of the things Chinese medicine teaches us, is over time that energetic stagnation causes a physical transformation or changes a tissue in some way. That's how we end up with the disease process.   Tahnee: (24:57) I mean, it's sounding like if someone's got endo, it's a bit more complicated, I guess, than just focus on one thing. So you're normally getting people to do Dutch tests and I guess, working with herbs, and acupuncture, and emotionally. Are there other areas people should look at if they've been diagnosed and they're not sure how to go forward? Is healing possible? Is it something you see where women can really transform this?   Dr. Amanda: (25:23) Yeah, absolutely. And I think it's also, to put a point in there, is it's really important to know as a provider ourselves, is that we're limited to what we can do. I always say, if women come in and they have no relief from Chinese medicine, acupuncture, womb healing, Moksa, and being on the correct diet, Dutch test, is that that's when we know that they actually need to have surgery.   Dr. Amanda: (25:51) Then it's being able to work with a surgeon, and I would say, ladies, do your research here. Really important to find an endometriosis specialist surgeon. Not just a gynaecologist, gynaecology, fertility specialist, an endo surgeon, because they've dedicated their life to mastering how to be able to excise the tissue. Because that will therefore then, it extends your anatomy, your fertility as well, and then you're not having to go back for repeated surgeries. And I think I'm a good test case.   Tahnee: (26:33) Of course you are.   Dr. Amanda: (26:33) Look, I'm hoping. I've got adenomyosis, which is even... You know, they're just as bad as each other. Adenomyosis is endo's mean stepsister. Mean sister, mean cousin.   Tahnee: (26:49) She's a bitch, that's what she is.   Dr. Amanda: (26:50) She is a bitch.   Tahnee: (26:54) Would you want to touch a little bit on that? Because if you're saying 40% of people have both of these conditions, what's going on there? What's the causality, do you think? Or what's the relationship between them?   Dr. Amanda: (27:08) They say it's retrograde menstruation where the blood goes outside the reproductive organs. So the tissue essentially migrates into your myometrium. So I always use the analogy in clinic is that our uterus is a beautiful garden. Underneath we have our irrigation, which is all the uterine arteries and veins. We need to have a beautiful, healthy vascular blood flow through there as well to help create a nice soil, a fertile soil, an endometrium. And then we have the myometrium, which is the muscle layer. That's the terrain that supports our garden.   Dr. Amanda: (27:42) So when we've got endometriosis, it's a weed. The endometriosis grows in and around, so essentially it's disease tissue. If we've got fibroids, fibroids move into the myometrium. They're like a boulder. So endometriotic tissue migrates into the myometrium, which is the muscle layer of our uterus. So then you've got tissue migrating into this muscle layer, and you imagine that's a smooth muscle.   Dr. Amanda: (28:09) So when we have our babies, that muscle grows and grows and grows, and we have an expansion of our uterus. It also releases oxytocin at the time of birth. So the myometrium, you've got this endometriotic tissue migrating, and it starts to change the shape of the uterus because you've got this heavy cramping into smooth muscle each month when you're bleeding. So over time, this starts to change the shape of your uterus. So when you go for a pelvic ultrasound, it can be seen on a pelvic ultrasound, and it's normally described as a bulky uterus.   Dr. Amanda: (28:42) With that, you get lots of diaphragmatic pain up in your upper rib cage. Heavy bloating, feeling like you're distended, feeling like you're six months pregnant. Really heavy periods or just periods that just don't bleed properly, like really lots of stagnation, clots. And then issues with your bowels as well. So that one's hysterectomy. You need to have a hysterectomy. So there's no way I'm having a hysterectomy. I'm not on the Mirena. I'm just dealing by doing Chinese herbs and all the things that I know to best support the health of my liver, and my uterus, and my menstrual cycle.   Tahnee: (29:25) Well, coming back to the Chinese medicine question, because if you think about the spleen too, it's keeping the blood in the right place, right? That's one of the functions of the spleen. And if you're thinking of soil as well, that soil function is what the spleen provides for the blood. That nutritive function. So I mean, there's got to be a spleen component too. So, diet you were saying before is super effective. What do you see as... Are there dietary themes? Or is it really individualised? Or is there anything you can speak to there?   Dr. Amanda: (29:57) Absolutely. I think looking at the earth, what is the earth element? The earth is our centre. It's ability to be able to digest, transform and separate the turbid from the pure. So in order to make sure that the body and the spleen function and the stomach's able to separate the pure from the turbid, then you're actually able to absorb all your nutrients through your gut. And interestingly enough, there's been a link between estrobolome and estrobolome is... Okay, I'm just going to read.   Dr. Amanda: (30:32) Basically, of course, gut health being the spleen is really important, so we know how much a healthy microbiome influences our digestive function. So with endometriosis, there's been research that shows we are lacking in lactobacillus. We're lactobacillus deficient. And also, our vagina has its own ecosystem as well. And women who have endo have lactobacillus deficiency. Particularly women over 40 as well. So really important that we have a healthy microbiome.   Dr. Amanda: (31:04) So new research has emerged indicating that the gut microbiome, of course, plays an integral role in the regulation of our oestrogen levels. So metabolism is really important when it comes to endo so we can metabolise (as you were saying), those estrogens out.   Dr. Amanda: (31:20) So essentially, when there's too much inflammation in our gut it causes a gut dyssymbiosis, and that starts to wreak havoc, creating more of an inflammatory response in through our gut. So when we have that, the body can't metabolise the oestrogen out properly. So we just have more oestrogen circulating through our bloodstream. So, what it does is the estrobolome comes in. Estrobolome is a term used to describe the collection of enteric gut bacterial microbes. Their job is to essentially metabolise the oestrogen. And these microbes, the estrobolome, produce beta-glucuronidase, sorry about the pronunciation there. This enzyme alters oestrogen into its active form which binds to oestrogen receptors and influences oestrogen-dependent physiological processes.   Dr. Amanda: (32:12) Essentially, basically, the more your gut is out of balance, the more beta-glucanase is produced and the less oestrogen is excreted out of your body. So the research has shown that women that have high amounts of beta-glutinase bacteria leads to higher amounts of oestrogen circulating, in a roundabout way. Sorry about that.   Tahnee: (32:32) No, yeah. So basically, gut dysbiosis is leading to higher circulating estrogens in the body, and that's effectively on account of, for whatever reason, from a TCM perspective, the spleen function isn't there. From a Western perspective, it's going to be maybe intolerances and things like that, or an inappropriate diet.   Dr. Amanda: (32:54) Your sugars, blood sugar. And interestingly enough, what's the flavour of the spleen? The spleen loves sweet.   Tahnee: (33:01) Yeah. Not too much.   Dr. Amanda: (33:05) Yeah. Don't kill it with sweet. So you've got that whole gut thing going on. And some research that I found out was, the body's essentially designed to procreate, right? So when we don't conceive, is the endometrial changes into glucose secretions. So that's why we also, too, as we're losing our blood, the chi and blood come out, we're losing energy. You know when we get into that second half of our cycle and we're like, "Just give me the sugars, give me the carbs." That's because there's actually a physiological function that's taking place with the change in the spiral arteries of the endometrium.   Dr. Amanda: (33:44) Then, that's the spleen, isn't it? The spleen function comes in. We just want those things that are nurturing, like the earth, to support us. Give us all those sweet foods. But it's a perpetuating washing machine, isn't it?   Tahnee: (33:58) Yep. And I mean, I guess our culture's definition of sweet versus a traditional Chinese definition of sweet, which was more your grains and your root vegetables and starchy kind of things, whereas we're talking-   Dr. Amanda: (34:11) Barleys.   Tahnee: (34:12) Yeah. We're talking Mars bars, and that's not really going to be particularly helpful.   Dr. Amanda: (34:19) Sure. And then you think about the liver. What's the emotion of the liver? The liver's anger, frustration, stress. So women that have endo and adeno, how stressed are we? How angry do we become because we're frustrated that no one's listening to us? Our symptoms are being dismissed? That then causes tightness through the actual liver meridian. And what's the pathology? The fascia becomes tight. The fascia becomes restricted.   Dr. Amanda: (34:48) And then you've got the kidneys. If you're losing a lot of amount of blood as well, you become anaemic. So that then therefore affects the spleen, which is production of iron. The kidney function, as women, us being in that male dominant Yang type, living our life out in the Yang, the adrenals then become deficient, don't they? Which then affects the kidneys. And we know how much the kidneys support the reproductive function in Chinese medicine. So it's just this whole cycle. So it's really looking at so much of that holistic approach to supporting endo, through all the organ bodies, through your supplements, to make sure you're getting all your nutrients. Through your nutrition as well, because our nutrition doesn't deliver everything that we need, that our body needs.   Dr. Amanda: (35:41) And then of course, wanting to teach our tissue to love our tissue again. And having a pelvic floor specialist physio to be able to teach you how to switch off your pelvic floor. Because of course, Yang women, hypertonic pelvic floor.   Tahnee: (35:57) Yeah. That is a good visual for people.   Dr. Amanda: (36:03) Sounds [crosstalk 00:36:04]   Tahnee: (36:05) Well, people have been taught, again having done some Taoist study, we're taught to relax as much as we're taught to strengthen. But you go and talk to a Western-trained physio and it's Kegels and all these squeezy-squeezy-squeezies. And it's like, well, no, we need that to be like a diaphragm. It needs to be able to be soft, and it needs to be able to be supple, and it needs to be able to spread, and also to contract when required. So yeah, I think it's that tonus, that ability to be flexibility that we lose.   Tahnee: (36:32) But again, you're looking at the liver, that makes so much sense if there's that rigidity in the tissue, there's going to be that rigidity and that stress in the mind as well. Right?   Dr. Amanda: (36:41) You're so right. It is. It's teaching women how to come back into the essence of being women, isn't it? It's slowing down and really honouring that Yin aspect, which is nurturing and nourishing, because we're very good at having the opposite of that, of constantly doing or overachieving in our careers. Which is a great thing as well, but where's that other half? Where's the duality of bringing the Yin and Yang back in and finding that balance?   Dr. Amanda: (37:10) So self-care, babe, like you were saying. Self-care is so important. Your little rituals, when you're bleeding you might want to bleed into a menstrual cup and then look at your blood when you bleed and honour her. Honour your bleed. And then maybe find a tree and put your blood into that tree, so you're nourishing back into Mother Earth as well with your bleed, rather than looking at your bleed like it's the worst thing possible, as starting to cultivate a really healthy relationship with parts of our body that we don't like. Because when we can start to disassociate from the pain, like in yoga. A witness. We can start to change the neuroplasticity of our brain to our pain. That's so important, too.   Tahnee: (38:01) I can even imagine that fear of the cycle coming would impact the kidney as well, and then you get these perpetual cycles of fear of the pain, the pain itself, and then this... Yeah, must be an ordeal, I can imagine.   Dr. Amanda: (38:16) Yes.   Tahnee: (38:18) Yes, yes. She's like, "Yes, it is an ordeal." So yeah, I mean, if someone's wanting to avoid... Is it the worst-case scenario, hysterectomy is where it goes? Is that the last resort for these kinds of things?   Dr. Amanda: (38:38) Yeah. It is, yes. For some women, one of our patients, she's had a hysterectomy and she said it was the most liberating thing that she ever did. She also had ovarian cancer as well. So for her she said, actually, having not to go through that every month, the pain, to have that liberation, and then to be able to feel like she can function as a woman every month. So she didn't have her ovaries removed, just her uterus removed. So she's still got her reproductive-   Tahnee: (39:15) Cycle.   Dr. Amanda: (39:15) Yeah.   Tahnee: (39:15) Yeah, because that's something I'm curious about, even, because I know that the uterus itself is an endocrine organ and I think you just mentioned that before, with the endometrium having that function as well. And even, I was talking to another integrative doctor the other day and we were talking about how the menstrual blood is actually different to the blood in our veins. Do you know much about that?   Dr. Amanda: (39:44) Yeah. I do.   Tahnee: (39:46) It's cool. I was like, "This is cool. These are cool."   Dr. Amanda: (39:53) Yes. It's so amazing. You're so right. It's just phenomenal how our bodies operate. That whole evolution, isn't it? I still think about when babies formed in utero, how incredibly, highly intelligent that is. There's no science-   Tahnee: (40:10) It's wild. Yeah. It's just like, "Make a human, go." And you're just eating your, I was eating my tamari almonds like, "I'm making a baby right now."   Dr. Amanda: (40:22) I know.   Tahnee: (40:26) It's wacky.   Dr. Amanda: (40:30) It's wild. "I'm growing a heart today. I'm growing the skeletal system." There's 386 different proteins. The endometrial lining is made up of vaginal secretions, the endometrial stroma, the epithelial cells, and then 356 different proteins that help to form that endometrial lining. So it's totally different to the blood that circulates through our veins. So essentially, when we are bleeding each month, and this is what I love, is that it's that whole thing of releasing. They say it's, when we're having a period, that we're releasing the debris. So medical, isn't it? Just releasing the debris.   Dr. Amanda: (41:19) Well, we're releasing cytokines, so if we don't conceive it releases inflammation. We're releasing cytokines, the vaginal fluid. And so that's the process women, of honouring that letting go, we're releasing the old, essentially. The old blood, to make way for the new. So that is that process of releasing, letting go, and then bringing in the new. So when we go into our menstrual cycle, we're going into winter. We're going into that time to slow down, to honour ourselves as women, honour the letting go, looking at those psychological things of potentially what we wanted to let go of through that last cycle so then that way we can bring in the evolution of the new.   Tahnee: (42:05) We were talking about trauma before, and about this stagnation that occurs. Is there a sense of holding on? Is that one of the themes that you see with people? I mean, I guess that's something you need to work through with a therapist, but is there a sense of resisting life in some way? Or I don't want to be rude or anything, but I'm just feeling into that, and it's like, yeah, I could feel like if there was a trauma or something you couldn't handle and you couldn't share, then you would store that in the body and that would manifest.   Dr. Amanda: (42:43) Yes. So every month that's coming up, and it's a reminder as well. So even just deep, cleansing breaths. Using all your tonal sounds when you are bleeding, to soften through all that connective tissue. And then it's also an opportunity to practise the physicality of letting go. I always like to use... And go deep to then where you're softening through your diaphragm, that whole jellyfish analogy, soft through your diaphragm, and allow the blood to release and let it go. So when you're sitting on the toilet, if you're at home and you've got a really heavy cramp, instead of bending over and holding your stomach, you could take a nice deep breath in. And then as you feel the blood pass, and you go... It's no different to giving birth.   Tahnee: (43:38) Like birth. Yeah. It makes a roar.   Dr. Amanda: (43:46) Get your lion out. Women that have, we've got a lot of tight jaws, that connection of tight jaws. So you can soften through. And then when you do that, you can actually feel the blood passing, and the whole pelvis starts to soften, and the whole connected tissue starts to release. And you're like, "Ah." And you can feel the physical body releasing that stress in that moment. So breath, major part of treatments.   Tahnee: (44:15) Yeah. Yeah. And I mean I am curious about things like steams and things. Do you have any experience with those? Because I personally haven't had endo but I've used them for things like, a little bit later than just having given birth, but in my postpartum stage I used them. And yeah, I'm just curious as to whether you've got any evidence of whether they're useful for helping... Because I imagine warmth would really help, something I can imagine.   Dr. Amanda: (44:45) Yeah. Well, no, you know, because in that post-partum period, our uterus is vacious and in Chinese medicine, everything's prone to exogenous, external factors. So when we're losing our blood, the period, the whole menstrual bleed is emptying our uterus, and it's the same after we've given birth. So by doing steams, you've got medicinal herbs that are helping to promote healthy blood flow, warming the uterus, protecting the uterus as well from any external factors from coming in. Because if cold comes in, that's why you should never swim on your period, particularly in Melbourne, because it's so bloody freezing, the uterus contracts.   Dr. Amanda: (45:25) You don't want anything to be causing a contraction, because more contraction leads to more blood stagnation, which leads to more pain, more inflammation. So yeah. And I think as women, we want to explore all the different options that we can. And yoni steaming is one of those. I actually haven't personally tried it myself. Can you share to me, how does it feel? Yeah.   Tahnee: (45:48) I love it. I mean, I don't do it much at the moment really, but I used to do it a lot for self-care before my daughter. I just think it's this really... I usually do it when I'm not bleeding, so just the week before. For me, I guess I'm quite a livery type of person anyway, so it's that pause. It's an intentional pause. You're sitting there for a period of time with all the yummy herbs. I will often use rose and quite beautiful herbs, because I don't have any medicinal problems. Medical problems, I mean. But yeah, and for me that warmth in my lower abdomen is just a really nourishing feeling. It's something that I just find very comforting.   Tahnee: (46:33) And my experience has been, post-partum, that it helps to clear blood. I had some dark, stringy blood at the first bleed, after I finished breastfeeding, so about 18 months. So did steams for the next two or three months after that, and it just seemed to clear it out. The blood became fresh and bright again. It just seemed to clear out any of that lingering stuff that maybe hadn't moved through well after birth, or was remaining from after birth.   Tahnee: (46:59) And I mean, I've had my teacher, she said she passed a mass, a big... She said it was almost a placenta, a big alien clump. I've heard some wild stories. But I think yeah, just as a general thing to try, it's definitely worth it. You've got to be careful not to burn yourself. But it's beautiful. It's a really beautiful therapeutic practise. I love saunas, I love heat anyway.   Dr. Amanda: (47:28) Me too.   Tahnee: (47:29) Yes. It's so nourishing.   Dr. Amanda: (47:31) It is so nourishing.   Tahnee: (47:33) Yeah, yeah. So I just imagine that would be beneficial. And I mean, from an internal perspective, obviously great to see a clinician and work on that level, and I know you've got some things pending which is exciting. So yeah, in general, if people were looking for supplements or herbs or things, are there things that you see working, or again should they just seek individual care? Is there any general things we can talk about? I'm imagining DIM, an estro-block kind of a product? Do you know that product?   Dr. Amanda: (48:03) Yes. I think that's where it's good to do the Dutch test, because sometimes DIM can actually have the opposing effect and it can cause more oestrogen dominance. So I guess, if you are experiencing all that breast tenderness, yeah, all your cruciferous vegetables as we know, because they help to block the oestrogen receptors and to be able to metabolise oestrogen through your stools. And psyllium husks also are a great one to use. Curcumin, there's been some great research there to help reduce inflammation. And also evening primrose oil, evening primrose helps with the elevation of prostaglandins. It also helps with reducing inflammation. So all our essential fatty acids. Basically, no sugar. Definitely no gluten and wheat, are huge proponents for increasing more inflammation, particularly noting if you've got any celiac in your family, because then you'll definitely have a gluten sensitivity.   Dr. Amanda: (49:01) Dairy as well. If you think about what's happening when cows are constantly being milked, in terms of they have to be milked regularly otherwise they get mastitis, they've just given birth. They've got oestrogen circulating, producing hormones, that's going into the milk. So it's just no dairy. Also, too, because dairy creates an inflammatory response through your gut. So if you notice that you're sensitive to dairy, cut dairy out. Farm to plate. Your blend, I love your women's blend. The Gaia.   Tahnee: (49:36) Yeah. Yes.   Dr. Amanda: (49:38) She is beautiful because she's got the [foreign language 00:49:39] and the [foreign language 00:49:41] helps to warm. It also nourishes blood. So after you've had your bleed take your Mother Gaia, because that helps, then you've got your goji berries, so the goji berries are really good because we know that they go to the liver meridian. They also help to support the spleen function as well, and they're red in colour. And they're delicious.   Tahnee: (50:03) Something that's tasty [crosstalk 00:50:06] thank you so much for your time, Amanda. I will create a list of show notes for everybody to access your site, your book, all of your resources, your training, opportunities to work with you, and yeah, I really appreciate everything you've shared. It's been really enlightening and nourishing conversation. So thank you.   Dr. Amanda: (50:24) Thanks, beautiful. Thank you so much.

In this short but HY episode, I discuss practically all you need to know about prostaglandins in relation to how they are tested on the USMLE exams. There are no attached slides. Audio Download

Do your bowel movements change around your period? Do you experience constipation in the few days before your period, followed by the most amazing diarrhea you've ever experienced the day your period starts?  Period poops are a real thing. And the cause? Prostaglandins, and... your period itself.  Tune in for all the facts you never knew you wanted to know about how your periods affect your bowels on this episode.    The Goods:Full Shownotes Get On The Clinic Waitlist  Subscribe to The Superwoman Code Email List Follow @drashleymargeson on Instagram Special Thanks ToProduction: Ben Connolly Supported by Cornerstone Naturopathic Inc

Welcome back to the Whole View, episode 415. (0:27) Stacy is jazzed that they are revisiting a topic that has been laid with controversy for years. She loves to revisit topics and update science on past episode subjects. First, Stacy wants to share a story on fish oil. Stacy recently had an appointment with one of her children who has ADHD/ADD. The pediatrician knows that they work to manage his symptoms through lifestyle and are trying to avoid medication. Stacy shared with the pediatrician some of the challenges she has been facing at home and asked if there was an alternative to using a stimulant. One of the things that he said was to increase the fish oil that this kid was getting, who is on fish oil, but needs to increase his dosage. A few years ago this is not something they would have heard, so Stacy thought this was a cool advancement. They will up this child's intake, and the brand that he takes is Rosita, who is also our sponsor this week. We love to showcase brands that we genuinely use and love. A special thank you to Rosita for being this week's sponsor. You can visit them at this link here and use the code 'thewholeview' to receive 5% off your order. Rosita was the brand that made Sarah feel comfortable about taking fish oil again. Quality is really important, and Rosita's fresh cod liver oil (not fermented) is so fresh and wild-caught from sustainable fish. It is so clean that they don't even need to add flavoring to it. This is extra virgin cod liver oil that is top quality and is the brand that Stacy and Sarah choose for themselves and their families. They offer both the oil and the capsules. Stacy shared a fun fact about the Rock's cod intake.   Listener Question Katie says, "Hi ladies, thank you for your wonderful podcast. (9:55) I listen every week, and I love everything, from the science to the soapboxes. My question has to do with fish oil. Specifically, I've heard mixed research on whether or not it is healthy for people to take as a supplement. It seems there is a lot of people that say that adding a fish oil supplement is really beneficial, but I recently attended a lecture where they were talking about how it can be damaging to the cells due to how it is extracted, and that we actually don't need it as much as we thought. As with anything diet and nutrition-related, there always seem to be many camps that people fall into, and I would love to hear your balanced approach on the science!"   DHA & EPA Let's start by talking about what it is in fish oil that is the reason it is so recommended. (11:25) It really has to do with these two different fatty acids, they are the long-chain omega-3 fatty acids, that you have seen as EPA and DHA. These fatty acids are really important in the body. They are different from the other main omega-3 that is what we get from chia seeds and flaxseeds, which are abbreviated as ALA. There are few processes in our body that use ALA, but most of what our body needs are DHA and EPA. If we are getting our omega-3 from plant sources, our body has to convert the ALA into these longer-chain omega-3's in order for them to do their function. This conversion is very inefficient. When we are counting our omega-3 intake, we should only count the long-chain omega-3's. The main food source that we are getting those from is fish and shellfish. It is really important for our bodies because they are used for forming fat-based hormone-like molecules in our bodies. Sarah explained these signals in greater detail.   Messenger Molecules There are three main classes of these molecules that are formed from EPA and DHA. (14:25) Prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes are classes of messenger molecules produced by many cells throughout the body that are important mediators of a variety of functions, including inflammation. We want to have the balance between the omega-6's and omega-3's in the cell membrane so that the cells can self regulate what type of signal they are producing. Sarah explained the way that inflammation serves as the starting point for most chronic illnesses. What we want is to have a balance in our cells so that our immune system can be regulated. Prostaglandins have essential roles in a variety of systems in the human body, including regulators of blood clotting, pain signaling, cell growth, kidney function, stomach acid secretion, and inflammation. Thromboxanes are produced by platelets and serve an essential function in blood clotting by simultaneously causing platelet aggregation and vasoconstriction. Leukotrienes are primarily synthesized by inflammatory cells and are essential mediators of inflammatory and immune reactions.   The Microbiome Impact Omega-3's are also really important for the microbiome. (20:05) There is this whole separate mechanism of how omega-3's are impacting our health. What is really interesting about the gut microbiome is that it is much more complicated than just how much fiber we are consuming. Our gut bacteria also have essential fats, and need those fats to make their cell membranes. They have signaling that can change their metabolism. In addition, they are sensitive to the types of proteins we are consuming. It is far more complex than, just eat fiber. One of the things that is really important for supporting a healthy community of gut bacteria is omega-3 fats. Omega-3's are the most gut-friendly fat that we could eat. They are particularly sensitive to DHA and EPA. There are a variety of studies that have shown that with supplementation of fish oil that it does things like improve gut-barrier health, reduces gut inflammation, reduces the production of endotoxin, and helps to drive the growth of important probiotic bacteria. What is amazing, is that there have been studies in humans where is all they have done is add a fish oil supplementation. These studies showed that this can correct gut dysbiosis in a very short period of time. The time markers in these studies range from two to six weeks. They show a healthier gut microbiome composition, including high diversity, which is one of the most important hallmarks of a gut microbial community. These are very compelling studies.   Chronic Disease Link Sarah would never (in eating for gut health) simplify it that we need to simply take a fish oil supplement. (23:04) There is obviously a lot more to it. We want to be eating the quality protein, a high diversity of vegetables and fruits, we want to be thinking of mushrooms as their own food group, etc. This is probably a secondary layer of mechanisms on tops of why omega-3's (EPA and DHA) are so important for our overall health. It also explains why not having enough EPA and DHA is linked to chronic disease risk. Sarah noted that when you look at the layer of benefits, it is a really good way of emphasizing the importance of this nutrient. On a related note, Sarah took a moment to share her feelings on the essential and non-essential nutrient labels.   The Science We have this huge collection of studies that are linking higher dietary omega-3s or the amount in our blood cell membrane. (29:07) Studies that have looked at human health in relation to omega-3's have shown over and over again that the higher the omega-3's the lower the risk of chronic illness. The strongest signals are diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Supplementation with encapsulated fish oil or fortified foods improves a wide range of cardiovascular risk factors including lipid profile, blood pressure, heart rate and variability, platelet aggregation, endothelial function, and atherosclerotic plaque stability.  We have this huge collection of studies showing that high omega-3's has all of these outcomes. So where does the controversy come from?   How common is a deficiency? Sarah highly recommends reading Death by Food Pyramid by Denise Minger. (34:33) It is a fascinating story of how the dietary recommendations became lobbyist driven as opposed to science-driven. This is what has basically colored US dietary guidelines. Less than 10% of people choose their food based on those guidelines. Stacy referred listeners back to this podcast episode. Even though the American Heart Association has targets for omega-3's, it is not something that most people are even paying attention to. The adequate intake is considered a bare minimum. For adult women, the recommendation is 1.1 grams daily. And for adult men, it is 1.6 grams of omega-3's daily. Studies have shown that on average American adults are consuming .4 grams per day from foods and .7 grams from supplements. Even though people are getting more omega-3's than they use to, which is predominantly driven by the fish oil supplement industry, most American adults are not meeting the recommendations. It is still more telling to look at the omega-3 index and look at how much omega-3's are actually in our cell membranes. The ideal intake of omega-3's is relative to the intake of omega-6's. So it is really relative to the whole diet, which will vary based on your sources of omega-6's as well as total fat. What we want is more omega-3 in our cell membranes. Studies that have looked at the omega-3 index of culture globally and compare different areas of the world in terms of how we are doing - show that in America our omega-3 index is 4. This means that the amount of DHA and EPA in our cell membranes is 4% of total fatty acids. In areas of the world where they are consuming a lot more fish that range is typically between 8 and 15%, and somewhere in that range is healthier. Even with fish oil supplementation being really common, we are looking at about 70% of people not getting enough EPA and DHA.   Racial Disparities There are some racial disparities in terms of the likelihood of lower omega-3 index (40:34) In America, people of Asian descent tend to have the highest omega-3 index. Whereas people of Hispanic cultural descent, tend to have the lowest, with their average at 3.6%. This is an area where Black-Americans do a little bit better than white-Americans. Black-Americans are at about 4.5%, whereas white-Americans are at 3.8%. Studies have shown that ethnicity does not change how the omega-3's relate to markers of inflammation. So how much inflammation there is, is directly related to how many omega-3's there are. There are no additional layering of complexity with ethnicity. Stacy asked a question about how/if stress plays into needing more omega-3's. Sarah responded with a yes and explained a bit about this two-way stress.   Quality Matters Back in 2012, there was this growing number of studies that were showing conflicting information in terms of long-term fish oil supplementation. (44:24) So what studies were starting to show that over the short-term you could see if you gave somebody fish oil supplementation, that their cardiovascular disease risk factors decreased. Once you hit the six to eight weeks (some studies showed 12), you would start to see this increase in lipid peroxidation. This is the oxidative degradation of fat molecules in the body, which is associated with a whole pile of disease processes. Over time, even though triglycerides would stay low, you would start to see this increase in markers of lipid peroxidation. There were animal studies where they would give fish oil-enriched diets over a year or two years to mice, showing that fish oil mice lived a shorter amount of time. At the time, Chris Kresser brought up the issue of oxidation. In the last few years, this is exactly where scientists have landed on the simplest explanation for this effect. Sarah explained why these fats are prone to oxidation. When oxygen does react with a fat, it creates all of these oxidized fat molecules that are problematic and inflammatory. There is a huge amount of scientific literature, at least in animal studies, showing that consuming oxidized fats or having a process in the body where fats are being oxidized, is bad.   How common are oxidized supplements? What we found is that studies over the last few years have started looking at how much of these fish oils that are on store shelves are oxidized. (48:07) There are levels that are considered acceptable. Studies have shown that it is very problematic. Over the counter fish oil supplements, depending on the study, show that anywhere between 11 and 80% of the products are oxidized. There was a study done in American fish oil products that showed that 27% had more than double the level of damage oxidized fats than what was considered an acceptable limit. Stacy asked if these companies know their products are oxidized? This is exactly why Stacy and Sarah are very particular about vetting brands. It is very important that we research this information and advocate for ourselves. Sarah thinks this problem is more about a lack of awareness in this industry that this is an issue. Since the chemical structure of these fats are easily oxidized, they need to be extracted under ideal conditions. And on top of that, they need to be bottled and stored properly. The things that drive oxidation of fish oil are higher temperatures, exposure to oxygen, light, the presence of water, and the presence of heavy metals. Oxidation is a snowball effect. It is really important that the fish oil you are consuming is extracted under conditions that will not damage that fat.  Stored under conditions that will not damage that fat. It is important to understand that some of the damage can happen after it leaves the factory.   Closing Thoughts If you are taking a fish oil that does not fall into where you would like it to be, please understand that we are not here to shame you or make you feel bad. (57:15) There is nothing that 'shoulds' will do for you.  We are here to help you feel more informed so that you can make decisions based on easily accessible science. The good news is that switching to a higher quality fish oil can have profound effects going forward.  This is one of those things that you can change and see improvement in going forward.  There is no reason to feel badly about what you may or may not have been doing in the past.  If you decide that you want to start taking higher quality fish oil, feel good about that decision and leave everything else in the past behind. One of the things that was really eye-opening to Sarah when doing research for this show, was that her diet (which does incorporate seafood at least daily) still requires a bit of supplementation.  Sarah was looking at it from the omega-6's vs. omega-3's intake lens. Stacy shared a bit on their seafood intake and the way that it tends to ebb and flow with seasons.  Her favorite way to consume seafood right now is by putting anchovies on Ceasar salad. This has been her go-to lunch during quarantine.  Don't forget, you can shop at Rosita, and use the code 'thewholeview' to get 5% off your order.  We love hearing from you! Don't forget, if you liked this podcast, please comment and share.  If you haven't recently left a review, please take a moment to leave one.  And, if you didn't yet check out Patreon, we are officially up and running.  There is behind the scenes, not rated-G content there.  Something special will be up for you if you do join.  And special thank you to those who have already signed up. Your support is amazing! If you want more of that, go and check that out here. Thank you so much Sarah for all of the science! We will of course be back again next week! If you have more topics that you would like us to discuss, please feel free to submit those ideas using our contact forms. Thank you for listening! (1:07:25)

In this episode we talk about PMS symptoms, what can cause menstrual pain and how to improve your menstrual cycle. A lot of times menstrual pain is chalked up as “something to just deal with” or be put on birth control to help manage it - but it’s a sign that something is off with our body.What is your period telling you? Late - High StressExtra Painful - Sign of inflammation. Nourishing with whole foods (turmeric, bone broth, carrots, eggs, coconut oil, and other healing foods)Early - Stress/Low Progesterone Spotting - Low hormone levelsHeavy Period - Low progesterone since estrogen thins the uterine lining. Thyroid dysfunction. Some reasons for menstrual pain areHigh levels of inflammatory prostaglandins (typically experience pain DURING your period) High estrogen in comparison to progesterone. (typically cause PMS symptoms and pain leading up to and during period) - very common Stress and nutrient deficiencies Does Alcohol Make Period Symptoms Worse?Article referenced: https://drbrighten.com/does-alcohol-affect-your-period/Alcohol can make your period symptoms worse — in more than a few ways. It can lead to dehydration, which may worsen cramping.It can deplete magnesium levels, which means PMS and cramps increase.It may cause fluctuations in your hormone levels — which means your period symptoms can get worse.It keeps your liver busy. Instead of breaking down excess hormones during your period, your liver is distracted dealing with processing alcohol. This means your period might come with more misery than usual.It can affect your gut microbiome and can make you more susceptible to leaky gut and inflammation. That can leave your body less equipped to properly process hormones during your period, potentially causing symptoms to flare up.It can cause your blood sugar levels to rise when you drink in moderation. In the second half of the menstrual cycle cycle (after ovulation), many women are more insulin resistant. Adding alcohol to the equation can make things worse.So what can you do to help: TRACK YOUR CYCLE. Pay attention to how long they are, how heavy they are, and your symptoms. Magnesium Malate or Magnesium Oil Spray (nuts, legumes, leafy greens, avocado, seeds, plantains, and bananas) Eat foods rich in Vitamin B6 (help promote progesterone and happy periods - pork poultry, fish, egg,s beef, liver, carrots, spinach, sweet potato, avocado, chickpeas) Ginger Root or Ginger Tea (Zingibain, the enzyme found in ginger, protects your body from inflammation by inhibiting your body's prostaglandins production. Prostaglandins are a type of pro-inflammatory chemicals that trigger the contractions of the uterus and help it shed its lining.) Heating Pad or Ovira Pads TENS device REST/Reduce Stress Download our metabolic blueprint here if you can relate to the symptoms we talk about that are associated with chronically dieting.Click HERE to learn more about our Metabolic Prehab™️ program!Connect with us:Website lsn.fitInstagram @lsn.coach@lizromannutrition @beccachilcz_nutritionEmail: info@lsn.fit

Stay tuned to the end of today’s episode for a conversation on how to apply the 10 principles of intuitive eating during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Period pain, also known as dysmennorhea, may be common but its not normal to experience. In this episode we explore how prostaglandins cause period pain, how prostaglandins are involved in the inflammation response and gentle nutrition, supplement and lifestyle factors you can implement to support reducing your period pain.   Other episodes and blog posts on periods: PMS: What is Normal The 4 Different Root Causes and Types of PCOS NWP Episode 110: How the Menstrual Cycle Works and How to Track It NWP Episode 111: Q&A on Pregnancy, Elimination Protocols for PCOS and How to Get Your Period Back NWP Episode 113: What Happens to Your Body When You Lose Your Period with Kelsey Pukala RD/N NWP Episode 128: Debunking 5 Myths About Your Period   Thank you to our new Tuesday  podcast sponsors, Better Help. Better Help is a professional counseling service platform done through a secure online platform. Better Help is affordable, available worldwide, and you can get started within 24 hours. Better Help wants you to start living a better, happier life starting today. If you’ve been thinking about starting counseling but didn’t know where to go, I hope you use this as your call to action.    Use this link to get 10% your first month.   Resources for you: Learn more about our services at Nourishing Minds Nutrition. Read testimonials from our amazing clients here. Join our FREE support group for like-minded women, the Nourishing Women Community. Live Q&As are hosted every Tuesday evening.   Let’s hang out! Connect with Victoria and the staff at NMN: Victoria’s Instagram Victoria’s Website Nourishing Minds Nutrition Instagram Nourishing Minds Nutrition website

Make your free exploration phone call appointment with Lahana over here! ***From now until 3/20/2020, we’re offering off $75 off an initial new client hour session! Take advantage of this amazing offer! Connect with Lahana over on Facebook, Instagram, and the blog! —– Outside of the obvious like endometriosis or fibroids (which is a whole other topic that YES food can be still related), I want to talk about THREE other reasons that painful periods may be happening for ya! Nutrient Deficiencies Certain nutrients, like magnesium, are needed for optimal muscle contraction. Vitamin D deficiency also has been linked to period cycle issues. Optimizing vitamin E levels has been studied for painful periods – this is a fat-soluble vitamin, so working with a practitioner for the right dosage for you is important! We do micronutrient deficiency testing in our practice to figure this out too! And we’re looking in the white blood cell, which is a more efficient and effective way at looking at your nutrient stores versus in the serum. Never underestimate proper nutrient levels! Estrogen Dominance Estrogen is freakin’ awesome. We need it – it’s important for our health, but when we have too much or we don’t have enough progesterone (so the ratio between estrogen and progesterone isn’t optimal), we can feel that estrogen dominance. Painful periods are one of the symptoms of estrogen dominance. Diet is important with estrogen (and progesterone) as it’s the foundation of making hormones + it influences the metabolism of estrogen. Those good ol’ cruciferous vegetables slay the game at making sure our body is choosing the protective pathway of estrogen versus the more DNA damaging one. DUTCH hormone testing is what we do and it’s a way to be able to see how we can support you best with diet, along with lifestyle because not only does it test the estrogen and progesterone, but it also tests adrenals. Cortisol levels are really important for seeing how we’re handling our stress and from there, we can support you with lifestyle recommendations to make sure adrenals are moving towards that optimal range! Prostaglandins You might have heard me talk about omega-6 being a more pro-inflammatory fatty acid. It’s fancy name is called arachidonic acid. This type of fatty acid can create the production of something called prostaglandins. Prostaglandins play a role in the body by way of inflammation, inhibit platelet aggregation, helps the smooth muscle contract, and the way it’s related to periods is that it helps shed our lining every month! Hello, blood! If our body has more prostaglandins, this can contribute to those painful periods. Diet is big importance here because we want to 1) eat foods that aren’t producing inflammation in our body and this is SUPER bio-individual, hence why we do food sensitivity testing and 2) get healthier fats in that produce a better fatty acid ratio. Our western diet is LOADED with omega-6 fatty acids. And don’t get me wrong, we need all the omegas, but it really does come down to balance. P.S. You know you have extra prostaglandins when you have diarrhea before a cycle! Where is the poop emoji when I need it?! If this is something you’re struggling with, I urge you to not stop looking for the root. I plead and beg that getting your foundation (diet, lifestyle, exercise, stress, sleep) is the most important thing we can do for our body before electing to do extremes. You are not alone! Many women are going through this + many women are underestimating what diet and lifestyle can do, Painful periods are not normal. If you haven’t tried working with a dietitian/nutritionist, our team is ready! Your healthcare team should have an array of different practitioners, so that you are best supported with a holistic whole-body approach!

Do you swell before your period? Rings fit differently, you get bloated and have to find those leggings reserved only for that time of the month?  What about literally experiencing aches and pains, joint irritation and headaches?  Ever wonder if you were supposed to feel this way or if there was something more?  On today's episode we deep dive into the effect that chronic, low-grade inflammation has on your periods. And it turns out, those hormonal shifts that you have before your period starts can be trigger the increase of this tiny little inflammatory molecules known as prostaglandins.  These prostaglandins are what have been studied in everything from PMS to PMDD to endometriosis and PCOS... and knowing the effect that these little molecules have is truly a wonder into how we treat and approach the connection between inflammation and our menstrual cycles.  Today I'm not just laying down the science, I'm also chatting about how a few simple changes in your life can reduce your overall inflammatory cascade, what bloodwork you need to have done, and I *may* have touched on why vegan diets maybe aren't the best choice when you experience chronic low grade inflammation... maybe.  Those Omega 3 to Omega 6 Fatty Acid Ratios tho...  Enjoy Superwomen!    RESEARCH:  Prostaglandins and premenstrual syndrome. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 1992 Jan;45(1):33-6. Koshikawa N1, Tatsunuma T, Furuya K, Seki K. PMID: 1546064 Reduced parasympathetic activity during sleep in the symptomatic phase of severe premenstal syndrome. J Psychosom Res. 2008 Jul;65(1):13-22. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2008.04.008. Epub 2008 Jun 4. Baker FC1, Colrain IM, Trinder J. Moline ML, Zendell SM. Evaluating and managing premenstrual syndrome. Medscape Womens Health. 2000;5:1–16. Kendler KS, Karkowski LM, Corey LA, Neale MC. Longitudinal population-based twin study of retrospectively reported premenstrual symptoms and lifetime major depression. Am J Psychiatry. 1998;155:1234–40. Steege JF, Blumenthal JA. The effects of aerobic exercise on premenstrual symptoms in middle-aged women: a preliminary study. J Psychosom Res. 1993;37:127–33.

In this podcast, Dr. Carl Dean, a Nephrologist with Kidney Specialists of Minnesota, presented at Ridgeview Medical Center's Live Friday CME Series on September 27th, 2019. At this event, Dr. Dean provided information on acute kidney injury (AKI)- its frequency, management, and treatment modalities available for AKI. Enjoy the podcast! Objectives:    Upon completion of this podcast, participants should be able to: Evaluate for the cause of acute kidney injury. Describe when a referral to a nephrologist is warranted. Identify treatment options available for acute kidney injury. CME credit is only offered to Ridgeview Providers for this podcast activity. Complete and submit the online evaluation form, after viewing the activity.  Upon successful completion of the evaluation, you will be e-mailed a certificate of completion within 2 weeks.  You may contact the accredited provider with questions regarding this program at  rmccredentialing@ridgeviewmedical.org. Click on the following link for your CME credit: CME Evaluation: "Approach to Acute Kidney Injury" (**If you are listening to the podcasts through iTunes on your laptop or desktop, it is not possible to link directly with the CME Evaluation for unclear reasons. We are trying to remedy this. You can, however, link to the survey through the Podcasts app on your Apple and other smart devices, as well as through Spotify, Stitcher and other podcast directory apps and on your computer browser at these websites. We apologize for the inconvenience.)  The information provided through this and all Ridgeview podcasts as well as any and all accompanying files, images, videos and documents is/are for CME/CE and other institutional learning and communication purposes only and is/are not meant to substitute for the independent medical judgment of a physician, healthcare provider or other healthcare personnel relative to diagnostic and treatment options of a specific patient's medical condition.”   FACULTY DISCLOSURE ANNOUNCEMENT  It is our intent that any potential conflict should be identified openly so that the listeners may form their own judgments about the presentation with the full disclosure of the facts. It is not assumed any potential conflicts will have an adverse impact on these presentations. It remains for the audience to determine whether the speaker’s outside interest may reflect a possible bias, either the exposition or the conclusions presented. Planning committee members and presenter(s) have disclosed they have no significant financial relationship with a pharmaceutical company and have disclosed that no conflict of interest exists with the presentation/educational event. SHOW NOTES: Nephrons are the functional unit of the kidneys. The nephrons have specialized capillary beds that have low partial pressures of oxygen which make kidneys susceptible to AKI. The afferent/efferent capillary bed have a unique ability to constrict and dilate to maintain GFR during times of physiologic stress, this is called autoregulation. The thickness of the renal cortex (or essentially where all the glomeruli are located) is important for detecting or estimating the chronicity of kidney disease. A thick cortex tells us that you have decreased renal function. The proximal tubule is the workhorse of the nephron where the electrolytes, proteins and glucose are reabsorbed. Podocytes are specialized epithelial cells that surround the capillary within the glomeruli assisting with the filtration system of the kidney. A strong electronegative charge. A classic disruption of this system leads to nephritic syndrome. The kidney gets about 20% of blood flow from the heart. Prostaglandins and Angiotensin 2 maintain GFR by driving constriction and dilation of the afferent and efferent capillary beds. NSAIDS (diminish the ability to generate prostaglandins through arachidonic acid pathway), ARBs and ACE inhibitors inhibit -- Angiotensin 2 which generates constriction on the afferent and efferent cap beds (preferential on efferent). Patients susceptible to AKI generally have preexisting chronic kidney disease. We detect AKI through creatinine and urine output. Factors that affect creatinine function include: age, gender, lean muscle mass, drugs (bacterium, cimetidine, tyrosine kinase inhibitors), ethnicity, diet. NGAL, KIM-1 and IL-18 are true markers of structural injury to the kidney. They can be found in the serum as well as urine. NGAL and KIM-1 tend to go up rather fast with AKI in comparison to say creatinine.  NGAL (neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin) is one of the earliest and most robustly induced proteins in the kidney after ischemic or nephrotoxic AKI in animal models and KIM-1 (kidney injury molecule-1) is a type 1 transmembrane protein, with immunoglobulin and mucin domain, whose expression is markedly up-regulated in the proximal tubule in the post-ischemic rat kidney. Pre-renal causes of CHF, hypovolemia, V/D, MI, PE, antihypertensives, anaphylaxis, cirrhosis, sepsis, hemorrhage, etc. Essentially: "The kidneys are not getting enough blood flow". Post-renal causes include: obstruction can occur anywhere from renal tubule to the urethra. Generally, bilateral etiology to cause AKI. 1st step in evaluation for AKI is comparing present creatinine with previous and how rapidly the creatinine is rising. Next, how is the patient feeling? Med review, screen of oral intake, loss, infection, etc. Recent procedures. Labs to consider: UA, CBC, US, protein/CR ratio, CBC for TTP and micro-angiopathy.  Additional testing include: Renal U/S, PTH, and anemia may give clues to the duration of decreased renal function/ Active Urine Sediment - concerning for acute glomerulonephritis, hematuria and proteinuria, hematuria, only 80% is bladder, prostate or urethra disease. Quantify the proteinuria, screening for glomerular disease and its severity. 3g: glomerular disease is present. Hyaline casts (Tamm Horsfall) made in Loop of Henle tell us that there is low flow through the tubules. (Generally a pre-renal issue). Granular cast or muddy brown cast which is pathognomonic for ATN which is generally the diagnosis. RBC cast is generally concerning for acute glomerulonephritis may want to consider a nephron consult. Renal U/S is generally recommended for every new AKI. This evaluate for size, hydronephrosis, 2 kidneys, cortical thickness. Management of AKI is managing electrolytes and acidosis. Volume expansion. Trial of vasopressors, dialysis. No benefit to diuretics. Adjusting appropriate drug dosages for patient with AKI. Furosemide stress test can be implemented as diagnostic test to determine the severity of the AKI in volume resus oliguria patient. AKI in the hospital are likely something we did iatrogenic meds, CT contrast, hemodynamics, obstruction, sepsis, volume depletion. Acute Interstitial Nephritis:  Triad of rash, AKI and peripheral eosinophilia very rare (

Thanks to the University of Minnesota for sponsoring this video! http://twin-cities.umn.edu/ The same enzyme that used to save us is now killing us because the body reactions it catalyzes now cause more harm than good. Thanks also to our Patreon patrons https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth and our YouTube members. ___________________________________________ To learn more, start your googling with these keywords:  Cyclooxygenase: An enzyme responsible for the production of thromboxane and prostaglandins.Thromboxane: A lipid that acts as a platelet aggregator.Platelets: Special non-nucleic blood cells that clump together to cause blood clots.Prostaglandins: A lipid that causes vasodilation and inflammation.Aspirin: A form of acetylsalicylic acid that acts as an NSAID.NSAIDs: Non-steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs that inhibit COX, and thus inflammation and clotting. ___________________________________________ Subscribe to MinuteEarth on YouTube: Support us on Patreon: And visit our website: https://www.minuteearth.com/ Say hello on Facebook: http://goo.gl/FpAvo6 And Twitter: http://goo.gl/Y1aWVC And download our videos on itunes:  https://goo.gl/sfwS6n ___________________________________________ Credits: Script Writer and Narrator: David Goldenberg Video Illustrators: Ever Salazar and Sarah Berman Video Directors: David Goldenberg and Ever Salazar With Contributions From: Henry Reich, Alex Reich, Kate Yoshida, Ever Salazar, Peter Reich and Julián Gómez Music by: Nathaniel Schroeder: ___________________________________________ References: Fitzpatrick, F. (2004). Cyclooxygenase Enzymes: Regulation and Function.Current Pharmaceutical Design. 10:577-588. Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14965321.Dubois, R., Abramson, S., Crofford, L., Gupta, R., Simon, L., Van De Putte, L., Lipsky, P. (1998). Cyclooxygenase in biology and disease. The FASEB Journal 212(12):1063-73. Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9737710.Havird, J., Kocot, K., Brannock, P., Cannon, J., Waits, D., Weese, D., Santos, S., Halanych, K. (2015). Reconstruction of cyclooxygenase evolution in animals suggests variable, lineage-specific duplications, and homologs with low sequence identity. 80(3-4):193-208. Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25758350.Ricciotti, E. and FitzGerald, G. (2011).Prostaglandins and Inflammation. ATVB In Focs. 31(5): 986–1000. Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3081099/. Rao, P., and Knaus, E. (2008). Evolution of Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs): Cyclooxygenase (COX) Inhibition and Beyond. Journal of Pharmaceutical Science. 11 (2): 81-110. Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19203472.Van't Hof, J., Duval, S., Misialek, J., Oldenburg, N., Jones, C., Eder, M., Luepker, R. (2019). Aspirin Use for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in an African American Population: Prevalence and Associations with Health Behavior Beliefs. Journal of Community Health. 44(3):561-568. Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30895416.Leupker, R. (2019). Personal Communication. Minnesota Heart Health Program. University of Minnesota.Chipman, J. (2019). Personal Communication. DEpartment of Surgery. University of Minnesota.

Thank you for joining us for our 2nd Cabral HouseCall of the weekend! I’m looking forward to sharing with you some of our community’s questions that have come in over the past few weeks… Let’s get started!    Megan: Hi Dr Cabral, thank you for everything you do, you have helped me immensely! Keep up the good work. My question is about a guy I have recently started dating - he is 26 and seems to have little uncontrollable ticks or Tourette's like symptoms, is there something You can suggest to help him? His diet is not the best at the moment. I am currently studying your IHP certification and would love to know if this is something I can help people with when I am certified. Thanks again Christina: Hi, I am a 27 year old women with many symptoms of hyperthyroidism. I have been struggling with changes in my body weight and have recently lost about 8 pounds in a month due to stress. I have had insomnia for the last 4 years and am often extremely tired during the day and feel wired at night. I have a very active metabolism and can have up to 6 bowel movements in a day. The symptoms seem to be much more intense when I am pmsing and ovulating. I have frequent mood swings that can shift dramatically within an hour. I have never been clinically diagnosed but feel pretty confident that I have hyperthyroidism because it also runs in my family and would like to complete a lab test analysis. Which lab test(s) would you recommend? Thank you,  Christina Sharell: Hi doctor,  Can you please enlight me/us about the link with prostaglandins and your period.For 5 days AFTER my period I always get diarrheaI have seen this with might have something to do with a chemical called prostaglandins Is there anything I can do ??Back ground. 40 years old, healthy, normal flow period, 5 day period, 20 day cycle for years. No pain, no head aches. Thanks.  Becca: Good Evening! I am interested in a detox for my 5 year old son. He is currently 85lbs and we eat/live a relatively healthy life style. My husband and I are average and athletic and my daughter (age 4) also has a healthy weight! The pediatrician tells me that I should not be concerned with his weight until he is 10 years old, but I am having a hard time with that. He complains of his legs hurting all the time. We recently (past 2 years) discovered from our chiropractor that he has a sensitivity to corn and sugar. When consumed, his leg pain increases and most of all his behavior does a complete 180. He get very angry and irritable and nothing I do can stop it. My chiropractor mentioned that it could have something to do with his weight as well! We cut it out as much as possible but it is in EVERYTHING! A friend of mine suggested the detox and then the gut sealer for him! I am having a difficult time finding the info! Could you, please, point me in the right direction so that I can get my baby healthy and happy?Thanks so much, Becca Hunter: Hey Dr. Cabral, Love your work and how you are providing valuable information on a daily basis. I work in the dental field and I enjoy applying your podcasts to my field. One of the latest trends in dentistry is myofunctional therapy, which includes correcting the air pathway by training the muscles in the mouth and face. After hearing a myofuntional speaker give a presentation last week, practicing doctors claim that such therapy aids in ADHD / behavioral treatment, posture correction, sleep apnea, longevity and much more. I would encourage you and your audience to take a look at the research in order to develop your own opinion on interdisciplinary dentistry. My question to you would be how has dentistry / orthodontics fit into your wellness view for young children and adults? This myofunctional discipline is focused on healthy occlusal forces in the mouth and improved airway to aid in proper sleep. James: Hi Dr Cabral. I am definitely a vata/ectomorph body type, have been all my life. 6’ 3, 165lbs, skinny ankles, wrists, can eat whatever I want without gaining weight etc. I have decided I want to gain some weight – mainly muscle. I have the training and nutrition plan to do this, but this means I will be overeating somewhere between 3000-5000 calories a day, most likely eating more protein than I need and overall not living in balance, unfortunately for a HARD gainer this is what I need to achieve my goal. I know you will probably advise against this for overall health but I am at a point where I feel this is what I need at this time, I am just looking for some tips about what I can do to maintain my health (particularly gut health), while still eating very high calories/working out hard. Should I use enzymes to help with digestion? Use the DNS powder to make sure I’m getting enough fruit/veg? Meditate to help with the stress my body will be under? I have already been through your parasite and CBO protocol and would hate to wreck my gut again in pursuit of this goal. Any tips would be massively appreciated, thanks for your help doc – James   Thank you for tuning into this weekend’s Cabral HouseCalls and be sure to check back tomorrow for our Mindset & Motivation Monday show to get your week started off right! - - - Show Notes & Resources:  http://StephenCabral.com/1325 - - - Dr. Cabral's New Book, The Rain Barrel Effect https://amzn.to/2H0W7Ge - - - Join the Community & Get Your Questions Answered: http://CabralSupportGroup.com - - -   Dr. Cabral’s Most Popular Supplements: > “The Dr. Cabral Daily Protocol” (This is what Dr. Cabral does every day!) - - - > Dr. Cabral Detox  (The fastest way to get well, lose weight, and feel great!) - - - > Daily Nutritional Support Shake  (#1 “All-in-One recommendation in my practice) - - - > Daily Fruit & Vegetables Blend  (22 organic fruit & vegetables “greens powder”) - - - > CBD Oil  (Full-spectrum, 3rd part-tested & organically grown) - - - > Candida/Bacterial Overgrowth, Leaky Gut, Parasite & Speciality Supplement Packages - - - > See All Supplements: https://equilibriumnutrition.com/collections/supplements  - - -   Dr. Cabral’s Most Popular At-Home Lab Tests: > Hair Tissue Mineral Analysis (Test for mineral imbalances & heavy metal toxicity) - - - > Organic Acids Test (Test for 75 biomarkers including yeast & bacterial gut overgrowth, as well as vitamin levels) - - - > Thyroid + Adrenal + Hormone Test  (Discover your complete thyroid, adrenal, hormone, vitamin D & insulin levels) - - - > Adrenal + Hormone Test (Run your adrenal & hormone levels) - - - > Food Sensitivity Test (Find out your hidden food sensitivities) - - - > Omega-3 Test (Discover your levels of inflammation related to your omega-6 to omega-3 levels) - - - > Stool Test (Use this test to uncover any bacterial, h. Pylori, or parasite overgrowth) - - - > Genetic Test (Use the #1 lab test to unlocking your DNA and what it means in terms of wellness, weight loss & anti-aging) - - - > Dr. Cabral’s “Big 5” Lab Tests (This package includes the 5 labs Dr. Cabral recommends all people run in his private practice) - - - > View all Functional Medicine lab tests (View all Functional Medicine lab tests you can do right at home for you and your family)

  Episode 278 is an all inclusive guide to kidney anatomy, health, bloodwork, and MORE for physique and performance based athletes! First I dig into some basics on kidney anatomy and function before moving into some considerations for athletes looking to get bloodwork done to track kidney health, and all before ending with practical application on how to maintain kidney health while pushing for your goals! Also, theres a few references I'll provide below for those looking to take things further!   REFERENCES Adelstein RS, Sellers JR. Effects of calcium on vascular smooth muscle contraction. The American journal of cardiology. Jan 30 1987;59(3):4b-10b.   Agre P, King LS, Yasui M, Guggino WB, Ottersen OP, Fujiyoshi Y, . . . Nielsen S. Aquaporin water channels--from atomic structure to clinical medicine. The Journal of physiology. Jul 1 2002;542(Pt 1):3-16.   AHA. American Heart Association. Kidney Damage and High Blood Pressure. Available at: http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/HighBloodPressure/WhyBloodPressureMatters/Kidney-Damage-and-High-Blood-Pressure_UCM_301825_Article.jsp. Last updated 9/11/2014a. Accessed 8/10/2014.     Akinwusi PO, Oluyombo R, Ogunro PS, Adeniji AO, Okunola OO, Ayodele OE. Low dose aspirin therapy and renal function in elderly patients. International journal of general medicine. 2013;6:19-24.   Al-Awqati Q, Barasch J, Goldman L (ed.), SchaferAI (ed.). Goldman's Cecil Medicine, Twenty-Fourth Edition. Chapter 117: Structure and Function of the Kidneys; 716-720. Copyright 2012 Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc. Available at: www.clinicalkey.com Accessed: 6/9/2014.   Alpern RJ, Sakhaee K. The clinical spectrum of chronic metabolic acidosis: homeostatic mechanisms produce significant morbidity. American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation. Feb 1997;29(2):291-302.   Amodu A, Abramowitz MK. Dietary acid, age, and serum bicarbonate levels among adults in the United States. Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN. Dec 2013;8(12):2034-2042.   Anders HJ, Andersen K, Stecher B. The intestinal microbiota, a leaky gut, and abnormal immunity in kidney disease. Kidney international. Jun 2013;83(6):1010-1016.   Babaei-Jadidi R, Karachalias N, Ahmed N, Battah S, and Thornalley PJ. Prevention of incipient diabetic nephropathy by high-dose thiamine and benfotiamine. Diabetes. 2003;52(8):2110–20   Bae EH, Lee J, Ma SK, et al. alpha-Lipoic acid prevents cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury in rats. Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation: official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association. 2009;24(9):2692–700   Balakumar P, Bishnoi HK, Mahadevan N. Telmisartan in the management of diabetic nephropathy: a contemporary view. Current diabetes reviews. May 2012;8(3):183-190.   Balakumar P, Rohilla A, Krishan P, Solairaj P, and Thangathirupathi A. The multifaceted therapeutic potential of benfotiamine. Pharmacol. Res. 2010;61(6):482–8   Bankir L, Bouby N, Trinh-Trang-Tan MM, Ahloulay M, Promeneur D. Direct and indirect cost of urea excretion. Kidney international. Jun 1996;49(6):1598-1607.   Barbagallo M, Dominguez LJ, Galioto A, Pineo A, Belvedere M. Oral magnesium supplementation improves vascular function in elderly diabetic patients. Magnesium research : official organ of the International Society for the Development of Research on Magnesium. Sep 2010;23(3):131-137.   Bashir B, Sharma SG, Stein HD, Sirota RA, D'Agati VD. Acute kidney injury secondary to exposure to insecticides used for bedbug (Cimex lectularis) control. American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation. Nov 2013;62(5):974-977.   Baynes JW, Dominiczak MH. Medical Biochemistry, Fourth Edition. Chapter 23: Role of Kidneys in Metabolism; 309-319. Copyright 2014, Elsevier Limited. Available at: www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed 6/9/2014.   Bellizzi V. Low-protein diet or nutritional therapy in chronic kidney disease? Blood purification. 2013;36(1):41–6   Bellomo R, Ronco C, Kellum JA, Mehta RL, Palevsky P. Acute renal failure - definition, outcome measures, animal models, fluid therapy and information technology needs: the Second International Consensus Conference of the Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative (ADQI) Group. Critical care (London, England). Aug 2004;8(4):R204-212.   Bertelli AAE, Migliori M, Panichi V. Resveratrol, a component of wine and grapes, in the prevention of kidney disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2002;957:230–8   Brodin EE, Braekkan SK, Vik A, Brox J, Hansen JB. Cystatin C is associated with risk of venous thromboembolism in subjects with normal kidney function--the Tromso study. Haematologica. Jul 2012;97(7):1008-1013.   Busch M, Franke S, Ruster C, and Wolf G. Advanced glycation end-products and the kidney. Eur J Clin Invest. 2010;40(8):742–55   Cacciapuoti F. Lowering homocysteine levels may prevent cardiovascular impairments? Possible therapeutic behaviors. Blood coagulation & fibrinolysis : an international journal in haemostasis and thrombosis. Dec 2012;23(8):677-679.   Calhoun DA. Hyperaldosteronism as a common cause of resistant hypertension. Annu. Rev. Med. 2013;64:233–47   Ceglia L, Harris SS, Abrams SA, Rasmussen HM, Dallal GE, Dawson-Hughes B. Potassium bicarbonate attenuates the urinary nitrogen excretion that accompanies an increase in dietary protein and may promote calcium absorption. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism. Feb 2009;94(2):645-653.   Chao MC, Hu SL, Hsu HS, Davidson LE, Lin CH, Li CI, . . . Lin WY. Serum homocysteine level is positively associated with chronic kidney disease in a Taiwan Chinese population. Journal of nephrology. Jan 16 2014.   Chaudhary DP, Sharma R, Bansal DD. Implications of magnesium deficiency in type 2 diabetes: a review. Biological trace element research. May 2010;134(2):119-129.   Chen J, Muntner P, Hamm LL, et al. The Metabolic Syndrome and Chronic Kidney Disease in U.S. Adults. Ann Intern Med. 2004;140(3):167–74   Chen Y, Abbate M, Tang L. L-Carnitine supplementation for adults with end-stage kidney disease requiring maintenance hemodialysis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2014;99(2):408–22   Cheungpasitporn W, Thongprayoon C, OA OC, Edmonds PJ, Kittanamongkolchai W, Erickson SB. Associations of Sugar and Artificially Sweetened Soda and Chronic Kidney Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Nephrology (Carlton, Vic.). Sep 23 2014.   Chrysohoou C, Panagiotakos DB, Pitsavos C, Skoumas J, Zeimbekis A, Kastorini CM, Stefanadis C. Adherence to the Mediterranean diet is associated with renal function among healthy adults: the ATTICA study. Journal of renal nutrition : the official journal of the Council on Renal Nutrition of the National Kidney Foundation. May 2010;20(3):176-184.   Cohen D, Goldberg M, Gulati A, and Ferri FF. First Consult. Chronic kidney disease. Available at: www.clinicalkey.com. Last updated 5/5/2010. Accessed 6/12/2014. 2010; Available at: [Accessed August 3, 2014].   Cravedi P, Remuzzi G. Pathophysiology of proteinuria and its value as an outcome measure in chronic kidney disease. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2013;76(4):516–23   Cunningham J, Rodríguez M, Messa P. Magnesium in chronic kidney disease Stages 3 and 4 and in dialysis patients. Clinical Kidney Journal. 2012;5(Suppl 1):i39-i51.   Curiel RV, Katz JD. Mitigating the cardiovascular and renal effects of NSAIDs. Pain Med. 2013;14 Suppl 1:S23–8   Das J, Roy A, Sil PC. Mechanism of the protective action of taurine in toxin and drug induced organ pathophysiology and diabetic complications: a review. Food Funct. 2012;3(12):1251–64     Davis KE, Prasad C, Vijayagopal P, Juma S, Imrhan V. Advanced Glycation End Products, Inflammation, and Chronic Metabolic Diseases:Links in a Chain? Critical reviews in food science and nutrition. Sep 26 2014.   De la Fuente M, Hernanz A, Viniegra S, Miquel J. Sulfur-containing antioxidants increase in vitro several functions of lymphocytes from mice. International immunopharmacology. Jun 2011;11(6):661-669.   Debreceni B, Debreceni L. The role of homocysteine-lowering B-vitamins in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Cardiovascular therapeutics. Jun 2014;32(3):130-138.   Dempsher J. The nerve impulse in the axon--a new theory. Acta biotheoretica. 1981;30(2):121-137.   Di Vito R, Sirolli V, Amoroso L, Bonomini M. [Nephrotoxicity induced by chemotherapy]. Giornale italiano di nefrologia : organo ufficiale della Societa italiana di nefrologia. May-Jun 2011;28(3):296-304.   Dong JY, Xun P, He K, Qin LQ. Magnesium intake and risk of type 2 diabetes: meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Diabetes care. Sep 2011;34(9):2116-2122.   Downie WW. Prostaglandins and NSAID in the kidney. The Journal of rheumatology. Supplement. Mar 1991;28:19-21.   Duranton F, Cohen G, De Smet R, Rodriguez M, Jankowski J, Vanholder R, Argiles A. Normal and pathologic concentrations of uremic toxins. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN. Jul 2012;23(7):1258-1270.   Eknoyan G. Obesity and chronic kidney disease. Nefrologia : publicacion oficial de la Sociedad Espanola Nefrologia. 2011;31(4):397-403.   Eknoyan G, Latos DL, Lindberg J, National Kidney Foundation Carnitine Consensus Conference. Practice recommendations for the use of L-carnitine in dialysis-related carnitine disorder. National Kidney Foundation Carnitine Consensus Conference. Am J Kidney Dis. 2003;41(4):868–76.     Faloon W. FDA Approves Deadly Drugs, Delays Lifesaving Therapies. Life Extension Magazine. http://www.lef.org//Magazine/2004/5/awsi/Page-01. May 2004. Accessed 1/26/2015.   Feng B, Yan X-F, Xue J-L, Xu L, and Wang H. The Protective Effects of α-Lipoic Acid on Kidneys in Type 2 Diabetic Goto-Kakisaki Rats via Reducing Oxidative Stress. Int J Mol Sci. 2013;14(4):6746–56   Fenton TR, Tough SC, Lyon AW, Eliasziw M, Hanley DA. Causal assessment of dietary acid load and bone disease: a systematic review & meta-analysis applying Hill's epidemiologic criteria for causality. Nutrition journal. 2011;10:41.   Ferri FF. Ferri's Clinical Advisor. Chronic Kidney Disease. Available at: www.clinicalkey.com. Copyright © 2014c. Accessed 6/12/2014.   Ferri FF. Ferri's Clinical Advisor. Acute Kidney Injury. Available at: www.clinicalkey.com. Copyright © 2014a. Accessed 6/12/2014.   Ferri FF. Ferri's Clinical Advisor. Polycystic Kidney Disease. Available at: www.clinicalkey.com. Copyright © 2014b. Accessed 6/12/2014.   Finkielstein VA, Goldfarb DS. Strategies for preventing calcium oxalate stones. CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne. May 9 2006;174(10):1407-1409.   Fjellstedt E, Denneberg T, Jeppsson JO, Tiselius HG. A comparison of the effects of potassium citrate and sodium bicarbonate in the alkalinization of urine in homozygous cystinuria. Urological research. Oct 2001;29(5):295-302.   Fliser D, Ritz E. Serum cystatin C concentration as a marker of renal dysfunction in the elderly. American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation. Jan 2001;37(1):79-83.   Forbes JM, Cooper ME, Oldfield MD, Thomas MC. Role of advanced glycation end products in diabetic nephropathy. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN. Aug 2003;14(8 Suppl 3):S254-258.     Fung TT, Chiuve SE, McCullough ML, Rexrode KM, Logroscino G, Hu FB. Adherence to a DASH-style diet and risk of coronary heart disease and stroke in women. Archives of internal medicine. Apr 14 2008;168(7):713-720.   Gaedeke J, Fels LM, Bokemeyer C, Mengs U, Stolte H, Lentzen H. Cisplatin nephrotoxicity and protection by silibinin. Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association. Jan 1996;11(1):55-62.   Gazdíková K, Gvozdjáková A, Kucharská J, Spustová V, Braunová Z, and Dzúrik R. Oxidative stress and plasma concentrations of coenzyme Q10, alpha-tocopherol, and beta-carotene in patients with a mild to moderate decrease of kidney function. Nephron. 2001;88(3):285   Geleijnse JM, Giltay EJ, Grobbee DE, Donders ART, and Kok FJ. Blood pressure response to fish oil supplementation: metaregression analysis of randomized trials. J. Hypertens. 2002;20(8):1493–9   Genazzani AR, Mannella P, Simoncini T. Drospirenone and its antialdosterone properties. Climacteric : the journal of the International Menopause Society. Feb 2007;10 Suppl 1:11-18.   GHR. Genetics Home Reference. Conditions page. Renal tubular dysgenesis. Available at: http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/renal-tubular-dysgenesis. 1/5/2015. Accessed 1/6/2015. 2015.     Goraya N, Simoni J, Jo C, Wesson DE. Dietary acid reduction with fruits and vegetables or bicarbonate attenuates kidney injury in patients with a moderately reduced glomerular filtration rate due to hypertensive nephropathy. Kidney international. Jan 2012;81(1):86-93.   Goraya N, Wesson DE. Dietary management of chronic kidney disease: protein restriction and beyond. Current opinion in nephrology and hypertension. Nov 2012;21(6):635-640.   Goraya N, Wesson DE. Does correction of metabolic acidosis slow chronic kidney disease progression? Current opinion in nephrology and hypertension. Mar 2013;22(2):193-197.   Gowda S, Desai PB, Kulkarni SS, Hull VV, Math AA, Vernekar SN. Markers of renal function tests. North American journal of medical sciences. Apr 2010;2(4):170-173.   Guarnieri G, Zanetti M, Vinci P, Cattin MR, Pirulli A, Barazzoni R. Metabolic syndrome and chronic kidney disease. Journal of renal nutrition : the official journal of the Council on Renal Nutrition of the National Kidney Foundation. Sep 2010;20(5 Suppl):S19-23.   Gupta A, Biyani M, and Khaira A. Vancomycin nephrotoxicity: myths and facts. Neth J Med. 2011;69(9):379–83   Hall ME, do Carmo JM, da Silva AA, Juncos LA, Wang Z, Hall JE. Obesity, hypertension, and chronic kidney disease. International journal of nephrology and renovascular disease. 2014;7:75-88.   Hamilton KL, Butt AG. The molecular basis of renal tubular transport disorders. Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part A, Molecular & integrative physiology. Jul 2000;126(3):305-321.   Hamm LL, Simon EE. Roles and mechanisms of urinary buffer excretion. The American journal of physiology. Oct 1987;253(4 Pt 2):F595-605.   Hanly L, Rieder MJ, Huang SH, Vasylyeva TL, Shah RK, Regueira O, Koren G. N-acetylcysteine rescue protocol for nephrotoxicity in children caused by ifosfamide. Journal of population therapeutics and clinical pharmacology = Journal de la therapeutique des populations et de la pharamcologie clinique. 2013;20(2):e132-145.   Harisa GI. Benfotiamine enhances antioxidant defenses and protects against cisplatin-induced DNA damage in nephrotoxic rats. J. Biochem. Mol. Toxicol. 2013;27(8):398–405   Hartweg J, Farmer AJ, Holman RR, and Neil HAW. Meta-analysis of the effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on haematological and thrombogenic factors in type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia. 2007;50(2):250–8   Hataya Y, Igarashi S, Yamashita T, and Komatsu Y. Thyroid hormone replacement therapy for primary hypothyroidism leads to significant improvement of renal function in chronic kidney disease patients. Clinical and experimental nephrology. 2013;17(4):525–31   Hawley MA. The Kidney Transplant/Dialysis Association Patient Handbook. Chapter 1: Normal and Abnormal Kidney Function. Available at: http://msl1.mit.edu/ESD10/kidneys/HndbkHTML/ch1.htm. Accessed 1/6/2015. 2015.   Hazard PB, Griffin JP. Calculation of sodium bicarbonate requirement in metabolic acidosis. The American journal of the medical sciences. Jan-Feb 1982;283(1):18-22.   Heidet L, Gubler M-C. The renal lesions of Alport syndrome. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2009;20(6):1210–5   Ho MJ, Bellusci A, Wright JM. Blood pressure lowering efficacy of coenzyme Q10 for primary hypertension. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;(4):CD007435   Hodgson JM, Watts GF, Playford DA, Burke V, and Croft KD. Coenzyme Q10 improves blood pressure and glycaemic control: a controlled trial in subjects with type 2 diabetes. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2002;56(11):1137–42   Hojs R, Bevc S, Antolinc B, Gorenjak M, Puklavec L. Serum cystatin C as an endogenous marker of renal function in the elderly. International journal of clinical pharmacology research. 2004;24(2-3):49-54.   Holthoff JH, Wang Z, Seely KA, Gokden N, and Mayeux PR. Resveratrol improves renal microcirculation, protects the tubular epithelium, and prolongs survival in a mouse model of sepsis-induced acute kidney injury. Kidney Int. 2012;81(4):370–8   Houston M. The role of magnesium in hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Journal of clinical hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.). Nov 2011;13(11):843-847.   Kanda E, Ai M, Yoshida M, Kuriyama R, Shiigai T. High serum bicarbonate level within the normal range prevents the progression of chronic kidney disease in elderly chronic kidney disease patients. BMC nephrology. 2013;14:4.   Karachalias N, Babaei-Jadidi R, Rabbani N, and Thornalley PJ. Increased protein damage in renal glomeruli, retina, nerve, plasma and urine and its prevention by thiamine and benfotiamine therapy in a rat model of diabetes. Diabetologia. 2010;53(7):1506–16   Karalius VP, Shoham DA. Dietary sugar and artificial sweetener intake and chronic kidney disease: a review. Advances in chronic kidney disease. 2013;20(2):157–64   Karimi G, Ramezani M, Tahoonian Z. Cisplatin nephrotoxicity and protection by milk thistle extract in rats. Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM. Sep 2005;2(3):383-386.   Karsai T, Elodi P. Urea cycle enzymes in human liver: ontogenesis and interaction with the synthesis of pyrimidines and polyamines. Molecular and cellular biochemistry. 1982;43(2):105-110.   Kaur J. A comprehensive review on metabolic syndrome. Cardiology research and practice. 2014;2014:943162.   Kaysen GA. Albumin turnover in renal disease. Mineral and electrolyte metabolism. 1998;24(1):55-63.   Khalifeh N, Haider D, Horl WH. Natriuretic peptides in chronic kidney disease and during renal replacement therapy: an update. Journal of investigative medicine : the official publication of the American Federation for Clinical Research. Jan 2009;57(1):33-39.   Khan SA, Priyamvada S, Khan W, Khan S, Farooq N, and Yusufi ANK. Studies on the protective effect of green tea against cisplatin induced nephrotoxicity. Pharmacol. Res. 2009;60(5):382–91   Kihm LP, Müller-Krebs S, Klein J. Benfotiamine protects against peritoneal and kidney damage in peritoneal dialysis. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2011;22(5):914–26   Kurella M, Lo JC, Chertow GM. Metabolic syndrome and the risk for chronic kidney disease among nondiabetic adults. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN. Jul 2005;16(7):2134-2140.   Kurtz TW. Treating the metabolic syndrome: telmisartan as a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma activator. Acta diabetologica. Apr 2005;42 Suppl 1:S9-16.   LaCivita C, Funkhouser E, Miller MJ, Ray MN, Saag KG, Kiefe CI, . . . Allison JJ. Patient-reported communications with pharmacy staff at community pharmacies: the Alabama NSAID Patient Safety Study, 2005-2007. Journal of the American Pharmacists Association : JAPhA. Sep-Oct 2009;49(5):e110-117.   Lacour B, Parry C, Drüeke T, et al. Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate deficiency in uremic undialyzed, hemodialyzed, and non-uremic kidney transplant patients. Clin. Chim. Acta. 1983;127(2):205–15   Lahoti TS, Patel D, Thekkemadom V, Beckett R, Ray SD. Doxorubicin-induced in vivo nephrotoxicity involves oxidative stress-mediated multiple pro- and anti-apoptotic signaling pathways. Current neurovascular research. Nov 2012;9(4):282-295.   Lameire N, Kruse V, Rottey S. Nephrotoxicity of anticancer drugs--an underestimated problem? Acta clinica Belgica. 2011;66(5):337–45   Lassus J, Harjola VP. Cystatin C: a step forward in assessing kidney function and cardiovascular risk. Heart Fail Rev. 2012;17(2):251–61   Latchoumycandane C, Nagy LE, McIntyre TM. Chronic ethanol ingestion induces oxidative kidney injury through taurine-inhibitable inflammation. Free radical biology & medicine. Apr 2014;69:403-416.   Launay-Vacher V, Rey JB, Isnard-Bagins C, et al. Prevention of cisplatin nephrotoxicity: state of the art and recommendations from the European Society of Clinical Pharmacy Special Interest Group on Cancer Care. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2008;61(6):903-9.   Laville M, Nazare JA. Diabetes, insulin resistance and sugars. Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity. Mar 2009;10 Suppl 1:24-33.   Le Vaillant J, Pellerin L, Brouard J, Eckart P. [Acetaminophen (paracetamol) causing renal failure: report on 3 pediatric cases]. Archives de pediatrie : organe officiel de la Societe francaise de pediatrie. Jun 2013;20(6):650-653.   Lee JT, Peng GS, Chen SY, Hsu CH, Lin CC, Cheng CA, . . . Lin JC. Homocysteine induces cerebral endothelial cell death by activating the acid sphingomyelinase ceramide pathway. Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry. Aug 1 2013;45:21-27.   Leslie RD, Cohen RM. Biologic variability in plasma glucose, hemoglobin A1c, and advanced glycation end products associated with diabetes complications. Journal of diabetes science and technology. Jul 2009;3(4):635-643.   Leu J-G, Lin C-Y, Jian J-H, Shih C-Y, and Liang Y-J. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate combined with alpha lipoic acid attenuates high glucose-induced receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) expression in human embryonic kidney cells. An. Acad. Bras. Cienc. 2013;85(2):745–52   Levey AS, Bosch JP, Lewis JB, Greene T, Rogers N, Roth D. A more accurate method to estimate glomerular filtration rate from serum creatinine: a new prediction equation. Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study Group. Annals of internal medicine. Mar 16 1999;130(6):461-470.   Li H, Weatherford ET, Davis DR, Keen HL, Grobe JL, Daugherty A, . . . Sigmund CD. Renal proximal tubule angiotensin AT1A receptors regulate blood pressure. American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology. Oct 2011;301(4):R1067-1077.   Li G, Gao L, Jia J, Gong X, Zang B, and Chen W. α-Lipoic acid prolongs survival and attenuates acute kidney injury in a rat model of sepsis. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 2014;41(7):459–68   Lin J, Fung TT, Hu FB, Curhan GC. Association of dietary patterns with albuminuria and kidney function decline in older white women: a subgroup analysis from the Nurses' Health Study. American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation. Feb 2011;57(2):245-254.   Lin J, Judd S, Le A, et al. Associations of dietary fat with albuminuria and kidney dysfunction. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2010;92(4):897–904   Linden E, Cai W, He JC, Xue C, Li Z, Winston J, . . . Uribarri J. Endothelial dysfunction in patients with chronic kidney disease results from advanced glycation end products (AGE)-mediated inhibition of endothelial nitric oxide synthase through RAGE activation. Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN. May 2008;3(3):691-698.   Liu H, Peng Y, Li J, Liu Y, Cheng M, Yuan F, Liu F. [Stages of 3,547 patients with chronic kidney disease and relevant factor analysis]. Zhong nan da xue xue bao. Yi xue ban = Journal of Central South University. Medical sciences. May 2010;35(5):499-510.   Lyman JL. Blood urea nitrogen and creatinine. Emergency medicine clinics of North America. May 1986;4(2):223-233.   Machado V, Cabral A, Monteiro P, et al. Carvedilol as a protector against the cardiotoxicity induced by anthracyclines (doxorubicin). Rev Port Cardiol. 2008;27(10):1277-96.   Magill SB. Pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of mineralocorticoid disorders. Comprehensive Physiology. Jul 2014;4(3):1083-1119.   Malarkodi KP, Balachandar AV, Sivaprasad R, and Varalakshmi P. Prophylactic effect of lipoic acid against adriamycin-induced peroxidative damages in rat kidney. Ren Fail. 2003;25(3):367–77   Mandayam S, Mitch WE. Dietary protein restriction benefits patients with chronic kidney disease. Nephrology (Carlton, Vic.). Feb 2006;11(1):53-57.   Mariani LH, White MT, Shults J, et al. Increasing use of vitamin D supplementation in the chronic renal insufficiency cohort study. Journal of renal nutrition: the official journal of the Council on Renal Nutrition of the National Kidney Foundation. 2014;24(3):186–93   Marnett LJ, Rowlinson SW, Goodwin DC, Kalgutkar AS, Lanzo CA. Arachidonic Acid Oxygenation by COX-1 and COX-2: MECHANISMS OF CATALYSIS AND INHIBITION. Journal of Biological Chemistry. August 13, 1999 1999;274(33):22903-22906.   Marre M, Garcia Puig J, Kokot F, Fernandez M, Jermendy G, Opie L, . . . Asmar R. Effect of indapamide SR on microalbuminuria--the NESTOR study (Natrilix SR versus Enalapril Study in Type 2 diabetic hypertensives with micrOalbuminuRia)--rationale and protocol for the main trial. Journal of hypertension. Supplement : official journal of the International Society of Hypertension. Mar 2003;21(1):S19-24.   McCarron DA. Dietary sodium and cardiovascular and renal disease risk factors: dark horse or phantom entry? Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association. Jul 2008;23(7):2133-2137.   MedicineNet. Metabolic Syndrome: How is metabolic syndrome defined? Available at: http://www.medicinenet.com/metabolic_syndrome/article.htm#how_is_metabolic_syndrome_defined. 9/19/2014. Accessed 9/19/2014.   Mehdi U, Toto RD. Anemia, diabetes, and chronic kidney disease. Diabetes care. Jul 2009;32(7):1320-1326.   Mekki K, Bouzidi-bekada N, Kaddous A, Bouchenak M. Mediterranean diet improves dyslipidemia and biomarkers in chronic renal failure patients. Food & function. Oct 2010;1(1):110-115.   Menon V, Shlipak MG, Wang X, Coresh J, Greene T, Stevens L, . . . Sarnak MJ. Cystatin C as a risk factor for outcomes in chronic kidney disease. Annals of internal medicine. Jul 3 2007;147(1):19-27.   Meola M, Petrucci I. [Ultrasound and color Doppler in nephrology. Acute kidney injury]. Giornale italiano di nefrologia : organo ufficiale della Societa italiana di nefrologia. Sep-Oct 2012;29(5):599-615.   Meyer BR. Renal function in aging. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. Aug 1989;37(8):791-800.   Michael A, Faga T, Pisani A, and Riccio E. Molecular mechanisms of renal cellular nephrotoxicity due to radiocontrast media. 2014;2014:249810   Minich DM, Bland JS. Acid-alkaline balance: role in chronic disease and detoxification. Alternative therapies in health and medicine. Jul-Aug 2007;13(4):62-65.   Mirmiran P, Shab-Bidar S, Hosseini-Esfahani F, Asghari G, Hosseinpour-Niazi S, Azizi F. Magnesium intake and prevalence of metabolic syndrome in adults: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study. Public health nutrition. Apr 2012;15(4):693-701.   Mithieux G, Andreelli F, Magnan C. Intestinal gluconeogenesis: key signal of central control of energy and glucose homeostasis. Current opinion in clinical nutrition and metabolic care. Jul 2009;12(4):419-423.   Mithieux G, Misery P, Magnan C, Pillot B, Gautier-Stein A, Bernard C, . . . Zitoun C. Portal sensing of intestinal gluconeogenesis is a mechanistic link in the diminution of food intake induced by diet protein. Cell Metab. Nov 2005;2(5):321-329.   Mithieux G. A novel function of intestinal gluconeogenesis: central signaling in glucose and energy homeostasis. Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). Sep 2009;25(9):881-884.   Moe SM, Saifullah A, LaClair RE, Usman SA, Yu Z. A randomized trial of cholecalciferol versus doxercalciferol for lowering parathyroid hormone in chronic kidney disease. Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN. Feb 2010;5(2):299-306.   Molnar MZ, Kalantar-Zadeh K, Lott EH, Lu JL, Malakauskas SM, Ma JZ, . . . Kovesdy CP. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, angiotensin receptor blocker use, and mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. Feb 25 2014;63(7):650-658.   Montemurno E, Cosola C, Dalfino G, Daidone G, De Angelis M, Gobbetti M, Gesualdo L. What Would You Like to Eat, Mr CKD Microbiota? A Mediterranean Diet, please! Kidney & blood pressure research. Jul 29 2014;39(2-3):114-123.   Mori TA, Burke V, Puddey I, et al. The effects of [omega]3 fatty acids and coenzyme Q10 on blood pressure and heart rate in chronic kidney disease: a randomized controlled trial. J. Hypertens. 2009;27(9):1863–72   Mountokalakis TD. Magnesium metabolism in chronic renal failure. Magnesium research : official organ of the International Society for the Development of Research on Magnesium. Jun 1990;3(2):121-127.   Munekage E, Takezaki Y, Hanazaki K. [Shortage and metabolic disturbance of magnesium in diabetic patients and significance of magnesium replacement therapy]. Clinical calcium. Aug 2012;22(8):1235-1242.   Murray MD, Brater DC. Renal toxicity of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology. 1993;33:435-465.   Mussap M, Dalla Vestra M, Fioretto P, Saller A, Varagnolo M, Nosadini R, Plebani M. Cystatin C is a more sensitive marker than creatinine for the estimation of GFR in type 2 diabetic patients. Kidney international. Apr 2002;61(4):1453-1461.   Nakamura T, Fujiwara N, Kawagoe Y, Sugaya T, Ueda Y, Koide H. Effects of telmisartan and enalapril on renoprotection in patients with mild to moderate chronic kidney disease. European journal of clinical investigation. Sep 2010;40(9):790-796.   Nakamura S, Li H, Adijiang A, Pischetsrieder M, and Niwa T. Pyridoxal phosphate prevents progression of diabetic nephropathy. Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation: official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association. 2007;22(8):2165–74   Nashar K, Egan BM. Relationship between chronic kidney disease and metabolic syndrome: current perspectives. Diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity : targets and therapy. 2014;7:421-435.   Navar LG. The kidney in blood pressure regulation and development of hypertension. The Medical clinics of North America. Sep 1997;81(5):1165-1198.   Nderitu P, Doos L, Jones PW, Davies SJ, Kadam UT. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and chronic kidney disease progression: a systematic review. Family practice. Jun 2013;30(3):247-255.   Newman DJ, Thakkar H, Edwards RG, Wilkie M, White T, Grubb AO, Price CP. Serum cystatin C measured by automated immunoassay: a more sensitive marker of changes in GFR than serum creatinine. Kidney international. Jan 1995;47(1):312-318.   NHGRI. National Human Genome Research Institute. Health page. Learning About Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease. Last updated 4/18/2013. Accessed 1/6/2015.   NIH. National Institutes of Health. MedlinePlus. Kidney Disease: Early Detection and Treatment. Available at: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/magazine/issues/winter08/articles/winter08pg9-10.html. Copyright 2008. Accessed 9/19/2014.   NKDEP. National Kidney Disease Education Program. Laboratory Evaluation page. Reporting GFR. Available at: http://nkdep.nih.gov/lab-evaluation/gfr/reporting.shtml. Last updated 6/6/2012. Accessed 10/21/2014.   NKF. National Kidney Foundation. About Chronic Kidney Disease. Available at: http://www.kidney.org/kidneydisease/aboutckd. Copyright 2013a. Accessed 9/19/2014.   NKF. National Kidney Foundation. Acute Kidney Injury. Available at: http://www.kidney.org/news/kidneyCare/fall10/AcuteKidneyInjury. Copyright 2013b. Accessed 9/19/2014.   NKF. National Kidney Foundation. Statement on the release of ibuprofen as an over-the-counter medicine. Ad Hoc Committee for the National Kidney Foundation. American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation. Jul 1985;6(1):4-6.     Patrick L. Mercury toxicity and antioxidants: Part 1: role of glutathione and alpha-lipoic acid in the treatment of mercury toxicity. Altern Med Rev. 2002;7(6):456–71   Penno G, Solini A, Bonora E, Fondelli C, Orsi E, Zerbini G, . . . Pugliese G. HbA1c variability as an independent correlate of nephropathy, but not retinopathy, in patients with type 2 diabetes: the Renal Insufficiency And Cardiovascular Events (RIACE) Italian multicenter study. Diabetes care. Aug 2013;36(8):2301-2310.   Perneger TV, Whelton PK, Klag MJ. Risk of kidney failure associated with the use of acetaminophen, aspirin, and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. The New England journal of medicine. Dec 22 1994;331(25):1675-1679.   Post-White J, Ladas EJ, Kelly KM. Advances in the use of milk thistle (Silybum marianum). Integrative cancer therapies. Jun 2007;6(2):104-109.   Pozzi C, Marai P, Ponti R, Dell'Oro C, Sala C, Zedda S, Locatelli F. Toxicity in man due to stain removers containing 1,2-dichloropropane. British journal of industrial medicine. Nov 1985;42(11):770-772.   Prieto J, Qian C, Garcia N, Diez J, Medina JF. Abnormal expression of anion exchanger genes in primary biliary cirrhosis. Gastroenterology. Aug 1993;105(2):572-578.   PubMed Health. DASH Eating Plan. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0063068/. Last updated 6/11/2014. Accessed 10/21/2014.   Pushpakumar SB, Kundu S, Sen U. Endothelial dysfunction: The link between homocysteine and hydrogen sulfide. Current medicinal chemistry. Jul 6 2014.   Qin J, Wang H, Rets A, Harari S, Alexis H, Eid I, Pincus MR. Stability of BUN and creatinine determinations on the Siemens Advia 1800 analyzer. Journal of clinical laboratory analysis. Nov 2013;27(6):435-437.   Quigley R. Chronic kidney disease: highlights for the general pediatrician. International journal of pediatrics. 2012;2012:943904.   Radbill B, Murphy B, LeRoith D. Rationale and strategies for early detection and management of diabetic kidney disease. Mayo Clinic proceedings. Dec 2008;83(12):1373-1381.     Sabolić I. Common mechanisms in nephropathy induced by toxic metals. Nephron Physiol. 2006;104(3):p107–14   Saddadi F, Alatab S, Pasha F, Ganji MR, Soleimanian T. The effect of treatment with N-acetylcysteine on the serum levels of C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 in patients on hemodialysis. Saudi journal of kidney diseases and transplantation : an official publication of the Saudi Center for Organ Transplantation, Saudi Arabia. Jan 2014;25(1):66-72.   Sahin K, Tuzcu M, Gencoglu H, et al. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate activates Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway in cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Life Sci. 2010;87(7-8):240–5   Saifan C, Samarneh M, Shtaynberg N, Nasr R, El-Charabaty E, and El-Sayegh S. Treatment of confirmed B12 deficiency in hemodialysis patients improves Epogen® requirements. Int J Nephrol Renovasc Dis. 2013;6:89–93   Saldanha JF, Leal Vde O, Stenvinkel P, Carraro-Eduardo JC, and Mafra D. Resveratrol: why is it a promising therapy for chronic kidney disease patients? Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2013;2013:963217   Salerno MP, Piselli P, Rossi E, Favi E, Gargiulo A, Spagnoletti G, . . . Citterio F. Metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease in kidney transplantation. Transplantation proceedings. May 2011;43(4):1067-1068.   Salgado JV, Souza FL, Salgado BJ. How to understand the association between cystatin C levels and cardiovascular disease: Imbalance, counterbalance, or consequence? Journal of cardiology. Dec 2013;62(6):331-335.   Samuni Y, Goldstein S, Dean OM, and Berk M. The chemistry and biological activities of N-acetylcysteine. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2013;1830(8):4117–29   Scialla JJ, Appel LJ, Astor BC, Miller ER, 3rd, Beddhu S, Woodward M, . . . Anderson CA. Estimated net endogenous acid production and serum bicarbonate in African Americans with chronic kidney disease. Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN. Jul 2011;6(7):1526-1532.   Segal R, Lubart E, Leibovitz A, Iaina A, Caspi D. Renal effects of low dose aspirin in elderly patients. The Israel Medical Association journal : IMAJ. Oct 2006;8(10):679-682.   Seifter JL. Acid-base disorders. Chapter 120. Pages 741-753. In: Goldman’s Cecil Medicine. Published 12/31/2011. Available at: www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed 10/21/2014.   Sener G, Sehirli O, Ipci Y, Cetinel S, Cikler E, Gedik N, Alican I. Protective effects of taurine against nicotine-induced oxidative damage of rat urinary bladder and kidney. Pharmacology. Apr 2005;74(1):37-44.   Senturk H, Kabay S, Bayramoglu G, et al. Silymarin attenuates the renal ischemia/reperfusion injury-induced morphological changes in the rat kidney. World J Urol. 2008;26(4):401–7   Shepler B, Nash C, Smith C, Dimarco A, Petty J, and Szewciw S. Update on potential drugs for the treatment of diabetic kidney disease. Clin Ther. 2012;34(6):1237–46   Shin BC, Kwon YE, Chung JH, and Kim HL. The antiproteinuric effects of green tea extract on acute cyclosporine-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Transplant. Proc. 2012;44(4):1080–2   Shin DH, Lee MJ, Kim SJ, et al. Preservation of renal function by thyroid hormone replacement therapy in chronic kidney disease patients with subclinical hypothyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97(8):2732–40   Shishehbor MH, Oliveira LP, Lauer MS, Sprecher DL, Wolski K, Cho L, . . . Hazen SL. Emerging cardiovascular risk factors that account for a significant portion of attributable mortality risk in chronic kidney disease. The American journal of cardiology. Jun 15 2008;101(12):1741-1746.   Shlipak MG, Matsushita K, Arnlov J, Inker LA, Katz R, Polkinghorne KR, . . . Gansevoort RT. Cystatin C versus creatinine in determining risk based on kidney function. The New England journal of medicine. Sep 5 2013;369(10):932-943.   Shlipak MG, Mattes MD, Peralta CA. Update on cystatin C: incorporation into clinical practice. American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation. Sep 2013;62(3):595-603.   Soto C, Pérez J, García V, Uría E, Vadillo M, and Raya L. Effect of silymarin on kidneys of rats suffering from alloxan-induced diabetes mellitus. Phytomedicine. 2010;17(14):1090–4   Soulage CO, Koppe L, Fouque D. Protein-bound uremic toxins...new targets to prevent insulin resistance and dysmetabolism in patients with chronic kidney disease. Journal of renal nutrition : the official journal of the Council on Renal Nutrition of the National Kidney Foundation. Nov 2013;23(6):464-466.   Stanton RC. Clinical challenges in diagnosis and management of diabetic kidney disease. American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation. Feb 2014;63(2 Suppl 2):S3-21.   Starke A, Corsenca A, Kohler T, Knubben J, Kraenzlin M, Uebelhart D, . . . Ambuhl PM. Correction of metabolic acidosis with potassium citrate in renal transplant patients and its effect on bone quality. Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN. Sep 2012;7(9):1461-1472.   Szczepańska-Konkel M, Dominiczak MH, JW B. Medical Biochemistry, Fourth Edition. Chapter 23: Role of Kidneys in Metabolism; 309-319. Copyright 2014, Elsevier Limited. Available at: www.clinicalkey.com Accessed 6/9/2014.   Tang PC, Ng YF, Ho S, Gyda M, Chan SW. Resveratrol and cardiovascular health - Promising therapeutic or hopeless illusion? Pharmacological research : the official journal of the Italian Pharmacological Society. Dec 2014;90c:88-115.   Tanner GA, Tanner JA. Citrate therapy for polycystic kidney disease in rats. Kidney international. Nov 2000;58(5):1859-1869.   Wackenfors A, Pantev E, Emilson M, Edvinsson L, Malmsjo M. Angiotensin II receptor mRNA expression and vasoconstriction in human coronary arteries: effects of heart failure and age. Basic & clinical pharmacology & toxicology. Dec 2004;95(6):266-272.   Wagner E. Life Extension Magazine; In The News. Cystatin C Valuable in Detecting Kidney Dysfunction. http://www.lef.org//Magazine/2006/12/itn/Page-01. 2006. Accessed 1/27/2015.   Watanabe H, Obata H, Watanabe T, Sasaki S, Nagai K, Aizawa Y. Metabolic syndrome and risk of development of chronic kidney disease: the Niigata preventive medicine study. Diabetes/metabolism research and reviews. Jan 2010;26(1):26-32.   Yadla M, Yanala SR, Parvithina S, Chennu KK, Annapindi N, Vishnubhotla S. Acute kidney injury in endosulfan poisoning. Saudi journal of kidney diseases and transplantation : an official publication of the Saudi Center for Organ Transplantation, Saudi Arabia. May 2013;24(3):592-593.   Yamagishi S, Nakamura K, Matsui T. Potential utility of telmisartan, an angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-gamma)-modulating activity for the treatment of cardiometabolic disorders. Current molecular medicine. Aug 2007;7(5):463-469.   Yao X, Panichpisal K, Kurtzman N, et al. Cisplatin nephrotoxicity: a review. Am J Med Sci. 2007;334(2):115-24.   Yokozawa T, Nakagawa T, Oya T, Okubo T, and Juneja LR. Green tea polyphenols and dietary fibre protect against kidney damage in rats with diabetic nephropathy. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 2005;57(6):773–80   Younes N, Cleary PA, Steffes MW, de Boer IH, Molitch ME, Rutledge BN, . . . Dahms W. Comparison of urinary albumin-creatinine ratio and albumin excretion rate in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications study. Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN. Jul 2010;5(7):1235-1242.   Yuzbashian E, Asghari G, Mirmiran P, Hosseini FS, Azizi F. Associations of dietary macronutrients with glomerular filtration rate and kidney dysfunction: Tehran lipid and glucose study. Journal of nephrology. Jun 5 2014.   Zheng Z, Shi H, Jia J, Li D, Lin S. Vitamin D supplementation and mortality risk in chronic kidney disease: a meta-analysis of 20 observational studies. BMC nephrology. 2013;14:199.   Zhu JR, Bai J, Cai NS, Tang B, Fan WH, Guo JZ, . . . Cheng NN. Efficacy and safety of telmisartan vs. losartan in control of mild-to-moderate hypertension: a multicentre, randomised, double-blind study. International journal of clinical practice. Supplement. Dec 2004(145):46-49.   Zoccali C, Curatola G, Panuccio V, Tripepi R, Pizzini P, Versace M, . . . Mallamaci F. Paricalcitol and endothelial function in chronic kidney disease trial. Hypertension. Nov 2014;64(5):1005-1011.        •••SUPPORT OUR SPONSORS•••   (COACHING) Alex - www.theprepcoach.com   (FREE OPEN FORUM w/ EXCLUSIVE VIDEOS) http://www.theprepcoachforum.com   (SUPPLEMENTS) www.projectad.me___use discount code “BFR25” to save off your order!   (RESEARCH CHEMS) www.maresearchchems.net___use discount code “alex15” to save off your order!   (SPECIALTY SUPPS) www.masupps.com___use discount code “alex20” to save off your order!   (INJECTABLE L-CARNITINE) www.synthetek.com___use discount code “alexkikel” to save off your order!   (BULK SUPPLEMENTS) www.truenutrition.com___use discount code “AXK5” to save off your order!       •••FIND THE EPISODES•••   ITUNES:https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/beastfitness-radios-podcast/id1065532968   LIBSYN:http://beastfitnessradio.libsyn.com   VIMEO: www.vimeo.com/theprepcoach        •••PREP COACH APPAREL•••   https://teespring.com/stores/the-prep-coach-apparel    

This story is something I stumbled across by accident. It's really interesting as it backs up the theory of wounding, and also implies the importance of Prostaglandins and the recruitment of growth factors via a stimulus. In this story, a 78-year-old man with common male pattern baldness was dozing off in his armchair when he fell head first into a coal fire.…

Bob Bratzler, Ph.D. talks about a potential migraine treatment that was actually discovered by chance. Surprisingly, the use of a particular glaucoma medication was bringing headache relief to some patients who had migraine disease as well. This medication contains prostaglandins... The interesting thing is that prostaglandins are usually associated with causing pain, not preventing it... This medication is now undergoing a clinical trial for use as a migraine preventive treatment. This podcast is sponsored in part by Alder BioPharmaceuticals and Teva Pharmaceutical Industries.  *The contents of this podcast/video are intended for general informational purposes only and do not constitute medical or legal advice; the content is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always seek the advice of a physician or other qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. The speaker does not recommend or endorse any specific course of treatment, products, procedures, opinions, or other information that may be mentioned. Reliance on any information provided by this content is solely at your own risk.

Prostaglandins are used in labor induction and help to ripen your cervix, meaning they cause it to efface or thin, and cause uterine contractions. There are two basic types of prostaglandins, misoprostol (known under the brand name Cytotec in the United States) and dinoprostone (which goes by the trade names Cervidil and Prepidil). Misoprostol was originally approved as a medication to prevent ulcers and in the United States is commonly used “off label” to induce labor. There is documented concern of risks associated with misoprostol (Cytotec) that primarily revolves around hyperstimulating the uterus. This Q&A answers a listener question about misoprostol (Cytotec) and includes evidence based information on the risks and benefits of misoprostol (Cytotec) to induce labor.   Show notes: http://pregnancypodcast.com/misoprostol/   Thank you to Aeroflow for sponsoring this episode. Aeroflow is a company that helps you get a breast pump through your health insurance. There can be some hoops to jump through to get a breast pump through your insurance but Aeroflow does all of this for you and makes it so easy. All you need to do is fill out a form that takes just a minute and they will contact your health insurance company and work out all the details, then they will get in touch with you to help you choose the right breast pump. To get started on ordering your pump go to http://pregnancypodcast.com/breastpump/   Thank you to Zahler for their support of this episode. Zahler makes a high quality prenatal vitamin that has the active form of folate, that I refer after all of the research I have read on folic acid, plus it has omega 3s and DHA. This is the prenatal vitamin I take and the one I recommend. Zahler was very generous and gave me a promo code I can share with you so you can save 25% off when you buy a month supply on Amazon. To order them today go to http://amzn.to/2nOuFVB and enter the promo code PREPOD25 when you checkout.

It is common to have loose stools and a bowel movement shortly before your labor starts. This happens because your body releases prostaglandins that are going to help soften your cervix. Prostaglandins can also stimulate your bowels, which can cause loose stools or diarrhea. One theory is this helps empty your bowels prior to labor starting. What about having a bowel movement during your labor? For many expecting moms the thought of pooping during labor is terrifying and embarrassing, but it shouldn’t be. The truth is that it is not a big deal. This episode answers a question from a listener about pooping during labor, if it happens to everyone, and whether you can avoid it.   Thank you to Aeroflow for sponsoring this episode. Aeroflow is a company that helps you get a breast pump through your health insurance. There can be some hoops to jump through to get a breast pump through your insurance but Aeroflow does all of this for you and makes it so easy. All you need to do is fill out a form that takes just a minute and they will contact your health insurance company and work out all the details, then they will get in touch with you to help you choose the right breast pump. To get started on ordering your pump go to http://pregnancypodcast.com/breastpump/   Thank you to Zahler for their support of this episode. Zahler makes a high quality prenatal vitamin that has the active form of folate, that I refer after all of the research I have read on folic acid, plus it has omega 3s and DHA. This is the prenatal vitamin I take and the one I recommend. Zahler was very generous and gave me a promo code I can share with you so you can save 25% off when you buy a month supply on Amazon. To order them today go to http://amzn.to/2nOuFVB and enter the promo code PREPOD25 when you checkout.

On this date in 1899, Bayer registered the name “Aspirin” as a trademark. Here are some things you might not have known about aspirin. Aspirin is also known as acetylsalicylic acid. People have been using willow and myrtle trees, both rich in salicylate for thousands of years to treat pain and fever. Aspirin is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, in the same class as ibuprofen and naproxen. It’s a pain reliever, fever reducer and it fights inflammation. It works by suppressing the production of prostaglandins and thromboxanes. Prostaglandins are involved in the transmission of pain information, modulation of the thermostat in the brain and inflammation. Thromboxanes are responsible for the gathering of platelets that cause blood clots, which can lead to heart attacks. It proved difficult and wasteful to extract salicylic acid from plants, but in 1860 Hermann Kolbe figured out how to synthisize it. The synthesized drug had many of the positive effects of aspirin, but had negatives including weakening of the heart, gastric irritation and an intense bitter taste. In 1897, Bayer chemist Felix Hoffmann began working on how to make salicylic acid less irritating. It’s thought he began his research because his father had suffered from the side effects of sodium salicylate used to treat rheumatism. Using existing research, he discovered a better method for creating acetylsalicylic acid. Bayer would credit Hoffman as the inventor of aspirin, when in reality he refined the process of making it. Testing of what would become known as aspirin was delayed by company bureaucracy. It would have to wait even longer because Bayer’s testing department was busy testing diacetylmorphine, which would be become better known as heroin. The name heroin is a reference to the quote “heroic” feelings it gave the testers. Eventually aspirin was tested and was found to have few of the side effects of its predecessors. When it came time to name the drug, there were two final options: aspirin and euspirin. Aspirin was derived from its chemical name in German: Acetylspirsäure. Euspirin had a similar origin, but included the prefix eu- meaning good, as in euphemism. Aspirin was originally sold in powder form. However, this made it difficult to prevent competitors from making confusingly similar products. So Bayer began pressing aspirin into standardized tablets. During World War I, Bayer had its American assets seized, including its name and logo. It was purchased by Sterling Products, Inc. After World War II, aspirin lost market share to new drugs like acetaminophen and ibuprofen. In the 1980s when both new drugs were available over the counter, aspirin had a small portion of the pain reliever market. It was hurt even further by the link of aspirin consumption by children to Reye’s Syndrome, a potentially fatal disease. Soon after, aspirin’s effectiveness at reducing heart attacks was brought to light and the drug regained its place as the top-selling pain reliever in the U.S. In 1994, Bayer purchased Sterling Products and regained use of its name, logo and products in the United States. Our question: What year was heroin made illegal in the United States? Today is Independence Day in Ghana. It’s unofficially Dentist’s Day, National Oreo Cookie Day, and National Frozen Food Day. It’s the birthday of illustrator Will Eisner, who was born in 1917; author Gabriel Garcia Marquez, who was born in 1927; and basketball player Shaquille O’Neal, who turns 45. Because our topic happened before 1960, we’ll spin the wheel to pick a year at random. This week in 1979, the top song in the U.S. was “I Will Survive” by Gloria Gaynor. The No. 1 movie was “The Deer Hunter,” while the novel “Chesapeake” by our man James Michener topped the New York Times Bestsellers list.  Weekly question: For which book, later turned into a movie, did James Michener win the 1948 Pulitzer Prize for fiction? Submit your answer at triviapeople.com/test and we’ll add the name of the person with the first correct answer to our winner’s wall … at triviapeople.com. We'll have the correct answer on Friday’s episode. Links Follow us on Twitter, Facebook or our website. Also, if you’re enjoying the show, please consider supporting it through Patreon.com Please rate the show on iTunes by clicking here. Subscribe on iOS: http://apple.co/1H2paH9  Subscribe on Android: http://bit.ly/2bQnk3m  Sources https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspirin https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_aspirin https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayer https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_aspiration https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paracetamol https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonsteroidal_anti-inflammatory_drug https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COX-2_inhibitor https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipyretic http://www.narconon.org/drug-information/heroin-timeline.html https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Heroin_Act_of_1924 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_6 https://www.checkiday.com/3/6/2017 http://www.biography.com/people/groups/born-on-march-06 http://www.bobborst.com/popculture/numberonesongs/?chart=us&m=3&d=6&y=1979&o= https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_1979_box_office_number-one_films_in_the_United_States

Lab tests. Essential fatty acids. Prostaglandins. Cholesterol. Cardiovascular health. Polyunsaturated fat. Omega 6 vs. Omega 3 fatty acids. Clearing heat. Dispelling blood stasis. Sticky blood. Inflammation. Cholesterol. Vertical auto profile test. HDL, LDL, VLDL, and triglycerides. I ching translations. Duality. Simplicity. Whiplash. Cupping. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), Western Perspective, Integrative and Functional Medicine. Live streaming. [...]Read More »