Podcasts about Spms

Thank you for joining us for our 2nd Cabral HouseCall of the weekend! I'm looking forward to sharing with you some of our community's questions that have come in over the past few weeks…   Lina: Hi Dr. Cabral, My neck has been feeling very fatigue for the past months. My spinal X-ray revealed a mild C5-6 disc space narrowing with endplate osteophyte formation. I am applying castor oil onto this area daily as I believe it help disintegrate bone spurs. Can you please provide guidance on what more I can do to break up these bone spurs and strengthen that area of my neck? Besides neck exercises which I am doing, are there any dietary suggestions or supplementation that would help. I am very grateful for all you do for us in this community. With much thanks, Lina                        Heather: Hello Dr. Cabral! I am a 47-year-old woman who has been experiencing double vision upon waking that usually lasts until around 11 AM, It does not happen every day but has been happening for a year and a half. It also happens when I have alcohol. I went to my optometrist and he said everything looked good, I went to my PCP and he wanted to run labs. No red flags, so he wanted to do an MRI on my brain. I decided to run the big five labs instead and found out I was low on all the B vitamins, had SIBO & Candida. I did The 21 day detox, completed the CBO protocol and will be starting a heavy metal detox next week. As of writing this I still am experiencing the double vision intermittently. Thank you!                                                                                                                                  Thomas: Thanks for all your work. It has been a very helpful resource for my family and I as we continue to improve our health. My question is about SPMs (specialized pro-resolving mediators). Can you speak about their efficacy or the lack thereof and whether you've personally used them or use them in your practice?          Michelle: Hi! Thank you for your show, I've learned so much from listening to your podcast! I'm just wondering your thoughts on a dental procedure. After my last dentist appointment I was told I needed two root canals or if I wanted to spend a little more I could have two implants. My question is, which one is safer? I've heard root canals can cause problems like low grade infections lasting a long time but I haven't heard anyone talk about any bad side affects from implants. Thank you for all you do. Michelle                                                                                                                                        Savannah: Hypothyroidism runs in my family both my mom and dad have it and both my grandmothers had it. I was diagnosed in my early 20's but I haven't been on medicine since having my son in 2023 and was wondering what's the best protocol of supplements and foods to help keep the thyroid healthy or heal it if possible. Thanks!   Thank you for tuning into this weekend's Cabral HouseCalls and be sure to check back tomorrow for our Mindset & Motivation Monday show to get your week started off right! - - - Show Notes and Resources: StephenCabral.com/3418 - - - Get a FREE Copy of Dr. Cabral's Book: The Rain Barrel Effect - - - Join the Community & Get Your Questions Answered: CabralSupportGroup.com - - - Dr. Cabral's Most Popular At-Home Lab Tests: > Complete Minerals & Metals Test (Test for mineral imbalances & heavy metal toxicity) - - - > Complete Candida, Metabolic & Vitamins Test (Test for 75 biomarkers including yeast & bacterial gut overgrowth, as well as vitamin levels) - - - > Complete Stress, Mood & Metabolism Test (Discover your complete thyroid, adrenal, hormone, vitamin D & insulin levels) - - - > Complete Food Sensitivity Test (Find out your hidden food sensitivities) - - - > Complete Omega-3 & Inflammation Test (Discover your levels of inflammation related to your omega-6 to omega-3 levels) - - - Get Your Question Answered On An Upcoming HouseCall: StephenCabral.com/askcabral - - - Would You Take 30 Seconds To Rate & Review The Cabral Concept? The best way to help me spread our mission of true natural health is to pass on the good word, and I read and appreciate every review!  

Figuring out if your multiple sclerosis is changing from the relapsing remitting to the secondary progressive stage can be murky. Signs of progression are discussed like slower walking and worsening memory. The underlying reasons for progression are revealed including nervous system injury, remyelination failure, chronic inflammation and aging. Practical ways to improve progressive symptoms are shared. Successful trials for disease-modifying therapy for secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS) are highlighted. Tolebrutinib, under expedited review by the FDA, has been shown to slow down progression in SPMS patients by targeting cells in the central nervous system causing chronic inflammation. Introducing our new co-host Jamie Holloman MD from The MS Center for Innovations in Care!  Dr. Holloman completed in neurology residency at Washington University, followed by a 3-year fellowship at the Cleveland Clinic.  He interviews: Christopher Laganke MD, Founder of the Joanne P. LaGanke MS Center, Cullman, Alabama Barry Singer MD, Director of The MS Center for Innovations in Care, Missouri Baptist Medical Center, St. Louis    

Diesmal geht es um die Verlaufsformen der MS vom RIS und KIS über die RRMS zur SPMS bis zur PPMS. Ich erkläre sie einfach verständlich. Den kompletten Beitrag zum Nachlesen gibt es auf meinem Blog: https://ms-perspektive.de/podcast-007-die-formen-der-ms Diese Folge ist ein Update zur ursprünglichen Episode #007 über die Verlaufsformen der Multiplen Sklerose – erweitert, aktualisiert und ergänzt um die neuesten wissenschaftlichen Erkenntnisse. Denn die starren Kategorien wie CIS, RRMS oder PPMS werden zunehmend hinterfragt. Vielmehr zeigt sich: MS verläuft bei jeder betroffenen Person individuell. In dieser überarbeiteten Version lernst du nicht nur die sechs möglichen Stadien kennen, sondern erfährst auch, warum Diagnosen manchmal angepasst werden müssen und wie die Therapieentscheidungen in anderen Ländern getroffen werden. Ziel ist es, dir Orientierung und Wissen zu geben – für informierte Entscheidungen über deine Gesundheit. Inhaltsverzeichnis Abkehr von der starren Einteilung Einführung in die Formen der MS Die prodromale Phase der Multiplen Sklerose Zufallsbefund des radiologisch isolierten Syndroms (RIS) Fokus auf schubförmig remittierende MS (RRMS = Relapsing Remitting MS) Sekundär Progrediente MS erklärt (SPMS) Primär Progrediente MS und ihre Herausforderungen (PPMS) Zusammenfassung der MS-Verlaufsformen Zusammenfassung der MS-Verlaufsformen Es gibt sechs mögliche Einteilungen der MS: Prodromale Phase – Vorstadium der MS, es treten bereits Änderungen im Immunsystem auf, die noch sehr diffus sind. Theoretisch kann die MS hier noch gestoppt werden. Radiologisch isoliertes Syndrom (RIS) – Zufallsbefund, ohne spürbares Symptom bei einem MRT, kann in eine MS übergehen. Klinisch isoliertes Syndrom (KIS oder CIS) – kann, muss aber nicht in eine MS übergehen. Schubförmig-remittierende MS (RRMS) – der häufigste Verlauf, gut behandelbar. Sekundär progrediente MS (SPMS) – entwickelt sich meist aus der RRMS, wenn die Reserve aufgebraucht ist. Primär progrediente MS (PPMS) – kontinuierlich fortschreitender Verlauf von Beginn an. Bei allen Formen wird intensiv geforscht. Ich bin sicher, dass es künftig immer bessere Behandlungsoptionen geben wird. Bis dahin bleibt es das Wichtigste, die Krankheit so gut wie möglich aufzuhalten – durch frühzeitige Therapie und passende Lebensweise. --- Wenn dir der Podcast und Blogbeitrag gefällt, abonniere ihn gerne und hinterlasse eine Bewertung. Schreib mir an kontakt@ms-perspektive.de, wenn du Themenwünsche oder Fragen hast – ich freue mich über Post! Bis bald und mach das Beste aus Deinem Leben, Nele Mehr Informationen und positive Gedanken erhältst Du in meinem kostenlosen Newsletter. Hier findest Du eine Übersicht zu allen bisherigen Podcastfolgen.  

An episode from The Holistic Navigator. This is not to diagnosis or treat any disease/illness. Consult your physician before taking supplements or medications OR before you stop taking medications. This is for entertainment/informational purposes only! When it comes to supplementation, the amount of choices can be overwhelming. Even with the standard nutrients that most folks are familiar with, research is constantly changing and new products emerge frequently. That's why we're here. We stay on the forefront of the supplementation industry and are always on the lookout for the most effective, trustworthy supplements out there. On this week's episode Ed discusses a few of his favorites that you might not be familiar with. From bone health, to fighting pain and inflammation, to a powerful antioxidant that can help in many ways, these are supplements that pack a punch. Admittedly, these are nutrients that even we had to do a little brushing up on, but now we're looking at them with more discerning eyes and are happy we did. We hope you enjoy this episode! Some Topics We Discussed: What are the 3 supplements you've probably never heard of that can make a drastic difference in your health ?(4:20) How does VItamin K help us and why should we take it? (7:50) What is SPM and why should we consider it? (14:52) What is PQQ and why would we want it in our supplement toolkit? (20:35) What damages our mitochondria? (23:08) Key Takeaways From This Episode: Conventional practitioners are not going to get training on natural remedies unless they choose to spend their time learning about it on their own. (4:25) Some researchers are now saying that Vitamin K may even be more important than Vitamin D. (8:44) When you take Vitamin K, make sure you take it with fat. (14:44) SPMs have a unique way of dealing with inflammation in ways that curcumin and omega-3s don't do. (18:37) PQQ helps address mitochondrial function. (22:55) ZenCast.fm

Save 20% on all Nuzest Products WORLDWIDE with the code MIKKIPEDIA at www.nuzest.co.nz, www.nuzest.com.au or www.nuzest.comThis week on the podcast, Mikki speaks to omega-3 expert Greg Peoples to unpack the science behind these essential fats and their impact on health and performance. They discuss the differences between DHA, EPA, and pro-resolving mediators (SPMs), the best dietary sources—including the surprising mention of tuna—and what an optimal Omega-3 Index looks like. Greg also explains whether we can reach ideal levels through diet alone, or if supplementation is necessary.They dive into omega-3s for athletes, covering their role in endurance performance, recovery, and even potential protection against atrial fibrillation in older endurance athletes. Greg breaks down their effects on muscle soreness, strength, and neuroprotection in contact sports, as well as the emerging link between omega-3s and sleep quality. Finally, they tackle supplement quality—how to choose a trustworthy brand in the wake of past industry scandals. A must-listen for anyone looking to optimise their omega-3 intake!Associate Professor Gregory Peoples is a distinguished cardiorespiratory physiologist with over two decades of experience in researching and communicating the physiological roles of omega-3 fatty acids, particularly EPA and DHA, in optimising heart, muscle, and brain performance and recovery.Based at the University of Wollongong, A/Prof Peoples has contributed significantly to understanding how dietary long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially DHA, influence skeletal muscle physiology and function. He leads Ω3 Performance Physiology, a company dedicated to exploring the benefits of omega-3s in athletic performance and recovery.Throughout his career, A/Prof Peoples has authored numerous high-impact papers on omega-3s, and his research has been instrumental in translating bench-top science into practical applications for both the general population and specialised groups, including elite athletes and military personnel. His work continues to influence dietary recommendations and therapeutic interventions aimed at enhancing physiological function and overall health.Greg: https://scholars.uow.edu.au/greg-peoples Curranz Supplement: Use code MIKKIPEDIA to get 20% off your first order - go to www.curranz.co.nz  or www.curranz.co.uk to order yours Contact Mikki:https://mikkiwilliden.com/https://www.facebook.com/mikkiwillidennutritionhttps://www.instagram.com/mikkiwilliden/https://linktr.ee/mikkiwilliden

Die Auswertung vieler Studien weltweit hat gezeigt, das die Basistherapie das beste Mittel gegen das Voranschreiten der MS ist. Du kannst den Beitrag auf meinem Blog Nachlesen: https://ms-perspektive.de/podcast-005-die-basistherapie Der folgende Beitrag ist ein Update zu Folge 5, in der es um die Basistherapie geht, ergänzt um meine Erkenntnisse aus den vergangenen fünf Jahren und meinem Multiple Sklerose Management Studium. Die Bedeutung der Immuntherapie ist heute klarer denn je: Sie kann das Fortschreiten der MS verlangsamen und mögliche Einschränkungen hinauszögern. In diesem Beitrag teile ich aktuelle wissenschaftliche Erkenntnisse, neue Therapieoptionen und meine persönlichen Erfahrungen. Zudem erfährst du, warum eine frühzeitige Basistherapie so wichtig ist und welche Entwicklungen es in der MS-Forschung gibt. Inhaltsverzeichnis Update zur Basistherapie Fortschritte in der Forschung Bedeutung der Präzisionsmedizin Einführung in die Basistherapie Rückblick auf persönliche Erfahrungen Empfehlungen zur sofortigen Therapie Der Weg mit meiner Basistherapie Schwangerschaft und Therapieanpassungen Anpassung der Therapie Buchveröffentlichung und weitere Informationen Medikamente und deren Wirksamkeit Überwinde deine Ängste vor der Basistherapie! Wichtige Erkenntnis zur MS und der neurologischen Reserve Zukunftsaussichten: Hoffnung auf Remyelinisierung Plädoyer für die Basistherapie Zusammenfassung – Die wichtigsten Punkte auf einen Blick: Mein persönliches Fazit: Weiterführende Infos zur Immuntherapie Mein persönliches Fazit: Das war heute mein dringendes Plädoyer für die Basistherapie. Ich wünsche dir, mir und allen anderen da draußen viel Gesundheit, viel Kraft und eine möglichst lange Zeit ohne Einschränkungen.

MS-Patientin Caroline, bekannt von FrauenPowerTrotzMS, schreibt selbst und ist ein sehr aktives Mitglied der MS-Community. Du kannst das zusammengefasste Update und Intervie auf meinem Blog Nachlesen: https://ms-perspektive.de/podcast-040-interview-mit-ms-patientin-caroline-regnard-mayer Vielleicht erinnerst du dich noch an mein Interview mit MS-Patientin Caroline Régnard-Mayer aus dem Jahr 2020? Caroline lebt seit 2004 mit Multipler Sklerose und hat in den letzten Jahren viel erlebt – von verschiedenen Therapieentscheidungen über persönliche Herausforderungen bis hin zu neuen Projekten. Nun gibt sie uns ein persönliches Update darüber, wie es ihr heute, im März 2025, geht. In unserem Gespräch erfährst du, warum sie sich vor drei Jahren für eine neue Therapie entschieden hat, welche Hilfsmittel ihr den Alltag erleichtern und wie sie sich trotz der schleichenden Verschlechterung ihrer MS weiterhin aktiv hält. Caroline spricht offen darüber, wie sie ihre Ernährung angepasst hat, warum sie sich bewusst ein Umfeld geschaffen hat, das nicht nur aus MS-Themen besteht, und wie sie es schafft, auch schwierige Phasen zu bewältigen. Außerdem berichtet sie über ihre neuesten Buchprojekte, darunter Kinderbücher, die MS auf eine einfühlsame Weise erklären. Ob du selbst betroffen bist, AngehörigeR oder einfach mehr über das Leben mit MS erfahren möchtest – dieses Update und das ursprüngliche Interview sind inspirierende und ehrliche Momentaufnahmen, die zeigen, wie wichtig es ist, seinen eigenen Weg zu finden. Ich freue mich, wenn du reinhörst oder den Blogartikel liest – und lass mich gerne wissen, was du aus Carolines Geschichte für dich mitnimmst!

In today's episode of The Root Cause Medicine Podcast, Dr. Kate Kresge sits down with Ashley Koff, RD, CEO and Founder of The Better Nutrition Program, to explore the role of GLP-1 receptor agonists and specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) in health and wellness. You'll hear them discuss: • How GLP-1 receptor agonists may support metabolic health when used under the guidance of a healthcare provider. • The role of SPMs in supporting the body's natural inflammatory response and recovery processes. • The connection between nutrition and mental well-being. • How personalized nutrition considers individual needs, preferences, and health factors. Ashley is a registered dietitian with over 25 years of experience in personalized nutrition. She is known for her evidence-based approach to nutrition and has been recognized as one of CNN's Top 100 Health Makers." Considering lab testing? Rupa Health provides access to functional medicine lab tests from 30+ labs. Always consult with a qualified healthcare provider before ordering tests to determine what is appropriate for your individual needs. https://www.rupahealth.com/reference-guide

Individuelle Therapieansätze bei sekundär-progredienter Multipler Sklerose (SPMS): Expertenwissen von Prof. Dr. Christoph Kleinschnitz zu Diagnose, Behandlung und Lebensqualität. Eine Kurzform vom Interview findest Du auf meinem Blog zum Nachlesen: https://ms-perspektive.de/286-kleinschnitz Die Diagnose „sekundär-progrediente Multiple Sklerose“ (SPMS) trifft viele Menschen spät im Leben, oft nach Jahrzehnten mit einer schubförmigen MS. Wie geht man mit dieser veränderten Krankheitsphase um? Was ist der richtige Ansatz, wenn man überhaupt erst frisch die Diagnose SPMS erhalten hat? Welche Behandlungsoptionen gibt es? Und was bedeutet diese Diagnose für den Alltag und die Therapieplanung? In dieser Folge spreche ich mit Prof. Dr. Christoph Kleinschnitz, dem Direktor der Klinik für Neurologie am Universitätsklinikum Essen. Gemeinsam beleuchten wir, was SPMS ausmacht, welche immuntherapeutischen Ansätze auch bei spät diagnostizierter SPMS sinnvoll sein können und wie eine individuell abgestimmte Therapie zu mehr Lebensqualität beitragen kann. Außerdem klären wir, welche symptomatischen Behandlungen bei fortschreitender Behinderung helfen, wie die neuesten diagnostischen Methoden eingesetzt werden und warum Bewegung, soziale Kontakte und Rehabilitation von Anfang an so wichtig sind. Inhaltsverzeichnis Vorstellung – Wer ist Prof. Christoph Kleinschnitz? Beratung und Entscheidung zur Immuntherapie bei spät diagnostizierter SPMS Wirksamkeit und Messung der Immuntherapie Diagnose und Monitoring der Krankheit Symptomatische Therapie bei SPMS Tests und Selbstüberwachung Blitzlicht-Runde Verabschiedung Nele von Horsten: Hallo Herr Prof. Kleinschnitz, ich freue mich riesig, dass Sie heute mein Gast sind. Wir sprechen über SPMS, die sekundär-progrediente Multiple Sklerose. Bevor wir loslegen, stellen Sie sich doch bitte kurz vor, damit die Zuhörerinnen und Zuhörer wissen, wer heute hier ist. Vorstellung – Wer ist Prof. Christoph Kleinschnitz? Vielen Dank für die Einladung, ich freue mich, dabei zu sein. Ich bin Christoph Kleinschnitz, Direktor der Klinik für Neurologie am Universitätsklinikum Essen. Ich habe in Würzburg studiert, dort meine Facharztausbildung gemacht und mich früh auf Neuroimmunologie und MS spezialisiert. Seit 2016 leite ich die Klinik in Essen, wo wir ein großes MS-Zentrum betreiben, sowohl ambulant als auch stationär. Möchten sie den Hörerinnen und Hörern noch etwas mit auf dem Weg geben? Die Fortschritte in der MS-Forschung geben Grund zur Hoffnung. Bleiben Sie informiert, aktiv und suchen Sie den Austausch mit Fachleuten sowie anderen Betroffenen. Wo findet man sie und ihre wissenschaftlichen Arbeiten im Internet? Auf der Webseite des Universitätsklinikums Essen, in wissenschaftlichen Repositorien wie PubMed sowie auf sozialen Medien wie Instagram. --- Bis bald und mach das Beste aus Deinem Leben, Nele Mehr Informationen und positive Gedanken erhältst Du in meinem kostenlosen Newsletter. Hier findest Du eine Übersicht zu allen bisherigen Podcastfolgen.  

In this episode of The MSing Link Podcast, I delve into the critical healthcare barriers faced by those with multiple sclerosis, focusing on the nuances of SPMS (Secondary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis) diagnosis, MS medications, and access to physical therapy. As a physical therapist specializing in MS, I share insight into new MS drugs, the complexities of navigating insurance, and the importance of ongoing physical therapy. Tune in to uncover strategies to navigate these challenges and improve your quality of life. Don't miss our deep dive into MS healthcare obstacles and innovative therapy solutions. Resources mentioned in this episode: The MSing Link Podcast, Episode 178, Smoldering MS & Disease Progression with Dr. Gabriel Pardo, M.D. - Apple || Spotify The MSing Link Podcast, Episode 196, Reversing MS Damage: The Promising Potential of PIPE-307 to Regrow Myelin - Apple || Spotify Additional Resources: https://www.doctorgretchenhawley.com/insider Reach out to Me: hello@doctorgretchenhawley.com Website: www.MSingLink.com Social: ★ Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/groups/mswellness ★ Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/doctor.gretchen ★ YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/c/doctorgretchenhawley?sub_confirmation=1 → Game Changers Course: https://www.doctorgretchenhawley.com/GameChangersCourse → Total Core Program: https://www.doctorgretchenhawley.com/TotalCoreProgram → The MSing Link: https://www.doctorgretchenhawley.com/TheMSingLink

Erfahre mehr über B-Zell-Depletionen, wie Ocrevus, Kesimpta, Bonspri, Mabthera, Rituxan und Briumvi, für aktive RRMS & SPMS und frühe PPMS. Du kannst den vollständigen Beitrag auf meinem Blog nachlesen: https://ms-perspektive.de/274-b-zell-depletion B-Zell-Depletions-Therapien wie Ocrelizumab (Ocrevus), Ofatumumab (Kesimpta, Bonspri), Rituximab (Mabthera, Rituxan) und Ublituximab (Briumvi) sind zu wichtigen Instrumenten bei der Behandlung von Multipler Sklerose (MS) geworden. Diese Behandlungen zielen speziell auf B-Zellen ab, eine Art von Immunzellen, die am Entzündungsprozess von MS beteiligt sind, und reduzieren diese. B-Zell-Therapien gelten als einige der spezifischsten und wirksamsten verlaufsmodifizierenden Therapien, die heute verfügbar sind, und bieten einen maßgeschneiderten Ansatz zur Verringerung der Krankheitsaktivität und des Fortschreitens der MS. In diesem Beitrag geht es darum, wie diese Therapien innerhalb der MS-Behandlungsoptionen eingeordnet werden und was ihr Zulassungsstatus und ihre Wirksamkeit für verschiedene Patientengruppen bedeuten. Bitte beachte, dass ich hier nur einen Überblick geben kann. Deine Neurologin und MS-Schwester sollten dich ausführlich über die richtige Therapie für dich beraten. Sie kennen deinen allgemeinen Gesundheitszustand und du solltest auch über deine Ziele, Wünsche, Ängste und Vorlieben sprechen, damit diese berücksichtigt werden können. Inhaltsverzeichnis Allgemeine Informationen Wie werden B-Zell-Depletionen - Ocrelizumab (Ocrevus), Ofatumumab (Kesimpta, Bonspri), Rituximab (Mabthera, Rituxan), Ublituximab (Briumvi) in den Immuntherapien eingeordnet? Wofür sind B-Zell-Depletionen - Ocrelizumab (Ocrevus), Ofatumumab (Kesimpta, Bonspri), Rituximab (Mabthera, Rituxan), Ublituximab (Briumvi) zugelassen? Wie sieht die Situation für spezielle Patientengruppen aus? Wer sollte Ocrelizumab (Ocrevus), Ofatumumab (Kesimpta, Bonspri), Rituximab (Mabthera, Rituxan), Ublituximab (Briumvi) vermeiden? Wie wirken Ocrelizumab (Ocrevus), Ofatumumab (Kesimpta, Bonspri), Rituximab (Mabthera, Rituxan) und Ublituximab (Briumvi)? Wie wird es eingenommen? Wie wirksam sind Ocrelizumab (Ocrevus), Ofatumumab (Kesimpta, Bonspri), Rituximab (Mabthera, Rituxan), Ublituximab (Briumvi)? Risiken und Nebenwirkungen von Ocrelizumab (Ocrevus), Ofatumumab (Kesimpta, Bonspri), Rituximab (Mabthera, Rituxan), Ublituximab (Briumvi) Impfungen Quellen Schlussbemerkung Quellen Für die Erstellung des Inhalts habe ich folgende Quellen verwendet: Vorlesung über pädiatrische Multiple Sklerose von Prof. Dr. Jutta Gärtner im Rahmen des Masterstudiengangs Multiple-Sklerose-Management Vorlesung über B-Zell-depletierende Therapien von Prof. Dr. Xavier Montalban im Rahmen des Masterstudiengangs Multiple-Sklerose-Management Qualitätshandbuch der KKNMS zu Ocrelizumab (Ocrevus), Ofatumumab (Kesimpta, Bonspri), Ublituximab (Briumvi) MS-Selfie-Infokarten von Prof. Dr. Gavin Giovannoni Deutschsprachiges Multiple Sklerose und Kinderwunschregister (DMSKW) Deutsche DECIMS-Informationen zu Ocrelizumab --- Vielleicht möchtest du auch einen Blick auf die Beiträge zu den anderen Immuntherapien werfen: #256: Dimethylfumarat (Tecfidera) und Diroximelfumarat (Vumerity) #258: Glatirameracetat (Copaxone, Brabio) #261: Interferon-beta (Avonex, Betaferon, Extavia, Plegridy, Rebif) #264: Teriflunomid (Aubagio) #266: Natalizumab (Tysabri, Tyruko)  #268: S1P-Modulatoren – Fingolimod (Gilenya), Ozanimod (Zeposia), Ponesimod (Ponvory), Siponimod (Mayzent) #270: Alemtuzumab (Lemtrada, Campath) bei hochaktiver Multipler Sklerose #272: Cladribin (Mavenclad, Leustatin, Litak) bei hochaktiver MS Bis bald und mach das Beste aus Deinem Leben, Nele Mehr Informationen und positive Gedanken erhältst Du in meinem kostenlosen Newsletter. Hier findest Du eine Übersicht zu allen bisherigen Podcastfolgen.

Dr. Edward A. Botchwey is a Professor in the Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering at Georgia Tech and Emory University. His research focuses on advancing regenerative medicine and immunoengineering through a convergence approach that integrates various disciplines and techniques for tissue repair and regeneration. Dr. Botchwey's lab has made significant contributions in investigating S1P signaling in tissue repair and engineering in vivo gradients for microvascular remodeling, as well as developing regenerative immunotherapies using specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators (SPMs) and hydrogel-based delivery systems. This talk will mainly focus on targeting S1P signaling to promote tissue repair and regeneration, including the use of sphingosine kinase inhibitors (SK1i) to reduce local S1P levels and promote muscle fiber regeneration. Additionally, the development and application of ApoM-Fc-S1P, a novel S1P chaperone that enhances S1P receptor 1 signaling, will be discussed, highlighting its role in reducing fibrosis and improving muscle healing, particularly in aged animals. Advanced drug delivery systems such as nanofiber scaffolds and hydrogels, which provide localized and sustained release of therapeutic agents like FTY720, will also be introduced. These delivery systems enhance the efficacy of S1P-targeted therapies by ensuring higher drug concentration at the injury site, facilitating better integration and healing. The presentation will cover the use of ultrasound elastography as a noninvasive imaging technique to monitor tissue stiffness and fibrosis, providing valuable insights into the therapeutic efficacy of these approaches. Dr. Botchwey aims to develop innovative, equity-centered solutions to complex challenges in regenerative medicine, with potential applications in diverse fields such as regenerative immunotherapies, metabolic and hematologic disorders, and cell and tissue transplantation. Additionally, he is actively involved in promoting diversity and outreach through programs like SURE (Summer Undergraduate Research Experience) and ENGAGES (Engaging New Generations at Georgia Tech through Engineering and Science), which aim to provide underrepresented students with research opportunities and inspire the next generation of scientists and engineers. ---- Note: The views of this podcast represent those of my guest(s) and I. Note: Purpose of these episodes- not at all, for advice or medical suggestions. These are aimed to provide support for peer pharmacists in training in educational and intellectually stimulating ways. Again, these are not at all for medical advice, or for medical suggestions. Please see your local state and board-certified physician, PA or NP, and pharmacist for medical advice and suggestions.

Alemtuzumab (Lemtrada) ist eine Induktionstherapie für hochaktive MS, wirkt lange und kann schwere Nebenwirkungen haben. Du kannst den kompletten Beitrag auf meinem Blog nachlesen: https://ms-perspektive.de/270-alemtuzumab Diesmal liegt der Fokus auf Alemtuzumab (Lemtrada, Campath). Es ist eine der hochwirksamen Immuntherapien und ermöglicht bei einer Untergruppe von Patienten mit hochaktiver MS sogar einen Krankheitsstillstand von mehr als fünf Jahren. Aufgrund seiner lang anhaltenden Wirkung auf das Immunsystem und der teilweise schweren Nebenwirkungen wird es relativ sparsam eingesetzt. Es wird als verlaufsmodifizierende Therapie bei aktiver Multipler Sklerose eingesetzt, sowohl bei schubförmigen Formen als auch, nach FDA-Zulassung, bei aktiver SPMS. Alemtuzumab führt aufgrund seines Wirkmechanismus zu einer sofortigen Immunzelldepletion von CD52-positiven Immunzellen (hauptsächlich T-Zellen und B-Zellen). Es wird daher beispielsweise bei Patienten mit massiver Entzündungsaktivität eingesetzt, bei denen das Risiko einer raschen Zunahme der Behinderung besteht. Bitte bedenke, dass ich hier nur einen Überblick geben kann. Dein Neurologe und deine MS-Krankenschwester sollten dich ausführlich über die für dich geeignete Therapie beraten. Denn sie kennen deinen allgemeinen Gesundheitszustand und du solltest auch über deine Ziele, Wünsche, Ängste und Vorlieben sprechen, damit diese berücksichtigt werden können. Inhaltsverzeichnis Allgemeine Informationen Wie wird Alemtuzumab (Lemtrada, Campath) bei den Immuntherapien eingeordnet? Wofür ist Alemtuzumab (Lemtrada, Campath) zugelassen? Wie sieht die Situation für spezielle Patientengruppen aus? Wer sollte Alemtuzumab (Lemtrada, Campath) meiden? Wie wirkt Alemtuzumab (Lemtrada, Campath)? Wie wird es eingenommen? Wie wirksam ist Alemtuzumab (Lemtrada, Campath)? Risiken und Nebenwirkungen von Alemtuzumab (Lemtrada, Campath) Impfungen Quellen Schlussbemerkung Quellen Ich habe die folgenden Quellen verwendet, um den Inhalt zu erstellen: Qualitätshandbuch der deutschen KKNMS zu Alemtuzumab (Lemtrada) MS-Selfie-Infokarten von Prof. Dr. Gavin Giovannoni Deutschsprachiges Multiple Sklerose Kinderwunschregister (DMSKW) Deutsche DECIMS-Informationen zu Alemtuzumab Schlussbemerkung Bitte denke daran, dass es kein Medikament gibt, das allen hilft, sondern dass immer abgewogen werden muss, was für eine bestimmte Person am besten geeignet ist. Auch andere Krankheiten, persönliche Ziele und Vorlieben müssen berücksichtigt werden. Deine Neurologin oder dein Neurologe und die MS-Schwester sind die richtigen Ansprechpartner und können individuelle Empfehlungen aussprechen. Dieser Beitrag dient nur zu Informationszwecken und stellt keine Empfehlung dar. Was der einen Person hilft, muss der anderen nicht helfen. Ich hoffe, dass du gemeinsam mit deinem Neurologen und deiner MS-Schwester schnell die richtige Immuntherapie für dich findest. Und dass du mit MS ein erfülltes, glückliches und selbstbestimmtes Leben führen kannst, unterstützt durch einen gesunden Lebensstil und eine Portion Glück. --- Vielleicht möchtest du auch einen Blick auf die Beiträge zu den anderen Immuntherapien werfen: #256: Dimethylfumarat (Tecfidera) und Diroximelfumarat (Vumerity) #258: Glatirameracetat (Copaxone, Brabio) #261: Interferon-beta (Avonex, Betaferon, Extavia, Plegridy, Rebif) #264: Teriflunomid (Aubagio) #266: Natalizumab (Tysabri, Tyruko)  #268: S1P-Modulatoren – Fingolimod (Gilenya), Ozanimod (Zeposia), Ponesimod (Ponvory), Siponimod (Mayzent) Bis bald und mach das Beste aus Deinem Leben, Nele Mehr Informationen und positive Gedanken erhältst Du in meinem kostenlosen Newsletter. Hier findest Du eine Übersicht zu allen bisherigen Podcastfolgen.

Erfahre mehr über die S1P-Modulatoren (Gilenya, Zeposia, Ponvory, Mayzent) und deren Einsatz bei aktiver schubförmiger MS und SPMS. Hier findest Du den Beitrag zum Nachlesen und mit allen Bildern: https://ms-perspektive.de/268-s1p-modulatoren Heute geht es um die Gruppe der S1P-Modulatoren, zu denen Fingolimod (Gilenya), Ozanimod (Zeposia), Ponesimod (Ponvory) und Siponimod (Mayzent) gehören. Die ersten drei, d. h. Gilenya, Zeposia und Ponvory, werden als verlaufsmodifizierende Therapie bei aktiver Multipler Sklerose eingesetzt. Fingolimod (Gilenya) ist sogar für pädiatrische MS zugelassen. Mayzent ist für aktive SPMS zugelassen, wenn der Patient bereits eine von Schüben unabhängige Verschlechterung der MS erfährt, aber auch eine lokalisierte Entzündungsaktivität aufweist. S1P-Modulatoren sind sogenannte Sphingosin-1-Phosphat-Rezeptormodulatoren und verhindern den Austritt von Lymphozyten aus den Lymphknoten. Dadurch wird auch verhindert, dass sie in das zentrale Nervensystem (ZNS) gelangen. Die Untergruppen der S1P-Rezeptoren bestimmen das Nebenwirkungsprofil. Bitte denke daran, dass ich hier nur einen Überblick geben kann. Dein Neurologe und deine MS-Schwester sollten dich ausführlich über die für dich richtige Therapie beraten. Denn sie kennen deinen aktuellen Gesundheitszustand und du solltest auch über deine Ziele, Wünsche, Ängste und Vorlieben sprechen, damit diese berücksichtigt werden können. Inhaltsverzeichnis Allgemeine Informationen Wie werden S1P-Modulatoren - Fingolimod (Gilenya), Ozanimod (Zeposia), Ponesimod (Ponvory), und Siponimod (Mayzent) - bei den Immuntherapien eingestuft? Wofür sind Fingolimod (Gilenya), Ozanimod (Zeposia), Ponesimod (Ponvory) und Siponimod (Mayzent) zugelassen? Wie sieht die Situation für spezielle Patientengruppen aus? Wer sollte Fingolimod (Gilenya), Ozanimod (Zeposia), Ponesimod (Ponvory) und Siponimod (Mayzent) vermeiden? Wie wirken Fingolimod (Gilenya), Ozanimod (Zeposia), Ponesimod (Ponvory) und Siponimod (Mayzent)? Wie wird es eingenommen? Wie wirksam sind Fingolimod (Gilenya), Ozanimod (Zeposia), Ponesimod (Ponvory) und Siponimod (Mayzent)? Risiken und Nebenwirkungen von Fingolimod (Gilenya), Ozanimod (Zeposia), Ponesimod (Ponvory) und Siponimod (Mayzent) Impfungen Quellen Schlussbemerkung Quellen Für die Erstellung der Inhalte habe ich die folgenden Quellen verwendet: Vorlesung über S1P-Rezeptor-Modulator von Prof. Dr. Tobias Derfuss im Rahmen des Masterstudiengangs Multiple Sklerose Management Qualitätshandbuch der deutschen KKNMS zu Fingolimod (Gilenya),Ozanimod (Zeposia),Ponesimod (Ponvory)und Siponimod (Mayzent) MS-Selfie Infokarten von Prof. Dr. Gavin Giovannoni Deutschsprachiges Multiple Sklerose und Kinderwunschregister (DMSKW) Informationen aus dem deutschen Interview mit Prof. Dr. Barbara Kornek über pädiatrische MS Deutsche DECIMS-Informationen zu Fingolimod --- Vielleicht möchtest du auch einen Blick auf die Beiträge zu den anderen Immuntherapien werfen: #256: Dimethylfumarat (Tecfidera) und Diroximelfumarat (Vumerity) #258: Glatirameracetat (Copaxone, Brabio) #261: Interferon-beta (Avonex, Betaferon, Extavia, Plegridy, Rebif) #264: Teriflunomid (Aubagio) #266: Natalizumab (Tysabri, Tyruko) für aktive schubförmig remittierende MS Bis bald und mach das Beste aus Deinem Leben, Nele Mehr Informationen und positive Gedanken erhältst Du in meinem kostenlosen Newsletter. Hier findest Du eine Übersicht zu allen bisherigen Podcastfolgen.

This episode gives an in-depth insight into healthcare digitalization in Portugal. Cátia Sousa Pinto, Head of Global Digital Health and International Affairs at SPMS - shared services of ministry of health of Portugal talked about healthcare digitalization in Portugal, European Health Data Space (EHDS), patient data and more. Key Points Summary Portugal's Digital Health System Design: To accelerate digital health development, Portugal created a national eHealth agency (SPMS) over a decade ago. SPMS Role: SPMS plays a dual role, not only regulating but also developing and maintaining ICT solutions for Portugal's healthcare system. This centralization helps prevent fragmentation and ensures interoperability. European Health Data Space (EHDS): EHDS is the EU's regulatory framework for cross-border health data sharing, building on initiatives like MyHealth@EU. The goal is to allow seamless healthcare across Europe, where any EU citizen can access healthcare in other countries as if they were at home. My Health at EU: A foundational initiative that enables cross-border exchange of health data like patient summaries and e-prescriptions between EU countries. Patient Data: Catia emphasized the importance of patients controlling their health data and being able to share it across healthcare providers. This includes e-prescriptions, laboratory results, and, eventually, medical images. Portugal's National Electronic Health Record: A key project for the country is the creation of a unified electronic health record system, allowing citizens to access all of their health data, both public and private, from a single source. Use of EU Funding: Portugal has allocated €300 million from the EU's recovery funds for digital health transformation, focusing on infrastructure, citizen-centric services, and reducing the burden on healthcare professionals. Challenges and Future Outlook: The integration of digital health into national governance and improving interoperability between systems remain ongoing challenges. Katia stressed the importance of moving towards real-time, structured health data to improve future healthcare outcomes. www.facesofdigitalhealth.com Newsletter: https://fodh.substack.com/ Show notes: [00:02:00] - Overview of Digital Health in Portugal [00:06:00] - National-Level Initiatives and Successes [00:10:00] - European Health Data Space (EHDS) and My Health at EU [00:16:00] - Cross-Border Care and Digital Infrastructure [00:20:00] - The Role of SPMS in Portugal's Digital Health Journey [00:30:00] - Challenges and Workforce Management in Digital Health [00:34:00] - Benefits of Centralization in Small Countries [00:38:00] - Electronic Health Records and Expanding Digital Services, Secondary use of data [00:42:00] - Portugal's National Electronic Health Record [00:46:00] - Future Vision for Health Data Integration

Die CogeX-Studie untersuchte wie kombiniertes aerobes und kognitives Training auf die Verarbeitungsgeschwindigkeit von PMS-Patienten wirkt. Hier findest Du den kompletten Beitrag zum Nachlesen: https://ms-perspektive.de/263-cogex Heute spreche ich mit Prof. Dr. Anthony Feinstein über die Ergebnisse der CogeX-Studie, die sich auf die Verbesserung der kognitiven Funktionen, insbesondere der Verarbeitungsgeschwindigkeit von Patienten mit fortschreitender MS konzentrierte. Schon in der Anfangsphase der MS, wenn bei den Betroffenen ein klinisch isoliertes Syndrom diagnostiziert wird, treten in etwa 30 % der Fälle kognitive Probleme auf. Mit dem Fortschreiten der Multiplen Sklerose nimmt dieser Anteil stetig zu und liegt bei der primären und sekundären MS zwischen 70 und 90 Prozent. Bisher wurde jedoch kaum erforscht, wie kognitiven Beeinträchtigungen entgegengewirkt werden kann und wie sich die kognitiven Leistungen sogar verbessern lassen. An der internationalen Studie, die von MS Canada finanziert wurde, nahmen neben Kanada auch Forscher und Patienten in den USA, dem Vereinigten Königreich, Italien und Dänemark teil. Das Originalinterview habe ich in Englisch geführt und es entstand im Rahmen der Unterstützung durch die Gemeinnützige Hertie-Stiftung.  Die verschriftlichte Version gibt es nun in deutscher Übersetzung. Inhaltsverzeichnis Einleitung - Wer ist Prof. Dr. Anthony Feinstein? Verständnis der kognitiven Beeinträchtigung bei progredienter MS Vorteile der kognitiven Rehabilitation Die Rolle von Aerobic-Übung Die CogeX Studie Verabschiedung Nele von Horsten: Hallo Anthony, ich freue mich, dich in der Sendung zu haben und schicke dir ein herzliches Willkommen nach Toronto in Kanada. Ich habe erst neulich mit der Patientenfürsprecherin Adra Shephard gesprochen, und sie hat mir erzählt, dass es in Kanada ziemlich kalt ist. Ich erinnere mich an die kalten Winter in Chicago, wo ich eineinhalb Jahre lang gelebt habe. Prof. Anthony Feinstein: Ich danke dir vielmals. Wir brauchen einen warmen Empfang, weil es hier kalt ist. Ich bin sehr froh, bei dir zu sein. Du weißt, wovon ich spreche. Nele von Horsten: In Chicago waren es minus 35 Grad Celsius. Wir haben uns immer mit „Stay warm!“ gegrüßt. In Deutschland ist das nicht so, wir haben leider kaum richtige Winter. Aber bevor wir zum Interview kommen, wäre es schön, wenn du dich den Zuschauern vorstellen könntest, damit sie wissen, wer heute bei mir in der Sendung ist. Einleitung - Wer ist Prof. Dr. Anthony Feinstein? Prof. Anthony Feinstein: Ja, ich danke dir. Ich bin Anthony Feinstein. Ich bin Professor für Neuropsychiatrie an der Universität von Toronto. Ich leite einen klinischen Dienst und ein Forschungsteam, das sich um Menschen mit Multipler Sklerose kümmert. Wir befassen uns mit Kognition, dem Risiko von Stimmungsschwankungen und Kognition und nutzen auch die Bildgebung des Gehirns, um zu verstehen, wie diese Krankheiten entstehen. Wie und wo können Interessierte deine Forschungsaktivitäten verfolgen? Prof. Anthony Feinstein: Ich denke, der beste Weg ist über die Website von MS Canada, dort wird die Studie aufgelistet. Es war eine sehr große Investition für MS Canada. Sie haben ein kleines Video mit Leuten gemacht, die darüber sprechen. Auf der Website steht, dass es neue Studien gibt, die finanziert werden. So können die Menschen erfahren, wie das Forschungsumfeld in Kanada ist. Das ist ein guter Ansatzpunkt. Nele von Horsten: Okay, fantastisch, und ich werde den Link natürlich in die Show Notes und den Blogartikel aufnehmen. Anthony, ich danke dir sehr. Das ist eine sehr interessante Studie. Und natürlich viel Glück bei allem, was noch kommt. Danke, dass du mit mir und den Zuhörern in dieses Thema eingetaucht bist. Und für euch da draußen, seid und bleibt bitte aktiv und nutzt jede Gelegenheit, die sich euch bietet. Ich denke, dass es sehr wichtig ist, dass ihr eure Symptome in den Griff bekommt, damit ihr aktiv sein könnt. Es ist immer schlecht, wenn jemand sich nicht traut, über Probleme wie Inkontinenz zu sprechen, um sie zu behandeln, und stattdessen zu Hause bleibt, weil er oder sie sich nicht wohl fühlt oder sich schämt. Prof. Anthony Feinstein: Ganz genau. Nele von Horsten: Das sollte man nie tun, man sollte die medizinischen Hilfsmittel nutzen, man sollte die symptomatischen Behandlungsmöglichkeiten nutzen, die zur Verfügung stehen, und man sollte so aktiv wie möglich bleiben und versuchen, ein möglichst erfülltes Leben zu führen, denn das Leben kann auch mit progredienter MS gut sein. Vielen Dank, auf Wiedersehen. Prof. Anthony Feinstein: Ich denke, das ist der richtige Ansatz. Ausgezeichnet. Ich danke dir für dein Interesse an diesem Thema. Weitere Informationen über die Forschungstätigkeit von Anthony Feinstein findest du auf PubMed. --- Bis bald und mach das Beste aus Deinem Leben, Nele Mehr Informationen und positive Gedanken erhältst Du in meinem kostenlosen Newsletter. Hier findest Du eine Übersicht zu allen bisherigen Podcastfolgen.

Interferon-beta wie Avonex, Betaferon, Extavia, Plegridy, Rebif und Generika können für milde und moderate Verläufe der MS eingesetzt werden. Den vollständigen Beitrag zum Nachlese findest Du auf meinem Blog: https://ms-perspektive.de/261-interferone Im heutigen Artikel stelle ich Interferon-beta vor, das mehrere Wirkstoffe enthält und unter den Namen Avonex, Betaferon, Extavia, Plegridy, Rebif oder anderen Handelsnamen bekannt ist. Sie alle sind zugelassene verlaufsmodifizierende Medikamente für die schubförmige MS. Wie Glatirameracetat und die Fumarate, die bereits vorgestellt wurden, haben Interferone einen breiteren Wirkmechanismus. Im Folgenden werde ich versuchen, einen guten Überblick zu geben, ohne auf alle Details einzugehen. Und wie immer gilt: Lass dich von MS-Spezialisten beraten, die deine individuelle Situation, deine Wünsche, deine Ängste und deinen allgemeinen Gesundheitszustand kennen. Inhaltsverzeichnis Allgemeine Informationen Wie wird Interferon-beta (Avonex, Betaferon, Extavia, Plegridy, Rebif und Generika) innerhalb der Immuntherapien eingestuft? Wofür ist Interferon-beta zugelassen? Wie sieht die Situation für spezielle Patientengruppen aus? Wer sollte Interferon-beta vermeiden? Wie wirkt Interferon-beta? Wie wird es eingenommen? Wie wirksam ist Interferon-beta (Avonex, Betaferon, Extavia, Plegridy, Rebif und Generika)? Risiken und Nebenwirkungen von Interferon-beta (Avonex, Betaferon, Extavia, Plegridy, Rebif und Generika) Impfungen Quellen Schlussbemerkung Quellen Ich habe die folgenden Quellen für die Erstellung des Inhalts verwendet: Qualitätshandbuch der KKNMS zu Interferon-beta MS-Selfie Infokarten von Prof. Dr. Gavin Giovannoni Deutsches Multiple Sklerose- und Kinderwunsch-Register (DMSKW) Informationen aus dem Interview mit Prof. Dr. Barbara Kornek zur pädiatrischen MS DMSG-Informationen über Interferon-beta DECIMS-Informationen über Interferon-beta Schlussbemerkung Bitte denke daran, dass es nicht das eine gute Medikament gibt, das allen hilft, sondern dass immer abgewogen werden muss, was für die jeweilige Person am besten geeignet ist. Auch andere Krankheiten, persönliche Ziele und Vorlieben müssen berücksichtigt werden. Dein Neurologe und die MS-Schwester sind die richtigen Ansprechpartner und können individuelle Empfehlungen aussprechen. Dieser Artikel dient nur zu Informationszwecken und stellt keine Empfehlung dar. Was dem einen hilft, ist für den anderen vielleicht wirkungslos. Ich hoffe, dass du zusammen mit deinem Neurologen und deiner MS-Schwester schnell die richtige Immuntherapie für dich finden wirst. Und dass du ein erfülltes, glückliches und selbstbestimmtes Leben mit MS führen kannst, unterstützt durch einen gesunden Lebensstil und eine Portion Glück. --- Vielleicht möchtest du auch einen Blick auf die Beiträge zu den anderen Immuntherapien werfen: Dimethylfumarat (Tecfidera) und Diroximelfumarat (Vumerity) Glatirameracetat (Copaxone, Clift) Bis bald und mach das Beste aus Deinem Leben, Nele Mehr Informationen und positive Gedanken erhältst Du in meinem kostenlosen Newsletter. Hier findest Du eine Übersicht zu allen bisherigen Podcastfolgen.

Today Dr. David LeMay steps in to co-host with Dr. Ken Ford for our interview with Dr. Charles Serhan. Charles is a Harvard professor best known for his discovery of specialized pro-resolving mediators. SPMs are molecules that can activate the natural resolution of inflammation and help people avoid anti-inflammatory drugs. The discovery of SPMs spurred a paradigm shift in our understanding of inflammation and human disease. Charles is the Simon Gelman Professor of Anesthesia at Harvard Medical School and the director of the Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury at Brigham and Women's Hospital. He also is a co-director of the Brigham Research Institute. David, who was our guest on Episode 69 of STEM-Talk, is a sports medicine and rehabilitation physician with a Pensacola, Florida practice that focuses on lifestyle and performance medicine. He also is a visiting research scientist here at IHMC. Show notes [00:03:33] David opens the interview mentioning that Charles grew up in New York City with a passion for music. David explains that Charles learned to play the vibraphone in junior high and played professionally for a year before going to college. David asks Charles why he decided to pursue science instead of music. [00:04:22] Ken asks Charles what kind of vibraphone he plays. [00:06:02] Ken asks, aside from the desire to help people, if there was something particular about studying science that Charles really enjoyed. [00:06:45] David asks about Charles' experience at the State University of New York at Stonybrook studying biochemistry and immunohistochemistry. [00:07:16] David asks if there was any carry over of skills for Charles from his career in music to his career in science. [00:08:16] Ken mentions that after Charles earned his bachelor's degree, one of his professors persuaded him to go to New York University for a master's and Ph.D. Ken also mentions that at the time Charles worked in the lab of Gerald Wiseman at Woods Hole Marine Biological Laboratory and asks about that experience. [00:12:37] David asks if this experience led Charles to a focus on neutrophil membrane remodeling for his Ph.D. [00:13:59] David asks Charles if it was at the Karolinska Institute where he met his future wife. [00:14:38] Ken asks Charles about one of his mentors, Michael Heidelberg, who gave Charles advice about how to be a good scientist. [00:17:13] David explains that in the 1990's Charles discovered Specialized Pro-Resolution Mediators and has since pioneered a new field on the utility of SPMs for a variety of inflammatory diseases. [00:25:01] Ken backs up to ask Charles what drew him to study inflammation in the first place and how that led him to do more research on the subject than any other scientist. [00:26:26] David asks Charles to touch on some different types of inflammation that the body experiences. [00:35:12] Ken asks Charles about how a trip to Asia during which he developed a hole in his intestines, resulted in first-hand experience on the importance of controlling inflammation. [00:41:00] David asks if Charles was taking any non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications when he developed peritonitis. [00:41:53] David asks Charles to explain what non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications do to the healing process. [00:45:35] David brings up a recent discovery in animal models that as animals age, their ability to produce resolution mediators declines, possibly contributing to the loss of muscle mass with age. [00:48:09] Ken asks Charles to talk about the explosion of research into the potential therapeutic applications of SPMs in the treatment of a variety of chronic diseases known to be driven in part by chronic inflammation. [00:51:06] David asks Charles to explain the differences between resolvins, protectins, and maresins, as well as what role each plays in the healing process. [00:56:04] Ken mentions a review article that Charl...

Practitioners, if specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators (SPMs) aren't already on your radar, you'll be a convert by the end of this New Frontiers episode. In functional medicine, we excel at addressing inflammation through nutrition and lifestyle. However, brilliant researchers like Dr. Charles Serhan from Harvard have shown us that resolving inflammation requires a two-phase approach. We need to shift gears, rally the cleanup crew, start the repair process, and turn down the volume on the immune system. This transition from inflammation to resolution is exactly what our guest, Ashley Koff, RD, will discuss. We'll explore why SPMs, discovered by Dr. Serhan, are crucial for healthy inflammation resolution and how Metagenics has developed a product using the patented Serhan method that has numerous clinical applications, from managing inflammation and pain to addressing neurodegenerative conditions, autoimmunity, and even infertility. We'll also delve into factors that influence our ability to convert omega-3 and -6 fatty acids into these superstar molecules, such as diet, genetics, inflammatory bias, and poor vagal tone. This conversation is packed with clinical pearls for your practice and personal use. Enjoy. ~DrKF Check out the show notes at https://www.drkarafitzgerald.com/fxmed-podcast/ for the full list of links and resources. GUEST INFORMATION Ashley Koff, RD is a 25+ year award-winning practitioner, founder of The Better Nutrition Program (est. 2019), and fractional Chief Nutrition Officer for entities like Vitaboom. Ashley Koff, RD | The Better Nutrition Program Phone: 323-251-7537 | Email: ashley@thebetternutritionprogram.com GUEST DETAILS Ashley Koff, RD: https://tinyurl.com/2drp29ky Founder - The Better Nutrition Program: https://thebetternutritionprogram.com/ Phone: 323-251-7537 Email: ashley@thebetternutritionprogram.com THANKS TO OUR SPONSOR: Metagenics: Website PROMO Get 15% off Metagenics SPM Active Supplement with Code SPMW624US (US) or SPMW624CAN (Canada) at checkout. https://tinyurl.com/4jc9np3y (Offer expires 7/15/24. Max order value $500. For consumer purchases only.) SHOW NOTES Metagenics Institute Study Website NFFM Podcast: Specialized Pro-Resolving Mediators (SPMs): As Close to a Panpharmacon as We Can Get? Another Study Website Latest Updates on Specialized Pro-Resolving Mediator (SPM) Science by Charles Serhan, PhD, DSc Another Study Website CONNECT WITH DrKF on: YouTube: https://tinyurl.com/hjpc8daz Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/drkarafitzgerald/

Omega-3 fatty acids can be converted into Specialized Pro-resolving Mediators (SPMs) in the body. So you are cutting out the middleman by taking SPMs. They then play a crucial role in resolving inflammation, and as we know histamine intolerance often results in inflammation. But are they worth it? This is a Biohacking Reviews episode, where we review; products, supplements, health tech, practices... whatever is new and whatever we've been trying.  Everything on this podcast is provided for information only and may not be construed as medical advice or instruction. Always consult your health professional before changing your regime. Join 30k+ weekly biohackers who receive the latest tech + techniques + reviews + insider biohacking news by signing up for the weekly newsletter here.

Today I am addressing the "early steps" in combatting Lyme or mold. So, I begin by diving into the phenomenon of Herxheimer reactions, elucidating its occurrence following antimicrobial therapy initiation for Lyme disease. Through this, I explore the intricate interplay between microbial factors, such as the release of endotoxins (LPS), and host immune responses, leading to a cascade of inflammatory reactions. Moreover, I provide practical strategies that may help mitigate Herxheimer reactions, including gradual dose titration, anti-inflammatory supplementation, binders, baths, and support for the body's natural detoxification pathways (liver, lymph, kidneys, and more). Topics: 1. Understanding Herx Reactions - Definition and Manifestation - General Overview of Symptoms 2. Underlying Mechanisms of Herx Reactions - Host Immune Responses - Microbial Factors 3. Microbial Factors in Herx Reactions - Release of Endotoxins - Role of Gram-Negative Bacteria - Impact on Immune Response (LPS) - Example: Lyme Disease as a Model 4. Inflammatory Response - Pro-inflammatory Cytokines - TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β - Immune Response Propagation - Vasodilation - Vascular Permeability - Immune Cell Recruitment 5. Acute-Phase Response - Ex: Induction of Fever via the Hypothalamus - Systemic Manifestations and Other Symptoms 6. Phagocytic Immune Cells - Macrophages - Antigen Presentation - Cytokine Release - Neutrophils - Role in Early Innate Immune Response 7. Transition to Adaptive Immune Response - Specificity - Role of T Cells and B Cells - Immunological Memory 8. Implications of Inefficient Adaptive Immune Response Activation - Chronic Infection and Inflammation - Cause: Disruption in Antigen Presentation 9. Biotoxin Illness and Genetic Factors - Role of HLA Genes - Chronic Inflammatory Response Syndrome 10. Mitigating Herx Reactions - Slow Titration of Antimicrobial Therapy - Reducing Inflammation: Omega-3s, SPMs, Curcumin, Quercetin, Ginger, Boswellia, etc. - Supporting Clearance Pathways - Liver, Lymph, Kidneys - Hydration and Proper Elimination - Epsom Salt Baths - Use of Binders: Activated Charcoal, Chlorella, Cholestyramine etc. Thank you to our episode sponsor: ⁠Check out The Honest Tooth Here!⁠ Thanks for tuning in! Get Chloe's Book Today! "⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠75 Gut-Healing Strategies & Biohacks⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠" If you liked this episode, please leave a rating and review or share it to your stories over on Instagram. If you tag @synthesisofwellness, Chloe would love to personally thank you for listening! Follow Chloe on Instagram ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠@synthesisofwellness⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ Follow Chloe on TikTok @chloe_c_porter Visit ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠synthesisofwellness.com⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ to purchase products, subscribe to our mailing list, and more! Or visit ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠linktr.ee/synthesisofwellness⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ to see all of Chloe's links, schedule a BioPhotonic Scanner consult with Chloe, or support the show! Thanks again for tuning in! --- Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/chloe-porter6/support

This video features Dr. Robert Martindale, MD, PhD, FASPEN, Professor of Surgery in the Division of Gastrointestinal and General Surgery, and Medical Director of Hospital Nutrition Services at the Oregon Health & Science University in Portland, Oregon. Dr. Martindale describes his fascinating career path. While working in a lab at UCLA during the summers to earn money for forestry school, Dr. Martindale became interested in human physiology. After completing his undergraduate studies, he was invited back to UCLA to work in the nutrition department as a graduate student. Here, he earned his PhD in Nutrition. This interest in nutrition then led him to enter medical school, specializing in surgery, all while enrolled in the Army which allowed him to pay for medical school. Dr. Martindale discusses several nutrition-related topics, including specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs), the use of prebiotics and probiotics, food and the microbiome, managing patients with fistulas, and the overall future of nutrition. He highlights that we have the data that nutrition impacts outcomes; we need to sell it to the public. Physician Spotlight is a forum for outstanding Senior Leaders, Young Rising Stars, and International Colleagues in the field of nutrition to discuss important topics and ideas that impact patient care. Visit the ASPEN Physician Community at www.nutritioncare.org/physicians February 2024

Here is a list of my favourite supplements for histamine intolerance. Explore with the help of your practitioner... Everything on this podcast is provided for information only and may not be construed as medical advice or instruction. Always consult your health professional before changing your regime. ✅

Episode 613 This episode I talk about Multiple Sclerosis stuff: Cognition Testing, Retinal Test, Secondary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis SPMS, Delayed Ocrevus Risks. #MS #MultipleSclerosis #healthtalk #MonSter #brain #mswinter #cognitive #SPMS #Ocrevus #eyetest Send comments, questions and tips to kevintheduckpool@gmail.com please help us out by rating and reviewing us and telling a friend.  Also check out audio and video versions of Crimson Cowl Comic Club & Under the Cowl podcasts. A fun variety of great people talk comic books, entertainment or whatever and you can see or hear me on many episodes of those podcasts as well with many more great episodes to come out in the future. --- Send in a voice message: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/kevin-kleinhans/message Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/kevin-kleinhans/support

In the era of constant connectivity, our digital lives often dictate the rhythm of our days. In this engaging episode, we sit down with Tony Wrighton, a seasoned UK-based journalist, broadcaster, and bestselling author, to unravel the complexities of social media and tech addiction. His latest book, "Stop Scrolling," takes an unfiltered look at the rising concern of social media addiction and tech overwhelm, offering a clear roadmap to reclaim control over your life.   Listen in as Tony candidly shares his personal journey, including a remarkable story of falling ill in the jungle. He introduces us to the transformative practice of tapping, a technique gaining popularity for its stress-relieving and well-being benefits. But that's just the beginning – Tony delves into the crucial link between mindfulness and physical health, drawing from his experiences as an NLP practitioner.   Meditation, calming techniques, and the state of our nervous system take center stage as we explore Tony's wisdom on achieving optimal health. Uncover the intricate connection between our mindset and the body's ability to heal, offering valuable insights for those seeking a holistic approach to wellness.   But it's not just about personal health – we dissect the impact of technology on our lives. From EMFs and cybersecurity to online privacy and internet addiction, we leave no stone unturned. Tony's podcast, Zestology, has been a treasure trove of knowledge, and his diverse range of guests adds a rich layer to our exploration of vitality, energy, and motivation in daily life.   Join us on this enlightening journey as we navigate the ever-evolving landscape of technology and well-being, guided by Tony's wealth of knowledge and real-world experiences. It's a conversation that transcends the ordinary, offering actionable insights for anyone seeking a balanced and vibrant life.   Timestamps: [00:01:39] Stop Scrolling book. [00:04:24] Research on sleep and technology. [00:07:00] Blue light blocking glasses. [00:09:43] Acceptance of blue light exposure. [00:12:45] Bright lights in sleep disruption. [00:16:06] The sleep gate. [00:20:00] Living ancestrally and primally. [00:22:19] The healing power of light. [00:25:07] Red light therapy and face masks. [00:27:46] SPMs and gut health. [00:31:31] Pattern interrupts and focus. [00:35:05] Health and the parasympathetic nervous system. [00:37:48] Energy Psychology and Tapping. [00:43:02] Tapping as a stress relief. [00:43:53] Health challenges and mold exposure. [00:47:05] Mold prevention and awareness. [00:49:48] Mold and EMF exposure. [00:55:07] Mold exposure and health. [00:57:39] Writing health books and podcasting. Connect with Tony Wrighton: Website Instagram Facebook Book: Stop Scrolling Podcast: Zestology For more information, resources and videos visit TechWellness.com  Memorable Quotes: "You're looking at your phone for a less amount of time per day. And I make the point in the book that all the best things in the world do not involve screens." [00:03:11] – Tony Wrighton "I choose to flow from moment to moment and accept because acceptance is almost like the opposite of control, and I think that's really important when it comes to health." [00:37:01] – Tony Wrighton  

In this final episode of 2023, the trio dive into the topic of dependencies! What kinds are there? How do you manage them? What are some examples? This episode is jam packed with great advice and a ton of useful links (see below!) to help you think about the tradeoffs of different kinds of dependencies as well as concrete advice on how to write cleaner code that your future self will appreciate. Have a great holiday season and a happy new year as you embark on your own developer journey into 2024! The trio will return in January! ## Topics Discussed: - Introductions - Dependencies Intro - Metal shaders - Godot vs Unity - https://godotengine.org - https://unity.com - Platform Dependencies - Godot/Unity - Vendor like Apple/Google/Windows/etc. - Library Dependencies - Analytics - Infrastructure Dependencies - Linode - Buddy Build - OpenAI - Managing Dependencies - Platform alternatives - How much work to migrate? - Noclip Documentary: Remaking Demon's Souls - https://youtu.be/hCBJ2fiiUXk - Emulators - Getting updates “for free” when you use platform provided controls - Programming Techniques - Protocol Oriented Programming - Themes - Pragma Conf 2023 - Token Driven UI Development - https://youtu.be/YvAkyiy6B3g - Atomic Design by Brad Frost - https://atomicdesign.bradfrost.com - Protocol composition for dependency injection by Krzysztof Zabtocki - https://www.merowing.info/using-protocol-compositon-for-dependency-injection/ - Protocol Witnesses by Point-Free - https://www.pointfree.co/collections/protocol-witnesses - Dependencies Library: https://github.com/pointfreeco/swift-dependencies - Protocol Witnesses Introduction by NSScreencast - https://nsscreencast.com/episodes/486-codable-witnesses-1 - SwiftData management - Dependency management tips - Don't be too dependent - Kotaro's story about XLForm - Think carefully about letting your “moat” be dependent on a third-party API - e.g. DividentCalc - What are your options for platform changes? - Fork/mirror third-party SPMs and Pods - https://github.com/apple/swift-evolution/blob/main/proposals/0219-package-manager-dependency-mirroring.md - https://www.sonatype.com/products/sonatype-nexus-oss-download (cocoapods) - Off Topic: Auto generating acknowledgements - SwiftyStack - https://www.swiftystack.com - AcknowList - https://swiftpackageregistry.com/vtourraine/AcknowList - Wrap-Up & thanks! Intro music: "When I Hit the Floor", © 2021 Lorne Behrman. Used with permission of the artist.

Thanks to the over 17,000 people who have joined the first AI Engineer Summit! A full recap is coming. Last call to fill out the State of AI Engineering survey! See our Community page for upcoming meetups in SF, Paris and NYC.This episode had good interest on Twitter.Fast.ai's “Practical Deep Learning” courses been watched by over >6,000,000 people, and the fastai library has over 25,000 stars on Github. Jeremy Howard, one of the creators of Fast, is now one of the most prominent and respected voices in the machine learning industry; but that wasn't always the case. Being non-consensus and right In 2018, Jeremy and Sebastian Ruder published a paper on ULMFiT (Universal Language Model Fine-tuning), a 3-step transfer learning technique for NLP tasks: The paper demonstrated that pre-trained language models could be fine-tuned on a specific task with a relatively small amount of data to achieve state-of-the-art results. They trained a 24M parameters model on WikiText-103 which was beat most benchmarks.While the paper had great results, the methods behind weren't taken seriously by the community: “Everybody hated fine tuning. Everybody hated transfer learning. I literally did tours trying to get people to start doing transfer learning and nobody was interested, particularly after GPT showed such good results with zero shot and few shot learning […] which I was convinced was not the right direction, but who's going to listen to me, cause as you said, I don't have a PhD, not at a university… I don't have a big set of computers to fine tune huge transformer models.”Five years later, fine-tuning is at the center of most major discussion topics in AI (we covered some like fine tuning vs RAG and small models fine tuning), and we might have gotten here earlier if Jeremy had OpenAI-level access to compute and distribution. At heart, Jeremy has always been “GPU poor”:“I've always been somebody who does not want to build stuff on lots of big computers because most people don't have lots of big computers and I hate creating stuff that most people can't use.”This story is a good reminder of how some of the best ideas are hiding in plain sight; we recently covered RWKV and will continue to highlight the most interesting research that isn't being done in the large labs. Replacing fine-tuning with continued pre-trainingEven though fine-tuning is now mainstream, we still have a lot to learn. The issue of “catastrophic forgetting” and potential solutions have been brought up in many papers: at the fine-tuning stage, the model can forget tasks it previously knew how to solve in favor of new ones. The other issue is apparent memorization of the dataset even after a single epoch, which Jeremy covered Can LLMs learn from a single example? but we still don't have the answer to. Despite being the creator of ULMFiT, Jeremy still professes that there are a lot of open questions on finetuning:“So I still don't know how to fine tune language models properly and I haven't found anybody who feels like they do.”He now advocates for "continued pre-training" - maintaining a diversity of data throughout the training process rather than separate pre-training and fine-tuning stages. Mixing instructional data, exercises, code, and other modalities while gradually curating higher quality data can avoid catastrophic forgetting and lead to more robust capabilities (something we covered in Datasets 101).“Even though I originally created three-step approach that everybody now does, my view is it's actually wrong and we shouldn't use it… the right way to do this is to fine-tune language models, is to actually throw away the idea of fine-tuning. There's no such thing. There's only continued pre-training. And pre-training is something where from the very start, you try to include all the kinds of data that you care about, all the kinds of problems that you care about, instructions, exercises, code, general purpose document completion, whatever. And then as you train, you gradually curate that, you know, you gradually make that higher and higher quality and more and more specific to the kinds of tasks you want it to do. But you never throw away any data….So yeah, that's now my view, is I think ULMFiT is the wrong approach. And that's why we're seeing a lot of these so-called alignment tax… I think it's actually because people are training them wrong.An example of this phenomena is CodeLlama, a LLaMA2 model finetuned on 500B tokens of code: while the model is much better at code, it's worse on generic tasks that LLaMA2 knew how to solve well before the fine-tuning. In the episode we also dive into all the places where open source model development and research is happening (academia vs Discords - tracked on our Communities list and on our survey), and how Jeremy recommends getting the most out of these diffuse, pseudonymous communities (similar to the Eleuther AI Mafia).Show Notes* Jeremy's Background* FastMail* Optimal Decisions* Kaggle* Enlitic* fast.ai* Rachel Thomas* Practical Deep Learning* fastai for PyTorch* nbdev* fastec2 (the underrated library we describe)* Can LLMs learn from a single example?* the Kaggle LLM Science Exam competition, which “challenges participants to answer difficult science-based questions written by a Large Language Model”.* Sebastian Ruder* Alec Radford* Sylvain Gugger* Stephen Merity* Chris Lattner* Modular.ai / Mojo* Jono Whittaker* Zeiler and Fergus paper* ULM Fit* DAWNBench* Phi-1* Code Llama* AlexNetTimestamps* [00:00:00] Intros and Jeremy's background* [00:05:28] Creating ULM Fit - a breakthrough in NLP using transfer learning* [00:06:32] The rise of GPT and the appeal of few-shot learning over fine-tuning* [00:10:00] Starting Fast.ai to distribute AI capabilities beyond elite academics* [00:14:30] How modern LMs like ChatGPT still follow the ULM Fit 3-step approach* [00:17:23] Meeting with Chris Lattner on Swift for TensorFlow at Google* [00:20:00] Continued pre-training as a fine-tuning alternative* [00:22:16] Fast.ai and looking for impact vs profit maximization* [00:26:39] Using Fast.ai to create an "army" of AI experts to improve their domains* [00:29:32] Fast.ai's 3 focus areas - research, software, and courses* [00:38:42] Fine-tuning memorization and training curve "clunks" before each epoch* [00:46:47] Poor training and fine-tuning practices may be causing alignment failures* [00:48:38] Academia vs Discords* [00:53:41] Jeremy's high hopes for Chris Lattner's Mojo and its potential* [01:05:00] Adding capabilities like SQL generation through quick fine-tuning* [01:10:12] Rethinking Fast.ai courses for the AI-assisted coding era* [01:14:53] Rapid model development has created major technical debt* [01:17:08] Lightning RoundAI Summary (beta)This is the first episode we're trying this. Here's an overview of the main topics before you dive in the transcript. * Jeremy's background and philosophies on AI* Studied philosophy and cognitive science in college* Focused on ethics and thinking about AI even 30 years ago* Believes AI should be accessible to more people, not just elite academics/programmers* Created fast.ai to make deep learning more accessible* Development of transfer learning and ULMFit* Idea of transfer learning critical for making deep learning accessible* ULMFit pioneered transfer learning for NLP* Proposed training general language models on large corpora then fine-tuning - this became standard practice* Faced skepticism that this approach would work from NLP community* Showed state-of-the-art results on text classification soon after trying it* Current open questions around fine-tuning LLMs* Models appear to memorize training data extremely quickly (after 1 epoch)* This may hurt training dynamics and cause catastrophic forgetting* Unclear how best to fine-tune models to incorporate new information/capabilities* Need more research on model training dynamics and ideal data mixing* Exciting new developments* Mojo and new programming languages like Swift could enable faster model innovation* Still lots of room for improvements in computer vision-like innovations in transformers* Small models with fine-tuning may be surprisingly capable for many real-world tasks* Prompting strategies enable models like GPT-3 to achieve new skills like playing chess at superhuman levels* LLMs are like computer vision in 2013 - on the cusp of huge new breakthroughs in capabilities* Access to AI research* Many key convos happen in private Discord channels and forums* Becoming part of these communities can provide great learning opportunities* Being willing to do real work, not just talk about ideas, is key to gaining access* The future of practical AI* Coding becoming more accessible to non-programmers through AI assistance* Pre-requisite programming experience for learning AI may no longer be needed* Huge open questions remain about how to best train, fine-tune, and prompt LLMsTranscriptAlessio: Hey everyone, welcome to the Latent Space Podcast. This is Alessio, partner and CTO at Residence at Decibel Partners, and I'm joined by my co-host Swyx, founder of Smol AI. [00:00:21]Swyx: Hey, and today we have in the remote studio, Jeremy Howard all the way from Australia. Good morning. [00:00:27]Jeremy: The remote studio, also known as my house. Good morning. Nice to see you. [00:00:32]Swyx: Nice to see you too. I'm actually very used to seeing you in your mask as a message to people, but today we're mostly audio. But thank you for doing the very important public service of COVID awareness. It was a pleasure. [00:00:46]Jeremy: It was all very annoying and frustrating and tedious, but somebody had to do it. [00:00:52]Swyx: Somebody had to do it, especially somebody with your profile. I think it really drives home the message. So we tend to introduce people for them and then ask people to fill in the blanks on the personal side. Something I did not know about you was that you graduated with a BA in philosophy from the University of Melbourne. I assumed you had a PhD. [00:01:14]Jeremy: No, I mean, I barely got through my BA because I was working 80 to 100 hour weeks at McKinsey and Company from 19 years old onwards. So I actually didn't attend any lectures in second and third year university. [00:01:35]Swyx: Well, I guess you didn't need it or you're very sort of self-driven and self-motivated. [00:01:39]Jeremy: I took two weeks off before each exam period when I was working at McKinsey. And then, I mean, I can't believe I got away with this in hindsight, I would go to all my professors and say, oh, I was meant to be in your class this semester and I didn't quite turn up. Were there any assignments I was meant to have done, whatever. I can't believe all of them let me basically have it. They basically always would say like, okay, well, if you can have this written by tomorrow, I'll accept it. So yeah, stressful way to get through university, but. [00:02:12]Swyx: Well, it shows that, I guess, you min-maxed the opportunities. That definitely was a precursor. [00:02:18]Jeremy: I mean, funnily, like in as much as I, you know, in philosophy, the things I found interesting and focused on in the little bit of time I did spend on it was ethics and cognitive science. And it's kind of really amazing that it's now come back around and those are actually genuinely useful things to know about, which I never thought would happen. [00:02:38]Swyx: A lot of, yeah, a lot of relevant conversations there. So you were a consultant for a while and then in the magical month of June 1989, you founded both Optimal Decisions and Fastmeal, which I also briefly used. So thank you for that. [00:02:53]Jeremy: Oh, good for you. Yeah. Cause I had read the statistics, which is that like 90% or something of small businesses fail. So I thought if I start two businesses, I have a higher chance. In hindsight, I was thinking of it as some kind of stochastic thing I didn't have control over, but it's a bit odd, but anyway. [00:03:10]Swyx: And then you were president and chief scientist at Kaggle, which obviously is the sort of composition platform of machine learning. And then Enlitic, where you were working on using deep learning to improve medical diagnostics and clinical decisions. Yeah. [00:03:28]Jeremy: I was actually the first company to use deep learning in medicine, so I kind of founded the field. [00:03:33]Swyx: And even now that's still like a pretty early phase. And I actually heard you on your new podcast with Tanish, where you went very, very deep into the stuff, the kind of work that he's doing, such a young prodigy at his age. [00:03:47]Jeremy: Maybe he's too old to be called a prodigy now, ex-prodigy. No, no. [00:03:51]Swyx: I think he still counts. And anyway, just to round out the bio, you have a lot more other credentials, obviously, but most recently you started Fast.ai, which is still, I guess, your primary identity with Rachel Thomas. So welcome. [00:04:05]Jeremy: Yep. [00:04:06]Swyx: Thanks to my wife. Thank you. Yeah. Doing a lot of public service there with getting people involved in AI, and I can't imagine a better way to describe it than fast, fast.ai. You teach people from nothing to stable diffusion in seven weeks or something, and that's amazing. Yeah, yeah. [00:04:22]Jeremy: I mean, it's funny, you know, when we started that, what was that, like 2016 or something, the idea that deep learning was something that you could make more accessible was generally considered stupid. Everybody knew that deep learning was a thing that you got a math or a computer science PhD, you know, there was one of five labs that could give you the appropriate skills and that you would join, yeah, basically from one of those labs, you might be able to write some papers. So yeah, the idea that normal people could use that technology to do good work was considered kind of ridiculous when we started it. And we weren't sure if it was possible either, but we kind of felt like we had to give it a go because the alternative was we were pretty sure that deep learning was on its way to becoming, you know, the most or one of the most, you know, important technologies in human history. And if the only people that could use it were a handful of computer science PhDs, that seemed like A, a big waste and B, kind of dangerous. [00:05:28]Swyx: Yeah. [00:05:29]Alessio: And, you know, well, I just wanted to know one thing on your bio that at Kaggle, you were also the top rank participant in both 2010 and 2011. So sometimes you see a lot of founders running companies that are not really in touch with the problem, but you were clearly building something that you knew a lot about, which is awesome. Talking about deep learning, you created, published a paper on ULM fit, which was kind of the predecessor to multitask learning and a lot of the groundwork that then went to into Transformers. I've read back on the paper and you turned this model, AWD LSTM, which I did the math and it was like 24 to 33 million parameters, depending on what training data set you use today. That's kind of like not even small, it's like super small. What were some of the kind of like contrarian takes that you had at the time and maybe set the stage a little bit for the rest of the audience on what was kind of like the state of the art, so to speak, at the time and what people were working towards? [00:06:32]Jeremy: Yeah, the whole thing was a contrarian take, you know. So okay, so we started Fast.ai, my wife and I, and we thought, yeah, so we're trying to think, okay, how do we make it more accessible? So when we started thinking about it, it was probably 2015 and then 2016, we started doing something about it. Why is it inaccessible? Okay, well, A, no one knows how to do it other than a few number of people. And then when we asked those few number of people, well, how do you actually get good results? They would say like, oh, it's like, you know, a box of tricks that aren't published. So you have to join one of the labs and learn the tricks. So a bunch of unpublished tricks, not much software around, but thankfully there was Theano and rappers and particularly Lasagna, the rapper, but yeah, not much software around, not much in the way of data sets, you know, very hard to get started in terms of the compute. Like how do you get that set up? So yeah, no, everything was kind of inaccessible. And you know, as we started looking into it, we had a key insight, which was like, you know what, most of the compute and data for image recognition, for example, we don't need to do it. You know, there's this thing which nobody knows about, nobody talks about called transfer learning, where you take somebody else's model, where they already figured out like how to detect edges and gradients and corners and text and whatever else, and then you can fine tune it to do the thing you want to do. And we thought that's the key. That's the key to becoming more accessible in terms of compute and data requirements. So when we started Fast.ai, we focused from day one on transfer learning. Lesson one, in fact, was transfer learning, literally lesson one, something not normally even mentioned in, I mean, there wasn't much in the way of courses, you know, the courses out there were PhD programs that had happened to have recorded their lessons and they would rarely mention it at all. We wanted to show how to do four things that seemed really useful. You know, work with vision, work with tables of data, work with kind of recommendation systems and collaborative filtering and work with text, because we felt like those four kind of modalities covered a lot of the stuff that, you know, are useful in real life. And no one was doing anything much useful with text. Everybody was talking about word2vec, you know, like king plus queen minus woman and blah, blah, blah. It was like cool experiments, but nobody's doing anything like useful with it. NLP was all like lemmatization and stop words and topic models and bigrams and SPMs. And it was really academic and not practical. But I mean, to be honest, I've been thinking about this crazy idea for nearly 30 years since I had done cognitive science at university, where we talked a lot about the CELS Chinese room experiment. This idea of like, what if there was somebody that could kind of like, knew all of the symbolic manipulations required to answer questions in Chinese, but they didn't speak Chinese and they were kind of inside a room with no other way to talk to the outside world other than taking in slips of paper with Chinese written on them and then they do all their rules and then they pass back a piece of paper with Chinese back. And this room with a person in is actually fantastically good at answering any question you give them written in Chinese. You know, do they understand Chinese? And is this, you know, something that's intelligently working with Chinese? Ever since that time, I'd say the most thought, to me, the most thoughtful and compelling philosophical response is yes. You know, intuitively it feels like no, because that's just because we can't imagine such a large kind of system. But you know, if it looks like a duck and acts like a duck, it's a duck, you know, or to all intents and purposes. And so I always kind of thought, you know, so this is basically a kind of analysis of the limits of text. And I kind of felt like, yeah, if something could ingest enough text and could use the patterns it saw to then generate text in response to text, it could appear to be intelligent, you know. And whether that means it is intelligent or not is a different discussion and not one I find very interesting. Yeah. And then when I came across neural nets when I was about 20, you know, what I learned about the universal approximation theorem and stuff, and I started thinking like, oh, I wonder if like a neural net could ever get big enough and take in enough data to be a Chinese room experiment. You know, with that background and this kind of like interest in transfer learning, you know, I'd been thinking about this thing for kind of 30 years and I thought like, oh, I wonder if we're there yet, you know, because we have a lot of text. Like I can literally download Wikipedia, which is a lot of text. And I thought, you know, how would something learn to kind of answer questions or, you know, respond to text? And I thought, well, what if we used a language model? So language models are already a thing, you know, they were not a popular or well-known thing, but they were a thing. But language models exist to this idea that you could train a model to fill in the gaps. Or actually in those days it wasn't fill in the gaps, it was finish a string. And in fact, Andrej Karpathy did his fantastic RNN demonstration from this at a similar time where he showed like you can have it ingest Shakespeare and it will generate something that looks a bit like Shakespeare. I thought, okay, so if I do this at a much bigger scale, using all of Wikipedia, what would it need to be able to do to finish a sentence in Wikipedia effectively, to do it quite accurately quite often? I thought, geez, it would actually have to know a lot about the world, you know, it'd have to know that there is a world and that there are objects and that objects relate to each other through time and cause each other to react in ways and that causes proceed effects and that, you know, when there are animals and there are people and that people can be in certain positions during certain timeframes and then you could, you know, all that together, you can then finish a sentence like this was signed into law in 2016 by US President X and it would fill in the gap, you know. So that's why I tried to create what in those days was considered a big language model trained on the entirety on Wikipedia, which is that was, you know, a bit unheard of. And my interest was not in, you know, just having a language model. My interest was in like, what latent capabilities would such a system have that would allow it to finish those kind of sentences? Because I was pretty sure, based on our work with transfer learning and vision, that I could then suck out those latent capabilities by transfer learning, you know, by fine-tuning it on a task data set or whatever. So we generated this three-step system. So step one was train a language model on a big corpus. Step two was fine-tune a language model on a more curated corpus. And step three was further fine-tune that model on a task. And of course, that's what everybody still does today, right? That's what ChatGPT is. And so the first time I tried it within hours, I had a new state-of-the-art academic result on IMDB. And I was like, holy s**t, it does work. And so you asked, to what degree was this kind of like pushing against the established wisdom? You know, every way. Like the reason it took me so long to try it was because I asked all my friends in NLP if this could work. And everybody said, no, it definitely won't work. It wasn't like, oh, maybe. Everybody was like, it definitely won't work. NLP is much more complicated than vision. Language is a much more vastly complicated domain. You know, and you've got problems like the grounding problem. We know from like philosophy and theory of mind that it's actually impossible for it to work. So yeah, so don't waste your time. [00:15:10]Alessio: Jeremy, had people not tried because it was like too complicated to actually get the data and like set up the training? Or like, were people just lazy and kind of like, hey, this is just not going to work? [00:15:20]Jeremy: No, everybody wasn't lazy. So like, so the person I thought at that time who, you know, there were two people I thought at that time, actually, who were the strongest at language models were Stephen Merity and Alec Radford. And at the time I didn't know Alec, but I, after we had both, after I'd released ULM Fit and he had released GPT, I organized a chat for both of us with Kate Metz in the New York Times. And Kate Metz answered, sorry, and Alec answered this question for Kate. And Kate was like, so how did, you know, GPT come about? And he said, well, I was pretty sure that pre-training on a general large corpus wouldn't work. So I hadn't tried it. And then I read ULM Fit and turns out it did work. And so I did it, you know, bigger and it worked even better. And similar with, with Stephen, you know, I asked Stephen Merity, like, why don't we just find, you know, take your AWD-ASTLM and like train it on all of Wikipedia and fine tune it? And he's kind of like, well, I don't think that's going to really lie. Like two years before I did a very popular talk at KDD, the conference where everybody in NLP was in the audience. I recognized half the faces, you know, and I told them all this, I'm sure transfer learning is the key. I'm sure ImageNet, you know, is going to be an NLP thing as well. And, you know, everybody was interested and people asked me questions afterwards and, but not just, yeah, nobody followed up because everybody knew that it didn't work. I mean, even like, so we were scooped a little bit by Dai and Lee, Kwok Lee at Google. They had, they had, I already, I didn't even realize this, which is a bit embarrassing. They had already done a large language model and fine tuned it. But again, they didn't create a general purpose, large language model on a general purpose corpus. They only ever tested a domain specific corpus. And I haven't spoken to Kwok actually about that, but I assume that the reason was the same. It probably just didn't occur to them that the general approach could work. So maybe it was that kind of 30 years of mulling over the, the cell Chinese room experiment that had convinced me that it probably would work. I don't know. Yeah. [00:17:48]Alessio: Interesting. I just dug up Alec announcement tweet from 2018. He said, inspired by Cobe, Elmo, and Yola, I'm fit. We should have a single transformer language model can be fine tuned to a wide variety. It's interesting because, you know, today people think of AI as the leader, kind of kind of like the research lab pushing forward the field. What was that at the time? You know, like kind of like going back five years, people think of it as an overnight success, but obviously it took a while. [00:18:16]Swyx: Yeah. Yeah. [00:18:17]Jeremy: No, I mean, absolutely. And I'll say like, you know, it's interesting that it mentioned Elmo because in some ways that was kind of diametrically opposed to, to ULM fit. You know, there was these kind of like, so there was a lot of, there was a lot of activity at the same time as ULM fits released. So there was, um, so before it, as Brian McCann, I think at Salesforce had come out with this neat model that did a kind of multitask learning, but again, they didn't create a general fine tune language model first. There was Elmo, um, which I think was a lip, you know, actually quite a few months after the first ULM fit example, I think. Um, but yeah, there was a bit of this stuff going on. And the problem was everybody was doing, and particularly after GPT came out, then everybody wanted to focus on zero shot and few shot learning. You know, everybody hated fine tuning. Everybody hated transfer learning. And like, I literally did tours trying to get people to start doing transfer learning and people, you know, nobody was interested, particularly after GPT showed such good results with zero shot and few shot learning. And so I actually feel like we kind of went backwards for years and, and not to be honest, I mean, I'm a bit sad about this now, but I kind of got so disappointed and dissuaded by like, it felt like these bigger lab, much bigger labs, you know, like fast AI had only ever been just me and Rachel were getting all of this attention for an approach I thought was the wrong way to do it. You know, I was convinced was the wrong way to do it. And so, yeah, for years people were really focused on getting better at zero shot and few shots and it wasn't until, you know, this key idea of like, well, let's take the ULM fit approach, but for step two, rather than fine tuning on a kind of a domain corpus, let's fine tune on an instruction corpus. And then in step three, rather than fine tuning on a reasonably specific task classification, let's fine tune on a, on a RLHF task classification. And so that was really, that was really key, you know, so I was kind of like out of the NLP field for a few years there because yeah, it just felt like, I don't know, pushing uphill against this vast tide, which I was convinced was not the right direction, but who's going to listen to me, you know, cause I, as you said, I don't have a PhD, not at a university, or at least I wasn't then. I don't have a big set of computers to fine tune huge transformer models. So yeah, it was definitely difficult. It's always been hard. You know, it's always been hard. Like I've always been somebody who does not want to build stuff on lots of big computers because most people don't have lots of big computers and I hate creating stuff that most people can't use, you know, and also stuff that's created on lots of big computers has always been like much more media friendly. So like, it might seem like a recent thing, but actually throughout my 30 years in data science, the attention's always been on, you know, the big iron results. So when I first started, everybody was talking about data warehouses and it was all about Teradata and it'd be like, oh, this big bank has this huge room full of computers and they have like terabytes of data available, you know, at the press of a button. And yeah, that's always what people want to talk about, what people want to write about. And then of course, students coming out of their PhDs and stuff, that's where they want to go work because that's where they read about. And to me, it's a huge distraction, you know, because like I say, most people don't have unlimited compute and I want to help most people, not the small subset of the most well-off people. [00:22:16]Alessio: That's awesome. And it's great to hear, you do such a great job educating that a lot of times you're not telling your own story, you know? So I love this conversation. And the other thing before we jump into Fast.AI, actually, a lot of people that I know, they run across a new architecture and whatnot, they're like, I got to start a company and raise a bunch of money and do all of this stuff. And say, you were like, I want everybody to have access to this. Why was that the case for you? Was it because you already had a successful venture in like FastMail and you were more interested in that? What was the reasoning? [00:22:52]Jeremy: It's a really good question. So I guess the answer is yes, that's the reason why. So when I was a teenager, I thought it would be really cool to like have my own company. You know, I didn't know the word startup. I didn't know the word entrepreneur. I didn't know the word VC. And I didn't really know what any of those things were really until after we started Kaggle, to be honest. Even the way it started to what we now call startups. I just thought they were just small businesses. You know, they were just companies. So yeah, so those two companies were FastMail and Optimal Decisions. FastMail was the first kind of synchronized email provider for non-businesses. So something you can get your same email at home, on your laptop, at work, on your phone, whatever. And then Optimal Decisions invented a new approach to insurance pricing. Something called profit-optimized insurance pricing. So I saw both of those companies, you know, after 10 years. And at that point, I had achieved the thing that as a teenager I had wanted to do. You know, it took a lot longer than it should have because I spent way longer in management consulting than I should have because I got caught up in that stupid rat race. But, you know, eventually I got there and I remember my mom saying to me, you must be so proud. You know, because she remembered my dream. She's like, you've done it. And I kind of reflected and I was like, I'm not proud at all. You know, like people quite liked FastMail. You know, it's quite nice to have synchronized email. It probably would have happened anyway. Yeah, I'm certainly not proud that I've helped some insurance companies suck more money out of their customers. Yeah, no, I'm not proud. You know, it's actually, I haven't really helped the world very much. You know, maybe in the insurance case I've made it a little bit worse. I don't know. So, yeah, I was determined to not waste more years of my life doing things, working hard to do things which I could not be reasonably sure would have a lot of value. So, you know, I took some time off. I wasn't sure if I'd ever work again, actually. I didn't particularly want to, because it felt like, yeah, it felt like such a disappointment. And, but, you know, and I didn't need to. I had enough money. Like, I wasn't super rich, but I had enough money. I didn't need to work. And I certainly recognized that amongst the other people I knew who had enough money that they didn't need to work, they all worked ridiculously hard, you know, and constantly put themselves in extremely stressful situations. And I thought, I don't want to be one of those idiots who's tied to, you know, buying a bigger plane than the next guy or whatever. You know, Kaggle came along and I mainly kind of did that just because it was fun and interesting to hang out with interesting people. But, you know, with Fast.ai in particular, you know, Rachel and I had a very explicit, you know, long series of conversations over a long period of time about like, well, how can we be the most helpful to society as a whole, and particularly to those people who maybe need more help, you know? And so we definitely saw the world going in a potentially pretty dystopian direction if the world's most powerful technology was controlled by a small group of elites. So we thought, yeah, we should focus on trying to help that not happen. You know, sadly, it looks like it still is likely to happen. But I mean, I feel like we've helped make it a little bit less likely. So we've done our bit. [00:26:39]Swyx: You've shown that it's possible. And I think your constant advocacy, your courses, your research that you publish, you know, just the other day you published a finding on, you know, learning that I think is still something that people are still talking about quite a lot. I think that that is the origin story of a lot of people who are going to be, you know, little Jeremy Howards, furthering your mission with, you know, you don't have to do everything by yourself is what I'm saying. No, definitely. Definitely. [00:27:10]Jeremy: You know, that was a big takeaway from like, analytic was analytic. It definitely felt like we had to do everything ourselves. And I kind of, I wanted to solve medicine. I'll say, yeah, okay, solving medicine is actually quite difficult. And I can't do it on my own. And there's a lot of other things I'd like to solve, and I can't do those either. So that was definitely the other piece was like, yeah, you know, can we create an army of passionate domain experts who can change their little part of the world? And that's definitely happened. Like I find nowadays, at least half the time, probably quite a bit more that I get in contact with somebody who's done really interesting work in some domain. Most of the time I'd say, they say, yeah, I got my start with fast.ai. So it's definitely, I can see that. And I also know from talking to folks at places like Amazon and Adobe and stuff, which, you know, there's lots of alumni there. And they say, oh my God, I got here. And like half of the people are fast.ai alumni. So it's fantastic. [00:28:13]Swyx: Yeah. [00:28:14]Jeremy: Actually, Andre Kapathy grabbed me when I saw him at NeurIPS a few years ago. And he was like, I have to tell you, thanks for the fast.ai courses. When people come to Tesla and they need to know more about deep learning, we always send them to your course. And the OpenAI Scholars Program was doing the same thing. So it's kind of like, yeah, it's had a surprising impact, you know, that's just one of like three things we do is the course, you know. [00:28:40]Swyx: Yes. [00:28:40]Jeremy: And it's only ever been at most two people, either me and Rachel or me and Sylvia nowadays, it's just me. So yeah, I think it shows you don't necessarily need a huge amount of money and a huge team of people to make an impact. [00:28:56]Swyx: Yeah. So just to reintroduce fast.ai for people who may not have dived into it much, there is the courses that you do. There is the library that is very well loved. And I kind of think of it as a nicer layer on top of PyTorch that people should start with by default and use it as the basis for a lot of your courses. And then you have like NBDev, which I don't know, is that the third one? [00:29:27]Jeremy: Oh, so the three areas were research, software, and courses. [00:29:32]Swyx: Oh, sorry. [00:29:32]Jeremy: So then in software, you know, fast.ai is the main thing, but NBDev is not far behind. But then there's also things like FastCore, GHAPI, I mean, dozens of open source projects that I've created and some of them have been pretty popular and some of them are still a little bit hidden, actually. Some of them I should try to do a better job of telling people about. [00:30:01]Swyx: What are you thinking about? Yeah, what's on the course of my way? Oh, I don't know, just like little things. [00:30:04]Jeremy: Like, for example, for working with EC2 and AWS, I created a FastEC2 library, which I think is like way more convenient and nice to use than anything else out there. And it's literally got a whole autocomplete, dynamic autocomplete that works both on the command line and in notebooks that'll like auto-complete your instance names and everything like that. You know, just little things like that. I try to make like, when I work with some domain, I try to make it like, I want to make it as enjoyable as possible for me to do that. So I always try to kind of like, like with GHAPI, for example, I think that GitHub API is incredibly powerful, but I didn't find it good to work with because I didn't particularly like the libraries that are out there. So like GHAPI, like FastEC2, it like autocompletes both at the command line or in a notebook or whatever, like literally the entire GitHub API. The entire thing is like, I think it's like less than 100K of code because it actually, as far as I know, the only one that grabs it directly from the official open API spec that GitHub produces. And like if you're in GitHub and you just type an API, you know, autocomplete API method and hit enter, it prints out the docs with brief docs and then gives you a link to the actual documentation page. You know, GitHub Actions, I can write now in Python, which is just so much easier than writing them in TypeScript and stuff. So, you know, just little things like that. [00:31:40]Swyx: I think that's an approach which more developers took to publish some of their work along the way. You described the third arm of FastAI as research. It's not something I see often. Obviously, you do do some research. And how do you run your research? What are your research interests? [00:31:59]Jeremy: Yeah, so research is what I spend the vast majority of my time on. And the artifacts that come out of that are largely software and courses. You know, so to me, the main artifact shouldn't be papers because papers are things read by a small exclusive group of people. You know, to me, the main artifacts should be like something teaching people, here's how to use this insight and here's software you can use that builds it in. So I think I've only ever done three first-person papers in my life, you know, and none of those are ones I wanted to do. You know, they were all ones that, like, so one was ULM Fit, where Sebastian Ruder reached out to me after seeing the course and said, like, you have to publish this as a paper, you know. And he said, I'll write it. He said, I want to write it because if I do, I can put it on my PhD and that would be great. And it's like, okay, well, I want to help you with your PhD. And that sounds great. So like, you know, one was the masks paper, which just had to exist and nobody else was writing it. And then the third was the Fast.ai library paper, which again, somebody reached out and said, please, please write this. We will waive the fee for the journal and everything and actually help you get it through publishing and stuff. So yeah, so I don't, other than that, I've never written a first author paper. So the research is like, well, so for example, you know, Dawn Bench was a competition, which Stanford ran a few years ago. It was kind of the first big competition of like, who can train neural nets the fastest rather than the most accurate. And specifically it was who can train ImageNet the fastest. And again, this was like one of these things where it was created by necessity. So Google had just released their TPUs. And so I heard from my friends at Google that they had put together this big team to smash Dawn Bench so that they could prove to people that they had to use Google Cloud and use their TPUs and show how good their TPUs were. And we kind of thought, oh s**t, this would be a disaster if they do that, because then everybody's going to be like, oh, deep learning is not accessible. [00:34:20]Swyx: You know, to actually be good at it, [00:34:21]Jeremy: you have to be Google and you have to use special silicon. And so, you know, we only found out about this 10 days before the competition finished. But, you know, we basically got together an emergency bunch of our students and Rachel and I and sat for the next 10 days and just tried to crunch through and try to use all of our best ideas that had come from our research. And so particularly progressive resizing, just basically train mainly on small things, train on non-square things, you know, stuff like that. And so, yeah, we ended up winning, thank God. And so, you know, we turned it around from being like, like, oh s**t, you know, this is going to show that you have to be Google and have TPUs to being like, oh my God, even the little guy can do deep learning. So that's an example of the kind of like research artifacts we do. And yeah, so all of my research is always, how do we do more with less, you know? So how do we get better results with less data, with less compute, with less complexity, with less education, you know, stuff like that. So ULM fits obviously a good example of that. [00:35:37]Swyx: And most recently you published, can LLMs learn from a single example? Maybe could you tell the story a little bit behind that? And maybe that goes a little bit too far into the learning of very low resource, the literature. [00:35:52]Jeremy: Yeah, yeah. So me and my friend, Jono Whittaker, basically had been playing around with this fun Kaggle competition, which is actually still running as we speak, which is, can you create a model which can answer multiple choice questions about anything that's in Wikipedia? And the thing that makes it interesting is that your model has to run on Kaggle within nine hours. And Kaggle's very, very limited. So you've only got 14 gig RAM, only two CPUs, and a small, very old GPU. So this is cool, you know, if you can do well at this, then this is a good example of like, oh, you can do more with less. So yeah, Jono and I were playing around with fine tuning, of course, transfer learning, pre-trained language models. And we saw this, like, so we always, you know, plot our losses as we go. So here's another thing we created. Actually, Sylvain Guuger, when he worked with us, created called fast progress, which is kind of like TQEDM, but we think a lot better. So we look at our fast progress curves, and they kind of go down, down, down, down, down, down, down, a little bit, little bit, little bit. And then suddenly go clunk, and they drop. And then down, down, down, down, down a little bit, and then suddenly clunk, they drop. We're like, what the hell? These clunks are occurring at the end of each epoch. So normally in deep learning, this would be, this is, you know, I've seen this before. It's always been a bug. It's always turned out that like, oh, we accidentally forgot to turn on eval mode during the validation set. So I was actually learning then, or, oh, we accidentally were calculating moving average statistics throughout the epoch. So, you know, so it's recently moving average or whatever. And so we were using Hugging Face Trainer. So, you know, I did not give my friends at Hugging Face the benefit of the doubt. I thought, oh, they've fucked up Hugging Face Trainer, you know, idiots. Well, you'll use the Fast AI Trainer instead. So we switched over to Learner. We still saw the clunks and, you know, that's, yeah, it shouldn't really happen because semantically speaking in the epoch, isn't like, it's not a thing, you know, like nothing happens. Well, nothing's meant to happen when you go from ending one epoch to starting the next one. So there shouldn't be a clunk, you know. So I kind of asked around on the open source discords. That's like, what's going on here? And everybody was just like, oh, that's just what, that's just what these training curves look like. Those all look like that. Don't worry about it. And I was like, oh, are you all using Trainer? Yes. Oh, well, there must be some bug with Trainer. And I was like, well, we also saw it in Learner [00:38:42]Swyx: and somebody else is like, [00:38:42]Jeremy: no, we've got our own Trainer. We get it as well. They're just like, don't worry about it. It's just something we see. It's just normal. [00:38:48]Swyx: I can't do that. [00:38:49]Jeremy: I can't just be like, here's something that's like in the previous 30 years of neural networks, nobody ever saw it. And now suddenly we see it. [00:38:57]Swyx: So don't worry about it. [00:38:59]Jeremy: I just, I have to know why. [00:39:01]Swyx: Can I clarify? This is, was everyone that you're talking to, were they all seeing it for the same dataset or in different datasets? [00:39:08]Jeremy: Different datasets, different Trainers. They're just like, no, this is just, this is just what it looks like when you fine tune language models. Don't worry about it. You know, I hadn't seen it before, but I'd been kind of like, as I say, I, you know, I kept working on them for a couple of years after ULM fit. And then I kind of moved on to other things, partly out of frustration. So I hadn't been fine tuning, you know, I mean, Lama's only been out for a few months, right? But I wasn't one of those people who jumped straight into it, you know? So I was relatively new to the kind of Lama fine tuning world, where else these guys had been, you know, doing it since day one. [00:39:49]Swyx: It was only a few months ago, [00:39:51]Jeremy: but it's still quite a bit of time. So, so yeah, they're just like, no, this is all what we see. [00:39:56]Swyx: Don't worry about it. [00:39:56]Jeremy: So yeah, I, I've got a very kind of like, I don't know, I've just got this brain where I have to know why things are. And so I kind of, I ask people like, well, why, why do you think it's happening? And they'd be like, oh, it would pretty obviously, cause it's like memorize the data set. It's just like, that can't be right. It's only seen it once. Like, look at this, the loss has dropped by 0.3, 0.3, which is like, basically it knows the answer. And like, no, no, it's just, it is, it's just memorize the data set. So yeah. So look, Jono and I did not discover this and Jono and I did not come up with a hypothesis. You know, I guess we were just the ones, I guess, who had been around for long enough to recognize that like, this, this isn't how it's meant to work. And so we, we, you know, and so we went back and like, okay, let's just run some experiments, you know, cause nobody seems to have actually published anything about this. [00:40:51]Well, not quite true.Some people had published things, but nobody ever actually stepped back and said like, what the hell, you know, how can this be possible? Is it possible? Is this what's happening? And so, yeah, we created a bunch of experiments where we basically predicted ahead of time. It's like, okay, if this hypothesis is correct, that it's memorized in the training set, then we ought to see blah, under conditions, blah, but not under these conditions. And so we ran a bunch of experiments and all of them supported the hypothesis that it was memorizing the data set in a single thing at once. And it's a pretty big data set, you know, which in hindsight, it's not totally surprising because the theory, remember, of the ULMFiT theory was like, well, it's kind of creating all these latent capabilities to make it easier for it to predict the next token. So if it's got all this kind of latent capability, it ought to also be really good at compressing new tokens because it can immediately recognize it as like, oh, that's just a version of this. So it's not so crazy, you know, but it is, it requires us to rethink everything because like, and nobody knows like, okay, so how do we fine tune these things? Because like, it doesn't even matter. Like maybe it's fine. Like maybe it's fine that it's memorized the data set after one go and you do a second go and okay, the validation loss is terrible because it's now really overconfident. [00:42:20]Swyx: That's fine. [00:42:22]Jeremy: Don't, you know, don't, I keep telling people, don't track validation loss, track validation accuracy because at least that will still be useful. Just another thing that's got lost since ULMFiT, nobody tracks accuracy of language models anymore. But you know, it'll still keep learning and it does, it does keep improving. But is it worse? You know, like, is it like, now that it's kind of memorized it, it's probably getting a less strong signal, you know, I don't know. So I still don't know how to fine tune language models properly and I haven't found anybody who feels like they do, like nobody really knows whether this memorization thing is, it's probably a feature in some ways. It's probably some things that you can do usefully with it. It's probably, yeah, I have a feeling it's messing up training dynamics as well. [00:43:13]Swyx: And does it come at the cost of catastrophic forgetting as well, right? Like, which is the other side of the coin. [00:43:18]Jeremy: It does to some extent, like we know it does, like look at Code Llama, for example. So Code Llama was a, I think it was like a 500 billion token fine tuning of Llama 2 using code. And also pros about code that Meta did. And honestly, they kind of blew it because Code Llama is good at coding, but it's bad at everything else, you know, and it used to be good. Yeah, I was pretty sure it was like, before they released it, me and lots of people in the open source discords were like, oh my God, you know, we know this is coming, Jan Lukinsk saying it's coming. I hope they kept at least like 50% non-code data because otherwise it's going to forget everything else. And they didn't, only like 0.3% of their epochs were non-code data. So it did, it forgot everything else. So now it's good at code and it's bad at everything else. So we definitely have catastrophic forgetting. It's fixable, just somebody has to do, you know, somebody has to spend their time training a model on a good mix of data. Like, so, okay, so here's the thing. Even though I originally created three-step approach that everybody now does, my view is it's actually wrong and we shouldn't use it. [00:44:36]Jeremy: And that's because people are using it in a way different to why I created it. You know, I created it thinking the task-specific models would be more specific. You know, it's like, oh, this is like a sentiment classifier as an example of a task, you know, but the tasks now are like a, you know, RLHF, which is basically like answer questions that make people feel happy about your answer. So that's a much more general task and it's a really cool approach. And so we see, for example, RLHF also breaks models like, you know, like GPT-4, RLHDEFT, we know from kind of the work that Microsoft did, you know, the pre, the earlier, less aligned version was better. And these are all kind of examples of catastrophic forgetting. And so to me, the right way to do this is to fine-tune language models, is to actually throw away the idea of fine-tuning. There's no such thing. There's only continued pre-training. And pre-training is something where from the very start, you try to include all the kinds of data that you care about, all the kinds of problems that you care about, instructions, exercises, code, general purpose document completion, whatever. And then as you train, you gradually curate that, you know, you gradually make that higher and higher quality and more and more specific to the kinds of tasks you want it to do. But you never throw away any data. You always keep all of the data types there in reasonably high quantities. You know, maybe the quality filter, you stop training on low quality data, because that's probably fine to forget how to write badly, maybe. So yeah, that's now my view, is I think ULM fit is the wrong approach. And that's why we're seeing a lot of these, you know, so-called alignment tacks and this view of like, oh, a model can't both code and do other things. And, you know, I think it's actually because people are training them wrong. [00:46:47]Swyx: Yeah, well, I think you have a clear [00:46:51]Alessio: anti-laziness approach. I think other people are not as good hearted, you know, they're like, [00:46:57]Swyx: hey, they told me this thing works. [00:46:59]Alessio: And if I release a model this way, people will appreciate it, I'll get promoted and I'll kind of make more money. [00:47:06]Jeremy: Yeah, and it's not just money. It's like, this is how citations work most badly, you know, so if you want to get cited, you need to write a paper that people in your field recognize as an advancement on things that we know are good. And so we've seen this happen again and again. So like I say, like zero shot and few shot learning, everybody was writing about that. Or, you know, with image generation, everybody just was writing about GANs, you know, and I was trying to say like, no, GANs are not the right approach. You know, and I showed again through research that we demonstrated in our videos that you can do better than GANs, much faster and with much less data. And nobody cared because again, like if you want to get published, you write a GAN paper that slightly improves this part of GANs and this tiny field, you'll get published, you know. So it's, yeah, it's not set up for real innovation. It's, you know, again, it's really helpful for me, you know, I have my own research lab with nobody telling me what to do and I don't even publish. So it doesn't matter if I get citations. And so I just write what I think actually matters. I wish there was, and, you know, and actually places like OpenAI, you know, the researchers there can do that as well. It's a shame, you know, I wish there was more academic, open venues in which people can focus on like genuine innovation. [00:48:38]Swyx: Twitter, which is unironically has become a little bit of that forum. I wanted to follow up on one thing that you mentioned, which is that you checked around the open source discords. I don't know if it's too, I don't know if it's a pusher to ask like what discords are lively or useful right now. I think that something I definitely felt like I missed out on was the early days of Luther AI, which is a very hard bit. And, you know, like what is the new Luther? And you actually shouted out the alignment lab AI discord in your blog post. And that was the first time I even knew, like I saw them on Twitter, never knew they had a discord, never knew that there was actually substantive discussions going on in there and that you were an active member of it. Okay, yeah. [00:49:23]Jeremy: And then even then, if you do know about that and you go there, it'll look like it's totally dead. And that's because unfortunately, nearly all the discords, nearly all of the conversation happens in private channels. You know, and that's, I guess. [00:49:35]Swyx: How does someone get into that world? Because it's obviously very, very instructive, right? [00:49:42]Jeremy: You could just come to the first AI discord, which I'll be honest with you, it's less bustling than some of the others, but it's not terrible. And so like, at least, to be fair, one of Emma's bustling channels is private. [00:49:57]Swyx: I guess. [00:49:59]Jeremy: So I'm just thinking. [00:50:01]Swyx: It's just the nature of quality discussion, right? Yeah, I guess when I think about it, [00:50:05]Jeremy: I didn't have any private discussions on our discord for years, but there was a lot of people who came in with like, oh, I just had this amazing idea for AGI. If you just thought about like, if you imagine that AI is a brain, then we, you know, this just, I don't want to talk about it. You know, I don't want to like, you don't want to be dismissive or whatever. And it's like, oh, well, that's an interesting comment, but maybe you should like, try training some models first to see if that aligns with your intuition. Like, oh, but how could I possibly learn? It's like, well, we have a course, just actually spend time learning. Like, you know, anyway. And there's like, okay, I know the people who always have good answers there. And so I created a private channel and put them all in it. And I got to admit, that's where I post more often because there's much less, you know, flight of fancy views about how we could solve AGI, blah, blah, blah. So there is a bit of that. But having said that, like, I think the bar is pretty low. Like if you join a Discord and you can hit the like participants or community or whatever button, you can see who's in it. And then you'll see at the top, who the admins or moderators or people in the dev role are. And just DM one of them and say like, oh, here's my GitHub. Well, here's some blog posts I wrote. You know, I'm interested in talking about this, you know, can I join the private channels? And I've never heard of anybody saying no. I will say, you know, Alutha's all pretty open. So you can do the Alutha Discord still. You know, one problem with the Alutha Discord is it's been going on for so long that it's like, it's very inside baseball. It's quite hard to get started. Yeah. Carpa AI looks, I think it's all open. That's just less stability. That's more accessible. [00:52:03]Swyx: Yeah. [00:52:04]Jeremy: There's also just recently, now it's research that does like the Hermes models and data set just opened. They've got some private channels, but it's pretty open, I think. You mentioned Alignment Lab, that one it's all the interesting stuff is on private channels. So just ask. If you know me, ask me, cause I've got admin on that one. There's also, yeah, OS Skunkworks, OS Skunkworks AI is a good Discord, which I think it's open. So yeah, they're all pretty good. [00:52:40]Swyx: I don't want you to leak any, you know, Discords that don't want any publicity, but this is all helpful. [00:52:46]Jeremy: We all want people, like we all want people. [00:52:49]Swyx: We just want people who like, [00:52:51]Jeremy: want to build stuff, rather than people who, and like, it's fine to not know anything as well, but if you don't know anything, but you want to tell everybody else what to do and how to do it, that's annoying. If you don't know anything and want to be told like, here's a really small kind of task that as somebody who doesn't know anything is going to take you a really long time to do, but it would still be helpful. Then, and then you go and do it. That would be great. The truth is, yeah, [00:53:19]Swyx: like, I don't know, [00:53:20]Jeremy: maybe 5% of people who come in with great enthusiasm and saying that they want to learn and they'll do anything. [00:53:25]Swyx: And then somebody says like, [00:53:25]Jeremy: okay, here's some work you can do. Almost nobody does that work. So if you're somebody who actually does the work and follows up, you will massively stand out. That's an extreme rarity. And everybody will then want to help you do more work. [00:53:41]Swyx: So yeah. [00:53:41]Jeremy: So just, yeah, just do work and people will want to support you. [00:53:47]Alessio: Our Discord used to be referral only for a long time. We didn't have a public invite and then we opened it and they're kind of like channel gating. Yeah. A lot of people just want to do, I remember it used to be like, you know, a forum moderator. [00:54:00]Swyx: It's like people just want to do [00:54:01]Alessio: like drive-by posting, [00:54:03]Swyx: you know, and like, [00:54:03]Alessio: they don't want to help the community. They just want to get their question answered. [00:54:07]Jeremy: I mean, the funny thing is our forum community does not have any of that garbage. You know, there's something specific about the low latency thing where people like expect an instant answer. And yeah, we're all somehow in a forum thread where they know it's like there forever. People are a bit more thoughtful, but then the forums are less active than they used to be because Discord has got more popular, you know? So it's all a bit of a compromise, you know, running a healthy community is, yeah, it's always a bit of a challenge. All right, we got so many more things [00:54:47]Alessio: we want to dive in, but I don't want to keep you here for hours. [00:54:50]Swyx: This is not the Lex Friedman podcast [00:54:52]Alessio: we always like to say. One topic I would love to maybe chat a bit about is Mojo, modular, you know, CrystalLiner, not many of you on the podcast. So we want to spend a little time there. You recently did a hacker's guide to language models and you ran through everything from quantized model to like smaller models, larger models, and all of that. But obviously modular is taking its own approach. Yeah, what got you excited? I know you and Chris have been talking about this for like years and a lot of the ideas you had, so. [00:55:23]Jeremy: Yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah, no, absolutely. So I met Chris, I think it was at the first TensorFlow Dev Summit. And I don't think he had even like, I'm not sure if he'd even officially started his employment with Google at that point. So I don't know, you know, certainly nothing had been mentioned. So I, you know, I admired him from afar with LLVM and Swift and whatever. And so I saw him walk into the courtyard at Google. It's just like, oh s**t, man, that's Chris Latner. I wonder if he would lower his standards enough to talk to me. Well, worth a try. So I caught up my courage because like nobody was talking to him. He looked a bit lost and I wandered over and it's like, oh, you're Chris Latner, right? It's like, what are you doing here? What are you doing here? And I was like, yeah, yeah, yeah. It's like, oh, I'm Jeremy Howard. It's like, oh, do you do some of this AI stuff? And I was like, yeah, yeah, I like this AI stuff. Are you doing AI stuff? It's like, well, I'm thinking about starting to do some AI stuff. Yeah, I think it's going to be cool. And it's like, wow. So like, I spent the next half hour just basically brain dumping all the ways in which AI was stupid to him. And he listened patiently. And I thought he probably wasn't even remember or care or whatever. But yeah, then I kind of like, I guess I re-caught up with him a few months later. And it's like, I've been thinking about everything you said in that conversation. And he like narrated back his response to every part of it, projects he was planning to do. And it's just like, oh, this dude follows up. Holy s**t. And I was like, wow, okay. And he was like, yeah, so we're going to create this new thing called Swift for TensorFlow. And it's going to be like, it's going to be a compiler with auto differentiation built in. And blah, blah, blah. And I was like, why would that help? [00:57:10]Swyx: You know, why would you? [00:57:10]Jeremy: And he was like, okay, with a compiler during the forward pass, you don't have to worry about saving context, you know, because a lot will be optimized in the backward. But I was like, oh my God. Because I didn't really know much about compilers. You know, I spent enough to kind of like, understand the ideas, but it hadn't occurred to me that a compiler basically solves a lot of the problems we have as end users. I was like, wow, that's amazing. Okay, you do know, right, that nobody's going to use this unless it's like usable. It's like, yeah, I know, right. So I was thinking you should create like a fast AI for this. So, okay, but I don't even know Swift. And he was like, well, why don't you start learning it? And if you have any questions, ask me. It's just like, holy s**t. Like, not only has Chris Latner lowered his standards enough to talk to me, but he's offering me personal tutoring on the programming language that he made. So I was just like, I'm not g

Harvard's award-winning Dr. Charles Serhan isn't just an expert on specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators (SPMs), he is the scientist who actually discovered them. His breakthroughs opened up a brand new field of research and clinical application with immense potential. After all, chronic, unresolved inflammation is a contributor or cause of so many conditions. The growing body of research on the utility of SPMs continues to astound (although when you start to understand the mechanisms, it's perhaps easy to understand some of the "why") - pain, rheumatoid, osteo- and Lyme arthritis, macular degeneration, periodontal disease, uveitis, surgical recovery, and repetitive head injury, for instance, have all been shown to be potentially benefited by the ability of SPMs to promote inflammation resolution. Clinically, I consider SPMs in all conditions where unresolved inflammation is a contributing factor. Not only that, but SPMs appear to have some rather surprising additional effects including stem cell regulation, tissue regeneration, and inhibition of amyloid-beta peptide in Alzheimer's models (even restoring memory loss in mice). I am honored to host Dr. Serhan here on New Frontiers along with his esteemed colleague, Dr. Megan Sulciner. Dr. Sulciner is a clinician-scientist and resident in the Serhan Lab whose exciting work focuses on advancing postoperative outcomes for surgical patients as well as the role of SPMs in enhancing cancer therapy and preventing cancer metastasis. I'm sure you will love this insightful, tour-de-force conversation! ~DrKF

Another personal update from me as it's been a while (obviously there was supposed to be one at Glastonbury but that didn't quiiiite happen. Coming up... Why I'm in Portugal and recording this from Lagos. Lifestyle Design and what that means The pull of instagram and how to resist it The creative life and deep work Specialized Pro-Resolving Mediators and how SPMS might be an interesting supplement for you. And lots more.    THIS SHOW IS BROUGHT TO YOU BY: BiOptimizers — Four out of five Americans are magnesium deficient, and almost everyone is at suboptimal levels. That's a big problem because magnesium is involved in more than 600 biochemical reactions in your body. Now here's what most people DON'T know: taking just any magnesium supplement won't solve your problem because most supplements use the cheapest kinds that your body can't use or absorb. That's why I exclusively recommend Magnesium Breakthrough. It's the only full-spectrum magnesium supplement with seven unique forms of magnesium that your body can actually use and absorb. When you get all seven critical forms of magnesium, pretty much every function in your body gets upgraded. From your brain to your sleep, pain, inflammation and less stress. Just go to magbreakthrough.com/zestology and use the code ZESTOLOGY10

In this episode I break down the difference between specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) and fish oil. I explain when each should be taken and the effects that they have on the body, I also explain the process of inflammaiton and autoimmune disease. Download my candida, parasite and gut guide! https://holisticspring.com/product/candida-parasite-leaky-gut-bundleJoin My Holistic Community: www.holisticspring.org

Episode 572 Wellness Wednesday episode in which we talk about Multiple Sclerosis stuff: Body Pain and Tiredness Remedies, Relapsing Remitting Multiple Sclerosis RRMS to Secondary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis SPMS. #MS #MultipleSclerosis #healthtalk #MonSter #brain Send comments, questions and tips to kevintheduckpool@gmail.com please help us out by rating and reviewing us and telling a friend.  Also check out audio and video versions of Crimson Cowl Comic Club & Under the Cowl podcasts. A fun variety of great people talk comic books, entertainment or whatever and you can see or hear me on many episodes of those podcasts as well with many more great episodes to come out in the future. --- Send in a voice message: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/kevin-kleinhans/message Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/kevin-kleinhans/support

Episode 561 Wellness Wednesday episode in which we talk about Multiple Sclerosis stuff: Sugar Flush update, nonapproved treatments for MS, Secondary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis signs and symptoms. #MS, #MultipleSclerosis, #healthtalk, #MonSter, #brain Send comments, questions and tips to kevintheduckpool@gmail.com please help us out by rating and reviewing us and telling a friend.  Also check out audio and video versions of Crimson Cowl Comic Club & Under the Cowl podcasts. A fun variety of great people talk comic books, entertainment or whatever and you can see or hear me on many episodes of those podcasts as well with many more great episodes to come out in the future. --- Send in a voice message: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/kevin-kleinhans/message Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/kevin-kleinhans/support

Welcome back to our 3rd and initially unplanned episode with Dr. Richard Burt, author of the recently released book, Everyday Miracles and the OG provider of HSCT here in the US. Let me explain why we thought it would be useful for our listeners, as well as Dr. Burt to come back and re-hash some of Dr. Burt's touch points from the first two episodes. In particular his stance on NOT treating PPMS and non-active SPMS with HSCT. You see, after the first two episodes, I witnessed rumblings of concern and discontent within the online HSCT community. I belong to multiple HSCT groups and most had at least one or two conversations going on addressing Dr. Burt's most recent interviews, including ours on this podcast. So, who was most concerned? Well, primarily PPMS patients, and non-active SPMS patients who are either considering HSCT, are already booked to have HSCT or those who've recently had HSCT. I 100% understand how Dr. Burt's stance on the efficacy of HSCT on their types of MS would have been reason for pause. Knowing that, I felt a responsibility to revisit the topic with him and drill down on the details. It would also give us a chance to ask him a couple of questions we missed on the first interview, like dietary restrictions before and after HSCT as well as questions on second transplants. We feel so fortunate that Dr. Burt graciously agreed to come on again an address a lot of these pressing issues. Also, if you hold on until the end, Jodi and I have a short chat about what we took away from today's interview and recap our thoughts on our entire experience with Dr. Burt. Because she and I have had HSCT, and each in different facilities, Russia and Mexico, we have a unique perspective and are able to relate to the concerns of an HSCT patient no matter what stage they're at in their HSCT journey. EPISODE NOTES: - 2nd transplants  - Were you misdiagnosed? - Do you even have MS? - Many diseases mimic MS - The average percentage of patients who relapse post HSCT - Explaining in detail his thoughts on treating PPMS and non-active SPMS patients - What is RPMS (relapsing progressive MS) and would he offer HSCT to RPMS patients? - The type of regimen he would recommend If progressive MS is treated with HSCT - If not HSCT, what types of treatments does he recommend for PPMS and non-active SPMS patients? - Does he have any dietary recommendations for HSCT patients either before or after HSCT? - His thoughts on carbohydrates - The Epstein Barr virus (EBV) connection to MS - Following EBV titers after transplant LINKS: Episode #1 on YouTube: https://youtu.be/ezjhqHtYA8Y This episode, #2 of 2, on YouTube:  https://youtu.be/40dqLdIeZlc Dr. Burt's book, EVERYDAY MIRACLES: https://www.amazon.com/Everyday-Miracles-Scleroderma-Autoimmune-Hematopoietic/dp/1637631251 Dr. Burt's website:  https://astemcelljourney.com/about/drrichardburt/ Email to apply for HSCT with Dr. Burt: BURTRRMSTrial@scrippshealth.org THE MS GYM: Website YouTube Facebook Instagram BROOKE SLICK: Website Instagram JODI FELTHAM: TikTok Instagram

Welcome to part two of two of our interview with Dr. Richard Burt. I can't tell you how many people have reached out to me after listening to part one and how anxious they are to see what awaits in part two. I even had one listener message me to say the interview with Dr, Burt should be required watching for everyone with MS, and I'm not going to disagree with that deduction. If you have PPMS, whether you're considering HSCT or not, you should definitely listen to this episode. Dr. Burt completely reframes the type of disease PPMS is or isn't. If you want to hear about the future of organ and tissue repair including but not exclusive to remyelination, you should listen to this episode. Those topics are just scratching the surface of what this medical innovator brings to the table for the future of the treatment of chronic illnesses, debilitating injuries, and to the exciting new world of neuroregeneration. I feel certain that what he's working on today is laying the groundwork for treatments that will be considered commonplace over the next 30 years. Before we jump into this next episode, I wanted to let you know that this episode will be available to view on the MS Gym's YouTube page, and there will be links in the episode notes to that YouTube page. There will also be links to part one of this interview as well as links to Dr. Burt's book, and his website, as well as an email, where you can contact Dr. Burt's team if you're considering HSCT. EPISODE NOTES: - His thoughts on PPMS and why he doesn't treat it - How disease labels can evolve over time - How HSCT drug protocols vary per autoimmune  disease - What can trigger a relapse post HSCT - IPS stem cells and neuroregeneration - Starting a new biotech company - The future of HSCT in Chicago - How IPS could help patients with SPMS and PPMS - Where patients can receive non-myeloablative HSCT in the US now - Neurodegenerative treatment for non-active SPMS and PPMS - Pseudo flares post HSCT and what can cause them…don't panic! - Tweaking the healthcare system to make the patient first - Medicine is a profession, healthcare is a business LINKS: Episode #1 on YouTube: https://youtu.be/ezjhqHtYA8Y This episode, #2 of 2, on YouTube:  https://youtu.be/40dqLdIeZlc Dr. Burt's book, EVERYDAY MIRACLES: https://www.amazon.com/Everyday-Miracles-Scleroderma-Autoimmune-Hematopoietic/dp/1637631251 Dr. Burt's website:  https://astemcelljourney.com/about/drrichardburt/ Email to apply for HSCT with Dr. Burt: BURTRRMSTrial@scrippshealth.org THE MS GYM: Website YouTube Facebook Instagram BROOKE SLICK: Instagram

Dr. Terry Wahls is a clinical professor of medicine at the University of Iowa where she teaches internal medicine residents, sees patients in a traumatic brain injury clinic, and conducts clinical trials. She also has SPMS. Join Jen and Dr. Wahls as they discuss her diagnosis and how she reclaimed her health through her own ‘Wahls' Protocol; a combination of functional medicine, supplements and intensive nutrition. Find out about recruitment for her study, Efficacy of Diet on Quality of Life in Multiple Sclerosis (EDQ-MS), Join the conversation on our MS forums: www.multiplesclerosisnewstoday.com/forums/ Follow us on social media: Instagram - www.instagram.com/msnewstoday/ Facebook - www.facebook.com/multiplesclerosisnewstoday/ Twitter - www.twitter.com/msnewstoday For more news on Multiple Sclerosis visit: www.multiplesclerosisnewstoday.com/

Multiple Sclerosis News Today's multimedia associate, Price Wooldridge, reads a news article on how stem cell transplant is superior to Gilenya and Tysabri at preventing relapses and easing disability in RRMS patients. 
He also reads another report on how early use of DMTs may lead to lower levels of disability but does not appear to slow disability progression over time. =================================== Are you interested in learning more about multiple sclerosis? If so, please visit: https://multiplesclerosisnewstoday.com/ ===================================== To join in on conversations regarding multiple sclerosis, please visit: https://multiplesclerosisnewstoday.com/forums/

Episode 492 Comic Book talk about Gunslinger #13, Lunar Lizard #1, Planet Comics #9, Manga Z #2 & 3, Ninja High School #183, Quick Stops #1, Trick or Read Marvel Spidey and his Amazing Friends, Trick or Read Moon Girl and Devil Dinosaur. Multiple Sclerosis Health Talk about RRMS transition to SPMS, CPAP problems, Healthy Staples, Stress, Saw Palmetto and other stuff with health and MS. Send comments, questions and tips to kevintheduckpool@gmail.com please help us out by rating and reviewing us and telling a friend. Also check out audio and video versions of Crimson Cowl Comic Club & Under the Cowl podcasts. A fun variety of great people talk comic books, entertainment or whatever and you can see or hear me on many episodes of those podcasts as well with many more great episodes to come out in the future. #ms, #multiplesclerosis, #comicbooks, #comicbookreviews --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/kevin-kleinhans/message Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/kevin-kleinhans/support

Resolving Runners Post Covid FatigueToday's episode digs into why some runners struggle to return to pre covid formFor many runners, getting back to running post COVID involves taking time for rest and recovery, and gradually increasing their training plan over a few weeks. Unfortunately for others, they continue to suffer with longer-term fatigue which impacts on their day-today-life as well as ability to run. It can feel so frustrating when good foundational nutrition and rest just doesn't seem enough to bounce back from Covid. In this episode we explore potential root causes of your fatigue and how a functional nutrition approach may reveal underlying imbalances.We'll give you direction on a nutritional approach to help you restore energy levels so you can enjoy your running again.If you are a runner who has never returned to your pre Covid form due to fatigue and exhaustion, this episode is for you.We are going to consider:1. Mitochondrial injury and how this contributes to post covid fatigue2. The Aim of a Functional Nutritional programme to support post covid fatigue3. Protecting against seasonal infections SHOW NOTES(02:39) Aileen's personal experience of post covid fatigue and the effect on her running and how covid is impacting on nutrition clinic clients (06:59)Why resolving post covid fatigue is important for everyone but especially runners and how the health of your mitochondria is key to recovery. (12:01)A look at how sub optimal mitochondrial health may be affecting your energy production capacity and ongoing fatigue. Plus, how the cell danger response phases are potentially compromised in recovery.(17:30)The aim of a nutritional programme would be to provide nutrients to:· Restore mitochondrial health e.g inflammatory status and oxidative stress and supplying building blocks of nutrients for cell repair and proliferation· Restore the phases of Cell Danger Response so they work optimally and· Provide optimal amounts of specific nutrients to fuel the kreb/citric acid cycle to enable energy production (20:39)Functional Screening tests may involve:Amino Acid Profile, we need optimal amino acids to effectively repair and replace cells. Assessing amino acid profile enables identification of which amino acids are depleted and we are able to suggest foods and supplements to move them to an optimal level.Nutrient Status relating to the Krebs Cycle/Citric Acid Cycle (the process our bodies use to make energy). If required, we may add key nutrients which will support energy production and optimizing the CDR response. Three nutrients which may be considered are:· Carnitine· Creatine· CoQ10Fatty Acid Profile, having optimal levels of fatty acids is important for both cell health and function as well as for anti-inflammatory actions. We highlight the role of SPMs (specialised pro resolving mediators). These SPMS support inflammation resolution by limiting the extent and duration of the acute (27:21)How a personalised nutrition approach may help you get to the root cause of your fatigue and enable a targeted nutrition plan to be designed for you.(30:14)We share our reminder tips on how we can all support our immune system to protect against seasonal infections.(33:22)Aileen's favourite supplements to help protect against seasonal infections.(35:38)Our FOOD...

Episode 491 Wellness Wednesday episode in which we talk about Multiple Sclerosis stuff, Pain, SPMS, Sex issues, Numbness and more for Multiple Sclerosis Health and MS. #MS, #MultipleSclerosis, #healthtalk Send comments, questions and tips to kevintheduckpool@gmail.com please help us out by rating and reviewing us and telling a friend. Also check out audio and video versions of Crimson Cowl Comic Club & Under the Cowl podcasts. A fun variety of great people talk comic books, entertainment or whatever and you can see or hear me on many episodes of those podcasts as well with many more great episodes to come out in the future. --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/kevin-kleinhans/message Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/kevin-kleinhans/support

Multiple Sclerosis News Today's multimedia associate, Price Wooldridge, reads a news article on how six months of treatment with foralumab nasal spray led to significant functional improvements in the second patient with non-active SPMS. He also reads the latest installment of our “Expert Voices” series, where Dr. Susan Payrovi, MD, answers questions about functional medicine care with MS. =================================== Are you interested in learning more about multiple sclerosis? If so, please visit: multiplesclerosisnewstoday.com/ ===================================== To join in on conversations regarding multiple sclerosis, please visit: multiplesclerosisnewstoday.com/forums/

Multiple Sclerosis News Today's multimedia associate, Price Wooldridge, reads a news article about a study that uncovered how people with SPMS have more microscopic damage in normal-appearing brain tissue than do patients with RRMS. 
 He also reads the column “All Quiet on the MS Front - Well, Nearly” by John Connor, from his column “Fall Down, Get Up Again”. =================================== Are you interested in learning more about multiple sclerosis? If so, please visit: https://multiplesclerosisnewstoday.com/ ===================================== To join in on conversations regarding multiple sclerosis, please visit: https://multiplesclerosisnewstoday.com/forums/

If you're a woman in your 40s, 50s, or beyond, you know that hormone health is key. But did you know that gut health is essential for hormone balance?   In this episode of The Hormone Prescription Podcast, Lindsey Parsons, a Certified Health Coach specializing in helping clients locally and nationally heal gut health issues and reverse autoimmune disease naturally as well as lose weight without cutting calories and hosts the podcast "The Perfect Stool: Understanding and Healing the Gut Microbiome", joins us to discuss the gut-hormone connection.     Lindsey shares with us:     How the gut and hormones are interconnected     How to heal your gut for better hormone health     The link between gut health and autoimmune disease     Type of tests to diagnose gut issues     How to create a healthy gut environment     Why some people suffer from SIBO as a chronic long term illness     The latest treatments for GI problems like  fecal microbiota transplant, breathwork, and colostrum   And more!   If you're interested in learning more about the gut-hormone connection and how to heal your gut for better hormone health, tune in now!   [00:00:00] "I'd rather pay for healthy food now than healthcare later." Would you? So the big question is how do women over 40, like us keep weight off, have great energy balance. Our hormones in our moods feel sexy and confident and master midlife. If you're like most of us, you are not getting the answers you need and remain confused and pretty hopeless to ever feel like yourself again.   [00:00:23] As an OB GYN, I had. Discover for myself, the truth about what creates a rock, solid metabolism, lasting weight loss, and supercharged energy. After 40 in order to lose a hundred pounds and fix my fatigue. Now I'm on a mission. This podcast is designed to share the natural tools you need for impactful results.   [00:00:41] And to give you clarity on the answers to your midlife metabolism challenge. Join me for tangible natural strategies to crush the hormone imbalances you are facing and help you get unstuck from the sidelines of life. My name is Dr. Kyrin Dunston. Welcome to The Hormone Prescription Podcast. Hey everybody.   [00:01:00] And welcome back to another episode of The Hormone Prescription Podcast with Dr. Kyrin. Thank you so much for joining me. My guest today is Lindsey Parsons. She has an amazing podcast called The Perfect Stool, Understanding And Healing, The Gut Microbiome. When I discovered her recently, I saw her podcast and I saw all the amazing guests she had and just really the depth and breadth of her knowledge in gut health and healing.   [00:01:26] And I know how central this is to hormone health and overall health. I had to have her on the podcast. And I reached out and she kind of said, well, I don't really do that kind of thing. I said, no, please, you gotta come talk to my ladies. So I bring her here to you today and I hope you enjoy her as much as I do.   [00:01:45] In addition to hosting the podcast, the perfect stool. She's a certified health coach and she works in Tucson. She specializes in helping clients nationally heal gut health issues and reverse autoimmune disease, as well as lose weight without cutting calories who doesn't want that. She also has this wonderful quote about a calorie not being a calorie.   [00:02:06] And she tells a little bit of a story about that, but you don't want to miss. She talks about fecal transplants, which if you don't know about that, you're gonna wanna hear about that. She talks about colostrum use for healing gut issues. We talk about SIBO testing. What tests to do.    [00:02:28] We talk about everything.   [00:02:29] So you'll see this episode is a little all over the place because I was super excited to talk to her. I knew I only had her for max an hour, so I was trying to jump around and hit all the things that I really wanted to chat with her about. You like it, and I hope you take it as an invitation to listen to her podcast and go more in depth into a lot of these issues that are of interest to you.   [00:02:54] There are way more than we could even cover. And I think we talked for 35, 40 minutes, so she has even way more available. So without further ado, please welcome Lindsey Parsons.   [00:03:06] Thank you.   [00:03:08] So glad to have you here. I don't remember where I found your podcast, but I was super excited when I did the perfect stool, understanding and healing, the gut microbiome, and then all the amazing guests and topics that you've had and how in depth you go.   [00:03:27] I was like, I have to talk to you.    [00:03:31] and I have to have you on the podcast. So thank you so much. Yeah, well, I appreciate you for inviting me. So I think that a lot of people in the general public who are looking for answers to their health, tend to only look for physicians. I'm glad to see that that's changing because I think there are some amazing health coaches, for instance, like you out there who really go so much deeper into a lot of these issues and really are better experts than a lot of physicians on things like you are for gut health.   [00:04:06] So talk to us about how you became so passion. About gut health and really what led you down that.    [00:04:15] So it was really my own health struggles that led me into this path. So years ago, unbeknownst to me, my, an episode of food poisoning led to something called Post infectious IBS, which I only actually found out within the last year or so is an autoimmune diagnosis that I have because I didn't have a typical presentation of IBS, which you might think of as, you know, may having diarrhea six times a day or severe constipation.   [00:04:47] I didn't have either of those, but. I did have gut symptoms that, you know, including bloating and reflux and things like that, that went on for years. And when I did see traditional doctors didn't really get a lot of help other than suggesting I take proton pump inhibitors, which I did for something like 10 or 15 years.   [00:05:08] And now they super strict about not taking more than two weeks at a time. So, you know, the long term damage from that, you can only imagine. . And when I did eventually find my way to a functional medicine provider and was put on a course of herbal treatment for something called SIBO or small intestine, bacterial overgrowth, which is what happens when you have this post infectious IBS.   [00:05:29] What happens is you have an autoimmune situation where the Migrating motor complex or the process by which food is cleared through your intestines after eating is impacted negatively and is attacked by your own body. Therefore, you don't have that clearing of the intestines and clearing of the bacteria and the intestines.   [00:05:50] So you get these overgrowths and stagnation, and then you end up with bloating every time you eat, because it's coming, the food's coming in, and immediately the bacteria are going crazy and producing gases. So I had that going on for years and you know, you meet a lot of people that have a lot of bloating after they eat and they just sort of rack it up to, I ate too much or, you know, a whole number of things.   [00:06:12] So. I did finally see somebody and they cleared the placebo for me. Eventually it took herbals and then followed by Rifaximin, which is a prescription, very expensive prescription drug that, that takes care of it. And then over time started changing my diet, getting rid of gluten, getting rid of dairy.   [00:06:29] Really, you know, reducing sugar significantly. And all of those things contributed to me getting much better. And then I also had several autoimmune diagnoses that, you know, cuz when you have these kind of gut issues, you can have followed on autoimmune issues. And so I had Hashimoto thyroiditis, which really, you know, when I found out about that, that really kicked me into gear about trying to turn things around because the doctor had said to me, oh, you can just wait until your thyroid's gone.   [00:06:55] Then we'll put you on. You know, thyroid hormones. And I thought, oh, I'm just gonna sit around and wait until my entire thyroid's destroyed by this. No, that's not what I'm gonna do.    [00:07:05] right. But that's such a typical mainstream medical approach. Um, nothing to do. You have raging thyroid peroxidase antibodies, you have Hashimotos and they do nothing.   [00:07:16] And then they literally say, we're not gonna do anything, you know, until you're you burn out your thyroid, which is just kind of insane. So then what happened at that point? I think I, all of this is a bit perhaps out of order, but I did eventually get off gluten, get off dairy and for a while off of Soy.   [00:07:34] Yeah, mm-hmm and, and, and I just kept retesting my hormones as I, my, I mean, my antibodies, rather my thyroid antibodies as I retested those foods. So it took a couple years. I, you know, I stayed off gluten for a year before I think I even retested, but then I, you know, you try it again and you see what happens and, and each of those foods.   [00:07:52] So anyway, I ultimately decided gluten and dairy are the two things that I'm most sensitive to. And then of course, everyone should stay off added sugar. So I try and avoid that in any case. And. Ultimately, I never had to take any thyroid hormones. My antibodies are now at zero. They're all completely normal and I never, now they can still see the damage from Hashimotos when they all use an ultrasound on my thyroid, but I still have normal TSH levels.   [00:08:17] I mean, not even just normal, optimal TSH levels. That's awesome.    [00:08:21] I want everyone listening to hear that clearly. She just told you that she healed herself from Hashimoto has no antibodies and has optimized thyroid function. This is what's possible with a root cause approach. And I think that when I talk about this on the podcast or on social media, people don't believe me because it's such an anomaly in mainstream medicine.   [00:08:44] And of course, regular doctors will look at you. Like you're crazy and say, that's not true, but it happens every day. We see it's an everyday miracle. So I love that you came down this path and you became so passionate about gut health. And I think to me, it makes sense why you focus on having the autoimmune disease or diseases focused on gut health, but I don't know  that's gonna make sense to everyone.   [00:09:11] Can you help them make that link betweeut health and autoimmune disease.   [00:09:15] Absolutely. So. There are three things that are necessary for an autoimmune condition to happen. And one is a genetic predisposition for that particular autoimmune disease. So some people's bodies will attack one, some one organ, some people's bodies will attack a different organ.   [00:09:32] Then you need to have a leaky gut or intestinal permeability, which means that the tight junctions in your intestines are not holding together or there are holes through actual cells in the intestines that are letting. Both toxins, undigested, food, bacteria, body parts, all sorts of things that your immune system is going to then start attacking.   [00:09:54] And then you activate the immune system like this. And that's what inflammation is in essence. And when you have undigested gluten proteins in particular or gliadin, it's called is the protein in gluten. It resembles the cells in your thyroid gland and your body will attack this protein and then also create antibodies that attack your thyroid.   [00:10:19] So in essence, it's a, what they call molecular mimicry or some sort of confusion in your body where it starts attacking itself. So that's always at the root of all autoimmune diseases. Yes.    [00:10:30] So if you have an autoimmune immune disease, I always tell people by definition you have a gut problem and people will say to me, well, My gut works just fine.   [00:10:39] I eat, I poop. I don't have loose stool. I'm not constipated. I don't get indigestion gas, bloating. And they say, I don't have a gut problem. I say, yes, you do. If you have a autoimmune disease, you've got a gut problem. So where is the disconnect? Why do people seemingly have no gut symptoms? But they have a gut problem, help us understand that.   [00:10:58] Well, sometimes I think what happens is there's a balance of bacteria in the gut, such that your stool looks okay, right? Like maybe, you have some constipating bacteria and you have some loosening bacteria and together they've canceled each other out. But that doesn't mean that you don't have a leaky gut.   [00:11:16] Typically there is some sort of gut infection causing leaky gut, but it doesn't necessarily. I mean, you could have toxins that are also in play or mold or things like that, but in general, something is causing your gut to be leaky. So, you know, it's interesting because sometimes I will see people's gut tests for potential stool donors for fecal transplants.   [00:11:39] And. And I'll say, oh no, you can't take this person's stool. They may have good stool, and they may seem healthy and have good digestion, but it's just full of problems. Like, I mean, they have, you know, major pathogens that you'd never wanna take on. So just because you don't have any obvious gut problems doesn't mean something's not gonna show up on a test, right?   [00:11:58] Yeah. I mean, you may not overtly have symptoms, but that doesn't mean that on a microscope or on the micro level, you're not having problems you are. If you have an autoimmune. Yeah. So you mentioned testing, let's start with that. Cause a lot of people, you know, they're used to going to their regular doctor and what happens at their regular doctor.   [00:12:19] Oh doc, I have indigestion after I eat. No tests are done and they're given a proton pump inhibitor or Hey doc, I can't poop. No tests are done. And then they're given some pro motility agent for their gut. Hey doc, I alternate diarrhea, constipation. oh, diagnosis of exclusion. You have irritable bowel syndrome.   [00:12:39] Mm-hmm and they're put on anti-spam. So they're not used to doing gut stool tests. And I remember when I first started doing this work and I started with my gynecologic patients and I told them they needed to do a stool test and they would look at me like I was crazy. What are you talking about? Well, you need to poop in this pie plate and send it off to scoop it into these little tubes and send it to the lab.   [00:13:01] And they're like, what? I'm not doing that cuz no doctor ever asked them to do that. mm-hmm so talk about, you know, the testing, maybe what are some of your favorite tests to do and what it shows you and how people can get comfortable with this idea of pooping in the pie plate?    [00:13:21] Well, I have to say the people who come to me have no problem giving up their stool for a test because they are coming typically with gut issues.   [00:13:28] However, yeah, my favorite is the GI map. I like that one because it includes H pylori and I have found it now over the course  of. Three or four years now of helping people with gut issues that people who are severely constipated often have an overgrowth of H pylori or just a high level of it that's given their symptomatic is also problematic.   [00:13:51] So that's a bacteria that causes ulcers or stomach cancer, but not always only when it has certain virulence factors. Nevertheless, people will typically present with stomach pain with reflux, but sometimes just constipation. Sometimes they don't have those upper GI symptoms with H pylori. So I like that it includes also the GI map.   [00:14:14] You know, a number of different levels of bacteria in the gut. So you can see if certain classes or certain Gena or certain species are elevated or too low, both of the commences, the normal good ones, and then the potentially pathogenic and then the actual toxic pathogenic ones. It also includes all the parasites.   [00:14:33] So you can catch up somebody as a para and then it includes markers of gut health and just digestion. So, like, do you have enough pancreatic enzymes? Do you have elevated levels of beta lyase, which ties into hormones? Do you have sufficient secretory, IGA, or is that super elevated? Indicating your gut immune system is on high alert and trying to fight something.   [00:14:55] So I just like that it's a good overall test of various markers. And then of course it has marker for Calprotectin, which is a marker of inflammatory bowel disease and the inflammation in the colon.    [00:15:07] Yes. That's actually my favorite too. So great minds think alike. I think it really gives you the most comprehensive view.   [00:15:14] And sometimes people will come to me and say, well, I had a volume test. Can't you use that? and I go, yeah, that's not useful at all. Can you share with your people your thoughts on the bio, that one or any other one of these direct to consumer tests are not as far as I'm concerned, clinically useful. They might be good for the consumer, but they typically, you know, they will make all sorts of commentary about what diet changes are necessary, for example, based on your microbiome and no harm in trying those things.   [00:15:49] But when you're dealing with parasites or digestive dysfunction, Dysbiosis, et cetera. I think you need a clinical level test for that kind of stuff. There's just not a lot of actionable for a practitioner. There's not a lot of actionable information on a volume test. I agree.    [00:16:11] I, I think the same is true for a lot of the DNA direct to consumer test.   [00:16:15] Like, is it 23? And me, it's just not all the actionable information that you would want. Like the Alzheimer's gene mm-hmm , that's something I think everyone should have. And, uh, they don't include. Oh, really? I feel like they've included in well, so, oh, maybe they have, well, you can take, you can pull the raw data.   [00:16:34] I'll sometimes ask my clients for their raw data and I put it in genetic genie and I run that. And then I see, cause I, because I know that I'm, I'm APO four, three Aprile four. Homozygous. So I have my high Alzheimer's risk, which I, the only reason I know that is from the 23 and me. So I know it came through may, either on genetic gen genie or directly on 23 and me.   [00:16:55] Great.    [00:16:56] And so how has that empowered you? Do you feel like it's empowered you or disempowered you to have that information?   [00:17:03] I don't know that I would be doing anything different because I'm already somebody who seeks to optimize my health and have been my entire life. So I don't know, but I think as I get older, I'm definitely going to be more attentive to any kind of lapses in memory.   [00:17:21] And then at some point I'm probably going to get hooked up with that. Program the Dale BNS program related to Alzheimer's just to make sure that I'm doing absolutely everything preventative and everything testing wise, to make sure I don't lose my memory any sooner than necessary. Yes, absolutely. The Recode protocol.   [00:17:38] And I think there are 28 parameters, 28 things you need to be doing that are totally worthwhile. My mom. It has advanced Alzheimer's. So it's something I'm very keenly aware of and, you know, it's too late for her. Like I shared in a recent TEDx talk that I did talk about her only risk factor was that she had been menopausal for three decades without hormone therapy.   [00:18:01] And that is, of course, one of the main tens of the Recode protocol is using. Hormones therapy, natural hormone therapy. Speaking of which the podcast is called the hormone prescription. So I tie everything into hormones because to me, everything in the body is related to hormones. So how does let's go back to autoimmune disease with gut dysfunction, leaky gut.   [00:18:25] Intestine intestinal hyperpermeability as a key factor.    [00:18:30] How does this interact with the hormonal meal, you and the body?   [00:18:32] In my particular case, I'm not sure if there's a huge interaction, but in general, I mentioned on the GI map, there's a hormone, uh, I mean an enzyme called beta Gluar days and that. Is an enzyme that breaks the tight bond between glucuronic acid and toxins, including circulating estrogens in the intestines.   [00:18:55] And so when that gets elevated in certain bacteria in the gut, produce it so certain bacteria from the, the, uh, class ties also certain clostridia E coli. And there's a lot of healthy E coli, not just the ones that are known to be pathogenic and stalac rheumatic. So there's a number of different bacteria that produce it.   [00:19:18] And when those tend to get overgrown, then you can have access. Beta glucoronide and then this is breaking apart, this bond and recirculating estrogens in the body, which can lead to estrogen-related breast cancer, potentially colon cancer. So there's some correlations between those and. When that happens, what you can do to reverse it is to move to a lower fat, lower meat diet, to more of a plant-based diet because higher fiber will help undo that process.   [00:19:50] Yes, it's so    [00:19:51] true. The beta glucuronidase. So anyone who is suffering, which is very common sometimes in thirties and forties year old women, before they go through menopause with excess estrogen. And symptoms of that. It could be fibroid, endometriosis, heavy, painful periods, which is often associated with weight gain bloating.   [00:20:13] These are estrogen dominant conditions. You gotta look at your beta Glu UASE in your stool because it could be elevated. So that could be one of the key causes of one of your hormonal imbalances And then the other thing I always like to say for anyone with an autoimmune disease is you've got a foot on the accelerator of inflammation and that's this leaky gut, but you have no break on your car.   [00:20:39] And that would be cortisol, which is your body's natural steroid. So what do they do when you have a flare up of any type of inflammation or autoimmune disease? Steroids is the treatment and that's your body. Cortisol inside naturally. So you have a brake failure and you have a foot on the accelerator.   [00:20:57] So it's kind of a two-prong problem. So you've got to address both, but by healing your gut, you can work on your cortisol as well.   [00:21:03] So let me interrupt you for a second, because when you said all those things, as I think of this stuff now more in terms of my client than myself, but I did actually have estrogen dominance.   [00:21:15] No, no doubt. I had always low progesterone and I went through years of infertility. So I, I assumed that all of my gut stuff was at the root of that as well as the autoimmune stuff and probably, uh, you know, some thyroid issues.    [00:21:28] Yeah. You know, I think it's, isn't it Louis pastor who said death begins in the colon and I think  it's absolutely true.   [00:21:37] The gut is the center of your body physically. And it's the center of your health. Literally. It has branches to everything. And, you know, I always like to say. I ask people, what's your biggest interface with the external environment? And they say, oh my skin. And I say, no, think again. And it takes them a minute and most people don't get it.   [00:21:58] It's your gastrointestinal tract, cuz you're taking the external environment and you're putting it inside of you into this tube. That seems like it's in you, but it really just passes through and interacts. So it's like an inner skin and it's as big as two doubles tennis courts, the surface area. And so.   [00:22:17] Really that's your biggest ability for the environment to program you? You mentioned genetics, right? That's part of probably five, 10, maybe 20% of our health, but then what turns on those genes? In terms of our epigenetic code and, and food is the biggest programmer of that, that we're putting into our body and think of all the food you eat in the day.   [00:22:41] So I, I wanted to, to touch on something else. You said, well, we were talking about testing and I think you mentioned earlier about that you had SIBO small intestine bacteria overgrowth.    [00:22:53] Yes. What are your favorite tests to diagnose that? And it's such a Gnarly topic for the people who have it. How do you get rid of it?   [00:23:02] You mentioned the migrating motor complex, which a lot of people really don't have that working. So there's no motility going. So can you talk about SIBO?   [00:23:14] I don't tend to use breath tests. I'll start by saying mm-hmm . I tend to use the GI map and organic acids in general. When I see somebody with some type of presentation of bloating and what look like SIBO symptoms.   [00:23:31] Mm-hmm that being said, if. After looking at those and after taking herbal supplements to get rid of bacterial overgrowth, there still seems to be no resolution. I may recommend either the trio smart, especially if I suspect there could be hydrogen sulfide overgrowth, or I might recommend the IBS smart test to see if they have post.   [00:23:57] Infectious IBS to see if they have that autoimmune component and are always gonna be dealing with SIBO. So some people just get this overgrowth, they clean it up once, and they're all good. And then other people like me are going to constantly have to be fighting it. So I have to take something each night.   [00:24:12] A prokinetic. In order to keep things moving in my migrating motor complex and just be conscientious of not eating tons. No, not snacking all day long, letting my intestines empty out completely and periodically have to kind of Rell the bacteria. I have to take antimicrobials, you know, every year, roughly.   [00:24:31] In some quantity when I start to see things getting bloated again. Okay.    [00:24:35] So now the average person listening and probably a lot of the clients that you see and that I see they've been to their regular doctor and they've got this bloating problem. That seems pretty consistent. They're probably not gonna get any of these tests.   [00:24:50] Are they, there are some doctors at this point who will order SIBO, breath tests. That's not unheard of now at this point for GI doctors and some will have heard of, and may be using some, the trio smarter, the IBS smart, because they are, they were developed by an MD who is the expert at, Mark Pimentel.   [00:25:10] Who's the expert in SIBO and who does try and reach that traditional audience or conventional, I should say audience, but typically you'll have to ask for and seek out these more. Specialized tests with somebody who's either practicing functional medicine, a natural path, a health coach, somebody who is mm-hmm, more of a non-conventional expert in gut health.   [00:25:34] Yes.    [00:25:35] And so it sounds like you're describing, which has kind of been my experience too, with people who have SIBO. Some people do recover, and they don't have a problem any longer, but there is a subset of people who this is a very chronic problem. Can you talk a little bit about why someone might suffer with that as a chronic long term condition?   [00:25:57] Sure. So I did talk about. The primary, I guess I think about it as the primary, but I'm not actually sure. In terms of percentages, but I did mention the primary, which is the post infectious IBS, there, incidents of food poisoning, where you have an autoimmune problem, you can also have of course thyroid issues that can contribute to it.   [00:26:17] Hypothyroid, you can have traumatic brain injuries that are causing issues with the vagus nerve and with. Movement in the intestines from that of course infections, diabetes can be a root cause. Mold toxicity. You can have problems with your production of stomach acid, so you can have low stomach acid or hypochlorhydria.   [00:26:41] And that can cause. Overgrowth of bacteria or poor bio flow, uh, lack of pancreatic enzymes or brush border enzymes. There can be deficiencies in your secretory, IGA. If you've been under periods of extreme stress that can reduce secretory IGA, which is your gut immune defense, which is what is killing off these bacteria that are coming in.   [00:27:00] Mm-hmm , you can have medications that you're taking that could be causing problems and slowing your motility, obviously proton pump inhibitors, but also antidepressants. Anti SMOs opiates, narcotics. Then you can also have issues that are physical in nature. So you've had a past abdominal surgery and you could have adhesions for example, that are keeping your intestines from flowing properly endometriosis, which I also had, can be a root cause.   [00:27:28] Alors Danlos syndrome can also cause problems with motility. And then you can have dysfunction of your I valve.    [00:27:35] Yeah. There's such a long list of problems that you can have that can contribute to this. And I think, you know, people listening, I kind of want, because you have such breadth and depth of knowledge.   [00:27:48] For them to really get a good idea of what you, what you know, and what you offer. You have so much information on your podcast. We're definitely gonna give everyone, um, we'll put the link in the show notes to the podcast. And I was just looking at all the episodes you have. I was like, oh my gosh, I wanna talk to her about this.   [00:28:11] I wanna talk to her about that. I want her to share this. I want her to share. And so I think even if you're listening and you're like, oh my gosh, you guys are going way too fast and covering way too much ground. That is information for you to spur your interest, to go watch. Or listen to Lindsey's podcast, cuz she has so much valuable information.   [00:28:32] And then you can select the topics that interest you and you can listen to those. She talks about the FMT, the fecal microbiota transplant as a treatment. And I'm wondering if you could share a little bit about what that is and what it's used for? Cause I don't think a lot of people know that. An up and coming treatment for our GI problems.   [00:28:54] Okay. So FMT in the US is legal only in non-experimental contexts for recurrent C difficile infections, which is very potent bacteria that causes, you know, explosive diarrhea that can kill you and kills. I don't know something like 40,000 people a year. So if you have recurrent C diff, that's not treatable by antibiotics a couple times, then you could, in theory, if you can access it, get a fecal transplant done in a hospital.   [00:29:23] And it's basically taking the stool from a healthy donor and either putting it in capsule format or in ENMA format. And then you get a retention en ENMA of it. And for C diff it's usually just one treatment for other. So in other countries it's legal for other conditions like. IBS or inflammatory bowel disease with different levels of success, given the condition, even for autoimmune conditions, for any number of things, even, even conditions you might think aren't connected to.   [00:29:58] The gut is like ALS or multiple sclerosis. Well, that's autoimmune. So you may think that, but in any case, there are definitely some testimonies on a number of different conditions. So in, in particular, I think I know of clinics that do this in Australia, in the UK, in The Bahamas in Canada. Now I think there's one in Mexico focusing on, on children with autism in particular.   [00:30:23] Oh, and I think there used to be one in Argentina. I'm not sure if that's still there. So around the world, you can do treatments. And typically those will last for two five-day courses, essentially over the course of two weeks during the work week. And, you know, there are just some amazing testimonials of, of, oh, and of course mental health.   [00:30:41] I hadn't even discussed that cuz I have a lot of stories of people with serious mental health issues from bipolar to depression, to anxiety and pan and pan pans and pan, does that have been resolved after fecal transplants? And then of course it's also being used and in a particular, very purified form, that's an experimental form being used for autism.   [00:31:03] So it has the potential to be quite life changing, which is not to say it is for everyone. Uh, there's a Facebook group full of people who have tried it and it didn't help them. So I think the donor quality and just sort of the good match between the donor and the recipient are also important. So it's not always a foolproof thing.   [00:31:22] I. but, but there are for those, for whom it makes a difference, boy, it sure can make a big difference. Yeah. And I think probably some people listening are thinking, wow, that's really radical. Cuz I know when I talk about coffee, ENMA some people just really freak out. they're like what? I'm not doing.   [00:31:39] Putting what in my butt. No. And so when we talk about a fecal transplant via enema, I know some people get freaked out, but you know, if anybody listening has heard any of the recent data or information or knowledge that we have about the microbiome and how key it is for our overall health, you really, for some people could call it almost like getting a brain transplant, cuz your gut is your second brain.   [00:32:04] And. See the podcast episode that you had with the woman who I think she healed herself from bipolar using fecal transplant. Can you talk a little bit about her story?   [00:32:15] So she was in Australia and had bipolar for many years. I think she had probably, I think if I recall correctly, I think there had been suicide attempts.   [00:32:27] She had been in the hospitalized maybe five times with, you know, major depressive episodes. So. It was a serious and ongoing problem for her, from which she would emerge, you know, for periods of time when she could function normally, but mostly couldn't hold down a job. She did get married though, to a wonderful man who also had a wonderful stool.   [00:32:49] And at some point heard about yeah.    [00:32:52] New criteria for finding a partner.    [00:32:55] Absolutely.    [00:32:56] So did I get a stool sample before we seriously? Well, she didn't test it or anything. She just tried it and sure enough. It really worked for her. I think she, I think she did it more intensely at first and then more periodically afterwards, but it absolutely pulled her out of her depressions.   [00:33:15] And, you know, in large part resolved her bipolar. I wouldn't say she said it wa I think she emphasized it. Wasn't like a hundred percent cure, but from what I could hear, it really turned her life around. So she just DIYed it. She DIYed it. Yeah. So there's a lot of people doing that in the US, by the way, they're just finding donors.   [00:33:35] They may or may not be testing 'em I always recommend, of course, if you're gonna consider a donor that you do the full protocol of testing, which involves both blood tests for infectious diseases and sexually transmitted transmitted infections, as well as a stool test to, to make sure they don't have any of the major stool pathogens that you could potentially get.   [00:33:52] Because especially if you're doing it. Reasons related to gut issues. And you're, if you're in fragile health, like, especially if you have any kind of inflammatory bowel disease, you can really mess yourself up. If you bring in a pathogen and your gut is not prepared to fight it.    [00:34:07] Yes. Yeah. I would say, you know, it'd be similar to having sex.   [00:34:11] It's pretty intimate. You might wanna even more so.   [00:34:15] Right. Even more so. Yeah. Wow. So much. And then I was wondering, I saw you had another, a few episodes. I. On colostrum. Yeah. The one with ni not Nike, is that how you say his name and how and breathwork and colostrum that he used to restore his gut. And I was wondering if you could talk about some of that.   [00:34:39] So colostrum is the first milk that comes out of the breast and, or the cow in this case, because if you buy it, you're buying cow colostrum and. It is full of antibodies and transfer factors and immunoglobulin. And in particular, now they're also selling these serum bovine immunoglobulin, which are extracted from colostrums. [00:35:05] So I often recommend those to clients who have serious gut issues, because it just kind of enhances your. Immune system in the gut, without specifically, it's not like an antibiotic, which kind of indiscriminately kills. It's more like bringing in an extra immune system. Mm-hmm . So I often do recommend those powders to people who have something that you don't quite want to hit with an antimicrobial right off the bat.   [00:35:29] So anyway, so in his case though, he used a colostrum to heal his gut. And so it's just, I think it's just a way of bringing in a new immune system to the gut slowly but surely and helping it turn itself around. Yeah, I love them as like, you it's like a supportive, I don't know that it fixes necessarily.   [00:35:47] It's a bandaid and it gives support in the short term and can help promote healing. So I love them. And then I was just interested. For you to also talk about breathwork, which is something that I use in my programs all the time with people. Um, I teach them about the nature of HR V heart rate variability and parasympathetic sympathetic, autonomic nervous system balance.   [00:36:09] And how that really programs your gut, your guts motility. Is that something that you recommend for people?   [00:36:16] I have recommended it to certain people since that podcast in particular. And then since I read the word, the book breath by while I'm in the middle of it by James Nester Yes. So I definitely have gotten more interested in the breath and how it relates to good health in particular.   [00:36:32] Now, if I have a client who snores, I'll suggest mouth taping, mm-hmm . If I have a client for whom. Everything has been tried in terms of diet changes in terms of supplements and antimicrobials. And there's still kind of the root cause of their stress or of their dysfunction has not been identified. I'll really think about breath work and or some other type of practice like meditation or yoga, etcetera, to start reducing stress and just bringing some focus.   [00:37:05] But  I probably have not exploited it to the extent that it could be, because there's always so many different things you can bring in with a client and you don't want to overload them.    [00:37:15] That is so true. And along those lines, I'm wondering if, because we've jumped all over the place, cuz I'm just so excited to talk to you.   [00:37:23] And there's so many things I wanna ask you about and chat with you about, but for everybody listening, can you kind of bring it full circle, maybe using a who comes to mind that maybe had really been suffering for a long time. And who came to you and kind of, what is the process you usually take people through. And what does, what does a gut journey look like?   [00:37:46] for people? So I have such a variety of clients, from people who think they've been suffering a long time because they've had something for a year versus people who've had something for 15 years. And, but I would say, uh, a typical journey might be somebody who comes in with a little more complexity.   [00:38:02] Maybe they have both gut issues and autoimmune issues. Typically, we would just have a first appointment to talk over a complete medical history in the way that no doctor has ever sat and listened to you where I'm gonna totally try and understand all the potential root causes of what has come to pass and how they've ended up where they are.   [00:38:20] And then together we'll decide on what tests fit in based on. What their symptoms are and then what their budget is because obviously not everybody can afford a thousand dollars worth of testing right off the bat. It would be lovely if everybody could, but not everyone can. So we have to be thoughtful about that.   [00:38:37] And then typically we'll get the results back, and then we'll go over those results and all the potential things that could help given what, what was found on the test. And I'll educate them about the protocols that practitioners use to deal with those that's come up, be it some type of dysbiosis or SIBO or overgrowth of candida.   [00:38:57] Or something like the ion profile, we may be looking at deficiencies in amino acids or in fatty acids or vitamins and minerals that can come up on organic acids or on the ion profile. So we'll look at that. And then typically I'm recommending things to them over a period of time because you can't again, throw.   [00:39:15] A hundred supplements at a person at the same time, people can only take so much. I mean, there are, people are just like, give it all to me. I want it all right now but other people are gonna be like, yeah, that's too much both financially and too much in terms of taking pills. So, you know, I'll, I'll explain to them what, what the different supplements the benefits are and what I think in a good order would probably be for doing it.   [00:39:37] And then diet changes, of course, will be recommended based on. What they've already tried, but I find that by the time people get to me, they're usually already eating some version of a paleo diet, or I do occasionally get people who are plant based and I often have to push them towards getting more protein.   [00:39:54] Somehow mm-hmm, potentially moving towards eating some animal protein or some seafood, just because I can see frequent deficiencies, amino acids when that happens. And, it's also very common to see mental health issues in my clients. So if that's the case, then I'm often. You know, educating them about the amino acids that can bring up serotonin and dopamine.   [00:40:16] And you can see the deficiencies of that  on an organic acid test, or you can see actual levels of the amino acids on the ion profile. And then with autoimmune stuff, then we're also looking at supplements that can help reduce inflammation if we've already addressed gut stuff. So typically we'd go through addressing any kind of gut.   [00:40:36] But then after that, if they're still flaring, then we might look at anti-inflammatory supplements, like, you know, fish oil or SPMS, or I get the name of right off the bat. Oh, alpha glyco, ISO Quatrine Soin BAIC or Cuban. Yeah. Curcumin. Right. Those kind of anti-inflammatory things. So over time, you know, I'll educate them about each kind of supplement and how it might play a role in helping them heal. [00:41:04] and yeah, so I'll ultimately see people over the course of five appointments that might take most of a year and slowly but surely help them restore their health and get them at least to a point of stability. There's no magic cure in terms of autoimmune disease. Not everybody's gonna have the results I did because I caught it early enough and there was not so much damage to my thyroid.   [00:41:25] So. You know, you have a certain amount of damage, and it's not gonna be, you're not gonna reverse it, but you may reduce your medication dosages and you may at least get to a point of stability or potentially if, if the client is interested, get off any kind of, you know, steroid medications or. Other autoimmune prescription medications.   [00:41:46] Yeah. Immunosuppressive drugs. Right. I'm curious to know.    [00:41:49] I mean, we're, we're getting short on time. I'm gonna have to let you go, but I wanna know your thoughts on alcohol, cuz my thoughts are not necessarily popular. So I just want to see where you stand on that with gut health. Well, it is toxic. There's no question about that.   [00:42:05] And it does. Kind of go in and cause some damage to gut bacteria. And if you're having guest right and upper GI issues, for sure. It's definitely not helpful. That being said, I can't say I'm a non-drinker, so I'm not, but generally my clients who are really sick are just not drinking in the first place.   [00:42:26] So I'm not having to tell most of them to stay away from alcohol there, but they've already done it themselves. So obviously you want to stay at the lowest levels. You want to be considered a low level drinker, not a moderate level, which unfortunately for a woman is no more than a drink a day. And for men no more than two, up until 65 than one after 65, if I recall correctly.   [00:42:47] And then the other things is that people wanna say, do we all have to stop eating gluten and cow smoke dairy Lindsey?    [00:42:55] We'll typically recommend cutting out gluten and dairy to everybody for some period of time. Now, if I have a very simple case of SIBO that resolves quickly and easily, and the person says, I don't seem to have any problem with gluten, I cut it out, and I put it back in, and I had no difference.   [00:43:12] Then I won't necessarily say you have to cut out gluten. If you have an autoimmune issue, I'm gonna say gluten's gone for life.   [00:43:20] Yeah. I, I generally would agree with that for sure Lindsey, so much great information that you shared today. I know everybody listening has been like, it's a whirlwind Kyrin, you took her all over the place.   [00:43:31] I know, I know guys, but I wanted you to get a sampling of everything that she has to offer. There's so much more, even on her podcast, the perfect stool, which is an amazing name. And great content. You've had some of the same. Yes. I've had Steve Wright and Dr. Gray SL and they're probably more if I continue to look at it, I did wanna ask you about this before we wrap up, you shared, uh, some quotes that you like before we started with me and I just wanna share this one.   [00:44:01] A calorie is not a calorie. And can you tell everyone what that means to you?   [00:44:04] Absolutely. So, number one, I, before I did this, I was. A, an advocate for healthier school food. And one of the things that we fought the most in that particular battle in Montgomery County, Maryland, was to try and reduce the sugar in school food.   [00:44:22] And I remember sitting at a hearing with the state Senate, trying to get a bill passed, to reduce sugar in school food, and having. Former home EC teacher who was a state Senator said, well, a calorie's just a calorie. And I said, no, it is not. In fact, that is a soda marketing campaign to try and convince you.   [00:44:41] You can just go calories and calories out, just exercise more, and you can drink your Coke every day, which I definitely do not believe. So part of the issue with calories is that they're not metabolized the same. So for example, when you eat protein, 25 to 30% of it is. Of the calories of protein is used up just in digesting the protein.   [00:45:01] Whereas it's, it's a much lower number for carbohydrates and fat. So, you know, something like six to 8% of the carbs are used to digest carbs and two to 3% of the fat. So therefore you're getting a lot more calories from your fat and your carbs. And then. You also have different foods and have that have different impact on the body.   [00:45:20] So for example, fructose versus glucose, glucose can be used by almost all your cells. Fructose is going to your liver and ultimately, mostly being stored as fat. So, you know, that's why the whole thing against high fructose corn syrup, not to say glucose is good, but just to say that, that they impact your body differently.   [00:45:37] And then of course you have fiber. So, you know, if you eat a hundred calories of almonds versus a hundred calories of soda, That impacts your body in a completely different way because the almonds have healthy fats, and they have fiber, and that is gonna slow down the absorption of the calories of any sugars, et cetera, that are in the food when you're eating fiber.   [00:45:59] So it just makes a complete difference in which kinds of foods you're eating. A calorie is not a calorie. It's so true.    [00:46:04] And I, I really love to help people understand that a lot of people believe the food that they eat is only about calories. And it's speaking to your system on so many levels. Right.   [00:46:17] Mm-hmm, in so many languages at one time. It's like they're having this international language conference. It's speaking because of its bio force. It's life force, it's PR it's Chi, whatever you want to call it, it's speaking nutrition, right? Certain vitamins, which are not present in soda and in the almonds are of course speaking the fiber language, right.   [00:46:39] Or it's not speaking fiber language. And so about so much more than macronutrients, which are calories. It's about micronutrients, energetic nutrients. And I think that goes to the other quote that you shared with me that I love. I'd rather pay for healthy food now than healthcare later. So one of people's biggest objections to doing this type of work is eating, trying to eat healthy and particularly organic.   [00:47:07] And so talk a little bit about that and then we'll go ahead and wrap up.   [00:47:09] Oh, I just have, I've been of the philosophy since I have tried to turn around my health, that that indeed it is worth it to pay for more expensive organic foods and in particular, and this is a lot of people, they, they think, well, I, I mostly buy organic vegetables and I say, do you eat Pasteur raised meats?   [00:47:29] How about your dairy products? Are they pasture raised? So I don't, I, the only dairy I. Is butter and GE. And so I make sure that those products and, and I know it cost $4 more, a pound for pasture raise butter, but I get it because that's where all the toxins from the body settle into your fat.    [00:47:54] So if you want to maximize your, you know, or minimize your consumption of toxins, then you definitely wanna look for high quality meat and wild cut seafood and that kind of thing not. And then of course, low mercury seafood at that. When you're looking for your animal products, cuz the animals, you know, you think about everything else. It's the build up the entire environment and the plants that builds into the  animal and the protein and the fat.   [00:48:10] So true.    [00:48:14] Thank you so much, Lindsey for joining us today, Lindsey Parsons, we are gonna have links in the show notes. You've got a free E booklet available on your website, finding your root cause through stool and organic acids testing. So I'll have a link over to that.   [00:48:29] We'll have a link to the 30 minute breakthrough session that people can do by phone or video chat. We'll have a link to the podcast also that you definitely wanna check out if you're interested in your health and healing from a root cause. Gut is a huge part of that. So you want to go there and check out the perfect stool so you can have the perfect stool and thanks so much for joining me today.   [00:48:53] Any last words you'd like to leave everybody?    [00:48:54] No, I just wanna thank you so much for bringing me on and for checking out my podcast and recommending it. I really appreciate it.    [00:49:02] It is absolutely my pleasure to have you here, and thank you all for listening today. Thanks for spending a little bit of your day with us.   [00:49:10] Hopefully you have learned something today that you can put into action. This is all about taking action to move your. To the brilliance that it can be. I thank you for joining me, and I'll see you next week until then peace, love and hormones. Y'all thank you so much for listening. I know that incredible vitality occurs for women over 40.   [00:49:32] When we learn to speak hormone and balance these vital regulators to create the health and life that we. If you're enjoying this podcast, I'd love it. If you give me a review and subscribe, it really does help this podcast out so much. You can visit the hormone prescription.com, where we have some free gifts for you, and you can sign up to have a hormone evaluation with me on the podcast to gain clarity into your personal situation until next time.   [00:50:02] Remember, small steps each day to balance your hormones and watch the wonderful changes in your health that begin to unfold for you. Talk to you soon.   Get Lindsey Parsons's free e-booklet: “Finding Your Root Cause Through Stool and Organic Acids Testing.” https://highdeserthealthcoaching.com/newsletter/   30 Minute Breakthrough Session with Lindsey Parsons - by phone or video chat https://calendly.com/highdeserthealth/30-minute-breakthrough-session-by-phone-or-vi-clone   Feeling tired? Can't seem to lose weight, no matter how hard you try? It might be time to check your hormones.   Most people don't even know that their hormones could be the culprit behind their problems. But at Her Hormone Club, we specialize in hormone testing and treatment. We can help you figure out what's going on with your hormones and get you back on track.   We offer advanced hormone testing and treatment from Board Certified Practitioners, so you can feel confident that you're getting the best possible care. Plus, our convenient online consultation process makes it easy to get started.   Try Her Hormone Club for 30 days and see how it can help you feel better than before. CLICK HERE to sign up: https://www.herhormoneclub.com/  

Hello everyone and welcome to a very special 2-part episode of the MS Gym podcast. At the moment, Jodi and I are currently on our usual summer podcast hiatus, but when author Dr. Terry Wahls, the creator of The Wahls Protocol, reached out to us to help share information about a new study she's working on, we were honored and MORE than happy to oblige.  We both thought it would be a perfect opportunity to host an episode together and, of course, we couldn't wait to share the episodes with our listeners. So, you might be thinking, who is Dr. Terry Wahls? What's the Wahls Protocol? Dr. Wahls is currently a clinical professor of medicine at the University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine in Iowa City, Iowa, U.S.A., where she teaches internal medicine residents in their primary care clinics. She also does clinical research and has published over 60 peer-reviewed scientific abstracts, and papers. What gives Dr. Wahls a unique perspective in her field, is the fact that in. 2003 she was diagnosed with RRMS  and quickly transitioned to SPMS a few short years later.  At that time, she put her researched-oriented brain to work and discovered that most MS treatments centered around drugs that were years away from approval. Given that, she diverted her attention to the role of vitamins and supplements, which were readily available, in helping brain disorders, as part of a treatment plan. She added to her research repertoire functional medicine, a biology–based approach that focuses on identifying and addressing the root cause of disease and from there started compiling a list of supplemental nutrients that would assist in brain health. Her ah ha moment came when she asked herself, what if she created a diet that would include those important brain nutrients, not from supplements, but from the foods she ate...and the rest is Wahls Protocol history!  In this episode one of two, we'll get a closer look at Dr. Wahls own physical decline and how she ate her way back to health and onto creating the now infamous Wahls Protocol. We'll also ask her about the new study she's working on.  EPISODE NOTES: Who is Dr. Terry Wahls? Her unique perspective Eating her way to healthy Too weak to sit in a chair Why mitochondria is key Diet, exercise and supplements How it changed her career path What MS drugs she's taken over the years  Her chemotherapy experience Redesigning her Paleo diet When the magic happened The highlights of the Wahls Protocol Where are the nutrients in the food? Her troublesome trigeminal neuralgia Being able to sit at the dining table Making symptomatic strides from food alone The bike ride that changed everything Bringing the Wahls Protocol to the masses When her own residents started trying her protocol Running her own clinic "Give me your sickest people" Is it a healing diet? A body's regenerative capacity Fixing the microbiome Is it a high fat, low carb diet? Less sugar, more vegetables and protein, yes or no? FATS, what types are important? How the standard American diet is destructive Meeting people where they're at Explaining why there is NOT a one size fits all diet Is coconut oil really like "the devil"? Pre-diet blood work How our genetic differences change the efficacy of our diet choices Should children be on a ketogenic diet Who you shouldn't be listening to The family factor Dr. Wahls study LINKS: DR. TERRY WAHLS: Website Book - The Wahls Protocol - with access to BONUS content THE MS GYM: Website YouTube Facebook Instagram BROOKE SLICK: Website Instagram

Episode 438 Comic Book talk about Astronaut Down #1, Monkey Prince #5, Samurai Sonja #1, Stake presents Jessamy #2, Where Starships go to Die #1. Multiple Sclerosis Health Talk about Lose Weight without Diet & Exercise, Secondary Progressive MS and Cognitive Changes, Remission and SPMS, the Ornish Diet and other stuff with health and MS. Send comments, questions and tips to kevintheduckpool@gmail.com please help us out by rating and reviewing us and telling a friend. Also check out audio and video versions of Crimson Cowl Comic Club & Under the Cowl podcasts. A fun variety of great people talk comic books, entertainment or whatever and you can see or hear me on many episodes of those podcasts as well with many more great episodes to come out in the future. --- This episode is sponsored by · Anchor: The easiest way to make a podcast. https://anchor.fm/app --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/kevin-kleinhans/message Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/kevin-kleinhans/support

Episode 437 Wellness Wednesday episode in which we talk about Multiple Sclerosis stuff, Neuromyelitis Optica (NMO) vs MS, Probiotics and Weight Loss, Secondary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis Support, Memory Loss and more for Multiple Sclerosis Health and MS. Send comments, questions and tips to kevintheduckpool@gmail.com please help us out by rating and reviewing us and telling a friend. Also check out audio and video versions of Crimson Cowl Comic Club & Under the Cowl podcasts. A fun variety of great people talk comic books, entertainment or whatever and you can see or hear me on many episodes of those podcasts as well with many more great episodes to come out in the future. --- This episode is sponsored by · Anchor: The easiest way to make a podcast. https://anchor.fm/app --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/kevin-kleinhans/message Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/kevin-kleinhans/support

Episode 431 Comic Book talk about Crossover #11 & 13, Loaded Bible Blood of My Blood #3, Saga #59, The Scorched #5 & 6, Spawn #324, 329 & 330, Spider-Punk #2, Thor #26, Twig #2, Vampirella Strikes #2, The Vampire Slayer #2, Wolverine Patch #2, The X-cellent #3. Multiple Sclerosis Health Talk about SPMS Remission, Functional Foods, Eating Late Night, Coconut Kefir, Nausea and other stuff with health and MS. Send comments, questions and tips to kevintheduckpool@gmail.com please help us out by rating and reviewing us and telling a friend. Also check out audio and video versions of Crimson Cowl Comic Club & Under the Cowl podcasts. A fun variety of great people talk comic books, entertainment or whatever and you can see or hear me on many episodes of those podcasts as well with many more great episodes to come out in the future. --- This episode is sponsored by · Anchor: The easiest way to make a podcast. https://anchor.fm/app --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/kevin-kleinhans/message Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/kevin-kleinhans/support

Host: Barry A. Singer, MD Patients living with MS can experience hidden or invisible symptoms that may not be apparent to others but can affect how they feel and function. In this podcast, Dr. Barry Singer, the Director at the Multiple Sclerosis Center for Innovations in Care, and Rosario, a patient who has been living with MS for 10 years, discuss their clinical and personal experiences with MS, and the impact that MS can have on a patient's QoL. In the 2-year AFFIRM pivotal trial: Relapsing MS patients received 300 mg TYSABRI every 28 days (n=627) or placebo (n=315). Patients with PPMS, SPMS, and PRMS were excluded.2,3 83% of patients taking TYSABRI had no sustained disability progression for 12 weeks vs 71% with placebo (primary endpoint: 17% vs 29%; p