Podcasts about Chakrabarty

This is one in a series about possible futures, which will be published in Booch News over the coming weeks. Episode 7 appeared last week. New episodes drop every Friday. Overview Peer-to-peer flavor-sharing platforms enabled home brewers to distribute taste profiles as digital files. Blockchain-verified SCOBY genetics allowed anyone to recreate award-winning kombucha flavors. Traditional beverage companies lost control as open-source fermentation recipes spread globally. This episode follows teenage hacker Luna Reyes as she reverse-engineers Heineken’s proprietary “A-yeast” strain and the century-old master strain used for Budweiser, releasing them under Creative Commons license, triggering a flavor renaissance that made corporate beverages taste like cardboard by comparison. Luna Reyes: The Seventeen-Year-Old Who Liberated Flavor Luna Reyes was brewing kombucha in her Oakland garage when she changed the course of human history. The daughter of Mexican immigrants, she had learned fermentation from her grandmother while teaching herself bioinformatics through YouTube tutorials and volunteering at the Counter Culture Labs Maker Space on Shattuck Avenue. By fifteen, she was running the Bay Area’s most sophisticated home laboratory, utilizing jury-rigged DNA sequencers and microscopes constructed from smartphone cameras. Her breakthrough came in February 2043 while investigating why her kombucha never tasted quite like expensive craft varieties and was different again from her grandmother’s home brew. Using Crispr techniques learned from online forums, Luna began reverse-engineering the microbial genetics of premium alcoholic beverages. Her target wasn’t kombucha—it was the closely guarded yeast strains that gave corporate beers their distinctive flavors. Luna hunched over her microscope, examining bacterial cultures from her latest kombucha batch. Around her, salvaged DNA sequencers hummed, fermentation vessels bubbled, and computer screens displayed multi-hued patterns of genetic sequences. Her grandmother, Rosa, entered carrying a tray with three glasses of homemade kombucha. “Mija, you’ve been working for six hours straight. Drink something.” Luna accepted the glass without looking up. “Abuela, your kombucha tastes better than anything I can buy in stores and the ones I’ve experimented with. Why? I’m using the same base ingredients—tea, sugar, water—but mine never has this complexity.” Her grandmother laughed. “Because I’ve been feeding this SCOBY for forty years. It knows what to do. You can’t rush relationships.” Luna’s sister Maya, lounging against a workbench, waved her phone. “Luna, people have noticed your forum post about Health-Ade’s fermentation process. Someone says you’re wasting your time trying to replicate commercial kombuchas.” “I’m not trying to replicate them,” Luna said, finally looking up. “I’m trying to understand why their kombucha tastes different than that I make at home. It’s not the ingredients. It’s not the process. It’s the microbial genetics.” Rosa sat down beside her granddaughter. “When I was young in Oaxaca, every family had their own kombucha culture, passed down generation to generation. Each tasted different because the bacteria adapted to their environment, their ingredients, their care. We had a saying, Hay tantas fermentaciones en el mundo como estrellas en el cielo nocturno – there are as many ferments in the world as stars in the night sky. The big companies want every bottle to be identical. That kills what makes fermentation special.” “Exactly!” Luna pulled up genetic sequences on her screen. “I’ve been reverse-engineering samples from different commercial kombuchas. Health-Ade, GT’s, Brew Dr—they all have consistent microbial profiles.” The Great Heist: Cracking Corporate DNA Luna’s first major hack targeted Heineken’s legendary “A-yeast” strain, developed in 1886 by Dr. Hartog Elion—a student of renowned chemist Louis Pasteur—in the company’s Amsterdam laboratory and protected by over 150 years of trade secret law. Using samples obtained from discarded brewery waste (technically legal under the “garbage doctrine”), she spent six months mapping the strain’s complete genetic sequence in her makeshift lab. The breakthrough required extraordinary ingenuity. Luna couldn’t afford professional gene sequencers, so she modified a broken Illumina iSeq100 purchased on eBay for $200. Her sequencing runs took weeks rather than hours; her results were identical to those produced by million-dollar laboratory equipment. Her detailed laboratory notebooks, later published as The Garage Genomics Manifesto, became essential reading for the biotech hacker movement. The Budweiser project proved even more challenging. Anheuser-Busch’s century-old master strain had been protected by layers of corporate secrecy rivaling classified military programs. The company maintained multiple backup cultures in cryogenic facilities across three continents, never allowing complete genetic mapping by outside researchers. Luna’s success required infiltrating the company’s waste-disposal systems at four breweries, collecting samples over 18 months while evading corporate security. The Decision The night before Luna was scheduled to meet her fellow bio-hackers at Oakland’s Counter Culture Labs, she sat at her workstation, hesitant, wondering if she was doing the right thing. Her sister Maya came in, looking worried. “Luna, I found something you need to see,” she says. “Remember Marcus Park? He tried releasing proprietary yeast information in 2039. Heineken buried him. He lost everything. His daughter dropped out of college. His wife left him. He’s working at a gas station now.” Luna spent the night researching what happened to Park. She found that almost everyone who challenged corporate IP ended up on the losing side of the law. It was not pretty. In the morning, Abuela Rosa finds her crying in her room. “Mija, what’s wrong?” she asks. “Oh, Abuela,” Luna says between sobs. “What am I doing? What if I’m wrong? What if I destroy our family? What if this ruins Mom and Dad? What if I’m just being selfish?” “That’s the fear talking.” Her grandmother reassured her. “Fear is wisdom warning you to be careful. But fear can also be a cage.” That evening at the Counter Culture Labs, Luna assembled a small group of advisors. She needed their guidance. She had the completed genetic sequences for Heineken A-yeast and Budweiser’s master strain on her laptop, ready for release. But is this the time and place to release them to the world? Dr. Marcus Webb, a bioinformatics researcher in his forties and Luna’s mentor, examined her sequencing data. “This is solid work, Luna. Your jury-rigged equipment is crude. The results are accurate. You’ve fully mapped both strains.” “The question isn’t whether I can do it,” Luna said. “It’s whether I should let the world know I did it.” On screen, Cory Doctorow, the author and digital rights activist, leaned forward. “Let’s be clear about what you’re proposing. You’d be releasing genetic information that corporations have protected as trade secrets for over a century. They’ll argue you stole their intellectual property. You’ll face lawsuits, possibly criminal charges.” “Is it their property?” Luna challenged. “These are naturally occurring organisms. They didn’t create that yeast. Evolution did. They just happened to be there when it appeared. That does not make it theirs any more than finding a wildflower means they own the species. Can you really own something that existed before you found it?” Doctorow, the Electronic Frontier Foundation representative spoke up. “There’s legal precedent both ways. Diamond v. Chakrabarty established that genetically modified organisms can be patented. But naturally occurring genetic sequences? That’s murky. The companies will argue that their decades of cultivation and protection created protectable trade secrets.” “Trade secrets require keeping information secret,” Luna argued. “They throw this yeast away constantly. If they’re not protecting it, how can they claim trade secret status?” Dr. Webb cautioned, “Luna, even if you’re legally in the right—which is debatable—you’re seventeen years old. You’ll be fighting multinational corporations with unlimited legal resources. They’ll bury you in litigation for years.” “That’s where we come in,” Doctorow said. “The EFF can provide legal defense. Creative Commons can help structure the license. You need to understand: this will consume your life. College, career plans, normal teenage experiences—all on hold while you fight this battle.” Luna was quiet for a moment, then pulled up a photo on her laptop: her grandmother Rosa, teaching her to ferment at age seven. “My abuela says fermentation is about sharing and passing living cultures between generations. Corporations have turned it into intellectual property to be protected and controlled. If I can break that control—even a little—isn’t that worth fighting for?” Maya spoke up from the back. “Luna, I love you, but you’re being naive. They won’t just sue you. They’ll make an example of you. Your face on every news channel, portrayed as a thief, a criminal. Our family harassed. Your future destroyed. For what? So people can brew beer with the same yeast as Heineken?” “Not just beer,” Luna responded passionately. “This is about whether living organisms can be owned. Whether genetic information—the code of life itself—can be locked behind intellectual property law. Yes, it starts with beer yeast. But what about beneficial bacteria? Life-saving microorganisms? Medicine-producing fungi? Where does it end?” Dr. Webb nodded slowly. “She’s right. This is bigger than beer. As biotech advances, genetic control becomes power over life itself. Do we want corporations owning that?” Doctorow sighed. “If you do this, Luna, do it right. Release everything simultaneously—BitTorrent, WikiLeaks, Creative Commons servers, distributed networks worldwide. Make it impossible to contain. Include complete cultivation protocols so anyone can reproduce your results. Make the data so damn widely available that suppressing it becomes futile.” “And write a manifesto,” he added. “Explain why you’re doing this. Frame the issue. Make it about principles, not piracy.” Luna nodded, fingers already typing. “When should I release?” “Pick a date with symbolic meaning,” Dr. Webb suggested. “Make it an event, not just a data dump.” Luna smiled. “December 15. The Bill of Rights Day. Appropriate for declaring biological rights, don’t you think?” Maya groaned. “You’re really doing this, aren’t you?” “Yes. I’m really doing this.” The Creative Commons Liberation On Tuesday, December 15, 2043—a date now celebrated as “Open Flavor Day”—Luna released the genetic sequences on multiple open-source networks. Her manifesto, titled Your Grandmother’s Yeast Is Your Birthright, argued that microbial genetics belonged to humanity’s shared heritage rather than corporate shareholders. It stated: Commercial companies have protected yeast strains for over a century. They’ve used intellectual property law to control flavor itself. But genetic information isn’t like a recipe or a formula—it’s biological code that evolved over millions of years before humans ever cultivated it. These strains are protected as trade secrets—the bacteria don’t belong to anyone. They existed before Heineken, before Budweiser, before trademark law. The companies just happened to isolate and cultivate them. Her data packages included DNA sequences and complete protocols for cultivating, modifying, and improving the strains. Luna’s releases came with user-friendly software that allowed amateur brewers to simulate genetic modifications before attempting them in real fermentations. Within 24 hours, over ten thousand people worldwide downloaded the files. The Creative Commons community erupted in celebration. Cory Doctorow’s blog post, The Teenager Who Stole Christmas (From Corporate Beer), went viral within hours. The Electronic Frontier Foundation immediately offered Luna legal protection, while the Free Software Foundation created the “Luna Defense Fund” to support her anticipated legal battles. The Legal Assault Heineken’s response was swift. The company filed emergency injunctions in 12 countries simultaneously, seeking to prevent the distribution of its “stolen intellectual property.” Their legal team, led by former U.S. Attorney General William Barr III, demanded Luna’s immediate arrest for “economic terrorism” and “theft of trade secrets valued at over $50 billion.” Anheuser-Busch’s reaction was even more extreme. CEO Marcel Telles IV appeared on CNBC, calling Luna “a bioterrorist who threatens the foundation of American capitalism.” The company hired private investigators to surveil Luna’s family and offered a $10 million reward for information leading to her prosecution. Their legal filing compared Luna’s actions to “stealing the formula for Coca-Cola and publishing it in the New York Times.” In Heineken’s Amsterdam headquarters, executives convened an emergency meeting. “Who is Luna Reyes?” the CEO demanded. The legal counsel pulled up information. “She’s a seventeen-year-old high school student in Oakland, California. No criminal record. Volunteers at a maker space. Has been posting about fermentation on various forums for years.” “A child released our proprietary yeast strain to the world, and we didn’t know she was even working on this?” The CEO’s face reddened. “How do we contain it?” “We can’t. It’s distributed across thousands of servers in dozens of countries with different IP laws. We can sue Reyes, but the information is out there permanently.” An executive interjected, “What about the other breweries? Will they join our lawsuit?” “Some are considering it. Others…” The counsel paused. “Others are quietly downloading the sequences themselves. They see an opportunity to break our market dominance.” “She obtained samples from our waste disposal,” another executive explained. “Technically legal under the garbage doctrine. The sequencing itself isn’t illegal. The release under Creative Commons…” “Is theft!” the CEO shouted. “File emergency injunctions. Twelve countries. Get her arrested for economic terrorism.” Similar scenes played out at Anheuser-Busch headquarters in St. Louis. CEO Telles addressed his team: “This is bioterrorism. She’s destroyed intellectual property worth billions. I want her prosecuted to the fullest extent of the law. Hire private investigators. Find everything about her and her family. Make her life hell!” By noon, both companies had filed lawsuits. By evening, Fox News was running stories about the “teenage bioterrorist” who “stole American corporate secrets.” Back in Oakland, Luna’s phone rang constantly. Her parents discovered what she’d done. Her mother cried. Her father was furious and terrified. Friends called with either congratulations or warnings. She was convinced that private investigators were photographing their house. Maya suspected she was followed to work. On Wednesday morning, Dr. Webb calls: “Luna, they’re offering me $2 million to testify against you. They’re going after everyone in your network.” Luna has a sickening feeling that she’s put everyone at risk. By Thursday, she is considering taking it all back somehow, sending an apology to the corporations, anything to protect her family. Luna turned off her phone and sat with her grandmother. “It’s started,” Luna said quietly. “Sí, mija. You’ve declared war. Now we see if you can survive it.” Maya burst in, laptop in hand. “Luna, you need to see this. The downloads aren’t slowing—they’re accelerating. Every time Heineken or Budweiser shuts down a website, ten mirror sites appear. People are treating this like a digital freedom fight. You’ve become a symbol.” Luna pulled up her own screen. The #FreeLuna hashtag was trending. Crowdfunding campaigns for her legal defense had raised $400,000 in twelve hours. Academic institutions were publicly endorsing her release, calling it “essential scientific information.” “They’re trying to destroy you,” Maya said, “but they’re making you famous instead.” Rosa handed Luna a fresh kombucha. “This is what happens when you fight for what’s right, mija. Sometimes the world surprises you by supporting you.” Luna’s Fame The corporations’ attempts to suppress Luna’s releases had the opposite effect. Every cease-and-desist letter generated thousands of new downloads. The genetic data became impossible to contain once the academic community embraced Luna’s work. Dr. Jennifer Doudna, the legendary Crispr pioneer now in her eighties, publicly endorsed Luna’s releases in a Science magazine editorial: Ms. Reyes has liberated essential scientific information that corporations held hostage for commercial gain. Genetic sequences from naturally occurring organisms should not be locked behind intellectual property law. They belong to humanity’s knowledge commons. While corporations claim Luna stole trade secrets, I argue she freed biological knowledge that was never theirs to own. There are no trade secrets in biology—only knowledge temporarily hidden from the commons. This is civil disobedience of the highest order—breaking unjust laws to advance human freedom. Ms. Reyes didn’t steal; she liberated. MIT’s biology department invited Luna to lecture, while Harvard offered her a full scholarship despite her lack of a high school diploma. The legal battles consumed corporate resources while generating negative publicity. Heineken’s stock price dropped 34% as consumers organized boycotts in support of Luna’s “yeast liberation.” Beer sales plummeted as customers waited for home-brewed alternatives using Luna’s open-source genetics. The Flavor Renaissance Luna’s releases triggered an explosion of creativity that corporate R&D departments had never imagined. Within six months, amateur brewers worldwide were producing thousands of flavor variations impossible under corporate constraints. The open-source model enabled rapid iteration and global collaboration, rendering traditional brewing companies obsolete. The world was engaged. In some of the most unlikely places. In Evanston, Illinois, a group of former seminary students who discovered fermentation during a silent retreat, transformed Gregorian chants into microbial devotionals. Tenor Marcus Webb (Dr. Webb’s nephew) realized symbiosis mirrored vocal harmony—multiple voices creating something greater than their parts. “In honoring the mystery of fermentation we express our love of the Creator,” he said. Here's ‘Consortium Vocalis' honoring the mother SCOBY. [Chorus]Our SCOBYIs pureOur SCOBYIs strongOur SCOBYKnows no boundariesOur SCOBYStrengthens as it fermentsOur SCOBYIs bacteria and yeast Our SCOBYTurns sucrose into glucose and fructoseIt ferments these simple sugars into ethanol and carbon dioxide,Acetic acid bacteria oxidize much of that ethanol into organic acidsSuch as acetic, gluconic, and other acids.This steadily lowers the pHMaking the tea taste sour-tangy instead of purely sweet. [Chorus] Our SCOBYThen helps microbes produce acids, enzymes, and small amounts of B‑vitaminsWhile probiotics grow in the liquid.The pH falls to help inhibit unwanted microbesOur SCOBY creates a self-preserving, acidic environment in the tea [Chorus] In Kingston, Jamaica, Rastafarian’s combined an award-winning kombucha sequenced in Humboldt County, California, with locally grown ganja into a sacramental beverage to help open their mind to reasoning and focus on Jah. Once fermented, it was consumed over the course of a three-day Nyabinghi ceremony. “Luna Reyes is truly blessed. She strengthened our unity as a people, and our Rastafari’ booch help us chant down Babylon,” a Rasta man smiled, blowing smoke from a spliff the size of his arm. The Groundation Collective’s reggae anthem ‘Oh Luna’ joyfully celebrated Luna Reyes’ pioneering discovery. Oh Luna, Oh Luna, Oh Luna ReyesI love the sound of your nameYou so deserve your fame Luna, Luna, Oh Luna ReyesShining brightYou warm my heart Luna, Luna, Oh Luna ReyesYou cracked the codeTeenage prophet, fermentation queenSymbiosis roadA genius at seventeen Oh Luna, Luna, Luna ReyesBeautiful moonMakes me swoon Oh Luna, Luna, Luna ReyesFreedom to fermentYou are heaven sentTo save us Luna, Luna, Oh Luna ReyesYou opened the doorTo so much moreKombucha tastes so goodLike it should Oh Luna, Oh Luna, Oh LunaI love you, love you, love youOh Luna, Luna, LunaLove you, love you,Love Luna, Luna love. In São Paulo, Brazil, MAPA-certified Brazilian kombucha brands combined Heineken and cacao-fermenting yeasts with cupuaçu from indigenous Amazonian peoples, to create the chocolate-flavored ‘booch that won Gold at the 20th World Kombucha Awards. A cervejeiro explained to reporters: “Luna Reyes gave us the foundation. We added local innovation. This is what happens when you democratize biology.” The Brazilian singer Dandara Sereia covered ‘Our Fermented Future’—The Hollow Pines tune destined to become a hit at the 2053 Washington DC Fermentation Festival. Baby sit a little closer, sip some ‘booch with meI brewed this batch with the SCOBY my grandma gave to me.On the back porch swing at twilight, watching fireflies danceYour hand in mine, kombucha fine, the sweetest sweet romance. They say that wine and roses are the way to win the heartBut your kombucha warmed me right up from the start.Fermentation makes the heart grow fonder, truer words they ain’t been saidYour SCOBY’s got a place forever — in my heart, and in my bed. Let’s share our SCOBYs, baby, merge our ferments into oneLike cultures in a crock jar dancing, underneath the sun.The tang of your Lactobacillus is exactly what I’m missingYour Brettanomyces bacteria got this country girl reminiscing. Oh yeah, let’s share those SCOBYs, baby, merge our ferments into oneYour yeasts and my bacteria working till the magic’s doneYou’ve got the acetic acid honey, I’ve got the patience and the timeLet’s bubble up together, let our cultures intertwine. I’ve got that symbiotic feeling, something wild and something trueYour SCOBY’s in my heart, right there next to youThe way your Acetobacter turns sugar into goldIs how you turned my lonely life into a hand to hold. We’ve got the acetic acid and the glucuronic tooWe’ve got that symbiotic feeling, so righteous and so trueOne sip of your sweet ‘booch, Lord, and you had me from the start,It’s our fermented future, that no-one can tear apart. It’s our fermented future…It’s our fermented future…It’s our fermented future… “Luna Variants”—strains derived from her releases—began winning international brewing competitions, embarrassing corporate entries with their complexity and innovation. Traditional beer flavors seemed flat and artificial compared to the genetic symphonies created by collaborative open-source development. Despite the outpouring of positive vibes, the corporations spared no expense to hold Luna to account in the courts. The Preliminary Hearing A preliminary hearing was held in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California on June 14, 2044. Luna sat at the defendant’s table, her hands folded so tightly her knuckles had gone white. She wore a borrowed blazer—too big in the shoulders—over a white button-down shirt Maya had ironed that morning. At seventeen, she looked even younger under the courtroom’s fluorescent lights. Across the aisle, Heineken’s legal team occupied three tables. Fifteen attorneys in matching navy suits shuffled documents and whispered into phones. Their lead counsel, William Barr III, wore gold cufflinks that caught the light when he gestured. Luna recognized him from the news—the former Attorney General, now commanding $2,000 an hour to destroy people like her. Her own legal representation consisted of two people: Rose Kennerson from the Electronic Frontier Foundation, a public interest lawyer who’d flown in from DC on a red-eye, and Dr. Marcus Webb, technically a witness but sitting beside Luna because she’d asked him to. Behind them, the gallery was packed. Luna’s parents sat in the second row, her father’s face gray, her mother clutching a rosary. Maya had taken the day off work. Abuela Rosa sat in the front row directly behind Luna, her ancient SCOBY wrapped in silk in her lap, as if its presence might protect her granddaughter. Judge Catherine Ironwood entered—sixty-ish, steel-gray hair pulled back severely, known for pro-corporate rulings. She’d been a pharmaceutical industry lawyer for twenty years before her appointment. “All rise,” the bailiff called. Judge Ironwood settled into her chair and surveyed the courtroom with the expression of someone who’d already decided the outcome and resented having to perform the formalities. “We’re here for a preliminary injunction hearing in Heineken International B.V. versus Luna Marie Reyes.” She looked directly at Luna. “Ms. Reyes, you’re seventeen years old?” Luna stood, hesitant. “Yes, your honor.” “Where are your parents?” “Here, your honor.” Luna’s mother half-rose, then sat back down. “Ms. Kennerson, your client is a minor. Are the parents aware they could be held liable for damages?” Rose Kennerson stood smoothly. “Yes, your honor. The Reyes family has been fully advised of the legal implications.” Luna glanced back. Her father’s jaw was clenched so tight she could see the muscles working. He wouldn’t meet her eyes. “Very well. Mr. Barr, you may proceed.” Barr rose like a battleship emerging from fog—massive, expensive, inevitable. He buttoned his suit jacket and approached the bench without notes. “Your honor, this is the simplest case I’ve argued in thirty years. The defendant admits to obtaining my client’s proprietary biological materials. She admits to sequencing their genetic information. She admits to distributing that information globally, in deliberate violation of trade secret protections that have existed for over 150 years. She did this knowingly, systematically, and with the explicit intent to destroy my client’s competitive advantage.” Luna felt Sarah’s hand on her arm—stay calm. Barr continued. “Heineken International has invested over $200 million in the development, cultivation, and protection of the A-yeast strain. Then this teenager”—he pointed at Luna—”obtained samples from our waste disposal systems, reverse-engineered our genetic sequences, and released them to the world via BitTorrent, deliberately placing them beyond retrieval.” He paced now, warming to his theme. “The damage is incalculable. We estimate lost market value at $50 billion. But it’s not just about money. The defendant has destroyed the possibility of competition in the brewing industry. When everyone has access to the same genetic materials, there’s no innovation, no differentiation, no reason for consumers to choose one product over another. She has, in effect, communized an entire industry.” Luna couldn’t help herself. “That’s not—” Sarah grabbed her wrist. “Don’t.” Judge Ironwood’s eyes narrowed. “Ms. Reyes, you will have your opportunity to speak. Until then, you will remain silent, or I will have you removed from this courtroom. Do you understand?” “Yes, your honor.” Luna’s voice came out smaller than she intended. Barr smiled slightly. “Your honor, the relief we seek is straightforward. We ask this court to order the defendant to provide us with a complete list of all servers, websites, and distribution networks where the stolen genetic data currently resides. We ask that she be ordered to cooperate fully in suppressing the data. We ask that she be enjoined from any further distribution. And we ask that she be ordered to pay compensatory damages of $5 billion, plus punitive damages to be determined at trial.” He returned to his seat. One of his associate attorneys handed him a bottle of Pellegrino. He took a sip and waited. Judge Ironwood looked at Sarah. “Ms. Kennerson?” Sarah stood. She looked tiny compared to Barr—five-foot-three, maybe 110 pounds, wearing a suit from Target. But when she spoke, her voice filled the courtroom. “Your honor, Mr. Barr has given you a compelling story about a corporation that’s been wronged. But it’s not the right story. The right story is about whether naturally occurring organisms—creatures that evolved over millions of years, long before humans ever existed—can be owned by a corporation simply because that corporation happened to isolate them.” She walked toward the bench. “Let’s be clear about what the A-yeast strain is. It’s not a genetically modified organism. It’s not a patented invention. It’s a naturally occurring yeast. Heineken didn’t create it. Evolution created it. Heineken merely found it. And for 158 years, they’ve claimed that finding something gives them the right to prevent anyone else from studying it, understanding it, or using it.” Barr was on his feet. “Objection, your honor. This is a preliminary hearing about injunctive relief, not a philosophical debate about intellectual property theory.” “Sustained. Ms. Kennerson, please focus on the specific legal issues before this court.” “Your honor, the specific legal issue is whether naturally occurring genetic sequences constitute protectable trade secrets. My client contends they do not. She obtained the yeast samples from Heineken’s waste disposal—materials they had discarded. Under the garbage doctrine, she had every right to analyze those materials. The genetic sequences she discovered are factual information about naturally occurring organisms. You cannot trade-secret facts about nature.” Luna watched Judge Ironwood’s face. Nothing. No reaction. Sarah pressed on. “Mr. Barr claims my client ‘stole’ genetic information worth $5 billion. But information cannot be stolen—it can only be shared. When I tell you a fact, I don’t lose possession of that fact. We both have it. That’s how knowledge works. Heineken hasn’t lost their yeast. They still have it. They can still brew with it. What they’ve lost is their monopoly on that knowledge. And monopolies on facts about nature should never have existed in the first place.” “Your honor—” Barr tried to interrupt. Judge Ironwood waved him down. “Continue, Ms. Kennerson.” “Your honor, Heineken wants this court to order a seventeen-year-old girl to somehow suppress information that has already been distributed to over 100,000 people in 147 countries. That’s impossible. You can’t unring a bell. You can’t put knowledge back in a bottle. Even if this court ordered my client to provide a list of servers—which she shouldn’t have to do—that list would be incomplete within hours as new mirror sites appeared. The information is out. The only question is whether we punish my client for sharing factual information about naturally occurring organisms.” She turned to face Luna’s family. “Ms. Reyes taught herself bioinformatics from YouTube videos. She works at home with equipment she bought on eBay. She has no criminal record. She’s never been in trouble. She saw a question that interested her—why do commercial beers taste like they do?—and she pursued that question with the tools available to her. When she discovered the answer, she shared it with the world, under a Creative Commons license that specifically protects sharing for educational and scientific purposes. If that’s terrorism, your honor, then every scientist who’s ever published a research paper is a terrorist.” Sarah sat down. Luna wanted to hug her. Judge Ironwood leaned back. “Ms. Reyes, stand up.” Luna rose, her legs shaking. “Do you understand the seriousness of these proceedings?” “Yes, your honor.” “Do you understand that Heineken International is asking me to hold you in contempt of court if you refuse to help them suppress the information you released?” “Yes, your honor.” “Do you understand that contempt of court could result in your detention in a juvenile facility until you reach the age of eighteen, and potentially longer if the contempt continues?” Luna’s mother gasped audibly. Her father put his arm around her. “Yes, your honor,” Luna said, though her voice wavered. “Then let me ask you directly: If I order you to provide Heineken with a complete list of all locations where the genetic data you released currently resides, will you comply?” The courtroom went silent. Luna could hear her own heartbeat. Sarah started to stand—”Your honor, I advise my client not to answer—” “Sit down, Ms. Kennerson. I’m asking your client a direct question. She can choose to answer or not.” Judge Ironwood’s eyes never left Luna. “Well, Ms. Reyes? Will you comply with a court order to help Heineken suppress the information you released?” Luna looked at her parents. Her mother was crying silently. Her father’s face was stone. She looked at Abuela Rosa. Her grandmother nodded once—tell the truth. Luna looked back at the judge. “No, your honor.” Barr shot to his feet. “Your honor, the defendant has just admitted she intends to defy a court order—” “I heard her, Mr. Barr.” Judge Ironwood’s voice was ice. “Ms. Reyes, do you understand you’ve just told a federal judge you will refuse a direct order?” “Yes, your honor.” “And you’re still refusing?” “Yes, your honor.” “Why?” Sarah stood quickly. “Your honor, my client doesn’t have to explain—” “I want to hear it.” Judge Ironwood leaned forward. “Ms. Reyes, tell me why you would risk jail rather than help undo what you’ve done.” Luna took a breath. Her whole body was shaking, but her voice was steady. “Because it would be wrong, your honor.” “Wrong how?” “The genetic sequences I released evolved over millions of years. Heineken didn’t create that yeast. They isolated one strain and claimed ownership of it. The code of life belongs to everyone. That’s humanity’s heritage. Even if you send me to jail, I can’t help suppress the truth.” Judge Ironwood stared at her for a long moment. “That’s a very pretty speech, Ms. Reyes. But this court operates under the law, not your personal philosophy about what should or shouldn’t be owned. Trade secret law exists. Heineken’s rights exist. And you violated those rights.” Luna did not hesitate. “With respect, your honor, I don’t think those rights should exist.” Barr exploded. “Your honor, this is outrageous! The defendant is openly stating she believes she has the right to violate any law she disagrees with—” “That’s not what I said.” Luna’s fear was transforming into something else—something harder. “I’m saying that some laws are unjust. And when laws are unjust, civil disobedience becomes necessary. People broke unjust laws during the civil rights movement. People broke unjust laws when they helped slaves escape. The constitution says members of the military do not have to obey illegal orders, despite what those in power might claim. Sometimes the law is wrong. And when the law says corporations can own genetic information about naturally occurring organisms, the law is wrong.” Judge Ironwood’s face flushed. “Ms. Reyes, you are not Rosa Parks. This is not the civil rights movement. This is a case about intellectual property theft.” “It’s a case about whether life can be property, your honor.” “Enough.” Judge Ironwood slammed her gavel. “Ms. Kennerson, control your client.” Sarah pulled Luna back into her chair. “Luna, stop talking,” she hissed. Judge Ironwood shuffled papers, visibly trying to compose herself. “I’m taking a fifteen-minute recess to consider the injunction request. We’ll reconvene at 11:30. Ms. Reyes, I strongly suggest you use this time to reconsider your position.” The gavel fell again, and Judge Ironwood swept out. The hallway outside the courtroom erupted. Reporters swarmed. Luna’s father grabbed her arm and pulled her into a witness room. Her mother followed, still crying. Maya slipped in before Sarah closed the door. “What were you thinking?” Luna’s father’s voice shook. “You just told a federal judge you’ll defy her orders. They’re going to put you in jail, Luna. Do you understand that? Jail!” “Ricardo, please—” Her mother tried to calm him. “No, Elena. Our daughter just committed contempt of court in front of fifty witnesses. They’re going to take her from us.” He turned to Luna, his eyes wet. “Why? Why couldn’t you just apologize? Say you made a mistake? We could have ended this.” “Because I didn’t make a mistake, Papa.” “You destroyed their property!” “It wasn’t their property. It was never their property.” “The law says it was!” “Then the law is wrong!” Her father stepped back as if she’d slapped him. “Do you know what your mother and I have sacrificed to keep you out of trouble? Do you know how hard we’ve worked since we came to this country to give you opportunities we never had? And you throw it away for yeast. Not for justice. Not for people. For yeast.” Luna’s eyes filled with tears. “It’s not about yeast, Papa. It’s about whether corporations get to own life. If Heineken can own yeast, why not bacteria? Why not human genes? Where does it stop?” “It stops when my daughter goes to jail!” He was shouting now. “I don’t care about Heineken. I don’t care about yeast. I care about you. And you just told that judge you’ll defy her. She’s going to put you in jail, and there’s nothing I can do to stop it.” “Ricardo, por favor—” Elena put her hand on his arm. He shook it off. “No. She needs to hear this. Luna, if you go to jail, your life is over. No college will accept you. No company will hire you. You’ll have a criminal record. You’ll be marked forever. Is that what you want?” “I want to do what’s right.” “What’s right is protecting your family! What’s right is not destroying your future for a principle!” he said. Luna responded, “What’s right is not letting corporations own the code of life!”They stared at each other. Maya spoke up quietly from the corner. “Papa, she can’t back down now. The whole world is watching.” “Let the world watch someone else!” Ricardo turned on Maya. “You encourage this. You film her, you post her manifestos online, you help her become famous. You’re her sister. You’re supposed to protect her, not help her destroy herself.” “I am protecting her,” Maya said. “I’m protecting her from becoming someone who backs down when the world tells her she’s wrong, even though she knows she’s right.” Ricardo looked between his daughters. “Ambos están locos! You’re both insane.” Abuela Rosa opened the door and entered. She’d been listening from the hallway. “Ricardo, enough.” “Mama, stay out of this.” “No.” Rosa moved between Ricardo and Luna. “You’re afraid. I understand. But fear makes you cruel, mijo. Your daughter is brave. She’s doing something important. And you’re making her choose between you and what’s right. Don’t do that.” “She’s seventeen years old! She’s a child!” “She’s old enough to know right from wrong.” Rosa put her hand on Ricardo’s cheek. “When I was sixteen, I left Oaxaca with nothing but the clothes on my back and this SCOBY. Everyone said I was crazy. Your father said I would fail. But I knew I had to go, even if it cost me everything. Sometimes our children have to do things that terrify us. That’s how the world changes.” Ricardo pulled away. “If they put her in jail, will that change the world, Mama? When she’s sitting in a cell while Heineken continues doing whatever they want, will that have been worth it?” “Yes,” Luna said quietly. “Even if I go to jail, yes. Because thousands of people now have the genetic sequences, Heineken can’t put that back. They can punish me, but they can’t undo what I did. The information is free. It’s going to stay free. And if the price of that is me going to jail, then that’s the price.” Her father looked at her as if seeing her for the first time. “I don’t know who you are anymore.” “I’m still your daughter, Papa. I’m just also someone who won’t let corporations own life.” A knock on the door. Sarah poked her head in. “They’re reconvening. Luna, we need to go.” Back in the courtroom, the atmosphere had shifted. The gallery was more crowded—word had spread during the recess. Luna recognized several people from online forums. Some held signs reading “FREE LUNA” and “GENETICS BELONG TO EVERYONE.” Judge Ironwood entered and sat without ceremony. “I’ve reviewed the submissions and heard the arguments. This is my ruling.” Luna’s hand found Maya’s in the row behind her. Squeezed tight. “The question before this court is whether to grant Heineken International’s motion for a preliminary injunction requiring Ms. Reyes to assist in suppressing the genetic information she released. To grant such an injunction, Heineken must demonstrate four things: likelihood of success on the merits, likelihood of irreparable harm without the injunction, balance of equities in their favor, and that an injunction serves the public interest.” Barr was nodding. These were his arguments. “Having considered the evidence and the applicable law, I find that Heineken has demonstrated likelihood of success on the merits. Trade secret law clearly protects proprietary business information, and the A-yeast strain appears to meet the legal definition of a trade secret.” Luna’s stomach dropped. “However, I also find that Heineken has failed to demonstrate that a preliminary injunction would effectively prevent the irreparable harm they claim. Ms. Kennerson is correct that the genetic information has already been distributed to over 100,000 people worldwide. Ordering one teenager to provide a list of servers would be, in technical terms, pointless. New copies would appear faster than they could be suppressed.” Barr’s face tightened. “Furthermore, I find that the balance of equities does not favor Heineken. They ask this court to potentially incarcerate a seventeen-year-old girl for refusing to suppress information that is, by her account, factual data about naturally occurring organisms. The potential harm to Ms. Reyes—including detention, criminal record, and foreclosure of educational and career opportunities—substantially outweighs any additional harm Heineken might suffer from continued distribution of information that is already widely distributed.” Luna felt Maya’s grip tighten. Was this good? This sounded good. “Finally, and most importantly, I find that granting this injunction would not serve the public interest. The court takes judicial notice that this case has generated substantial public debate about the scope of intellectual property protection in biotechnology. The questions raised by Ms. Reyes—whether naturally occurring genetic sequences should be ownable, whether facts about nature can be trade secrets, whether knowledge can be property—are questions that deserve answers from a higher authority than this court. These are questions for appellate courts, perhaps ultimately for the Supreme Court. And they are questions best answered in the context of a full trial on the merits, not in an emergency injunction hearing.” Barr was on his feet. “Your honor—” “Sit down, Mr. Barr. I’m not finished.” He sat, his face purple. “Therefore, Heineken International’s motion for preliminary injunction is denied. Ms. Reyes will not be required to assist in suppressing the genetic information she released. However,”—Judge Ironwood looked directly at Luna—”this ruling should not be construed as approval of Ms. Reyes’ actions. Heineken’s claims for damages and other relief remain viable and will proceed to trial. Ms. Reyes, you may have won this battle, but this war is far from over. Anything you want to say?” Luna stood slowly. “Your honor, I just want to say… thank you. For letting this go to trial. For letting these questions be answered properly. That’s all I ever wanted—for someone to seriously consider whether corporations should be allowed to own genetic information about naturally occurring organisms. So thank you.” Judge Ironwood’s expression softened slightly. “Ms. Reyes, I hope you’re prepared for what comes next. Heineken has unlimited resources. They will pursue this case for years if necessary. You’ll be in litigation until you’re twenty-five years old. Your entire young adulthood will be consumed by depositions, court appearances, and legal fees. Are you prepared for that?” “Yes, your honor.” “Why?” Luna glanced at her grandmother, who nodded. “Because some questions are worth answering, your honor. Even if it takes years. Even if it costs everything. The question of whether corporations can own life—that’s worth answering. And if I have to spend my twenties answering it, then that’s what I’ll do.” Judge Ironwood studied her for a long moment. “You remind me of someone I used to know. Someone who believed the law should serve justice, not just power.” She paused. “That person doesn’t exist anymore. The law ground her down. I hope it doesn’t do the same to you.” She raised her gavel. “This hearing is adjourned. The parties will be notified of the trial date once it’s scheduled. Ms. Reyes, good luck. I think you’re going to need it.” The gavel fell. Outside the courthouse, the scene was chaotic. News cameras surrounded Luna. Reporters shouted questions. But Luna barely heard them. She was looking at her father, who stood apart from the crowd, watching her. She walked over to him. “Papa, I’m sorry I yelled.” He didn’t speak for a moment. Then he pulled her into a hug so tight it hurt. “Don’t apologize for being brave,” he whispered into her hair. “I’m just afraid of losing you.” “You won’t lose me, Papa. I promise.” “You can’t promise that. Not anymore.” He pulled back, holding her shoulders. “But I’m proud of you. I’m terrified, but I’m proud.” Her mother joined them, tears streaming down her face. “No more court. Please, no more court.” “I can’t promise that either, Mama.” Elena touched Luna’s face. “Then promise me you’ll be careful. Promise me you’ll remember that you’re not just fighting for genetics. You’re fighting for your life.” Luna smiled. “I promise.” Abuela Rosa appeared, carrying her SCOBY. “Come, mija. We should go before the reporters follow us home.” As they pushed through the crowd toward Maya’s car, Luna's phone buzzed continuously. Text messages and emails pouring in. But what caught her attention was a text from Dr. Webb: You were right. I’m sorry I doubted. Check your email—Dr. Doudna wants to talk. Luna opened her email. The subject line made her stop walking: From: jennifer.doudna@berkeley.eduSubject: Civil Disobedience of the Highest Order She started to read: Dear Ms. Reyes, I watched your hearing this morning. What you did in that courtroom—refusing to back down even when threatened with jail—was one of the bravest things I’ve seen in forty years of science. You’re not just fighting for yeast genetics. You’re fighting for the principle that knowledge about nature belongs to humanity, not to corporations. I want to help… Luna looked up at her family—her father’s worried face, her mother’s tears, Maya’s proud smile, Abuela Rosa’s serene confidence. Behind them, the courthouse where she’d nearly been sent to jail. Around them, reporters and cameras and strangers who’d traveled across the country to support her. She thought about Judge Ironwood’s warning: This war is far from over. She thought about Barr’s face when the injunction was denied. She thought about the thousands who’d downloaded the genetic sequences and were, right now, brewing with genetics that had been locked away for 158 years. Worth it. All of it. Even the fear. Maya opened the car door. “Come on, little revolutionary. Let’s go home.” The Corporate Surrender By 2045, both Heineken and Anheuser-Busch quietly dropped their lawsuits against Luna. Their legal costs had exceeded $200 million while accomplishing nothing except generating bad publicity. More importantly, their “protected” strains had become worthless in a market flooded with superior alternatives. Heineken’s CEO attempted to salvage the company by embracing open-source brewing. His announcement that Heineken would “join the La Luna Revolution” was met with skepticism from the brewing community, which recalled the company’s aggressive legal tactics. The craft brewing community’s response was hostile. “They spent two years trying to destroy her,” a prominent brewmaster told The New Brewer Magazine. “Now they want credit for ’embracing’ the revolution she forced on them? Heineken didn’t join the Luna Revolution—they surrendered to it. There’s a difference.” The global brands never recovered their market share. Luna’s Transformation Luna’s success transformed her from a garage tinkerer into a global icon of the open knowledge movement. Her 2046 TED Talk, “Why Flavor Belongs to Everyone,” went viral. She argued that corporate control over living organisms represented “biological colonialism” that impoverished human culture by restricting natural diversity. Rather than commercializing her fame, Luna founded the Global Fermentation Commons, a nonprofit organization dedicated to preserving and sharing microbial genetics worldwide. Their laboratories operated as open-access research facilities where anyone could experiment with biological systems. The headquarters of the Global Fermentation Commons occupied a former Genentech facility donated by Dr. Webb. Six continents, forty researchers, one mission: preserve and share microbial genetics worldwide. Luna addressed a crowded auditorium at the organization’s third anniversary. “When I released Heineken and Budweiser’s yeast strains, some people called it theft. Others called it liberation. I called it returning biological knowledge to the commons, where it belongs. Three years later, so-called Luna Variants have created economic opportunities for thousands of small brewers, improved food security in developing regions, and demonstrated that genetic freedom drives innovation faster than corporate control.” She continued. “We’re not stopping with beer. The same principles apply to all fermentation: cheese cultures, yogurt bacteria, koji fungi, sourdough starters. Every traditionally fermented food relies on microorganisms that corporations increasingly claim to own. We’re systematically liberating them.” A World Health Organization representative raised a concern: “Ms. Reyes, while we support democratizing food fermentation, there are legitimate concerns about pharmaceutical applications. What prevents someone from using your open-source genetics to create dangerous organisms?” Luna nodded. “Fair question. First, the organisms we release are food-safe cultures with centuries of safe use. Second, dangerous genetic modifications require sophisticated laboratory equipment and expertise—far beyond what releasing genetic sequences enables. Third, determined bad actors already have access to dangerous biology, enabled by AI. We’re not creating new risks; we’re democratizing beneficial biology.” “Pharmaceutical companies argue you’re undermining their investments in beneficial organisms,” another representative pressed. “Pharmaceutical companies invest in modifying organisms,” Luna clarified. “Those modifications can be patented. What we oppose is claiming ownership over naturally occurring organisms or their baseline genetics. If you genetically engineer a bacterium to produce insulin, patent your engineering. Don’t claim ownership over the bacterial species itself.” A Monsanto representative stood. “Your organization recently cracked and released our proprietary seed genetics. That’s direct theft of our property.” Luna didn’t flinch. “Seeds that farmers cultivated for thousands of years before Monsanto existed? You didn’t invent corn, wheat, or soybeans. You modified them. Your modifications may be protectable; the baseline genetics are humanity’s heritage. We’re liberating what should never have been owned.” “The ‘Luna Legion’ has cost us hundreds of millions!” the representative protested. “Good,” Luna responded calmly. “You’ve cost farmers their sovereignty for decades. Consider it karma.” After the presentation, Dr. Doudna approached Luna privately. “You’ve accomplished something remarkable,” the elderly scientist said. “When I developed Crispr, I never imagined a teenager would use similar principles to challenge corporate biology. You’re forcing conversations about genetic ownership that we’ve avoided for decades.” “It needed forcing,” Luna replied. “Corporations were quietly owning life itself, one patent at a time. Someone had to say no.” “The pharmaceutical industry is terrified of you,” Doudna continued. “They see what happened to brewing and imagine the same for their carefully controlled bacterial strains. You’re going to face even more aggressive opposition.” “I know. Once people understand that biological knowledge can be liberated, they start questioning all biological ownership. We’re not stopping.” The New Economy of Taste Following Luna’s breakthrough, peer-to-peer flavor-sharing platforms emerged as the dominant force in food culture. The “FlavorChain” blockchain allowed brewers to track genetic lineages while ensuring proper attribution to original creators. SCOBY lineages were carefully sequenced, catalogued, and registered on global blockchain ledgers. Each award-winning kombucha strain carried a “genetic passport”—its microbial makeup, the unique balance of yeasts and bacteria that gave rise to particular mouthfeel, fizz, and flavor spectrum, was mapped, hashed, and permanently recorded. Brewers who created a new flavor could claim authorship, just as musicians once copyrighted songs. No matter how many times a SCOBY was divided, its fingerprint could be verified. Fermentation Guilds formed to share recipes through FlavorChain, enabling decentralized digital markets like SymbioTrdr, built on trust and transparency rather than speculation. They allowed people to interact and transact on a global, permissionless, self-executing platform. Within days, a SCOBY strain from the Himalayas could appear in a brew in Buenos Aires, its journey traced through open ledgers showing who tended, adapted, and shared it. Kombucha recipes were no longer jealously guarded secrets. They were open to anyone who wanted to brew. With a few clicks, a Guild member in Nairobi could download the blockchain-verified SCOBY genome that had won Gold at the Tokyo Fermentation Festival. Local biotech printers—as common in 2100 kitchens as microwave ovens had once been—could reconstitute the living culture cell by cell. Children began inheriting SCOBY lineages the way earlier generations inherited family names. Weddings combined SCOBY cultures as symbolic unions. (Let’s share our SCOBYs, baby, merge our ferments into one.) When someone died, their SCOBY was divided among friends and family—a continuation of essence through taste. Kombucha was no longer merely consumed; it was communed with. This transparency transformed kombucha from a minority regional curiosity into a universal language. A festival in Brazil might feature ten local interpretations of the same “Golden SCOBY” strain—one brewed with passionfruit, another with cupuaçu, a third with açaí berries. The core microbial signature remained intact, while the terroir of fruit and spice gave each version a unique accent. Brewers didn’t lose their craft—they gained a canvas. Award-winning SCOBYs were the foundations on which endless new flavor experiments flourished. Many people were now as prolific as William Esslinger, the founder of St Louis’s Confluence Kombucha, who was renowned for developing 800 flavors in the 2020s. Code of Symbiosis The Symbiosis Code, ratified at the first World Fermentation Gathering in Reykjavik (2063), bound Fermentation Guilds to three principles: Transparency — All microbial knowledge is to be shared freely. Reciprocity — No brew should be produced without acknowledging the source. Community — Every fermentation must nourish more than the brewer. This code replaced corporate law. It was enforced by reputation, not by governments. A Guild member who betrayed the code found their SCOBYs mysteriously refusing to thrive—a poetic justice the biologists never quite explained. Every Guild had elders—called Mothers of the Jar or Keepers of the Yeast. They carried living SCOBYs wrapped in silk pouches when traveling, exchanging fragments as blessings. These elders became moral anchors of the age, counselors and mediators trusted more than politicians. When disputes arose—over territory, resources, or ethics—brewers, not lawyers, met to share a round of Truth Brew, a ferment so balanced that it was said to reveal dishonesty through bitterness. The Fullness of Time The International Biotech Conference of 2052 invited Luna to give the closing keynote—a controversial decision that prompted several corporate sponsors to withdraw support. The auditorium was packed with supporters, critics, and the merely curious. “Nine years ago, I released genetic sequences for beer yeast strains protected as trade secrets. I was called a thief, a bioterrorist, worse. Today, I want to discuss what we’ve learned from those years of open-source biology.” She displayed a chart showing the explosion of brewing innovation since 2043. “In the traditional corporate model, a few companies control a few strains, producing a limited variety. With the open-source model, thousands of brewers using thousands of variants, producing infinite diversity. As Duff McDonald wrote “Anything that alive contains the universe, or infinite possibility. Kombucha is infinite possibility in a drink.” And the results speak for themselves—flavor innovation accelerated a thousand-fold when we removed corporate control.” A student activist approached the microphone. “Ms. Reyes, you’ve inspired movements to liberate seed genetics, soil bacteria, and traditional medicine cultures. The ‘Luna Legion’ is spreading globally. What’s your message to young people who want to continue this work?” Luna smiled. “First, understand the risks. I was sued by multinational corporations, received death threats, spent years fighting legal battles. This work has costs. Second, be strategic. Release information you’ve generated yourself through legal methods—no hacking, no theft. Third, build communities. I survived because people supported me—legally, financially, emotionally. You can’t fight corporations alone. Finally, remember why you’re doing it: to return biological knowledge to the commons where it belongs. That purpose will sustain you through the hard parts.” Teaching By twenty-eight, Luna was a MacArthur Fellow, teaching fermentation workshops in a converted Anheuser-Busch facility. As she watched her students—former corporate employees learning to think like ecosystems rather than factories—she reflected that her teenage hack had accomplished more than liberating yeast genetics. She had helped humanity remember that flavor, like knowledge, grows stronger when shared rather than hoarded. Luna’s garage had evolved into a sophisticated community biolab. The original jury-rigged equipment had been replaced with professional gear funded by her MacArthur Fellowship. Abuela Rosa still maintained her fermentation crocks in the corner—a reminder of where everything started. A group of five

In this episode of SCW for Pharma, Evren Ozkaya welcomes Steve Chakrabarty, former Director of Global Business Process and Technology at BD, now a consultant and advisory board member for supply chain activities at Rutgers Business School. With over 15 years at BD in various leadership roles across operations, manufacturing, and digital transformation, Steve brings a wealth of experience to the discussion.The conversation begins with the often-overlooked cash flow dimension of life sciences supply chains. Steve explains that while many companies maintain a strong P&L focus—driving growth organically through innovation or via mergers and acquisitions—the balance sheet side, especially working capital, is frequently neglected. He stresses that collecting cash quickly, reducing inventory levels, and maintaining healthy internal processes are essential to sustaining operations and funding innovation. Comparing branded and generic pharma models, Steve notes that low margins in generics make holding excess inventory inefficient, while higher-margin branded products can justify larger inventory buffers.Steve cautions against relying solely on extending payables with suppliers to improve cash flow, calling it an unsustainable long-term strategy. Instead, he advocates benchmarking performance against peers and ensuring operational efficiency. Cash flow, he emphasizes, underpins critical decisions—whether to fund R&D, invest in digital transformation, or scale operations. Many digital transformation initiatives, he adds, can be self-funding, generating immediate cost savings or throughput gains, especially when deployed through cost-as-a-service models.The discussion then shifts to the intersection of M&A integration and digital transformation. While post-acquisition efforts often prioritize integration over modernization, Steve argues that both can progress in parallel with a smart approach. Harmonizing processes between entities, aligning with market needs, setting clear operational rules, and defining integration timelines are essential for ensuring business value and smooth change management.Evren and Steve conclude with career advice for young professionals: gain hands-on experience, seek diverse responsibilities, and develop a holistic view of the supply chain to connect the dots across functions.

The line between groundbreaking innovation and controversial ownership blurs when scientists begin creating life in laboratories. What happens when your invention isn't just a device or chemical formula, but a living, breathing, self-replicating organism that refuses to stay contained within traditional legal boundaries?Synthetic biology—the field where engineering meets genetics—has created a perfect storm for intellectual property law. Scientists can now design cells like software, program bacteria to clean oil spills, and edit genes with CRISPR technology. But who owns these inventions when they start reproducing themselves?From the landmark 1980 Chakrabarty decision that first allowed patents on genetically modified bacteria to the controversial Myriad Genetics case that determined human genes cannot be patented, we explore the fascinating legal battles that shaped biotech innovation. We journey through courtrooms worldwide where judges grappled with unprecedented questions: Can you patent a cloned sheep? Should farmers be allowed to replant patented seeds? Does traditional knowledge about medicinal plants deserve protection from corporate "biopiracy"?The legal landscape continues evolving, with a brand new WIPO treaty requiring disclosure of genetic resources' origins in patent applications. This represents a major shift toward transparency and fairness, especially for communities whose biodiversity and traditional knowledge have contributed to modern innovations.Whether you're a scientist, lawyer, entrepreneur, or simply curious about the legal frameworks governing emerging technologies, this episode offers crucial insights into how intellectual property systems are adapting to the brave new world where the line between invention and life itself becomes increasingly blurred. Subscribe to Intangiblia for more explorations of the fascinating intersection of law, technology, and innovation.Send us a text

Jorge Goldstein entered the fields of science and law at a time of immense change for them both. In the 1970s, huge strides were being made in biogenetics and microbiology, and in the 1980s, the intellectual property community was being asked to answer some giant questions they raised, like: How can you describe life, legally? Can a living being be patented? Who owns the material from your body?   The 45 years since the groundbreaking 1980 case of Diamond v. Chakrabarty, in which the U.S. Supreme Court decided that living organisms could be patented, have been an intensely busy time for microbiologists, biochemists, genetic researchers, and the patent lawyers who serve them. Goldstein, who holds a PhD in chemistry from Harvard University and a JD from George Washington University Law School, has been on hand to witness and help shape many of the resulting debates.   In Patenting Life: Tales from the Front Lines of Intellectual Property and the New Biology, Goldstein weaves stories from his own life and practice with the fascinating histories behind some well known medications, lesser known scientists, and groundbreaking court cases that will shape future scientific ventures. In this episode of the Modern Law Library, he and the ABA Journal's Lee Rawles discuss the book and the fascinating career he's had.   In the book, Goldstein explains many of the scientific developments behind technologies like CRISPR in a way that lay people can understand, while offering humanizing looks at the quirky and sometimes flawed scientists who made those discoveries. Large moral and ethical questions are raised about how technologies are developed, commercialized and put into practice, and he does not shy away from the discussions. He also offers his perspective on how patent law can be improved to fund further scientific advancements while also protecting innovation.   Goldstein and Rawles discuss key cases that helped shape genetic research, and some of the major changes he's seen in legal theory over his career. They also discuss tikkun olam, a concept in Judaism about how our actions can repair and improve the world. It's something Goldstein feels is a proper focus for science and for law, and they discuss two of the pro bono projects he has worked on with indigenous communities in which he can use patent law to protect their rights.   Finally, Goldstein offers advice to young scientists and attorneys who are interested in practicing in these fields, and shares his opinion on what artificial intelligence could mean in the patent law sphere.

Jorge Goldstein entered the fields of science and law at a time of immense change for them both. In the 1970s, huge strides were being made in biogenetics and microbiology, and in the 1980s, the intellectual property community was being asked to answer some giant questions they raised, like: How can you describe life, legally? Can a living being be patented? Who owns the material from your body?   The 45 years since the groundbreaking 1980 case of Diamond v. Chakrabarty, in which the U.S. Supreme Court decided that living organisms could be patented, have been an intensely busy time for microbiologists, biochemists, genetic researchers, and the patent lawyers who serve them. Goldstein, who holds a PhD in chemistry from Harvard University and a JD from George Washington University Law School, has been on hand to witness and help shape many of the resulting debates.   In Patenting Life: Tales from the Front Lines of Intellectual Property and the New Biology, Goldstein weaves stories from his own life and practice with the fascinating histories behind some well known medications, lesser known scientists, and groundbreaking court cases that will shape future scientific ventures. In this episode of the Modern Law Library, he and the ABA Journal's Lee Rawles discuss the book and the fascinating career he's had.   In the book, Goldstein explains many of the scientific developments behind technologies like CRISPR in a way that lay people can understand, while offering humanizing looks at the quirky and sometimes flawed scientists who made those discoveries. Large moral and ethical questions are raised about how technologies are developed, commercialized and put into practice, and he does not shy away from the discussions. He also offers his perspective on how patent law can be improved to fund further scientific advancements while also protecting innovation.   Goldstein and Rawles discuss key cases that helped shape genetic research, and some of the major changes he's seen in legal theory over his career. They also discuss tikkun olam, a concept in Judaism about how our actions can repair and improve the world. It's something Goldstein feels is a proper focus for science and for law, and they discuss two of the pro bono projects he has worked on with indigenous communities in which he can use patent law to protect their rights.   Finally, Goldstein offers advice to young scientists and attorneys who are interested in practicing in these fields, and shares his opinion on what artificial intelligence could mean in the patent law sphere. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Jorge Goldstein entered the fields of science and law at a time of immense change for them both. In the 1970s, huge strides were being made in biogenetics and microbiology, and in the 1980s, the intellectual property community was being asked to answer some giant questions they raised, like: How can you describe life, legally? Can a living being be patented? Who owns the material from your body?   The 45 years since the groundbreaking 1980 case of Diamond v. Chakrabarty, in which the U.S. Supreme Court decided that living organisms could be patented, have been an intensely busy time for microbiologists, biochemists, genetic researchers, and the patent lawyers who serve them. Goldstein, who holds a PhD in chemistry from Harvard University and a JD from George Washington University Law School, has been on hand to witness and help shape many of the resulting debates.   In Patenting Life: Tales from the Front Lines of Intellectual Property and the New Biology, Goldstein weaves stories from his own life and practice with the fascinating histories behind some well known medications, lesser known scientists, and groundbreaking court cases that will shape future scientific ventures. In this episode of the Modern Law Library, he and the ABA Journal's Lee Rawles discuss the book and the fascinating career he's had.   In the book, Goldstein explains many of the scientific developments behind technologies like CRISPR in a way that lay people can understand, while offering humanizing looks at the quirky and sometimes flawed scientists who made those discoveries. Large moral and ethical questions are raised about how technologies are developed, commercialized and put into practice, and he does not shy away from the discussions. He also offers his perspective on how patent law can be improved to fund further scientific advancements while also protecting innovation.   Goldstein and Rawles discuss key cases that helped shape genetic research, and some of the major changes he's seen in legal theory over his career. They also discuss tikkun olam, a concept in Judaism about how our actions can repair and improve the world. It's something Goldstein feels is a proper focus for science and for law, and they discuss two of the pro bono projects he has worked on with indigenous communities in which he can use patent law to protect their rights.   Finally, Goldstein offers advice to young scientists and attorneys who are interested in practicing in these fields, and shares his opinion on what artificial intelligence could mean in the patent law sphere.

Andreas Folkers über die Konzepte „Nachhaltigkeit“ und „Resilienz“ und die mit ihnen verbundenen gesellschaftlichen Naturverhältnisse.   Shownotes Personal website: https://andreasfolkers.eu/ Distinguished fellow am Max-Weber-Kolleg der Universität Erfurt: https://www.uni-erfurt.de/max-weber-kolleg/personen/vollmitglieder/fellows/andreas-folkers Mitglied des Kollegiums des Frankfurter Instituts für Sozialforschung (IfS): https://www.ifs.uni-frankfurt.de/persona-detalles/andreas-folkers.html Aktuelles Buchprojekt über die Fossile Moderne: https://andreasfolkers.eu/index.php/elementor-35/#project1 Folkers, A. (2022). Nach der Nachhaltigkeit: Resilienz und Revolte in der dritten Moderne. Leviathan, 50(2), 239–262. https://www.nomos-elibrary.de/de/10.5771/0340-0425-2022-2-239.pdf   Folkers, A. (2018). Das Sicherheitsdispositiv der Resilienz: Katastrophische Risiken und die Biopolitik vitaler Systeme. Campus Verlag. https://www.campus.de/buecher-campus-verlag/wissenschaft/soziologie/das_sicherheitsdispositiv_der_resilienz-14888.html?srsltid=AfmBOooGjxw_GU-9I7R61EerQGI1qZijDVeCc_JfoUhlaLkbRDN3YCKz zu „stranded assets“: Folkers, A. (2024). Calculative futures between climate and finance: A tragedy of multiple horizons. The Sociological Review.  https://doi.org/10.1177/00380261241258832 zu Hans Carl von Carlowitz und dem Konzept der Nachhaltigkeit: https://www.bmel.de/DE/themen/wald/wald-in-deutschland/carlowitz-jahr.html Sächsische Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Gesellschaft e. V. (Ed.). (2013). Die Erfindung der Nachhaltigkeit: Leben, Werk und Wirkung des Hans Carl von Carlowitz. oekom. https://www.oekom.de/buch/die-erfindung-der-nachhaltigkeit-9783865814159 zu „Gouvernementalität“: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gouvernementalit%C3%A4t Zu „Kameralismus“: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kameralismus zum Ausdruck „Zucht und Ordnung“: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zucht_und_Ordnung Doganova, L. (2024). Discounting the Future: The Ascendancy of a Political Technology. Princeton University Press. https://press.princeton.edu/books/hardcover/9781942130918/discounting-the-future?srsltid=AfmBOorTzdy_ERt2RO3FWcs_uZ5kIPf3oNdJGiBaAm0AXyqmxrdIcmaN Iannerhofer, I. (2016): Neomalthusianismus. In: Kolboske, B. et al. (Hrsg.): Wissen Macht Geschlecht. Ein ABC der transnationalen Zeitgeschichte. Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften. (open access) https://www.mprl-series.mpg.de/media/proceedings/9/15/N%20Neomalthusianismus.pdf zu “peak oil”: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96lf%C3%B6rdermaximum zur “Population Bomb“ (Buch und Debatte): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Population_Bomb zum „Limits to Growth“ Report des Club of Rome: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Limits_to_Growth zum Konzept des „Maximum sustainable yield“: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_sustainable_yield Sieferle, R. P. (2021). Der unterirdische Wald: Energiekrise und Industrielle Revolution. Manuscriptum Verlag. https://www.manuscriptum.de/der-unterirdische-wald.html zur “Tragedy of the Commons”: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tragedy_of_the_commons zu “Sustainable Development”: https://www.uni-goettingen.de/en/what+is+sustainable+development%3F/623493.html zum “Our Common Future“ Bericht (auch “Brundtland-Bericht“ genannt): https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brundtland-Bericht zur „ökologischen Ökonomie“: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96kologische_%C3%96konomie zu Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Georgescu-Roegen Mahrdt, H. (2022). Arbeiten/Herstellen/Handeln. In: Heuer, W., Rosenmüller, S. (Hrsg.) Arendt-Handbuch. J.B. Metzler. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-476-05837-9_71#citeas zu „Kreislaufwirtschaft“: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreislaufwirtschaft zum „Neuen Materialismus“: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuer_Materialismus zum „Metabolischen Riss“: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolic_rift zu „Erdsystemwissenschaft“: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_system_science zu „CCS Technologien (Carbon Capture and Storage)”: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/CO2-Abscheidung_und_-Speicherung zu “Climate Tipping Points”: https://www.pik-potsdam.de/en/output/infodesk/tipping-elements/tipping-elements Saito, Kohei. 2023. Marx in the Anthropocene: Towards the Idea of Degrowth Communism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/marx-in-the-anthropocene/D58765916F0CB624FCCBB61F50879376 zu „CO2 Budgets”: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_budget zur Verfassungsbeschwerde gegen das Klimaschutzgesetz 2019: https://www.germanwatch.org/de/verfassungsbeschwerde Luhmann, N. (1994). Die Wirtschaft der Gesellschaft. Suhrkamp. https://www.suhrkamp.de/buch/niklas-luhmann-die-wirtschaft-der-gesellschaft-t-9783518287521 Keynes, J.M. (2010). Economic Possibilities for Our Grandchildren. In: Essays in Persuasion. Palgrave Macmillan. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-349-59072-8_25#citeas zu “Keynesianismus”: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keynesianismus zu Crawford Stanley Holling und „Resilienz“: https://www.stockholmresilience.org/research/research-news/2019-08-23-pioneering-the-science-of-surprise-.html zur „Gaia-Hypothese“ von Lynn Margulis und James Lovelock: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaia-Hypothese Ghosh, A. (2021). The Nutmeg's Curse: Parables for a Planet in Crisis. University of Chicago Press. https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/N/bo125517349.html Buller, A. (2022). The Value of a Whale: On the Illusions of Green Capitalism. Manchester University Press. https://manchesteruniversitypress.co.uk/9781526162632/ Chakrabarty, D. (2022). Das Klima der Geschichte im planetarischen Zeitalter. Suhrkamp Verlag. https://www.suhrkamp.de/buch/dipesh-chakrabarty-das-klima-der-geschichte-im-planetarischen-zeitalter-t-9783518587799 Berlant, L. (2011). Cruel Optimism. Duke University Press. https://www.dukeupress.edu/cruel-optimism Malm, A., & Collective, T. Z. (2021). White Skin, Black Fuel: On the Danger of Fossil Fascism. Verso Books. https://www.versobooks.com/products/2520-white-skin-black-fuel Thematisch angrenzende Folgen S03E32 | Jacob Blumenfeld on Climate Barbarism and Managing Decline https://www.futurehistories.today/episoden-blog/s03/e32-jacob-blumenfeld-on-climate-barbarism-and-managing-decline/ S03E30 | Matt Huber & Kohei Saito on Growth, Progress, and Left Imaginaries https://www.futurehistories.today/episoden-blog/s03/e30-matt-huber-kohei-saito-on-growth-progress-and-left-imaginaries/ S03E27 | Andreas Gehrlach zur ursprünglichen Wohlstandsgesellschaft https://www.futurehistories.today/episoden-blog/s03/e27-andreas-gehrlach-zur-urspruenglichen-wohlstandsgesellschaft/ S03E23 | Andreas Malm on Overshooting into Climate Breakdown https://www.futurehistories.today/episoden-blog/s03/e23-andreas-malm-on-overshooting-into-climate-breakdown/ S03E17 | Klaus Dörre zu Utopie, Nachhaltigkeit und einer Linken für das 21. Jh. https://www.futurehistories.today/episoden-blog/s03/e17-klaus-doerre-zu-utopie-nachhaltigkeit-und-einer-linken-fuer-das-21-jh/ S03E16 | Daniela Russ zu Energie(wirtschaft) und produktivistischer Ökologie https://www.futurehistories.today/episoden-blog/s03/e16-daniela-russ-zu-energie-wirtschaft-und-produktivistischer-oekologie/ S03E15 | Walther Zeug zu Material- und Energieflussanalyse und sozio-metabolischer Planung (Teil 2) https://www.futurehistories.today/episoden-blog/s03/e15-walther-zeug-zu-material-und-energieflussanalyse-und-sozio-metabolischer-planung-teil-2/ S03E14 | Walther Zeug zu Material- und Energieflussanalyse und sozio-metabolischer Planung https://www.futurehistories.today/episoden-blog/s03/e14-walther-zeug-zu-material-und-energieflussanalyse-und-sozio-metabolischer-planung/ S03E08 | Simon Schaupp zu Stoffwechselpolitik https://www.futurehistories.today/episoden-blog/s03/e08-simon-schaupp-zu-stoffwechselpolitik/ S03E05 | Marina Fischer-Kowalski zu gesellschaftlichem Stoffwechsel https://www.futurehistories.today/episoden-blog/s03/e05-marina-fischer-kowalski-zu-gesellschaftlichem-stoffwechsel/ S03E03 | Planning for Entropy on sociometabolic Planning https://www.futurehistories.today/episoden-blog/s03/e03-planning-for-entropy-on-sociometabolic-planning/ S02E10 | Aaron Benanav on Associational Socialism and Democratic Planning https://www.futurehistories.today/episoden-blog/s02/e10-aaron-benanav-on-associational-socialism-and-democratic-planning/ S02E03 | Ute Tellmann zu Ökonomie als Kultur https://www.futurehistories.today/episoden-blog/s02/e03-ute-tellmann-zu-oekonomie-als-kultur/     Future Histories Kontakt & Unterstützung Wenn euch Future Histories gefällt, dann erwägt doch bitte eine Unterstützung auf Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/join/FutureHistories   Schreibt mir unter: office@futurehistories.today Diskutiert mit mir auf Twitter (#FutureHistories): https://twitter.com/FutureHpodcast auf Bluesky: https://bsky.app/profile/futurehistories.bsky.social auf Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/futurehpodcast/ auf Mastodon: https://mstdn.social/@FutureHistories   Webseite mit allen Folgen: www.futurehistories.today English webpage: https://futurehistories-international.com   Episode Keywords #AndreasFolkers, #Podcast, #JanGroos, #FutureHistories, #Klimakrise, #Ressourcen, #Klimakollaps, #Kapitalismus, #GesellschaftlicheNaturverhältnisse, #Zukunft, #Degrowth, #Knappheit, #Wirtschaft, #Wirtschaftswissenschaft, #Neoklassik, #Ökonomik, #AlternativeWirtschaft, #Nachhaltigkeit, #Resilienz, #PluraleÖkonomik, #HeterodoxeÖkonomik, #Commons, #Freiheit, #Emanzipation, #Planungsdebatte, #PostkapitalistischeProduktionsweise, #DemokratischePlanung, #NeuerMaterialismus, #Material-UndEnergieflussanalyse, #KommodifizierungDerNatur, #Material-Fluss-Analyse, #Stoffwechsel, #SozialerMetabolismus, #SoziometabolischePlanung, #Beziehungsweisen, #EnvironmentalesRegieren, #EnvironmentalGovernance, #Ökologisch-demokratischePlanung, #ÖkologischePlanung, #SozialÖkologischeRegime      

In this episode, I sit down with Nita Chakrabarty, a certified trauma-informed somatic and intimacy coach, spiritual teacher, and nervous system expert. We discuss her journey from corporate burnout to holistic health, the significance of inner child work, and how balance in our divine masculine and feminine energies can lead to profound healing and transformation. 00:14 Introducing Nita Chakrabarty 02:51 Embracing Humanity and Service 07:14 From Corporate Burnout to Spiritual Awakening 19:52 The Role of Intuition in Healing 24:21 Understanding Inner Child Work 30:29 Reparenting and Self-Care 30:54 Men's Inner Child Work 32:01 Balancing Masculine and Feminine Energies 33:25 Personal Journey and Trauma 39:10 Divine Masculine and Feminine Archetypes 42:22 Connecting with Your Inner Wizard 45:22 Healing and Integration 49:42 Final Thoughts and Takeaways Connect with Nita Website: https://www.nitachakrabarty.com/ Instagram: @nitachakrabarty Threads: @nitachakrabarty Connect with Leilani Website: www.shamanleilani.com Instagram: @shamanleilani Tiktok: @shamanleilani Threads: @shamanleilani Medium: @shamanleilani

In today's expanded lecture, we covered the essentials of Intellectual Property, with a specific focus on patents. We began by understanding the broader context of IP rights, including patents, trademarks, copyrights, and trade secrets. We then delved into the specifics of patents, discussing their types, requirements for patentability, and the patent application process. We also explored patent rights and infringement, recent developments in patent law, and analyzed significant cases like Diamond v. Chakrabarty and Apple vs. Samsung to understand the practical implications of patent law. We discussed the challenges faced by the patent system, such as patent trolls, patent thickets, and ethical considerations in biotechnology. We also examined international perspectives on patent law, including differences between jurisdictions and the challenges faced by developing countries. These foundational concepts in intellectual property and patent law are critical for understanding how legal frameworks can encourage innovation while balancing public interest and access. In our next sessions, we will continue exploring other areas of IP, such as trademarks and copyrights, to provide a comprehensive understanding of how intellectual property shapes the modern world. --- Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/law-school/support

In der heutigen Folge sprechen wir mit Sebastian Conrad, Professor an der Freien Universität Berlin. Dabei geht es um die Frage was Globalgeschichte überhaupt ist und was eigentlich an deutschen Unis unter dem Label Geschichte gelehrt wird. Hauptsächlich sprechen wir aber über sein aktuellstes Buch “Die Königin. Nofretetes globale Karriere”.Von feministischen und queeren Zirkeln zu faschistischen Regimen zu Beyoncé – Wer nahm alles Bezug auf sie? Welche Rolle spielten Medien dabei?Zum Schluss sprechen wir noch über die Frage der Restitution. Literatur & Quellen:Bösch, Frank: Zeitenwende 1979. Als die Welt von heute begann. C. H. Beck, 2020. Conrad, Sebastian: Die Königin. Nofretetes globale Karriere. Ullstein, 2024.Conrad, Sebastian: Globalgeschichte. Eine Einführung. C.H. Beck, 2013.Conrad, Sebastian: Anklage eines Ansatzes. FAZ, 2024: https://www.faz.net/aktuell/wissen/geist-soziales/postkolonialismus-antisemitismus-und-geschichtspolitik-19515255.html Conrad, Sebastian: Deutsche Kolonialgeschichte. C.H. Beck, 2019. Conrad, Sebastian (2024). The Making of a Global Icon: Nefertiti's Twentieth-Century Career. Global Intellectual History, 1–32. https://doi.org/10.1080/23801883.2024.2303074 Conrad, Sebastian: Japan, in: Akira Iriye and Pierre-Yves Saunier (eds.), The Palgrave Dictionary of Transnational History. From the Mid-19th Century to the Present Day, New York (Palgrave Macmillan) 2009, 608-610.Chakrabarty, Dipesh. “Postcoloniality and the Artifice of History: Who Speaks for ‘Indian' Pasts?” Representations, no. 37, 1992, pp. 1–26. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/2928652. Accessed 1 May 2024.Chakrabarty, Dipesh: Provincilzing Europe. Postcolonial Thought and Historical Difference. Princeton, 2008. Cerchio, Fernando: Nofrete vom Nil, 1961. Rabe, Anne: Die Möglichkeit von Glück, 2024. SWR2 Kultur: Wozu brauchen wir Globalgeschichte?, 2018: https://www.ardaudiothek.de/episode/swr2-forum/wozu-brauchen-wir-globalgeschichte/swr2/54973086/ Wallerstein, Immanuel: World-Systems Analysis: An Introduction. Durham 2004.

In this episode, Shana is in conversation with Kate Manne (philosopher, associate professor at Cornell University and author of Down Girl and Entitled) and Urna Chakrabarty (graduate student at Cornell University) to ask: why is there so much violence against women in South Asia? This is a question discussed by many academics and multilateral agencies and it is a source of daily concern for desi women who navigate everyday life under threat of violence. Contrary to our preconceived notion that crimes against women are random, Kate and Urna provide a very different perspective. They decode the systemic nature of violence against women and draw out the ‘logic of misogyny' which perpetuates sexist, gendered roles through the threat of violence and victim-shaming.    Follow Kate on X @kate_manne.   CREDITS: Host and Creative Director: Shana  This is a Maed in India production Head of Production: Mae Mariyam Thomas Project Manager: Shaun Fanthome Producer: Ruchi Sawardekar, Nikkethana Kamal Sound Editor & Mix Engineer: Kartik Kulkarni, Lakshman Parsuram Visual Design & Social Media: Minal Jadeja, Akshat Agarwal, Shaumik Kanvinde

Dipesh Chakrabarty is currently the Lawrence A. Kimpton Distinguished Service Professor in History, South Asian Languages and Civilizations, and the College in the Department of History. Chakrabarty's current students in History and SALC work on a variety of topics, including: 20th-century Kerala, prostitution in British India, India-China relations in the 1950s, modern Islam in Bangladeshi history, and youth culture in colonial Bengal, among other subjects. Professor Chakrabarty talks about his career path and how he became a University of Chicago professor.

Wir starten einen neuen Block zur Umweltgeschichte. In der ersten Folge sprechen wir über das Anthropozän. Was ist das Anthropozän? Wann fängt es an? Woher kommt der Begriff? Was können Geschichtswissenschaftler:innen damit überhaupt anfangen? Literatur & Quellen:Bpb: Anthropozän: https://www.bpb.de/themen/umwelt/anthropozaen/Bergwik, Staffan & Ekstrom, Anders: Introduction. In: Ekstrom, Anders & Bergwik, Staffan (eds.): Times of History, Times of Nature. Temporalization and the Limits of Modern Knowledge, New York/Oxford: berghahn, 2022, pp. 1–16Braudel, Fernand: Das Mittelmeer und die mediterrane Welt in der Epoche Philipps II. Suhrkamp.Chakrabarty, Dipesh: Europa als Provinz. Perspektiven postkolonialer Geschichtsschreibung. Frankfurt am Main, 2010.Crutzen, Paul J. & Eugene F. Stoermer: The “Anthropocene”. In: IGBP Global Change Newsletter. Nr. 41, Mai 200.Connolly, William E.: Facing the Planetary. Entangled Humanism and the Politics of Swarming. Duke University 2017.Haraway, Donna Jeanne. Staying with the Trouble: Making Kin in the Chthulucene. Durham: Duke University Press, 2016.Iriye, Akira & Osterhammel, Jürgen: Die Geschichte der Welt. C.H. Beck.Kuchenbuch, David: Histories in and of the Anthropocene, in: GG 46, 4 (2020), 736-749.Ladurie, Emanuel Le Roi: Montaillou. Ein Dorf vor dem Inquisitor 1294–1324. Propyläen, Frankfurt am Main 1980.Nordblad, Julia. “On the Difference between Anthropocene and Climate Change Temporalities.” Critical inquiry 47, no. 2 (2021): 328–348.Mauelshagen, Franz: „Anthropozän“. Plädoyer für eine Klimageschichte des 19. und 20. Jahrhunderts, in: Zeithistorische Forschungen/Studies in Contemporary History, Online-Ausgabe, 9 (2012), H. 1, URL: https://zeithistorische-forschungen.de/1-2012/4596, S. 131-137.Martin, Nastassja: An das Wilde glauben.Wendt, Helge: Kohlezeit. Eine Global- und Wissensgeschichte (1500-1900). Frankfurt/New York: Campus Verlag, 2021.

Chakrabarty, Dipesh. 2014. „Klimat Historii. Cztery Tezy”. Teksty Drugie, nr 5: 168–99.Astrum, esej o zmianach klimatu:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dpvd9FensT8Warto zapoznać też:https://culture.pl/pl/dzielo/ewa-binczyk-epoka-czlowieka-retoryka-i-marazm-antropocenuDrobne wpłaty, bo roczna opłata za podkast się zbliża:https://ko-fi.com/artykulynaukowe

Chakrabarty, Dipesh. 2014. „Klimat Historii. Cztery Tezy”. Teksty Drugie, nr 5: 168–99.Drobne wpłaty, bo roczna opłata za podkast się zbliża:https://ko-fi.com/artykulynaukowe

In this episode, Gayatri Kalyanaraman is in conversation with Saikat Chakrabarty who is a Technologist, Director, Engineering at Mihup and he's a AI/ML and Computer Vision Enthusiast.In his career spanning over a decade, he has been a Telecom engineer, prompt engineering, Interaction designer and conversational AI. Saikat is working in the pioneering world of building AI tools that map the man machine and the personHe's working in the contact center engineering by understanding the questions and asks from our customersSaikat started his career in creating software for LTE within 4G Telecom providers and says that he has not looked back from thereSaikat's team in Mihup creates the analysis of the several thousand conversations between the customer and contact center and understand the sentiment of the userListen to the conversation on how the vernacular language support is being created in the AI platform to build accuracyUnderstand that initial days you have to choose the right place to work and always stay invested in oneselfSaikat also talks about his mantra of “Don't choose an easy path and continue to learn”Saikat talks about his interests in Medical and Computer science and Brain networks are working. Saikat believes that the future bet is lying on medical access across the globeSaikat says that software changes in months not years - you have to keep yourself updated daily and that's the only way to stay relevant He's also deep believer of the growth of the technology in Tier 3 cities within India given the organizations changing to remote first or HybridSaikat has been instrumental in Mihup's success as one of the leading Conversational AI companies in India. He leads the entire tech organisation at Mihup, with a team of almost 20 people working under him, ranging from Devops to MLEs, overseeing the end to end development and shipping of the Mihup products.Saikat Chakrabarty is a dynamic leader and Senior Engineering Manager at Mihup, a pioneering conversational AI platform founded in 2016. Mihup's revolutionary approach empowers individuals to seamlessly interact with the digital world while prioritizing inclusivity and accessibility, regardless of language, accent, or dialect.Technical Leadership:At Mihup, Saikat has successfully managed and mentored cross-functional teams in machine learning, R&D, product development and DevOps. His expertise in managing the development of Mihup's conversational AI products has positioned him as a trusted leader in the industry. With a deep understanding of a wide range of technologies, including Java (Spring Boot), NodeJs, Golang, Angular, Python, RabbitMQ, PostgreSQL, Redis, Kubernetes, and more, Saikat has played a pivotal role in building highly scalable cloud microservices and optimizing premise-based applications.Diverse Experience:Saikat's wealth of experience extends beyond his role at Mihup. He has previously worked with renowned companies like Lexmark and Polaris Network Inc., where he honed his skills and passion for AI/ML and computer vision. His contributions to these cutting-edge fields have resulted in 2 patents and 6 paper publications, consolidating his exceptional knowledge and expertise.Recognition and Awards:Saikat's exceptional contributions and dedication to his craft have earned him notable accolades throughout his career. Notably, he was awarded the prestigious Digital Transformation Award at Lexmark Focus-2-Future, alongside the Manager Appreciation Award and several other commendations. At Mihup, he has regularly been the recipient of special rewards for his undying passion and dedication towards delivering products that customers love to use.Saikat can be contacted at Saikat Chakrabarty:

This episode of BioScience Talks was recorded on location at the Joint Meeting of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists in Norfolk, Virginia, and features a range of presenters and organizers.Our first guests were Sinlan Poo, who is Curator of Research at the Memphis Zoo and affiliated with Arkansas State University, and Prosanta Chakrabarty, who is Curator of Fishes and a Professor at Louisiana State University's Museum of Natural Science. Dr. Chakrabarty is also the current President of the American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists, one of the organizations that convened the meeting. They joined me to talk about the ZooMu symposium, which was held as part of the meeting. Read more about zoo and museum collaboration in BioScience. Next up, I sat down with Karen Caceres from Old Dominion University. She spoke about Florida cottonmouths and how they manage to live on small islands that typically lack freshwater resources. Maisie MacKnight, PhD candidate at Penn State, gave a talk about fieldwork and the ways in which it can be made safe and inclusive for all participants. We discussed her talk, as well as some of her other work. Oliver Shipley, Research Professor at Stony Brook University in New York, and Maria Manz, a graduate student at Stony Brook University, joined me to talk about sharks, their movement, and the ways that scientists study them.  Erin Anthony, President of the Virginia Herpetological Society, chatted with me about her organization's public outreach efforts, as well as herps native to Virginia.Last, I was joined by Sarah Yerrace, a master's student at the University of Washington in the School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences. Her talk was focused on the invasive lionfish, and we chatted about a new approach to surveying their abundance at deep ocean depths.Captions are available on YouTube. 

We have a new podcast! It's called Universe Of Art, and it's all about artists who use science to bring their creations to the next level. Listen on Apple Podcasts, Spotify, or wherever you get your podcasts.   Protecting Other Planets From Earth's Germs For decades, people have been trying to figure out how to avoid contaminating other planets as they explore them—an idea called planetary protection. As missions venture forth to places such as Mars or Jupiter's moon, Europa, the need to protect worlds that could support life becomes more critical. And at the same time, as space programs begin to bring samples back to Earth from places like Mars or asteroids, planetary protection becomes a concern in another way—the need to protect Earth from potential unknown life forms from the cosmos. Sending humans to another world raises the stakes even more. NASA has a limit of no more than 300,000 spores (single-celled organisms) allowed on board robotic Mars landers. But human bodies contain trillions of microorganisms, making it impossible for human missions to achieve the same level of microbial cleanliness as robotic landers. Dr. Nick Benardini is a NASA official responsible for ensuring that the proper precautions are made to prevent humans from contaminating outer space. Ira Flatow spoke to him about how to avoid spreading microbes between planets.   Ask An Expert: An Evolution Education Most people raised in the U.S. were taught about evolution in science class growing up. But how much do you actually remember? Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species or Gregor Mendel's pea plant experiments may ring a bell, but it's likely most of us could use a refresher. A good grasp on the science of evolution is extra important these days, argues Prosanta Chakrabarty, author of the new book, Explaining Life Through Evolution, and curator of fishes at Louisiana State University. In 2008, Louisiana's governor signed the Louisiana Science Education Act, which allows schools to teach creationism as an alternative to evolution. Chakrabarty joins Ira to talk about the science behind evolution and take questions from listeners. Read an excerpt of the book here.   To stay updated on all-things-science, sign up for Science Friday's newsletters. Transcripts for each segment will be available the week after the show airs on sciencefriday.com.

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.26.550355v1?rss=1 Authors: Jin, K., Yao, Z., van Velthoven, C. T. J., Kaplan, E. S., Glattfelder, K., Barlow, S. T., Boyer, G., Carey, D., Casper, T., Chakka, A. B., Chakrabarty, R., Clark, M., Departee, M., Desierto, M., Gary, A., Gloe, J., Goldy, J., Guilford, N., Guzman, J., Hirschstein, D., Lee, C., Liang, E., Pham, T., Reding, M., Ronellenfitch, K., Ruiz, A., Sevigny, J., Shapovalova, N., Shulga, L., Sulc, J., Torkelson, A., Tung, H., Levi, B., Sunkin, S. M., Dee, N., Esposito, L., Smith, K., Tasic, B., Zeng, H. Abstract: Biological aging can be defined as a gradual loss of homeostasis across various aspects of molecular and cellular function. Aging is a complex and dynamic process which influences distinct cell types in a myriad of ways. The cellular architecture of the mammalian brain is heterogeneous and diverse, making it challenging to identify precise areas and cell types of the brain that are more susceptible to aging than others. Here, we present a high-resolution single-cell RNA sequencing dataset containing ~1.2 million high-quality single-cell transcriptomic profiles of brain cells from young adult and aged mice across both sexes, including areas spanning the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. We find age-associated gene expression signatures across nearly all 130+ neuronal and non-neuronal cell subclasses we identified. We detect the greatest gene expression changes in non-neuronal cell types, suggesting that different cell types in the brain vary in their susceptibility to aging. We identify specific, age-enriched clusters within specific glial, vascular, and immune cell types from both cortical and subcortical regions of the brain, and specific gene expression changes associated with cell senescence, inflammation, decrease in new myelination, and decreased vasculature integrity. We also identify genes with expression changes across multiple cell subclasses, pointing to certain mechanisms of aging that may occur across wide regions or broad cell types of the brain. Finally, we discover the greatest gene expression changes in cell types localized to the third ventricle of the hypothalamus, including tanycytes, ependymal cells, and Tbx3+ neurons found in the arcuate nucleus that are part of the neuronal circuits regulating food intake and energy homeostasis. These findings suggest that the area surrounding the third ventricle in the hypothalamus may be a hub for aging in the mouse brain. Overall, we reveal a dynamic landscape of cell-type-specific transcriptomic changes in the brain associated with normal aging that will serve as a foundation for the investigation of functional changes in the aging process and the interaction of aging and diseases. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC

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Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.25.550461v1?rss=1 Authors: Paul, R., Chakrabarty, A., Dey, S., Samanta, S., Pandey, R., Maji, S., Pezacki, A. T., Chang, C. J., Datta, R., Gupta, A. Abstract: Copper plays a key role in host-pathogen interaction. We found that during Leishmania major infection, the parasite-harboring macrophage regulates its copper homeostasis pathway in a way to facilitate copper-mediated neutralization of the pathogen. Copper-ATPase ATP7A transports copper to amastigote-harboring phagolysosomes to induce stress on parasites. Leishmania in order to evade the copper stress, utilizes a variety of manipulative measures to lower the host-induced copper stress. It induces deglycosylation and degradation of host-ATP7A and downregulation of copper importer, CTR1 by cysteine oxidation. Additionally, Leishmania induces CTR1 endocytosis that arrests copper uptake. In mouse model of infection, we report an increase in systemic bioavailable copper in infected animals. Heart acts as the major organ for diverting its copper reserves to systemic circulation to fight-off infection by downregulating its CTR1. Our study explores reciprocal mechanism of manipulation of host copper homeostasis pathway by macrophage and Leishmania to gain respective advantages in host-pathogen interaction. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC

Join @DrNChakrabarty and I in the magic teapot at @OutandWildlgbtq to talk about reading in queer spaces, writing about race hate crimes, and community at queer events. We also reflect on academic structures and queer encounters, critical race theory and cultural differences in talking about race. It was such a pleasure running into Elizabeth again and if you're not a fan already, you will be after listening to this!CW: racism, race hate crimes References: Elizabeth Chakrabarty's Lessons in Love and Other Crimes https://elizabethchakrabarty.com/ https://outandwild.co.uk/https://www.postcolonial-participation.hhu.de/en/ Questions may want to reflect on after listening: What makes a queer festival queer? What do you think is the role of cultural events, such as readings or performances, in queer spaces? What do you think about the intersectional issues Elizabeth addresses with race and queerness? Does anything in the conversation surprise you? We reflect on readings and discussions in queer spaces versus academic venues. Do you think queer spaces provide something academia cannot?

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.30.547229v1?rss=1 Authors: Taccola, G., Kissane, R., Culaclii, S., Apicella, R., Liu, W., Gad, P., Ichiyama, R. M., Chakrabarty, S., Edgerton, R. Abstract: Highly varying patterns of electrostimulation (Dynamic Stimulation, DS) delivered to the dorsal cord through an epidural array with 18 independent electrodes transiently facilitate corticospinal motor responses, even after spinal injury. To partly unravel how corticospinal input are affected by DS, we introduced a corticospinal platform that allows selective cortical stimulation during the multisite acquisition of cord dorsum potentials (CDPs) and the simultaneous supply of DS. Firstly, the epidural interface was validated by the acquisition of the classical multisite distribution of CDPs on the dorsal cord and their input-output profile elicited by pulses delivered to peripheral nerves. Apart from increased EMGs, DS selectively increased excitability of the spinal interneurons that first process corticospinal input, without changing the magnitude of commands descending from the motor cortex, suggesting a novel correlation between muscle recruitment and components of cortically-evoked CDPs. Finally, DS increases excitability of post-synaptic spinal interneurons at the stimulation site and their responsiveness to any residual supraspinal control, thus supporting the use of electrical neuromodulation whenever the motor output is jeopardized by a weak volitional input, due to a partial disconnection from supraspinal structures and/or neuronal brain dysfunctions. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC

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Die Menschen leben wie kleine Parasiten auf der Erde: Sie saugen die Natur aus, mit fatalen Folgen. Der indische Historiker Dipesh Chakrabarty fordert darum radikales Umdenken, weg von der menschlichen Perspektive. Yves Bossart spricht mit ihm über Bakterien, Biodiversität und Bagger. Der indische Historiker Dipesh Chakrabarty spricht lieber von der «Bewohnbarkeit der Erde» als von «Nachhaltigkeit». Er plädiert für eine Dezentrierung des Menschen in der Natur und für ein Denken in unmenschlichen Zeiträumen. Schliesslich sei der Mensch im «Anthropozän» längst zur bestimmenden Kraft des Planeten geworden: Jeden Tag sterben etwa 150 Arten aus – Tiere, Pflanzen und Mikroorganismen. Überschwemmungen, Waldbrände und Dürren bedrohen den Lebensraum nicht nur von Menschen. Die Folgen sind Migration, Kriege, Ressourcenknappheit. Chakrabarty argumentiert, dass der Klimawandel eine neue Ära der menschlichen Geschichte eingeleitet hat, die er als «planetarisches Zeitalter» bezeichnet. Seine Forderung: Wir müssen ganz neu über den Menschen und die Natur nachdenken, wenn wir als Spezies eine Zukunft haben wollen. Wie das geht, darüber spricht er mit Yves Bossart.

Die Menschen leben wie kleine Parasiten auf der Erde: Sie saugen die Natur aus, mit fatalen Folgen. Der indische Historiker Dipesh Chakrabarty fordert darum radikales Umdenken, weg von der menschlichen Perspektive. Yves Bossart spricht mit ihm über Bakterien, Biodiversität und Bagger. Der indische Historiker Dipesh Chakrabarty spricht lieber von der «Bewohnbarkeit der Erde» als von «Nachhaltigkeit». Er plädiert für eine Dezentrierung des Menschen in der Natur und für ein Denken in unmenschlichen Zeiträumen. Schliesslich sei der Mensch im «Anthropozän» längst zur bestimmenden Kraft des Planeten geworden: Jeden Tag sterben etwa 150 Arten aus – Tiere, Pflanzen und Mikroorganismen. Überschwemmungen, Waldbrände und Dürren bedrohen den Lebensraum nicht nur von Menschen. Die Folgen sind Migration, Kriege, Ressourcenknappheit. Chakrabarty argumentiert, dass der Klimawandel eine neue Ära der menschlichen Geschichte eingeleitet hat, die er als «planetarisches Zeitalter» bezeichnet. Seine Forderung: Wir müssen ganz neu über den Menschen und die Natur nachdenken, wenn wir als Spezies eine Zukunft haben wollen. Wie das geht, darüber spricht er mit Yves Bossart.

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Recorded on March 8, 2023, this video features a lecture by Jo Guldi, Professor of History and Practicing Data Scientist at Southern Methodist University. Professor Guldi's lecture was entitled “Towards a Practice of Text-Mining to Understand Change Over Historical Time: The Persistence of Memory in British Parliamentary Debates in the Nineteenth Century.” Co-sponsored by Social Science Matrix, the UC Berkeley Department of History, and D-Lab, this talk was presented as part of the Social Science / Data Science event series, a collaboration between Social Science Matrix and D-Lab. Abstract A world awash in text requires interpretive tools that traditional quantitative science cannot provide. Text mining is dangerous because analysts trained in quantification often lack a sense of what could go wrong when archives are biased or incomplete. Professor Guldi's talk reviewed a brief catalogue of disasters created by data science experts who voyage into humanistic study. It finds a solution in “hybrid knowledge,” or the application of historical methods to algorithm and analysis. Case studies engage recent work from the philosophy of history (including Koselleck, Erle, Assman, Tanaka, Chakrabarty, Jay, Sewell, and others) and investigate the “fit” of algorithms with each historical frame of reference on the past. This talk profiles recent research into the status of “memory” in British politics. It profiled the persistence of references to previous eras in British history, to historical conditions per se, and to futures hoped for and planned, using NLP analysis. It presented the promise and limits of text-mining strategies such as Named Entity Recognition and Parts of Speech Analysis for modeling temporal experience as a whole, suggesting how these methods might support students of social science and the humanities, and also revealing how traditional topics in these subjects offer a new research frontier for students of data science and informatics. About the Speaker Jo Guldi, Professor of History and Practicing Data Scientist at Southern Methodist University, is author of four books: Roads to Power: Britain Invents the Infrastructure State (Harvard 2012), The History Manifesto (Cambridge 2014), The Long Land War: The Global Struggle for Occupancy Rights (Yale 2022), and The Dangerous Art of Text Mining (Cambridge forthcoming). Her historical work ranges from archival studies in nation-building, state formation, and the use of technology by experts. She has also been a pioneer in the field of text mining for historical research, where statistical and machine-learning approaches are hybridized with historical modes of inquiry to produce new knowledge. Her publications on digital methods include “The Distinctiveness of Different Eras,” American Historical Review (August 2022) and “The Official Mind's View of Empire, in Miniature: Quantifying World Geography in Hansard's Parliamentary Debates,” Journal of World History 32, no. 2 (June 2021): 345–70. She is a former junior fellow at the Harvard Society of Fellows.

Australian Roberto D'Andrea, a guest conductor on a streetcar in Kolkata, India, wore the green uniform of a Melbourne “connie,” or tram conductor, as he punched tickets and called out the name of each stop.D'Andrea, a retired tram conductor, was part of the festivities last month for the tramway's 150th anniversary, also marked by cake, music and a parade of gaily decorated old trams, led by a 100-year-old green wooden car.D'Andrea's love of trams has brought him back to the city again and again since he first visited 30 years ago. The “ding ding ding” noise the streetcar made, said D'Andrea, who belongs to the Calcutta Tram Users Association, reminded him of the trams in Melbourne. Australian Roberto D'Andrea, a guest conductor on a streetcar in Kolkata, India, wore the green uniform of a Melbourne “connie” or tram conductor as part of the festivities last month for the tramway's 150th anniversary. Credit: Sandip Roy/The World Melbourne and Kolkata have two of the longest-running tramways in the world.But Kolkata's tram system is limping along. It's down to just two lines, and despite a loyal band of supporters advocating for it, there is little political will, or room in the city's crowded streets, to bring the streetcars back to their former glory days.Snehasis Chakrabarty, the West Bengal state transport minister, kicking off the celebrations, said that the trams face a lot of practical problems: Roads aren't getting any wider and the number of cars on the street keeps rising. A streetcar in Kolkata, India. Credit: Sandip Roy/The World “We are not here to say goodbye to trams,” Chakrabarty said. “Although, it is not possible today to run[a] tram [on] every route in [the] Kolkata metropolitan city due to congestion.”Kolkata has far less road space compared to other Indian cities like Mumbai. So, trams have to share the road with cars, trucks, rickshaws, buses, three-wheelers and millions of pedestrians.Many old tram routes have also been taken over by buses and three-wheelers.Ongoing construction of the underground metro railway system also disrupted old tram routes. Kids ride a streetcar in Kolkata, India.  Credit: Sandip Roy/The World But the transport minister promised that trams will remain at least as a heritage ride for tourists.Transport consultant Suvendu Seth, sitting in a bustling, new cafe in a tram depot, argued that trams should be for mass transport, not heritage.“Why don't we make those roads which are narrow for pedestrians and trams only? Why allow vehicles there?”Many cities in Europe, Australia and the US got rid of streetcars during the automobile boom of the 1950s and '60s, he said. Now, with a push toward sustainability and green transport, many cities are bringing streetcars back, often at great expense.“And we had it all the time, and we are neglecting it,” Seth said. “That's not a very nice thing. We should encourage it.”Especially in a city where the air quality index is routinely over 200 during the winter months. Art students paint a streetcar in Kolkata, India, for a celebration marking the tramway's 150th anniversary. Credit: Sandip Roy/The World  But there's a misconception that trams “are from another century,” he said.The double-bogeyed streetcars of Kolkata do feel old — they have not been updated in decades and rattle noisily down the middle of the street, sometimes losing the overhead electric connection.But tram workers have not given up. During the anniversary event, a group of streetcar workers raised slogans demanding that more services be resumed. The festivities last month for the tramway's 150th anniversary in Kolkata, India, were marked by cake, music and a parade of gaily decorated old trams, led by a 100-year-old green wooden car.   Credit: Sandip Roy/The World  One streetcar driver, Gopal Ram, reminisced about how his family had worked for the tramways for generations.His great-grandfather, Antu Ram, worked on trams when it was still steam-powered. His grandfather, Mahavir Ram, and his father, Jagannath Ram, both spent their lives working on trams.When Hindu-Muslim riots engulfed Kolkata in the 1940s, tram workers drove empty trams to restore confidence in a shattered city. The tramway in Kolkata, India, turned 150 years old last month. Credit: Sandip Roy/The World  “My father, himself, helped save people from a mob,” Gopal Ram said.Gopal Ram just retired after 39 years of service. He said that he sees no future in the trams of Kolkata. For Gopal Ram, it is the end of the line.

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.06.531121v1?rss=1 Authors: Yao, Z., van Velthoven, C. T. J., Kunst, M., Zhang, M., McMillen, D., Lee, C., Jung, W., Goldy, J., Abdelhak, A., Baker, P., Barkan, E., Bertagnolli, D., Campos, J., Carey, D., Casper, T., Chakka, A. B., Chakrabarty, R., Chavan, S., Chen, M., Clark, M., Close, J., Crichton, K., Daniel, S., Dolbeare, T., Ellingwood, L., Gee, J., Glandon, A., Gloe, J., Gould, J., Gray, J., Guilford, N., Guzman, J., Hirschstein, D., Ho, W., Jin, K., Kroll, M., Lathia, K., Leon, A., Long, B., Maltzer, Z., Martin, N., McCue, R., Meyerdierks, E., Nguyen, T. N., Pham, T., Rimorin, C., Ruiz, A., Shapovalova, N., Slaug Abstract: The mammalian brain is composed of millions to billions of cells that are organized into numerous cell types with specific spatial distribution patterns and structural and functional properties. An essential step towards understanding brain function is to obtain a parts list, i.e., a catalog of cell types, of the brain. Here, we report a comprehensive and high-resolution transcriptomic and spatial cell type atlas for the whole adult mouse brain. The cell type atlas was created based on the combination of two single-cell-level, whole-brain-scale datasets: a single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) dataset of ~7 million cells profiled, and a spatially resolved transcriptomic dataset of ~4.3 million cells using MERFISH. The atlas is hierarchically organized into five nested levels of classification: 7 divisions, 32 classes, 306 subclasses, 1,045 supertypes and 5,200 clusters. We systematically analyzed the neuronal, non-neuronal, and immature neuronal cell types across the brain and identified a high degree of correspondence between transcriptomic identity and spatial specificity for each cell type. The results reveal unique features of cell type organization in different brain regions, in particular, a dichotomy between the dorsal and ventral parts of the brain: the dorsal part contains relatively fewer yet highly divergent neuronal types, whereas the ventral part contains more numerous neuronal types that are more closely related to each other. We also systematically characterized cell-type specific expression of neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, and transcription factors. The study uncovered extraordinary diversity and heterogeneity in neurotransmitter and neuropeptide expression and co-expression patterns in different cell types across the brain, suggesting they mediate a myriad of modes of intercellular communications. Finally, we found that transcription factors are major determinants of cell type classification in the adult mouse brain and identified a combinatorial transcription factor code that defines cell types across all parts of the brain. The whole-mouse-brain transcriptomic and spatial cell type atlas establishes a benchmark reference atlas and a foundational resource for deep and integrative investigations of cell type and circuit function, development, and evolution of the mammalian brain. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC

Wir sprechen heute mit Helge Wendt. Dieser hat Geschichte und Altamerikanistik studiert und hat ganz aktuell seine Habilitation “Kohlezeit. Eine Global- und Wissensgeschichte (1500–1900) rausgebracht. Darüber sprechen wir auch hauptsächlich mit ihm. Am Anfang geht es dabei viel um den Ansatz, die Theorien und Methoden: Wir sprechen darüber was Globalgeschichte überhaupt ist und was nicht; und warum jede Geschichte so regional sie auch sein mag, auch Globalgeschichte ist. Doch Helge Wendt spricht mit uns auch über die inhaltlichen Erkenntnisse aus seiner Recherche und beschreibt was sich durch Kohle als Sonde darstellen und zeigen lässt. Warum ist Kohlezeit mit der Industrialisierung verbunden? Welche Bedenken im Bezug auf die Umwelt gab es bereits im 18. und 19. Jahrhundert? Zum Schluss thematisieren wir auch die Entwicklungen in der Gegenwart und die Diskurse rund um die Energiewende. Wer Gast sein möchte, Fragen oder Feedback hat, kann dieses gerne an houseofmodernhistory@gmail.com oder auf Twitter an richten. Literatur & Quellen: Blog Helge Wendt: https://helgewendt.com/ Boucheron, Patrick: Histoire mondiale de la France. 2017. Brüggemeier, Franz J.: Grubengold. Das Zeitalter der Kohle von 1750 bis heute. C.H. Beck, 2018. Chakrabarty, Dipesh: Europa als Provinz. Perspektiven postkolonialer Geschichtsschreibung. Frankfurt am Main, 2010. DAAD Stipendien: https://www.daad.de/de/studieren-und-forschen-in-deutschland/stipendien-finden/ DFG Stoffgeschichte: http://stoffgeschichte.org/ Drach, Albert: Werke in zehn Bänden. Paul Zsolnay Verlag, Wien 2002ff. h-net: https://www.h-net.org/ Fahrmeir, Andreas (Hg.): Deutschland: Globalgeschichte einer Nation. C.H. Beck, 2020. Thorade, Nora: Das Schwarze Gold. Eine Stoffgeschichte der Kohle im 19. Jahrhundert. Brill/Schöningh, 2020. Renn, J., Laubichler, M. D., & Wendt, H. (2015). Energietransformationen zwischen Kaffee und Koevolution. In N. Möllers, C. Schwägerl, & H. Trischler (Eds.): Willkommen im Anthropozän: unsere Verantwortung für die Zukunft der Erde; Katalog zur Sonderausstellung am Deutschen Museum (pp. 79-82). Munich: Deutsches Museum. Portada del Archivo General de Indias: https://www.culturaydeporte.gob.es/cultura/areas/archivos/mc/archivos/agi/portada.html Steffen, Will: Introducing the Anthropocene: The human epoch. Ambio 50, 1784–1787, 2021. Steffen, Will, et al: The Anthropocene: Are Humans Now Overwhelming the Great Forces of Nature? Ambio, 36: 8, 2007, pp. 614–21. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/25547826 Wendt, Helge: Kohlezeit. Eine Global- und Wissensgeschichte (1500-1900). Frankfurt/New York: Campus Verlag, 2021. Wendt, Helge: Die missionarische Gesellschaft. Mikrostrukturen einer kolonialen Globalisierung. Stuttgart, 2011. Wendt, Helge: Kohlebäume: Darstellungen von Industrie und Wissenschaft in politischen Dimensionen (1900-1945). clio online, 2023: https://www.europa.clio-online.de/sites/europa.clio-online/files/documents/B2023/E_Wendt_Kohlebaeume.pdf Zalasiewicz, J. et al. (2015) When did the Anthropocene begin? A mid-twentieth century boundary level is stratigraphically optimal. Quaternary international.

durée : 01:58:27 - Les Matins du samedi - par : Quentin Lafay - . - invités : Dipesh Chakrabarty Historien ; Gabi Hartmann Autrice, compositrice, interprète et guitariste française

Das Zeitalter des Anthropozäns zeichnet sich dadurch aus, dass der Mensch zu einem bedeutenden Einflussfaktor auf biologische und geologische Entwicklungen der Weltgeschichte geworden ist. Tiefgreifend haben die Menschen in die natürlichen Kreisläufe eingegriffen. Immer mehr begreifen wir, wie umfassend diese Eingriffe sind und wie sehr sie den Planeten verändern. Die Bewohnbarkeit der Erde steht in Frage: nicht nur für Menschen, sondern auch für alle anderen Spezies: Tiere, Pflanzen, Bakterien, Viren. Für die kommenden Jahrtausende haben die Menschen das Klima und die Meere verändert, durch die Vernichtung von hunderttausenden Pflanzen- und Tierarten in die evolutionären Dynamiken eingegriffen. Nicht nur Menschen flüchten, sondern auch Tiere und Pflanzen. Aufgrund der gesellschaftlichen Praktiken kommen heute die Geschichte des Planeten, des Lebens auf der Erde und die Geschichte der Menschheit zusammen. Das bedeutet der Ausdruck des Anthropozäns. Über den Ausdruck gibt es Streit, denn in Frage steht, ob es die Menschen im Allgemeinen sind oder nicht eher die kapitalistische Produktionsweise oder noch spezifischer der Kapitalismus seit den 1950er Jahren. Dipesh Chakrabarty will das nicht entscheiden, aber bei aller Bedachtsamkeit ist er an diesem Punkt sehr klar: Der Kapitalismus zerstört die Lebensbedingungen der Menschen auf der Erde. Nachdenklich überlegt er, dass unsere Vorstellungen von Freiheit und Politik weit hinter den Herausforderungen zurückgeblieben sind. Als Historiker ist er skeptisch, ob die Menschheit es schaffen kann, sich als Teil des Lebensnetzes zu begreifen und als handelndes Kollektiv zu konstituieren. Gleichwohl betont er die Notwendigkeit, zu einer Steuerung der Natur zu gelangen und glaubt, dass die Menschheit das Beste noch vor sich hat. Grafik: Porträt des indischen Historikers Dipesh Chakrabarty @www.zersetzer.com

Welcome to the Social-Engineer Podcast: The Doctor Is In Series – where we will discuss understandings and developments in the field of psychology.     In today's episode, Chris and Abbie are not just going to talk about nonverbal communication at an observational level, but lay the ground work for a deeper understanding of nonverbals. Not just what certain behaviors tell us but WHY they tell us this, and where nonverbal communication originated from! [Nov 07, 2022]    00:00 – Intro  00:17 – Dr. Abbie Maroño Intro  01:10 – Intro Links  Social-Engineer.com Managed Voice Phishing Managed Email Phishing  Adversarial Simulations  Social-Engineer channel on SLACK  CLUTCH  innocentlivesfoundation.org  04:01 – The topic of the day: Nonverbal Communication  10:25 – Everything comes back to Darwin  15:25 – In Utero  18:54 – A picture speaks 1000 words  20:31 – More "nature" than "nurture"  23:20 – Cultural vs Universal Gestures  27:17 – Looking at "Intention"  32:24 – Linking Non-verbals to Intention  36:32 – The Doctor is REALLY in!  38:37 – Don't Look Up (or away!)  42:35 – Response Behavior  46:58 – Neuroception - Trust your gut!  53:48 – The Takeaway  56:04 – Man's Best Friend  57:13 – Wrap Up   58:53 – Book Recommendations  The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals – Charles Darwin  What Every BODY is Saying – Joe Navarro  Bodily Communication – Michael Argyle  The Naked Ape – Desmond Morris  Emotions Revealed – Paul Ekman  The Dictionary of Body Language – Joe Navarro  01:02:34 – Outro  www.social-engineer.com  www.innocentlivesfoundation.org      Find us online:  Twitter: https://twitter.com/abbiejmarono  LinkedIn: linkedin.com/in/dr-abbie-maroño-phd-35ab2611a  Twitter: https://twitter.com/humanhacker  LinkedIn: linkedin.com/in/christopherhadnagy    Select research:  Allen, S. (2018). The science of awe (pp. 58-69). Greater Good Science: John Templeton Foundation.  Bargh J, Chartrand T (1999) The unbearable automaticity of being. Am Psychol 54: 462–479.  Bousmalis, K., Mehu, M., & Pantic, M. (2013). Towards the automatic detection of spontaneous agreement and disagreement based on nonverbal behaviour: A survey of related cues, databases, and tools. Image and vision computing, 31(2), 203-221.  Bryant, G. A. (2020). Evolution, structure, and functions of human laughter. In The handbook of communication science and biology (pp. 63-77). Routledge.  Chakrabarty, S., Widing, R. E., & Brown, G. (2014). Selling behaviours and sales performance: the moderating and mediating effects of interpersonal mentalizing. Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management, 34(2), 112-122.  Chen M, Bargh JA (1999) Consequences of automatic evaluation: Immediate behavioral predispositions to approach or avoid the stimulus. Pers Soc Psychol B 25: 215–224.  Demuru, E., & Giacoma, C. (2022). Interacting primates: the biological roots of human communication. Ethology Ecology & Evolution, 34(3), 201-204.  Ekman, P. (1971). Universals and cultural differences in facial expressions of emotion. In Nebraska symposium on motivation. University of Nebraska Press.  Ekman, P., & Keltner, D. (1973). Universal facial expressions of emotion. Studia Psychologica, 15(2), 140-147.  Gordon, R. A., & Druckman, D. (2018). Nonverbal behaviour as communication: Approaches, issues, and research. In The handbook of communication skills (pp. 81-134). Routledge.  Heuer, K., Rinck, M., & Becker, E. S. (2007). Avoidance of emotional facial expressions in social anxiety: The approach–avoidance task. Behaviour research and therapy, 45(12), 2990-3001.  Mathis, V., & Kenny, P. J. (2018). Neuroscience: brain mechanisms of blushing. Current Biology, 28(14), R791-R792.  Müller, P., Huang, M. X., & Bulling, A. (2018, March). Detecting low rapport during natural interactions in small groups from non-verbal behaviour. In 23rd International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces (pp. 153-164).  Neidlinger, K., Truong, K. P., Telfair, C., Feijs, L., Dertien, E., & Evers, V. (2017, March). AWElectric: that gave me goosebumps, did you feel it too?. In Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Tangible, Embedded, and Embodied Interaction (pp. 315-324).  Parr, L. A., Micheletta, J., & Waller, B. M. (2016). Nonverbal communication in primates: Observational and experimental approaches.  Pohjavaara, P., Telaranta, T., & Väisänen, E. (2003). The role of the sympathetic nervous system in anxiety: is it possible to relieve anxiety with endoscopic sympathetic block?. Nordic journal of psychiatry, 57(1), 55-60.  Reissland, N., & Austen, J. (2018). Goal directed behaviours: the development of pre-natal touch behaviours. In Reach-to-Grasp Behavior (pp. 3-17). Routledge.  Schug, J., Matsumoto, D., Horita, Y., Yamagishi, T., & Bonnet, K. (2010). Emotional expressivity as a signal of cooperation. Evolution and Human Behavior, 31(2), 87-94.  Segerstråle, U., & Molnár, P. (2018). Nonverbal communication: where nature meets culture. Routledge.  Waterson, R. H., Lander, E. S., & Wilson, R. K. (2005). Initial sequence of the chimpanzee genome and comparison with the human genome. Nature, 437(7055), 69.  White, P. (2016). Reading the Blush. Configurations, 24(3), 281-301.  Woud, M. L., Maas, J., Becker, E. S., & Rinck, M. (2013). Make the manikin move: Symbolic approach–avoidance responses affect implicit and explicit face evaluations. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 25(6), 738-744. 

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.09.22.509020v1?rss=1 Authors: Granat, L., Ranson, D., Hamer, E., Chakrabarty, R. P., Mattedi, F., Fort-Aznar, L., Hirth, F., Sweeney, S., Vagnoni, A., Chandel, N. S., Bateman, J. M. Abstract: Mutations in mitochondrial complex I cause mitochondrial complex I deficiency, a group of severe neurological diseases that can result in death in infancy. The mechanisms underlying complex I deficiency pathogenesis remain poorly understood, and as a result there are currently no available treatments. To better understand the causes of neuronal dysfunction in complex I deficiency, we modelled complex I deficiency in Drosophila by knocking down the mitochondrial complex I subunit ND-75 (NDUFS1) specifically in neurons. Neuronal complex I deficiency causes locomotor defects, seizures and reduced lifespan. At the cellular level, complex I deficiency leads to mitochondrial morphology defects, reduced endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondria contacts and activation of the endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response (UPR) in neurons. Remarkably, we find that expression of the yeast non-proton translocating NADH dehydrogenase NDI1 in neurons, which couples NADH oxidation to transfer of electrons into the respiratory chain, reinstates endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondria contacts, prevents UPR activation and rescues the behavioural and lifespan phenotypes caused by complex I deficiency. Metabolomic analysis shows that NDI1 expression also reconfigures neuronal metabolism and implicates increased GABA levels as a contributor to the neurological manifestations of complex I deficiency. Together, these data indicate that NDI1 abrogates UPR signalling and reprogrammes metabolism to alleviate neuronal dysfunction caused by neuronal complex I deficiency. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by PaperPlayer

Hello everybody, and welcome back to Gastro News! It's Episode number 5 in our series, and today it's a real bumper episode tackling one of the biggest and most challenging areas to get to grips with in gastroenterology – decompensated liver disease. It's an area so vast that it can sometimes feel difficult to even know where to begin, so thankfully we've got a brilliant guest to help us along the way.Dr Gayatri Chakrabarty has been working as a consultant gastroenterologist in the Surrey and Sussex Healthcare Trust for the past 6 years. When she started out, hepatology wasn't even a subspecialty, but it's grown rapidly over the years and is a particular area of interest for Dr Chakrabarty. And today we are delighted that she has agreed to take us through all the biggest things to look out for when dealing with decompensated liver disease. We hope and trust that you will learn as much from this fascinating chat as we did, and if you'd like to share your thoughts with us after listening please drop us a message, either on Twitter @medregnews or via email at medregnews@gmail.com. This whole series has been hugely enjoyable for us to put together, and it's not over yet! More to come next time, so make sure to keep an eye out for Episode 6! Look forward to seeing you very soon!

Today we meet the science and medicine team behind our anti-doping efforts. In this episode of On Side, our host Tim Gavel talks to some of Sport Integrity Australia's science and medicine experts - Chief Science Officer Dr Naomi Speers, Science Officer Rima Chakrabarty and Medical Advisor Dr Laura Lallenec. The trio discusses all things anti-doping - prohibited substances and methods in sports, the dangers supplements pose to an athlete's career, putting the pieces of the anti-doping puzzle together, and our role working with support personnel and medical professionals to educate athletes. The evolving nature of anti-doping is part of the attraction for Dr Speers. “The challenge is keeping on top of everything that's changing,” Dr Speers says. “Different substances that people might be using and keeping aware of them and making sure that athletes are aware [of the risks], but also changing technology and understanding that and thinking about how can we apply that. “We have a Blood Passport which looks for blood doping, a Steroid Passport which looks for doping with testosterone and next year an Endocrine Passport [will be included], which will look for doping with growth hormone.” Trying to understand a doping scenario and apply it to the results is one aspect that fascinates Chakrabarty. “Is there a physiological cause for that? Is there potentially other substances that have been used, like non-prohibited substances that can cause the impact on the Steroid Passport, for example? And also is your physiology affecting it? “Have you been doing a lot of training and that's affecting your blood passport? Or have you been to a specific location, like in an altitude … It's got a lot more nuance to it." “It's really interesting just to be able to sit down and look at it, what's possible and try and put a lot more pieces together.” Dr Lallenec, who is currently Head Doctor at AFL premiership team Melbourne, joined the agency in January to provide medical guidance on sport integrity matters such as the use of prohibited substances and methods in sports, safeguarding of children in the sporting environment, as well as for investigations and intelligence matters. “I love health administration and health governance as well as public health, so it's sort of combines those two things from me.”See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

In this poem poet described the beauty of nature in Bengal's winter ❤️❤️

In this episode of The Session, ichthyologist Dr Prosanta Chakrabarty joins Tom Swarbrick to discuss why he believes humans are not the end of an unfinished story of evolution.

“The HrishiKay Sessions” are produced & presented by Hrishikesh Kannan popularly known as Hrishi K Thanks for listening. Should you want to experience more ….for starters hit “subscribe” / “follow” and check out more episodes & be notified when further sessions go up! If ur looking for Hrishi across media & social networking then here goes: Twitter : https://www.twitter.com/hrishikay Facebook : https://www.facebook.com/hrishikay Instagram : https://www.instagram.com/hrishikay Youtube : https://youtube.com/c/hrishikeshkannan Soundcloud : https://www.soundcloud.com/hrishikay LinkedIn : http://linkedin.com/in/hrishikay

In episode 10 Kris and Katie are joined by Sreejit Chakrabarty, Director for GEMS Dubai American Academy, the flagship school of GEMS Education. Explore the ideas of AI in education, and the importance of tech as a vital part of education - beyond simply being integrated, what does it mean to be fluent in technology, and why does that matter? Discover how GEMS is setting up students for sustainable success in our shifting world, and Sreejit's ideas and advice for educators everywhere.    Sreejit holds a Bachelors of Electronics Engineering from Mumbai University, a Masters in Business Administration from MGU, and several professional recognitions from Harvard, IIT (Mumbai) and Carnegie Mellon University in Robotics and Maker-Centered Learning. His passion for researching emerging technologies and finding ways of extracting educational benefits out of them is what gets him excited. Sreejit is also working closely with TMRW (the R&D edtech wing of the company) and is the Network Leader across GEMS for Robotics, STEAM, and AI. Connect with him here:  Twitter: @sreejitsocial LinkedIn / Facebook / Instagram: Sreejit Chakrabarty   Connect with your hosts and send your feedback about the EdShift Podcast!  Katie on Twitter: @keightyen & Instagram: @keighten Kris on Twitter: @KrisAstle    

What is ichthyology? It's the study of fish, and Dr. Prosanta Chakrabarty is a master of it. He joins President William F. Tate IV to discuss his journey around the world to study some of the planet's most unusual creatures. He also shares his experience as a curator for the LSU Museum of Natural Science, the importance of translating scientific work for the public, and his efforts to train and inspire the next generation of naturalists and explorers. One of the world's leading ichthyologists, Dr. Prosanta Chakrabarty is a professor in the Department of Biological Sciences and the curator of fishes at LSU's Museum of Natural Science. His research focuses on the study of fish to help understand evolution and the history of the Earth. Among other things Dr. Chakrabarty is a TED Senior Fellow, an elected fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, a Research Associate at the American Museum of Natural History and the Smithsonian, and a Fulbright Distinguished Chair. Learn more and see photos at www.lsu.edu/president/on-par/2021/12-21-chakrabarty

We are super excited to welcome to this week's interview episode...A professor of evolution at Louisiana State University, with a PhD in Ecology and Evolution. He was named a TED Fellow in 2016 for his fascinating Ted Talk about Evolution....it is a pleasure to welcome to the pod the brilliant......Prosanta Chakrabarty.Prosanta is definitely the Topic Expert we needed to speak with!Hear us discuss:Prosanta's passion for ichthyologyThe definition of evolutionPre-Darwin viewsHow calling evolution a theory isn't quite right. Darwin's Natural SelectionHow does a fish become a horse?How you can see biological similarities in groups of living things, when that link is not obvious.How it is possible to see evolution happening right nowOur research and reading can only take us so far - so from time to time we will interview an expert to ask them questions and hear their real life experience on a topic.Once you have listened we would love to hear your feedback.Follow us @TwoGuysOneTopic on Instagram, Twitter or Facebook.If you are able to leave a quick review on your podcast player that would also be really appreciated.Thanks!Ollie and Liam Our GDPR privacy policy was updated on August 8, 2022. Visit acast.com/privacy for more information.

In this week's episode, Mark Brigman chats with Soumya Chakrabarty, Head of Strategic Partnerships @ Discover Global Network. When we typically think of Discover we only think of the credit card side of their business. But as you will hear from Soumya, their business extends far beyond just those capabilities. Financial services are a booming segment of our economy and the technology powering the growth. Listen to this week's episode to hear what Discover Global Network is doing to achieve significant growth. Mark and Soumya discuss the overwhelming change that has been taking place in the financial technology industry, particularly within the past 10 years with mobile devices. If you're in a partnering role or in the banking industry you won't want to miss this episode. Be sure to visit PARTNERNOMICS.com to find more podcast episodes and to learn how to become an SPLP® certified partnering professional. (https://partnernomics.com/podcast/)

As much as Prosanta Chakrabarty loves his job as an ichthyology professor at LSU, his favorite part of the job is making human connections while doing fieldwork around the world. And whether it's trying every single cocktail at a bar in Tanzania or trash talking bosses in Bengali to locals in Kuwait, Prosanta has made tons of great connections and memories throughout his career. We talked to Prosanta about knowing he wanted to be a zoologist from a young age, discovering new fish around the world, and partying in the middle of the Amazon River.

Kaun thi a laksmi Bhakti hi Shakti.mp3. Alakshmi is also known as Kalahapriya and Daridara, and the elder sisterly opposite of Lakshmi. According to Chakrabarty, “It was said that when she entered a household, Alakshmi brought jealousy and malice in her trail.

FDA's Approval Of Debated Alzheimer's Treatment Raises Controversy This week, the FDA gave the green light to a drug for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. The drug, a monoclonal antibody called aducanumab, is the first Alzheimer's treatment to receive approval in almost 20 years. It targets the amyloid protein that forms the tangled plaques found in the brains of people with Alzheimer's. But while researchers agree that aducanumab leads to less amyloid plaque, no one really knows what that means in terms of real benefits for people with the disease. Researchers still don't understand the role of amyloid in the progression of Alzheimer's disease—and in two studies conducted by the company Biogen, only one showed taking aducanumab provided a slight cognitive benefit to people with early Alzheimer's. The other study showed no effect compared to a placebo. However, the FDA elected to ignore the recommendations of an outside advisory panel, and approved the medication under an accelerated approval process. The drugmaker will be required to conduct additional testing on the treatment while it is on the market, and the FDA has the option to rescind approval if a Phase 4 trial fails to show efficacy. Biogen will sell the treatment under the trade name Aduhelm, at a list price of around $56,000 per year—not including the extensive office visits, tests, brain scans, and monitoring that will go along with the course of treatment. Pam Belluck, a writer covering science and medicine for the New York Times, joins host John Dankosky to explain the decision, and how the drug might fit into the larger picture of Alzheimer's research. When Scientists Get It Wrong A couple of years ago, Julia Strand was trying and failing to replicate a study she'd published. At the time, she was an assistant professor without tenure, and the original study had presented her most exciting finding to date. But when she and her co-authors tried to replicate it, they got the opposite results. Then one night, Julia discovered why. In her original code, she'd made a tiny but critical error, and now, with her reputation and job on the line, she was going to have to tell the world about it. Science is often said to be “self-correcting”—through peer review, replication, and community dialogue, scientists collectively find mistakes in their work, and continually revise their understanding of the world. But what does self-correction look like in practice? And how likely are scientists to admit they're wrong? Julia eventually submitted her story to the Loss of Confidence Project, which invited psychologists to publicly admit mistakes in their published research. Our guest, Julia Roher, a lecturer in psychology, organized the project, along with two others. In an anonymous survey of 316 researchers, almost half said they had lost confidence in one of their findings, but ultimately, only 13 researchers submitted public testimonials to the project. Brian Resnick, who co-created Vox's Unexplainable podcast and has written about intellectual humility, explains why we often think we're right when we're wrong, how others perceive us when we fess up to mistakes, and what all this means for our trust in science.     Charismatic Creature Corner: Chonky Fish Edition In South Africa in 1938, a young museum curator named Marjorie Courtenay-Latimer was performing one of her regular duties when she saw something incredible. Courtenay-Latimer was tasked with inspecting fish brought in by local fishermen that were considered out of place in the region. That's how she found what she later called the most beautiful fish she had ever seen: a coelacanth, thought to be long extinct. Courtenay-Latimer's discovery did not immediately register as a coelacanth, because the creature was thought to have gone extinct at the end of the Cretaceous period, 66 millions years ago. The fish was seen as a modern Lazarus—a mysterious creature brought back from the dead, stumping scientists. At six feet long and 200 pounds, some consider the coelacanth to be a big, beautiful fish. According to Dr. Prosanta Chakrabarty, professor and curator of fishes at Louisiana State University, the coelacanth is the meathead of the sea. “They are chunky,” Chakrabarty said. “You can hold their fin and it feels like you're shaking somebody's hand.” Because they're so old, coelacanths are closer to the human genealogical lineage than they are to any modern fish. But because this is the Charismatic Creature Corner, only one thing really matters: Is it charismatic enough to enter the Charismatic Creature Corner Hall of Fame? Joining guest-host John Dankosky to argue for the coelacanth entering the Charismatic Creature Corner Hall of Fame is SciFri producer Kathleen Davis and Dr. Chakrabarty.

Une émission autour du débat entre marxismes et études post-coloniales à partir du livre de Vivek Chibber, La théorie postcoloniale et le spectre du Capital (Asymétrie, 2018) – avec Benjamin, doctorant en sociologie à l'EHESS. L'émission (1 heure) comporte : Une présentation de l'ouvrage, de ses enjeux théoriques et de ses thèses principales ; Une présentation des études post-coloniales et des subaltern studies ; Une critique du marxisme-léninisme orthodoxe de Chibber, qui fait l'impasse sur l'ensemble des théories féministes et antiracistes, et de son marxisme analytique, trop univoque et réductionniste ; Une critique de l'interprétation de Chibber des études post-coloniales ; Une discussion autour du débat entre Chibber et Chakrabarty autour du rapport du capitalisme et du prolétariat aux structures non-capitalistes locales (genre, caste, race...) ; Une présentation critique de la théorie du développement inégal et combiné ; Une discussion autour du débat entre marxismes et post-structuralismes dans leurs rapports aux réalités sociales ; Une ouverture au sujet de Politique des multiplicités. Pierre Clastres face à l'Etat de Viveiros de Castro (éditions du Dehors, 2019) ; Une conclusion en guise de bilan des apports empiriques et théoriques du livre de Chibber au sujet des révolutions bourgeoises, de l'hégémonie culturelle et idéologique des classes dominantes en Europe et en Inde, du travail abstrait, des dominations non-capitalistes, du caractère contraignant du marché mondial pour l'Inde post-indépendance, de l'importance relative des intérêts économiques et des valeurs culturelles au sein des classes populaires, et surtout du débat entre marxisme et études post-coloniales.

Our guests for this episode are Pradeepa Sekar and Arghya Chakrabarty, both engineers working in our office in Bangalore. Learning opportunities, onboarding during a pandemic, and working as a woman in an engineering team were some of the topics we covered. We hope you can learn more about the unique culture at UiPath and enjoy the podcast!

In April, the American Financial Services Association announced the official formation of its Diversity and Inclusion Working Group to enhance its efforts to foster a culture of diversity and inclusion within the financial services industry. Prabir Chakrabarty, vice president and associate general at Mariner Finance, is serving as the group’s chair, and Kristen Miller, vice president, general counsel and compliance officer with Global Lending Services, is the vice chair. Chakrabarty and Miller appeared on the Auto Remarketing Podcast to highlight the group’s formation and successes it’s already enjoyed.

Story name -Jatin . Writer - Nirendranath Chakrabarty. Ami Dalia. Ami tomader bivinna lekhaker galper boi theke ai galpo gulo pore sonai.

How often do you think about making a change in your career? What's holding you back?   Lack of experience? Salary? Comfort level/familiarity? Fear of change? Fear of failure? Self-confidence?   In this episode, we speak with Sandeep Chakrabarty on this very subject and learn more about his personal journey in making a transition to an entirely new career and his experience in helping others do the same.    Link to Webinar: https://www.thehappypharmd.com/pharma-career-path-webinar/   Connect with us: https://www.thehappypharmd.com/HPDPodcast

In conversation with Satavisha Chakrabarty, an illustrator and entrepreneur from Bangalore India. We talk about setting up a brand as an artist, stuff around manufacture and shipping of products and keeping your customers happy. Her artwork and products can be found on her shop: https://calenvie.com/ Do check out my artwork as well on my Instagram page: @swarnavod and my website. --- Send in a voice message: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/swarnavod/message

Do you always find yourself getting stuck on the 1 negative thing in your day and constantly losing sight of any positives that come your way? How about the feeling that where you currently are in life was not what you imagined? Do you feel like there is no imaginable way out of your current situation? In this episode, we have an up-close and personal discussion about the importance of finding your true happiness in both life and career with two of our very own coaches Sandeep Chakrabarty and Janan Sarwar. Connect with us: https://www.thehappypharmd.com/HPDPodcast

Dr. Ivan Torres and Dr. Trisha Chakrabarty, professors in Psychiatry (University of British Columbia), and mental health educator Victoria Maxwell discuss how bipolar disorder may affect cognitive processes such as learning, thinking, focus and memory. They delve into topics like how bipolar symptoms can affect cognition, and how to integrate self-management strategies into your toolkit. Hosted by Dr. Erin Michalak. Dr. Ivan Torres is currently a Clinical Associate Professor in the Psychiatry Department at UBC, and is affiliated with the BC Psychosis Program and the Mood Disorders Centre at UBC. In his primary clinical role, he serves as a clinical neuropsychologist within the BC Psychosis Program at UBC Hospital. His research interests include the study of cognitive and executive functioning in severe psychiatric disorders including Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder. Dr. Trisha Chakrabarty is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia. Her research and clinical interests are in cognitive dysfunction, virtual reality cognitive retraining, bipolarity, and psychotherapy approaches for mood disorders. Since being diagnosed with bipolar disorder, psychosis, and anxiety, Victoria Maxwell has become one of North America's top speakers and educators on the lived experience of mental illness and recovery, dismantling stigma and returning to work after a psychiatric disorder. As a performer, her funny, powerful messages about mental wellness create lasting change in individuals and organizations. By sharing her story of mental illness and recovery she makes the uncomfortable comfortable, the confusing understandable. The Mental Health Commission of Canada named her keynote That's Just Crazy Talk as one of the top anti-stigma interventions in the country. TalkBD is a series of online community gatherings to share support and tips for bipolar wellness. Learn more about the next event at www.TalkBD.live

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.09.28.316596v1?rss=1 Authors: Santra, M., Seal, A., Bhattacharjee, K., Chakrabarty, S. Abstract: Photoisomerisation in retinal leads to a channel opening in the rhodopsins that triggers translocation of an ion/proton. Crystal structures of rhodopsins contain several structurally conserved water molecules. It has been suggested that water plays an active role in facilitating the ion pumping/translocation process by acting as a lubricant in these systems. In this work, we investigate the localisation, local structure and dynamics of water molecules along the channel for the resting/dark state of KR2 rhodopsin. Employing 1.5 s long atomistic molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of this trans-membrane protein system, we demonstrate the presence of five distinct water containing pockets/cavities separated by gateways controlled by the protein side-chains. We present evidence of significant structural and dynamical heterogeneity in the water molecules present in these cavities. The exchange time-scale of these buried water with bulk ranges from tens of nanoseconds to >1.5 s. The translational and rotational dynamics of buried water are found to be strongly dependent on protein cavity size and local interactions with possible functional significance. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info

From humble beginnings in a small town to massive steel stockyards to banking IT project management to the heart of Investment Banking in London and now back home making an impact in education with CFA Institute, our next guest has gone through a LOT. How does being an engineer change your way of thinking? What can a MBA from a top global school teach you? How do you jump from IT to IB? How IS it working in investment banking in the City? How do you survive an onslaught of layoffs? Why quit corporate life when you are doing so well? What are the issues holding back youngsters in finance, particularly women? Why should you learn to spiral bind (!!) documents? All this and more on this episode with Amit Chakrabarty. I pick my guests because they have a unique story to tell. And this is yet another saga. Listen. Learn. Grow.

We are still away on our summer break, but to tide you over this week we will continue our series featuring book excerpts read by previous podcast guests. This week Dr. Prosanta Chakrabarty, an ichthyologist from LSU, will read a section from his upcoming book entitled “Explaining Evolution and Understanding Why it Matters More than Ever”. We then rebroadcast his original interview (SoS 28, aired in November 2018), in which Dr. Chakrabarty discusses science communication and outreach, as well as narratives used to discuss topics like evolution. You can learn more about Dr. Chakrabarty’s work by visiting his website: http://www.prosanta.net/ Email him at: prosanta@lsu.edu and follow him on Twitter @PREAUX_FISH Contact the Sausage of Science and Human Biology Association: Facebook: www.facebook.com/groups/humanbiologyassociation Website:humbio.org/, Twitter: @HumBioAssoc Cara Ocobock, Website: sites.nd.edu/cara-ocobock/, Email:cocobock@nd.edu, Twitter:@CaraOcobock Chris Lynn, HBA Public Relations Committee Chair, Website:cdlynn.people.ua.edu/, Email:cdlynn@ua.edu, Twitter:@Chris_Ly Caroline Owens, Email: cowens8@emory.edu, Twitter: @careowens Theresa Gildner, Email: Theresa.E.Gildner@dartmouth.edu, Twitter: @TEGildner

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.06.27.173054v1?rss=1 Authors: Kirby, A. J., Mead, R., Ichiyama, R. M., Chakrabarty, S. Abstract: Mice with transgenic expression of human SOD1G93A are a widely used model of ALS, with a caudal-rostral progression of motor impairment. Previous studies have quantified the progression of motoneurone (MN) degeneration based on size, even though alpha (-) and gamma ({gamma}-) MNs overlap in size. Therefore, using molecular markers and synaptic inputs, we quantified the survival of -MNs and {gamma}-MNs at the lumbar and cervical spinal segments of 3- and 4-month SOD1G93A mice, to investigate whether there is a caudal-rostral progression of MN death. By 3-months, in the cervical and lumbar spinal cord, there was -MN degeneration with complete {gamma}-MN sparing. At 3-months the cervical spinal cord had more -MNs per ventral horn than the lumbar spinal cord, in SOD1G93A mice. A similar spatial trend of degeneration was observed in the corticospinal tract, which remained intact in the cervical spinal cord at 3- and 4- months of age. These findings agree with the corticofugal synaptopathy model, that -MN and CST of the lumbar spinal cord are more susceptible to degeneration in SOD1G93A mice. Hence, there is spatial and temporal caudal-rostral progression of -MN and CST degeneration in SOD1G93A mice. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info

Prosanta Chakrabarty is a systematist and an ichthyologist studying the evolution and biogeography of both freshwater and marine fishes. His work includes studies of Neotropical (Central and South America, Caribbean) and Indo-West Pacific (Indian and Western Pacific Ocean) fishes. Prosanta is an Associate Professor and Curator of Fishes at the Museum of Natural Science and Department... The post Designer Babies, Reviving the Neanderthals and Funding Fundamental Science | Prosanta Chakrabarty appeared first on The Syndicate.

Dive deep with Pharmacist and Coach, Sandeep Chakrabarty, into discovering how to decide the right career path for you and how it may help to have a career coach. Connect with us: https://www.thehappypharmd.com/HPDPodcast

Did humans evolve from monkeys or from fish? In this enlightening talk, ichthyologist and TED Fellow Prosanta Chakrabarty dispels some hardwired myths about evolution, encouraging us to remember that we're a small part of a complex, four-billion-year process -- and not the end of the line. "We're not the goal of evolution," Chakrabarty says. "Think of us all as young leaves on this ancient and gigantic tree of life -- connected by invisible branches not just to each other, but to our extinct relatives and our evolutionary ancestors."

Postcolonial Perspectives on a Revolutionary Concept Podiumsdiskussion mit Prof. Dipesh Chakrabarty (University of Chicago) Moderation: Felix Fiedler [English below] Der indische Historiker Dipesh Chakrabarty ist einer der profiliertesten Theoretiker postkolonialer Kritik. In Europa wurde vor allem seine Studie “Provincializing Europe” breit diskutiert. Chakrabarty untersucht darin, wie “Europa im historischen Wissen als stillschweigender Maßstab fungiert”: Die politischen Begriffe und Bilder des “alten Kontinents” beherrschen noch immer den globalen Diskurs, und schreiben so die koloniale und imperialistische Macht Europas fort: Gemessen am europäischen Standard von Bürgerlichkeit, Aufklärung, Liberalismus, Staat und Kapitalismus erscheinen nicht-europäische Gesellschaften meist als defizitär und zurückgeblieben. ___ RETHINKING WORKING CLASS Postcolonial Perspectives on a Revolutionary Concept Key note and discussion with Dipesh Chakrabarty (University of Chicago) Indian historian Dipesh Chakrabarty is one of the leading exponents proponents of postcolonial critique. In Europe, he is most widely known for his book “Provincializing Europe”. The study investigates how the “old continent” served as a “silent referent in historical knowledge”: European political theory and imagery still dominate the global discourse, he argues, thus perpetuating Europe’s colonial and imperialist supremacy. Against the implicit European standard of modernity – of republicanism, liberalism statehood and capitalism – all non-European societies appear deficient and backward. Does this criticism also apply to the concept of class – the focus of this year’s Marx Autumn School? For Marx, as for the socialist regimes of the 20th century, class division was the fundamental source of contention within any given society. Liberation had to be achieved through class struggle. Yet as a dogma, the primacy of class itself became a tool of suppression. It reenforced the hegemony of the state socialist party apparatus and obscured other modes of domination beyond the stereotypical “contradiction of capital and labor”: colonial exploitation, nationalism, racism, antisemitism, patriarchal gender regimes, and other ideologies of inequality. Since the 60s and 70s, poststructuralist and postcolonial authors have highlighted those very modes of subjugation, citing conceptual and political shortcomings of orthodox Marxism. The collapse of state socialism after 1989/90 has given this criticism a new spin: While deepening social divisions, the triumph of neoliberal capitalism has further deteriorated any notion of class. And there seems to be no prospect of a new theoretical and political synthesis. Under these problematic premises, Dipesh Chakrabarty embarks on a new reading of the once revolutionary concept of class.

This speech analysis will be going over the public speech from Prosanta Chakrabarty, “Four billion years of evolution in six minutes.”

Hello my fellow Hemp nuts! Are you ready for the cannabis bonanza?! With Greer Barnes out of studio and performing in Las Vegas this week, the show is anchored by Unapologetic Farmer Randy Cameron, Jr, Jan Roberts, LCSW,DSW, and Jahan Marcu, Ph.D. Word of the day: Virapattra Sanskrit word meaning leaf of heroesHigh Science Topic: The science behind patents: Who Owns Cannabis Genetics? Article: https://bigbudsmag.com/what-happens-if-corporations-patent-cannabis-genetics/Summary/high notes:It wasn’t until 1981 that the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) began to issue patents for natural plan. General Electric (GE), developed bacteria that was capable of breaking down crude oil, and so GE and Chakrabarty sought a patent. Today, the USPTO’s guidelines on patenting living things are even broader, allowing anyone who “invents or discovers and asexually reproduces any distinct and new variety of plant … may obtain a patent therefor.” Patents are expensive, but valuable. It works like this: First, an inventor files an application, in which they must provide details on four sets of criteria:1. Whether or not the invention can be patented under law2. Proof that the invention is truly new3. The invention is useful4. The invention is non-obviousCannabis is in danger of going the way the rest of agriculture has gone: toward monoculture, centralization, and restrictive patenting. The Open Cannabis Project (OCP) was established by industry leaders to resist these forces and to protect genetic diversity of the Cannabis plant as well as the economic diversity of the cannabis industry. “Without documentation, how can any of these farmers prove they had things before they were patented? We have yet to see how this will play out,” Schechter says.The effects of these patents on the cannabis industry still remain to be seen. How can you enforce federal patents on something federally illegal? Links to other articles discussed:Cannabots: Are the robots coming for your weed?https://www.cannalawblog.com/cannabots-are-the-robots-coming-for-your-weed/Cannabis delivery company (Eaze's) website crashed on 4/20https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-04-20/marijuana-delivery-app-crashes-on-pot-industry-s-black-fridayBen & Jerry's is making sure weed legalization doesn't leave POC behindhttps://mjtodaymedia.us13.list-manage.com/track/click?u=0543f0e8e0f2124691d18ca68&id=ba65d26511&e=87a9448f47Keen, L., Abbate, A., Blanden, G., Priddie, C., Moeller, F. G., & Rathore, M. (2019). Confirmed marijuana use and lymphocyte count in black people living with HIV. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 198, 112–115. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.11.018'Cannabis Is A World Of Mystery,' Says A Nobel Prize Winner Working In Weed(with weed company in Israel -- Aaron Ciechanoverhttps://www.forbes.com/sites/javierhasse/2019/04/22/cannabis-is-a-world-of-mystery-says-a-nobel-prize-winner-working-in-weed/#618d889a5837 See acast.com/privacy for privacy and opt-out information.

Prosanta Chakrabarty (@preaux_fish) is a systematist and an ichthyologist studying the evolution and biogeography of both freshwater and marine fishes. His work includes studies of Neotropical (Central and South America, Caribbean) and Indo-West Pacific (Indian and Western Pacific Ocean) fishes.Prosanta is an Associate Professor and Curator of Fishes at the Museum of Natural Science and Department of Biological Science at Louisiana State University and is also a Research Associate at the American Museum of Natural History in New York and Smithsonian in Washington, D.C.He has gone on research trips to Japan, Australia, Taiwan, Madagascar, Panama, Kuwait, and many other countries and discovered over a dozen new species including new anglerfishes and cavefishes in the process.His latest books include A Guide to Academia: Getting into and surviving grad school, postdocs and a research job and Making a Big Splash with Louisiana Fishes. He is also a former Program Director at the National Science Foundation and was named a TED Fellow in 2016, and a TED Senior Fellow in 2018.You can listen right here on iTunesIn our wide-ranging conversation, we cover many things, including: * How the attitude towards science and scientific research has changed in DC since Trump * What happens when science discover completely new species * Why Prosanta is optimistic about the direction the world is headed * What happens if and when we revive the Neanderthals * How a fisherman found humanity's closing living fish relative thought extinction 65 million years ago * Why biology is shifting away from the organismal view and towards biotech * The reason Prosanta is pretty terrified about CRISPR * How soon until we start to see newly engineered species of human * The problems with containing CRISPR and gene editing * Ways to redesign education for a more well-rounded individual * What we can learn from fundamental scientific research why it needs more money * When should we consider genetically editing humans and why it's probably inevitable * Why evolution might be more complex than we thinkMake a Tax-Deductible Donation to Support FringeFMFringeFM is supported by the generosity of its readers and listeners. If you find our work valuable, please consider supporting us on Patreon, via Paypal or with DonorBox powered by Stripe.Donate

This bonus track is brought to you from the ALLELE seminar series on evolution at the University of Alabama. Dr. Chakrabarty presents his talk, "Making evolution accessible to everyone"; for more information on his research check out SoS Episode 28 "The Fishy Perspective".

SoS28- The “Fishy” Perspective with Prosanta Chakrabarty In episode 28, we talk with Dr. Prosanta Chakrabarty, Associate Professor in Biological Sciences and Curator of Ichthyology at Louisiana State University. In addition to his position at LSU, Dr. Chakrabarty is a TED Fellow, and experienced public speaker and science communicator. He chats with us about the various modes and opportunities for science communication and outreach, as well as the narratives we use to discuss topics such as evolution. Dr. Chakrabarty has authored two books including A Guide to Academia: Getting into and Surviving Grad School, Postdocs and a Research Job. For more information on Dr. Chakrabarty, check out his webpage and recent publications at https://www.lsu.edu/science/biosci/faculty_and_staff/chakrabarty.php, his TED Fellows page at: https://www.ted.com/speakers/prosanta_chakrabarty, feel free to reach out to him via email at prosanta@lsu.edu, and follow him on Twitter @preaux_fish. Check out his TED Talk, “Four Billion Years of Evolution in Six Minutes” at: https://www.ted.com/talks/prosanta_chakrabarty_four_billion_years_of_evolution_in_six_minutes?language=en. The Sausage of Science is produced by Cara Ocobock and Chris Lynn, with assistance from Junior Service Fellow Caroline Owens for the Public Relations Committee of the Human Biology Association. The song in the soundbed is “Always Lyin’” by the Morning Shakes. Contact the Sausage of Science and Human Biology Association: Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/groups/humanbiologyassociation Website:http://humbio.org/, Twitter: @HumBioAssoc Michaela Howells, Public Relations Committee Chair, Email: howellsm@uncw.edu Cara Ocobock, Website: https://sites.nd.edu/cara-ocobock/, Email:cocobock@nd.edu, Twitter:@CaraOcobock Chris Lynn, Website:http://cdlynn.people.ua.edu/, Email:cdlynn@ua.edu, Twitter:@Chris_Ly Caroline Owens, Email:cowens8@emory.edu, Twitter: @careowens

In April 1988 Harvard University was awarded a patent that was the first of its kind. U.S. Patent Number 4,736,866 was small, white, and furry, with red beady eyes. His name was OncoMouse. The mouse, genetically engineered to have a predisposition for cancer, allowed researchers to study the disease in an intact living organism. It promised to transform cancer research, but not everyone was happy. Most critics were wary of patenting life forms at all. But academic scientists were also worried about the collision of commercial and academic science. It forced them to face difficult questions: Who should pay for science? Who does scientific knowledge belong to? And should science be for the good of the public or for profit? Credits Hosts: Alexis Pedrick and Elisabeth Berry Drago. Senior Producer: Mariel Carr Producer: Rigoberto Hernandez Reporter: Jessie Wright-Mendoza   Photo illustration by Jay Muhlin. Additional audio production by Dan Drago. Music Additional music courtesy of the Audio Network.  Research Notes Interviews: Elizabeth Popp Berman, Associate Professor of Sociology, SUNY Albany, and author of Creating the Market University: How Academic Science Became an Economic Engine. David Einhorn, House Counsel, Jackson Laboratory. Harold Varmus, Professor of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine. Ken Paigen, Executive Research Fellow and Professor, Jackson Laboratory. Sources:  Adler, Jerry. “The First Patented Animal Is Still Leading the Way on Cancer Research.” Smithsonian Magazine, December 2016.  Chakrabarty, Ananda. Microorganisms having multiple compatible degradative energy-generating plasmids and preparation thereof. U.S. Patent 4259444A, filed June 7, 1981, and issued March 31, 1981.  Diamond v. Chakrabarty, 447 U.S. 303 (1980). “Fortune Names Its ’88 Products of the Year.” Associated Press, November 17, 1988.  Hanahan, Douglas, Erwin Wagner, and Richard Palmiter. “The Origins of Oncomice: A History of the First Transgenic Mice Genetically Engineered to Develop Cancer.” Genes and Development 21 (2007), 2258–2270. Leder, Philip, and Timothy Stewart. Transgenic non-human mammals. U.S. Patent 4736866A, filed June 22, 1984, and issued April 12, 1988.  Leonelli, Sabina, and Rachel Ankeny. “Re-Thinking Organisms: The Impact of Databases on Model Organism Biology.” Working paper, University of Exeter, April 5, 2011. Published in Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C 43:1 (2012), 29–36. Morse, Herbert C. III, ed. Origins of Inbred Mice. New York: Academic Press, 1978. Google Books. Murray, Fiona. “The Oncomouse That Roared: Resistance and Accommodation to Patenting in Academic Science.” Working paper, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2006. Published in American Journal of Sociology 116:2 (2010), 341–388. National Association for Biomedical Research. “Mice and Rats.” Mice and Rats. Washington, DC, 2018. nabr.org. National Museum of American History. “OncoMouse.” Washington, DC, 2018. americanhistory.si.edu. Palmer, Brian. “Jonas Salk: Good at Virology, Bad at Economics.” Slate, April 13, 2014. Rader, Karen. “The Mouse People: Murine Genetics Work at the Bussey Institution, 1909–1936.” Journal of the History of Biology 31:3 (Autumn 1998), 327–354.  Russell, Elizabeth. “Origins and History of Mouse Inbred Strains: Contributions of Clarence Cook Little.” Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine. informatics.jax.org. Schneider, Keith. “New Animal Forms Will Be Patented.” New York Times, April 17, 1987. Specter, Michael. “Can We Patent Life?” New Yorker, April 1, 2013.  Archival Sources: Achbar, Mark, and Jennifer Abbott, dir. The Corporation. Canada: Big Picture Media Corporation, 2003.  Albert and Mary Lasker Foundation. “Lasker Archives: Passion and Optimism in Scientific Research.” April 9, 2017, laskerfoundation.org. On the 1987 Albert Lasker Basic Medical Research Award. Murrow, Edward. See It Now (Jonas Salk). CBS, April 12, 1955. paleycenter.org Potter, Deborah, and Dan Rather. “Animal Patents.” CBS Evening News, April 12, 1988. Ronald Reagan Presidential Library. “Candidacy for Presidency: Ronald Reagan’s Announcement for President of U.S.” November 13, 1979. youtube.com.

Les humains ont-ils évolué à partir des singes ou des poissons ? Dans cet exposé instructif, l'ichtyologiste et TED Fellow Prosanta Chakrabarty dissipe certains mythes sur l'évolution, nous encourageant à nous rappeler que nous ne sommes qu'une petite partie d'un processus complexe de quatre milliards d'années - et non la fin de la lignée. « Nous ne sommes pas le but de l'évolution », dit Chakrabarty. « Pensez à nous tous en tant que jeunes feuilles sur cet arbre de vie antique et gigantesque - connecté par des branches invisibles non seulement les uns aux autres, mais à nos parents disparus et nos ancêtres évolutionnaires. »

¿Los humanos evolucionamos a partir de monos o de peces? En esta charla esclarecedora, el ictiólogo y becario TED Prosanta Chakrabarty disipa algunos mitos innatos sobre la evolución, animándonos a recordar que somos una pequeña parte de un proceso complejo de 4000 millones de años, y no el final de la línea. "No somos el objetivo de la evolución", dice Chakrabarty. "Pensémonos como hojas jóvenes en este antiguo y gigantesco árbol de la vida, conectados por ramas invisibles no solo entre nosotros, sino con nuestros parientes extintos y nuestros antepasados evolutivos".

Os humanos evoluíram dos macacos ou dos peixes? Nesta palestra esclarecedora, o ictiólogo e bolsista TED Prosanta Chakrabarty afasta alguns mitos sobre evolução, incentivando-nos a lembrar que somos uma pequena parte de um processo complexo de 4 bilhões de anos, e não o fim da linha. "Não somos o objetivo da evolução", diz Chakrabarty. "Pense em todos nós como folhas novas nesta árvore antiga e gigantesca da vida, conectados por galhos invisíveis não apenas uns aos outros, mas aos nossos parentes extintos e nossos ancestrais evolutivos."

Stammt der Mensch vom Affen oder vom Fisch ab? In diesem Vortrag räumt der Fischkundler und TED-Fellow Prosanta Chakrabarty mit einigen hartnäckigen Mythen über Evolution auf und erinnert uns daran, dass wir ein kleiner Teil eines komplexen, vier Milliarden Jahre dauernden Prozesses sind -- und nicht das Endprodukt. "Wir sind nicht das Ziel der Evolution", sagt Chakrabarty. "Wir sind alle junge Blätter auf dem gigantischen, antiken Baum des Lebens -- verbunden durch unsichtbare Zweige sowohl miteinander, als auch mit unseren ausgestorbenen Verwandten."

사람은 원숭이에서 진화한 것일까요? 아니면 물고기에서 진화한 것일까요? 이 교육적인 강연에서 어류학자이자 TED 펠로우인 프로산타 챠크라바티는 진화에 관한 오랫동안 믿어 온 미신을 타파하고 우리 모두가 진화의 끝이 아니라 복잡하고 40억 년에 걸친 진화 과정의 작은 일부분일 뿐이라는 것을 기억하라고 알려줍니다. 그는 이렇게 말합니다. "우리는 진화의 목표가 아닙니다. 우리 스스로를 이 오래되고 거대한 생명의 나무의 새싹이라고 생각하세요. 보이지 않는 가지들이 우리 서로뿐만 아니라, 멸종한 종과 진화적 선조들도 연결해주고 있습니다."

Did humans evolve from monkeys or from fish? In this enlightening talk, ichthyologist and TED Fellow Prosanta Chakrabarty dispels some hardwired myths about evolution, encouraging us to remember that we're a small part of a complex, four-billion-year process -- and not the end of the line. "We're not the goal of evolution," Chakrabarty says. "Think of us all as young leaves on this ancient and gigantic tree of life -- connected by invisible branches not just to each other, but to our extinct relatives and our evolutionary ancestors."

Not only does Dr. Prosanta Chakrabarty, Associate Professor of Biological Sciences and Curator of Fishes at Louisiana State University’s Museum of Natural Science, travel the world for science - he is an active science communicator! Prosanta is a past TEDxLSU and TED speaker, he was a TED Fellow - a group of “rising stars in their field” impacting the global community, and was recently named TED 2018 Senior Fellow. We catch up with Prosanta in his office following the announcement of being named TED Senior Fellow to learn more about his TED experiences, recent research adventures, and advice for for sharing your science. Music by PCIII, Bramby at Full Gallop available from Free Music Archive.

Not only does Dr. Prosanta Chakrabarty, Associate Professor of Biological Sciences and Curator of Fishes at Louisiana State University’s Museum of Natural Science, travel the world for science - he is an active science communicator! Prosanta is a past TEDxLSU and TED speaker, he was a TED Fellow - a group of “rising stars in their field” impacting the global community, and was recently named TED 2018 Senior Fellow. We catch up with Prosanta in his office following the announcement of being named TED Senior Fellow to learn more about his TED experiences, recent research adventures, and advice for for sharing your science. Music by PCIII, Bramby at Full Gallop available from Free Music Archive.

How can small, blind cave fishes aid in uncovering the story of continental movement? Dr. Prosanta Chakrabarty, Associate Professor in Biological Sciences and Curator of Fishes at the Louisiana State University Museum of Natural Science, travels the world researching the morphology and DNA of fish species to uncover pieces of the world’s deep evolutionary and geological puzzles.

How can small, blind cave fishes aid in uncovering the story of continental movement? Dr. Prosanta Chakrabarty, Associate Professor in Biological Sciences and Curator of Fishes at the Louisiana State University Museum of Natural Science, travels the world researching the morphology and DNA of fish species to uncover pieces of the world’s deep evolutionary and geological puzzles.

In this episode of #CyrusSays, Cyrus meets Samyak Chakrabarty (@Samyakc on Twitter), social entrepreneur and founder of Social Quotient and the Green Batti Project (@greenbatti on Twitter). They talk about: His startup, Electronic Youth Media Being one of the youngest entrepreneurs in the country Being instrumental in driving the youth to vote Indian weddings The importance of the mentor-mentee system How CSR can actually create impact

Join us for another hearty episode of Always Already Podcast with B, John and Rachel. This time we’ll be discussing Dipesh Chakrabarty‘s “The Climate of History: Four Theses.” Exploring the relationship between capitalism, climate change, and the role of humans as a species in the warming of the planet, Chakrabarty pushes us to rethink narrow constructions […]

Thu, 17 Jan 2013 12:00:00 +0100 https://edoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de/15524/ https://edoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de/15524/1/Chakrabarty_Arnab.pdf Chakrabarty, Arnab ddc:570, ddc:500, Fakultä

Over four days, our 20 plus speakers – philosophers and theologians, historians and writers, believers and non-believers – will consider what it means to be religious, and what role the voice of faith may legitimately have in the conversations of citizens in a multicultural, democratic state and the community of nations. On Sunday, two keynote lectures from distinguished international guests each consider challenges posed by – and to – faith in the building of modern communities. Their lectures will be followed by panel discussions with local and international guests. First, ground-breaking social historian Dipesh Chakrabarty will explore the voice of faith in national identity, speaking from the perspective of India. Chakrabarty’s book Provincializing Europe: Postcolonial Thought and Historical Difference investigates how and in what sense European ideas labelled ‘universal’ are in fact drawn from very specific intellectual traditions. He is one of the founders of subaltern studies, a field that draws on the idea that peasants may play a positive role in effecting social change in ex-colonial countries. In a panel discussion following Chakrabarty’s address, the conversation will open up to include Sundhya Pahuja, a professor from Melbourne Law School (concerned with the relationship between international law and institutions and the question of global inequality), writer and poet Barry Hill. Justice Susan Crennan, a former Commonwealth Commissioner for Human Rights, will be participating chair. For the full text of this lecture plus transcripts and recordings of the series, visit our Faith and Culture archive.