Podcasts about clarendon press

La révolution industrielle au 19e siècle, est-ce que c'est un avancée ou un traumatisme qui nous habite encore ? Note: merci à @EdwinVan57 de l'avoir souligné. En 1871 la France a perdu l'Alsace et la Moselle et non la Lorraine entière.  Adhérez à cette chaîne pour obtenir des avantages : https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCN4TCCaX-gqBNkrUqXdgGRA/join Script: Maxime Testart de @laratplace et Laurent Turcot https://www.youtube.com/@laratplace Montage et réalisation: Laurent Turcot Pour soutenir la chaîne, au choix: 1. Cliquez sur le bouton « Adhérer » sous la vidéo. 2. Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/hndl 00:00 Introduction 02:30 C'est quoi la Révolution industrielle ? 06:14 Les origines au 18e siècle 12:23 Pourquoi la Grande-Bretagne ? 23:04 Des innovations qui changent le monde 29:30 Toujours plus vite et plus loin 33:31 Des villes industrielles 41:29 Deuxième révolution industrielle 46:17 Une source de conflits 56:05 Conclusion Musique issue du site : epidemicsound.com Images provenant de https://www.storyblocks.com Abonnez-vous à la chaine: https://www.youtube.com/c/LHistoirenousledira Les vidéos sont utilisées à des fins éducatives selon l'article 107 du Copyright Act de 1976 sur le Fair-Use. Sources et pour aller plus loin: Roland Marx, La révolution industrielle en Grande-Bretagne, Paris, Armand Colin, 1992 (1970). Nadège Sougy et Patick Verley, « La première industrialisation (1750-1880) » Documentation photographique, janvier-février 2008 Patrick Verley, La révolution industrielle, Paris, Gallimard, 1997 (1985). Jean-Pierre Rioux, La révolution industrielle 1780-1880, Paris, 1989 (1971). Chantal Beauchamp. Révolution industrielle et croissance économique au 19e siècle, Paris, Ellipses, 1997. Jean-Pierre Rioux et Dominique Redor, La révolution industrielle en Grande-Bretagne, Paris, Hatier, 1980. J.M. Roberts et O.A. Westad, Histoire du monde. 3. L'Âge des révolutions, Paris, Perrin, 2016. Joel Mokyr (dir.), The British Industrial Revolution: An Economic Perspective, Westview Press, 2018. Riello, Giorgio. Cotton: The Fabric That Made the Modern World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013. E. P. Thompson, The Making of the English Working Class, Vintage, 1980 (1963). Smith, Bonnie G. et al. World in the Making: A Global History. New York: Oxford University Press, 2019. Jürgen Osterhammel, La transformation du monde, une histoire globale du XIXe siècle, Paris, Nouveau Monde. 2017 (2009 Louis Chevalier, Classes laborieuses et classes dangereuses pendant la première moitié du XIXe siècle, Paris, Plon, 1958. E. J. Hobsbawm, Histoire économique et sociale de la Grande-Bretagne. tome 2, de la révolution industrielle à nos jours, Paris, Seuil, 1977 (1968). E. J. Hobsbawm, Industry and Empire: From 1750 to the Present Day. 1999. Sidney Pollard, Peaceful Conquest: The Industrialization of Europe, 1760–1970, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1981. David S. Landes, Richesse et pauvreté des nations. Pourquoi des riches ? Pourquoi des pauvres ?, Paris, Albin Michel, 2000 (1998) Jean-Charles Asselain, Histoire économique de la France du XVIIIe siècle à nos jours. Paris, Points, 2011, (1984), Emma Griffin, A Short History of the British Industrial Revolution, London, Bloomsbury, 2010. N. F. R. Crafts, British Economic Growth during the Industrial Revolution, Clarendon Press, 1985 François Crouzet, Histoire de l'économie européenne, 1000-2000, Albin Michel, Paris, 2000 Paul Bairoch, Révolution industrielle et sous-développement, Paris, éd. de l'E.H.E.S.S., 1974 (1963). https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puddlage Jean-Charles Asselain, « Révolution industrielle » [en ligne]. In Encyclopædia Universalis. Disponible sur : https://www-universalis-edu-com.biblioproxy.uqtr.ca/encyclopedie/revolution-industrielle/ Samir Amin. « Industrie » - Industrialisation et formes de société [en ligne]. In Encyclopædia Universalis. Francis Demier. « Multiplication des inventions » [en ligne]. In Encyclopædia Universalis. https://www.geo.fr/histoire/quest-ce-que-la-revolution-industrielle-208173 « LA RÉVOLUTION INDUSTRIELLE | Je révise avec toi | #08 », Je révise avec toi, 8 mars 2023. « LA SECONDE RÉVOLUTION INDUSTRIELLE | Je révise avec toi | #40 », Je révise avec toi, 7 mai 2023. « Révolution industrielle : Le Charbon, Moteur de la Puissance Britannique | Partie 1 | SLICE HISTOIRE », SLICE Histoire, 30 septembre 2024. « L'Industrialisation », RÉCIT Univers social, 20 août 2019. « L'HISTOIRE PAR L'IMAGE | La révolution industrielle », Grand Palais, 2 octobre 2020. « Coal, Steam, and The Industrial Revolution: Crash Course World History #32 » CrashCourse, 20 août 2012. Autres références disponibles sur demande. #histoire #documentaire #revolutionindustrielle #revolutionaryinventions #industrialrevolution #industrialrevolution

Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the renowned and versatile Irish writer Oliver Goldsmith (1728 - 1774). There is a memorial to him in Westminster Abbey's Poet's Corner written by Dr Johnson, celebrating Goldsmith's life as a poet, natural philosopher and historian. To this could be added ‘playwright' and ‘novelist' and ‘science writer' and ‘pamphleteer' and much besides, as Goldsmith explored so many different outlets for his talents. While he began on Grub Street in London, the centre for jobbing writers scrambling for paid work, he became a great populariser and compiler of new ideas and knowledge and achieved notable successes with poems such as The Deserted Village, his play She Stoops to Conquer and his short novel The Vicar of Wakefield. WithDavid O'Shaughnessy Professor of Eighteenth-Century Studies at the University of GalwayJudith Hawley Professor of Eighteenth-Century Literature at Royal Holloway, University of LondonAnd Michael Griffin Professor of English at the University of LimerickProducer: Simon TillotsonReading list:Norma Clarke, Brothers of the Quill: Oliver Goldsmith in Grub Street (Harvard University Press, 2016)Leo Damrosch, The Club: Johnson, Boswell, and the Friends Who Shaped an Age (Yale University Press, 2019)Oliver Goldsmith (ed. Aileen Douglas and Ian Campbell Ross), The Vicar of Wakefield: A Tale, Supposed to Be Written by Himself (first published 1766; Cambridge University Press, 2024)Oliver Goldsmith (ed. Arthur Friedman), The Vicar of Wakefield (first published 1766; Oxford University Press, 2008)Oliver Goldsmith (ed. Arthur Friedman), The Collected Works of Oliver Goldsmith, 5 vols (Clarendon Press, 1966) Oliver Goldsmith (ed. Robert L. Mack), Oliver Goldsmith: Everyman's Poetry, No. 30 (Phoenix, 1997)Oliver Goldsmith (ed. James Ogden), She Stoops to Conquer (first performed 1773; Methuen Drama, 2003)Oliver Goldsmith (ed. James Watt), The Citizen of the World (first published 1762; Cambridge University Press, 2024)Oliver Goldsmith (ed. Nigel Wood), She Stoops to Conquer and Other Comedies (first performed 1773; Oxford University Press, 2007)Michael Griffin and David O'Shaughnessy (eds.), Oliver Goldsmith in Context (Cambridge University Press, 2024)Michael Griffin and David O'Shaughnessy (eds.), The Letters of Oliver Goldsmith (Cambridge University Press, 2018)Roger Lonsdale (ed.), The Poems of Gray, Collins and Goldsmith (Longmans, 1969)In Our Time is a BBC Studios Audio production

Bright on Buddhism - Episode 105 - Who is Amitabha? What are some stories about him? How ought we understand him?Resources: Karashima, Seishi (2009), JSTOR 24049429 On Amitābha, Amitāyu(s), Sukhāvatī and the Amitābhavyūha], Bulletin of the Asia Institute, New Series, 23, 121–130Charles Muller, "Buddha of Immeasurable Life 無量壽佛" Digital Dictionary of Buddhism,http://www.buddhism-dict.net/cgi-bin/xpr-ddb.pl?71.xml+id(%27b7121-91cf-58fd-4f5b%27)Tanaka, Kenneth K. 1990. The Dawn of Chinese Pure Land Buddhist Doctrine: Ching-ying Hui-yüanʼs Commentary on the Visualization Sutra, p. 12. Albany: State University of New York Press.The Three Pure Land Sutras (PDF), translated by Inagaki, Hisao, Berkeley: Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, 2003, ISBN 1-886439-18-4,Georgios T. Halkias, Luminous Bliss: A Religious History of Pure Land Literature in Tibet Pure LandJones, Charles B. (2019). Chinese Pure Land Buddhism, Understanding a Tradition of Practice. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.Jones, Charles B. (2021). Pure Land: History, Tradition, and Practice. Shambhala Publications. ISBN 978-1-61180-890-2.Amstutz, Galen (1998). The Politics of Pure Land Buddhism in India, Numen 45 (1), 69–96 JSTOR 3270334 (subscription required)Inagaki, Hisao, trans. (2003), The Three Pure Land Sutras (PDF), Berkeley: Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, ISBN 1-886439-18-4, archived from the original (PDF) on May 12, 2014.Müller, F. Max (trans) Buddhist Mahâyâna texts Vol. 2: The larger Sukhâvatî-vyûha, the smaller Sukhâvatî-vyûha, the Vagrakkedikâ, the larger Pragñâ-pâramitâ-hridaya-sûtra, the smaller Pragñâ-pâramitâ-hridaya-sûtra. The Amitâyur dhyâna-sûtra, translated by J. Takakusu. Oxford, Clarendon Press 1894. Pure Land Sutras.Shi Wuling: In one Lifetime: Pure Land Buddhism, Amitabha Publications, Chicago 2006. ISBN 978-1-59975-357-7.Halkias, Georgios and Richard Payne. Pure Lands in Asian Texts and Contexts: An Anthology. University of Hawaii Press, 2019.Halkias, Georgios. Luminous Bliss: A Religious History of Pure Land Literature in Tibet, with an annotated English translation and critical edition of the Orgyan-gling Gold manuscript of the short Sukhāvatīvyūha-sūtra. Hawaii: University of Hawai‘i Press 2013. [1]Johnson, Peter, trans. (2020). The Land of Pure Bliss, On the Nature of Faith & Practice in Greater Vehicle (Mahāyāna) Buddhism, Including a Full Translation of Shàndǎo's Commentary in Four Parts Explaining The Scripture About Meditation on the Buddha 'Of Infinite Life' (Amitāyur Buddha Dhyāna Sūtra, 觀無量壽佛經), ISBN 978-1-7923-4208-0.Kenneth Tanaka (1989). Bibliography of English-language Works on Pure land Buddhism: Primarily 1983–1989, Pacific World Journal, New Series, Number 5, 85–99.Do you have a question about Buddhism that you'd like us to discuss? Let us know by tweeting to us @BrightBuddhism, emailing us at Bright.On.Buddhism@gmail.com, or joining us on our discord server, Hidden Sangha ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠https://discord.gg/tEwcVpu⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠!Credits:Nick Bright: Script, Cover Art, Music, Voice of Hearer, Co-HostProven Paradox: Editing, mixing and mastering, social media, Voice of Hermit, Co-Host

In this episode, we look into how we can learn from intentionally guiding our imagination while also looking into how much of the imagination operates outside of our conscious control. We also continue to explore the limits of imagination and how it can be used for both good and ill. Our guest scholar in this episode is Dr. Tamar Gendler, Dean of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Vincent J. Scully Professor of Philosophy, and Professor of Psychology and Cognitive Science at Yale University. --- Dr. Tamar Szabó Gendler is Yale's Dean of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences, the Vincent J. Scully Professor of Philosophy, and Professor of Psychology and Cognitive Science. She holds a BA summa cum laude with Distinction in Humanities and in Mathematics-&-Philosophy from Yale University (1987) and a PhD in Philosophy from Harvard University (1996). After teaching at Syracuse and Cornell Universities for nearly a decade, she returned to Yale in 2006 as Professor of Philosophy and Chair of the Cognitive Science Program. In 2009-10, supported by the Mellon Foundation's New Directions program, she spent a year as a full-time student at Yale doing coursework in psychology, neuroscience, and statistics. In 2010, she was appointed Chair of the Yale philosophy department, becoming the first woman chair in the department's two-century history. In 2013, she was appointed Deputy Provost for Humanities and Initiatives, a position she held until she assumed her current role in 2014. As FAS Dean, Gendler has focused on building excellence and collaboration within and across traditional disciplinary boundaries throughout the divisions in the Faculty of Arts and Sciences and across the university more broadly. Gendler's academic research brings together the techniques of traditional Anglo-American philosophy with empirical work from psychology and other social sciences; her interests include the relation between imagination and belief, the contrast between rational and non-rational persuasion, and the role of habits in shaping behavior and judgment. Many of these issues are explored in her Open Yale course, Philosophy and the Science of Human Nature. She also has interests in education policy and practice, and worked for several years after she graduated from Yale as an education policy analyst at the RAND Corporation. Gendler is the author of Intuition, Imagination, and Philosophical Methodology (Oxford, 2013), Thought Experiments: On the Powers and Limits of Imaginary Cases (Routledge, 2000), and co-editor of The Elements of Philosophy (Oxford 2008), Perceptual Experience (Oxford, 2006), Conceivability and Possibility (Oxford 2002), and the Oxford Handbook of Philosophical Methodology (Oxford 2016). ---While her full catalog of articles and books is far too long to list here, the publications below provide a useful introduction to her scholarship addressing the topic of imagination: Gendler, T. S. (2014). Thought experiment: On the powers and limits of imaginary cases. Routledge. Gendler, T. S. (2000). The puzzle of imaginative resistance. The Journal of Philosophy, 97(2), 55-81. Gendler, T. S., & Hawthorne, J. (Eds.). (2002). Conceivability and possibility. Clarendon Press. Liao, S. Y., & Gendler, T. (2019). Imagination. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. --- The Social Science for Public Good Podcast is a project of the Virginia Tech Institute for Policy and Governance and VT Publishing intended to make social science theories accessible and available to individuals and organizations seeking to promote social change. Music: purple-planet.com

En 1921 Arnold Schoenberg decide crear un sistema de composición reglado a partir de un fundamento inflexible: de una única escala de doce sonidos de la escala cromática cada uno de ellos tiene la misma importancia y puede ser tocado bajo cualquier orden pero ninguno puede ser repetido hasta que se hayan tocado los otros 11._____Has escuchadoDrei Klavierstucke, Op. 11 (1909) / Arnold Schoenberg. Glenn Gould, piano. CBS (1968)“¿Qué es el dodecafonismo?”. YouTube Vídeo. Publicado por Raquel Aller, 25 de agosto de 2017: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BQV9dfIZhjU]_____Selección bibliográficaAUNER, Joseph Henry, A Schoenberg Reader: Documents of a Life. Yale University Press, 2003BOSS, Jack Forrest, Schoenberg's Twelve-Tone Music: Symmetry and the Musical Idea. Cambridge University Press, 2014BUCH, Esteban, El caso Schönberg: nacimiento de la vanguardia musical. Fondo de Cultura Económica, 2010CHARLES, Agustín, Dodecafonismo y serialismo en España: compositores y obras. Rivera, 2005*DAHLHAUS, Carl et al., Schoenberg. Contrechamps, 2017HAIMO, Ethan, Schoenberg's Serial Odyssey: The Evolution of His Twelve-Tone Method, 1914-1928. Clarendon Press; Oxford University Press, 1990IDDON, Martin (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Serialism. Cambridge University Press, 2023JEDRZEJEWSKI, Frank, La musique dodécaphonique et sérielle: une nouvelle histoire. Brepols, 2021JENKINS, Daniel J., Schoenberg's Program Notes and Musical Analyses. Oxford University Press, 2017PERLE, George, Composición serial y atonalidad: una introducción a la música de Schönberg, Berg y Webern. Idea Books, 1999SACHS, Harvey, ¿Por qué Schoenberg: su vida, su música y su importancia hoy. Traducido por Mariano Peyrou Tubert. Taurus, 2024SHAW, Jennifer y Joseph Auner (eds.), Schoenberg. Cambridge University Press, 2010SOLOMOS, Makis, Antonia Soulez y Horacio Vaggione, Formel, informel: musique-philosophie. L'Harmattan, 2003*STUCKENSCHMIDT, Hans H., Arnold Schönberg. Halar, 1964* *Documento disponible para su consulta en la Sala de Nuevas Músicas de la Biblioteca y Centro de Apoyo a la Investigación de la Fundación Juan March

[caption id="attachment_5359" align="aligncenter" width="1024"] "Dolmen de Menga entrance: Massive stone portal of 6,000-year-old Neolithic tomb in Antequera, Spain."[/caption][caption id="attachment_5354" align="aligncenter" width="1024"] "La Peña de los Enamorados: Distinctive mountain face aligned with Dolmen de Menga, resembling human profile."[/caption] Key Ideas: The invention of architecture during the Neolithic period marked a significant shift in human psychology and religion, creating a division between natural and man-made spaces and giving rise to new concepts of ownership, territoriality, and sacred spaces. The relationship between architecture and the awareness of death is explored, with the idea that built structures allowed humans to create a sense of permanence and continuity in the face of mortality. Neolithic dolmens and their alignment with the summer solstice may have played a crucial role in rituals related to death, the afterlife, and the cyclical nature of the cosmos. The astronomical alignment of the Dolmen de Menga is part of a larger pattern of archaeoastronomical significance in Neolithic monuments across Europe, suggesting a shared cosmological understanding among ancient societies. Neolithic art and architecture, including the use of red ochre and iron oxide paintings, may be linked to shamanic practices and altered states of consciousness. Peter Sloterdijk's theory of spheres is applied to understand the evolution of human spatial awareness and the desire to recreate protected, womb-like spaces through architecture. The fundamental nature of architecture and its role in human life is explored through various philosophical, psychological, and sociological perspectives. Adventure Time with My Daughter My daughter Violet likes the show Adventure Time. She loves mythology, creepy tombs, long dead civilizations and getting to be the first to explore and discover new things. I took my 6-year-old daughter to the Neolithic portal Tomb, or Dolmen, Dolmen de Menga in Antequera, while on a trip to Spain. This ancient megalithic monument, believed to be one of the oldest and largest in Europe, dates back to the 3rd millennium BCE. It is made of 8 ton slabs of stone that archaeologists have a passing idea of how ancient people moved. It has a well drilled through 20 meters of bedrock at the back of it and it is oriented so that the entrance faces a mountain that looks like a sleeping giant the ancient builders might have worshiped. All of this delighted my daughter. The dolmen's impressive architecture features massive stone slabs, some weighing up to 180 tons, forming a 25-meter-long corridor and a spacious chamber. Inside, a well adds to the mystery, possibly used for rituals or as a symbol of the underworld. What's truly fascinating is the dolmen's alignment with the nearby La Peña de los Enamorados mountain. During the summer solstice, the sun rises directly over the mountain, casting its first rays into the dolmen's entrance, illuminating the depths of the chamber. This astronomical alignment suggests the ancient builders had a sophisticated understanding of the cosmos. According to archaeoastronomical studies, the Dolmen de Menga might have served as a symbolic bridge between life and death, connecting the world of the living with the realm of the ancestors. The solstice alignment could have held great spiritual significance, marking a time of renewal, rebirth, and the eternal cycle of existence. Sharing this incredible experience with my daughter and witnessing her awe and curiosity as she felt the weight of boulders that men had moved by hand, is a moment I'll treasure forever.  I reminded her that every time she has seen a building, be it a school or a sky-scraper, it all started here with the birth of architecture, and maybe the birth of something else too. Thinking about prehistory is weird because thinking about the limits of our human understanding is trippy and prehistory is, by definition, before history and therefore written language, meaning we cant really know the subjective experience of anyone who was a part of it. Talking to a child about the limits of what we as a species do or can know are some of my favorite moments as a parent because they are opportunities to teach children the importance of curiosity, intuition and intellectual humility than many adults never learn. Watching Violet contemplate a time when mankind didn't have to tools or advanced scientific knowledge was a powerful moment when I saw her think so deeply about the humanity she was a part of. What the Invention of Architecture did to Psychology Anecdote of the Jar by Wallace Stevens I placed a jar in Tennessee, And round it was, upon a hill. It made the slovenly wilderness Surround that hill.   The wilderness rose up to it, And sprawled around, no longer wild. The jar was round upon the ground And tall and of a port in air.   It took dominion everywhere. The jar was gray and bare. It did not give of bird or bush, Like nothing else in Tennessee. Prior to the advent of architecture, the world was an undivided, seamless entity, with no clear boundaries between human habitation and the natural environment. The construction of dolmens and other architectural structures shattered this unified perception, creating a new paradigm in which humans actively shaped and claimed portions of the earth for their own purposes. This act of claiming space and erecting structures upon it represented a profound psychological shift, as humans began to assert their agency and control over their surroundings. The division of the world into natural and man-made spaces had far-reaching implications for human psychology. It fostered a sense of ownership and territoriality, as individuals and communities began to identify with and attach meaning to the spaces they created. This attachment to claimed spaces gave rise to new concepts of home, belonging, and identity, which were intimately tied to the built environment. Simultaneously, the unclaimed, natural world began to be perceived as a separate entity, one that existed beyond the boundaries of human control and understanding. The impact of this division on religion was equally profound. The creation of man-made spaces, such as dolmens, provided a tangible manifestation of human agency and the ability to shape the world according to human beliefs and desires. These structures became sacred spaces, imbued with religious and spiritual significance, where rituals and ceremonies could be performed. The separation of natural and man-made spaces also gave rise to new religious concepts, such as the idea of sacred and profane spaces, and the belief in the ability of humans to create and manipulate the divine through architectural means. The significance of this division between natural and man-made spaces is beautifully captured in Wallace Stevens' anecdote of the jar. In this short poem, Stevens describes placing a jar in a wilderness, which "took dominion everywhere." The jar, a man-made object, transforms the natural landscape around it, asserting human presence and control over the untamed wilderness. This simple act of placing a jar in the wild encapsulates the profound psychological and religious implications of the invention of architecture. The jar represents the human impulse to claim and shape space, to impose order and meaning upon the chaos of the natural world. It symbolizes the division between the natural and the man-made, and the way in which human creations can alter our perception and understanding of the world around us. Just as the jar takes dominion over the wilderness, the invention of architecture during the Neolithic period forever changed the way humans perceive and interact with their environment, shaping our psychology and religious beliefs in ways that continue to resonate to this day. The Relationship of Architecture to the Awareness of Death Robert Pogue Harrison, a professor of Italian literature and cultural history, has written extensively about the relationship between architecture, human psychology, and our understanding of death. In his book "The Dominion of the Dead," Harrison explores how the invention of architecture fundamentally altered human consciousness and our attitude towards mortality. According to Harrison, the creation of built structures marked a significant shift in human psychology. Before architecture, early humans lived in a world where the natural environment was dominant, and death was an ever-present reality. The invention of architecture allowed humans to create a sense of permanence and stability in the face of the transient nature of life. By constructing buildings and monuments, humans could create a physical manifestation of their existence that would outlast their individual lives. This allowed for a sense of continuity and the ability to leave a lasting mark on the world. Harrison argues that architecture became a way for humans to assert their presence and create a symbolic defense against the inevitability of death. Moreover, Harrison suggests that the invention of architecture gave rise to the concept of the "afterlife." By creating tombs, pyramids, and other burial structures, humans could imagine a realm where the dead continued to exist in some form. These architectural spaces served as a bridge between the world of the living and the world of the dead, providing a sense of connection and continuity. Harrison also argues that architecture played a crucial role in the development of human culture and collective memory. Buildings and monuments became repositories for shared histories, myths, and values. They served as physical anchors for cultural identity and helped to create a sense of belonging and shared purpose among communities. However, Harrison also notes that architecture can have a complex relationship with death. While it can provide a sense of permanence and a symbolic defense against mortality, it can also serve as a reminder of our own impermanence. The ruins of ancient civilizations and the decay of once-great buildings can evoke a sense of melancholy and serve as a testament to the ultimate transience of human existence. Death and Ritual through Architecture Recent archaeological findings have shed light on the potential significance of the alignment of Neolithic dolmens with the summer solstice. These ancient stone structures, found throughout Europe and beyond, have long been shrouded in mystery. However, the precise positioning of these megalithic tombs suggests that they may have played a crucial role in Stone Age rituals related to death, the afterlife, and the cyclical nature of the cosmos. On the day of the summer solstice, when the sun reaches its highest point in the sky and casts its longest rays, a remarkable phenomenon occurs within certain dolmens. The light penetrates through the narrow entrance, illuminating the interior chamber and reaching the furthest recesses of the tomb. This alignment, achieved with great intentionality and skill, has led archaeologists to speculate about the beliefs and practices of the Neolithic people who constructed these monumental structures. One theory suggests that the dolmens served as portals for the souls of the deceased to ascend to the heavenly bodies. The sun, often revered as a divine entity in ancient cultures, may have been seen as the ultimate destination for the spirits of the dead. By aligning the dolmen with the solstice, the Neolithic people perhaps believed that they were creating a direct pathway for the souls to reach the sun and achieve a form of celestial immortality. Another interpretation posits that the solstice alignment was a way to honor and commemorate the dead. The penetrating light, reaching the innermost chamber of the dolmen, could have been seen as a symbolic reunion between the living and the deceased. This annual event may have served as a time for the community to gather, pay respects to their ancestors, and reaffirm the enduring bond between the generations. Furthermore, the cyclical nature of the solstice, marking the longest day of the year and the subsequent return of shorter days, may have held profound symbolic meaning for the Neolithic people. The alignment of the dolmen with this celestial event could have been interpreted as a representation of the cycle of life, death, and rebirth. Just as the sun reaches its peak and then begins its descent, the dolmen's illumination on the solstice may have symbolized the passage from life to death and the promise of eventual renewal. While we may never know with certainty the exact beliefs and rituals associated with the Neolithic dolmens and their solstice alignment, the structures themselves stand as testaments to the ingenuity, astronomical knowledge, and spiritual convictions of our ancient ancestors. The precision and effort required to construct these megalithic tombs and align them with the heavens suggest a deep reverence for the dead and a belief in the interconnectedness of life, death, and the cosmos. The Astronomical Alignment of the Dolmen de Menga and Its Broader Significance The astronomical alignment of the Dolmen de Menga with the summer solstice sunrise is not an isolated phenomenon, but rather part of a larger pattern of archaeoastronomical significance in Neolithic monuments across Europe and beyond. Many megalithic structures, such as Newgrange in Ireland and Maeshowe in Scotland, have been found to have precise alignments with solar and lunar events, suggesting that the ancient builders had a sophisticated understanding of the movements of celestial bodies and incorporated this knowledge into their architectural designs. The alignment of the Dolmen de Menga with the summer solstice sunrise may have held profound symbolic and ritual significance for the Neolithic community that built and used the structure. The solstice, as a moment of transition and renewal in the natural cycle of the year, could have been associated with themes of rebirth, fertility, and the regeneration of life. The penetration of the sun's first rays into the inner chamber of the dolmen on this date may have been seen as a sacred union between the celestial and terrestrial realms, a moment of cosmic alignment and heightened spiritual potency. The incorporation of astronomical alignments into Neolithic monuments across Europe suggests that these ancient societies had a shared cosmological understanding and a deep reverence for the cycles of the sun, moon, and stars. The construction of megalithic structures like the Dolmen de Menga can be seen as an attempt to harmonize human activity with the larger rhythms of the cosmos, creating a sense of unity and connection between people and the natural and celestial worlds they inhabited. Originally these structures were probably lovingly adorned with paint and patterns. This paint was usually made of red ochre and iron oxide.  We know that because the paintings that are left in Iberia are made of these materials and the extremely few neolithic portal tombs that were protected from the elements still have geographic markings.   [caption id="attachment_5367" align="aligncenter" width="715"] Here is me hiking up to look at some iron oxide neolithic paintings[/caption][caption id="attachment_5365" align="aligncenter" width="605"] Here is a little guy made out of iron oxide who is about six thousand years old[/caption][caption id="attachment_5372" align="aligncenter" width="466"] The 4th millennium BC painting inside the Dolmen Anta de Antelas in Iberia[/caption]   Some researchers, such as David Lewis-Williams and Thomas Dowson, have proposed that the geometric patterns and designs found in Neolithic art and architecture may represent the visions experienced by shamans during altered states of consciousness. Other scholars, like Michael Winkelman, argue that shamanism played a crucial role in the development of early human cognition and social organization. According to this theory, the construction of sacred spaces like the Dolmen de Menga may have been closely tied to the practices and beliefs of shaman cults, who served as intermediaries between the physical and spiritual realms. What is Architecture: Why did we invent it? Philosopher, Peter Sloterdijk's theory of spheres, particularly his concept of the first primal globe and its subsequent splitting, offers an intriguing framework for understanding the evolution of human spatial awareness and its manifestations in art and architecture. Sloterdijk's "spherology" posits that human existence is fundamentally about creating and inhabiting spheres - protected, intimate spaces that provide both physical and psychological shelter. The "first primal globe" in his theory refers to the womb, the original protected space that humans experience. According to Sloterdijk, the trauma of birth represents a splitting of this primal sphere, leading humans to constantly seek to recreate similar protective environments throughout their lives and cultures. This concept of sphere-creation and inhabitation can be seen as a driving force behind much of human culture and architecture. Applying this framework to Neolithic architecture like dolmens and portal tombs, we might interpret these structures as attempts to recreate protected, womb-like spaces on a larger scale. These stone structures, with their enclosed spaces and narrow entrances, could be seen as physical manifestations of the desire to recreate the security and intimacy of the "primal sphere" and our universal interaction with it through the archetype of birth. In the Neolithic period, the world was perceived as an undifferentiated sphere, where the sacred and the secular were intimately intertwined. The concept of separate realms for the divine and the mundane had not yet emerged, and the universe was experienced as a single, all-encompassing reality. In this context, the creation of the earliest permanent architecture, such as portal tombs, represents a significant milestone in human history, marking the beginning of a fundamental shift in how humans understood and organized their environment. Portal tombs, also known as dolmens, are among the most enigmatic and captivating architectural structures of the Neolithic era. These megalithic monuments, consisting of large upright stones supporting a massive horizontal capstone, have puzzled and intrigued researchers and visitors alike for centuries. While their exact purpose remains a subject of debate, many scholars believe that portal tombs played a crucial role in the emergence of the concept of sacred space and the demarcation of the secular and the divine. Mircea Eliade. In his seminal work, "The Sacred and the Profane," Eliade argues that the creation of sacred space is a fundamental aspect of human religiosity, serving to distinguish the realm of the divine from the ordinary world of everyday existence. He suggests that the construction of portal tombs and other megalithic structures in the Neolithic period represents an early attempt to create a liminal space between the sacred and the secular, a threshold where humans could encounter the numinous and connect with the spiritual realm. Remember that this was the advent of the most basic technology, or as Slotedijik might label it, anthropotechnics. The idea that sacred and secular space could even be separated was itself a technological invention, or rather made possible because of one. Anthropotechnics refers to the various practices, techniques, and systems humans use to shape, train, and improve themselves. It encompasses the methods by which humans attempt to modify their biological, psychological, and social conditions. The Nature of Architecture and Its Fundamental Role in Human Life Architecture, at its core, is more than merely the design and construction of buildings. It is a profound expression of human creativity, culture, and our relationship with the world around us. Throughout history, scholars and theorists have sought to unravel the fundamental nature of architecture and its impact on the human experience. By examining various theories and perspectives, we can gain a deeper understanding of the role that architecture plays in shaping our lives and the societies in which we live. One of the most influential thinkers to explore the essence of architecture was the philosopher Hannah Arendt. In her work, Arendt emphasized the importance of the built environment in creating a sense of stability, permanence, and shared experience in human life. She argued that architecture serves as a tangible manifestation of the human capacity for creation and the desire to establish a lasting presence in the world. Arendt's ideas highlight the fundamental role that architecture plays in providing a physical framework for human existence. By creating spaces that endure over time, architecture allows us to anchor ourselves in the world and develop a sense of belonging and continuity. It serves as a backdrop against which the drama of human life unfolds, shaping our experiences, memories, and interactions with others. Other theorists, such as Martin Heidegger and Gaston Bachelard, have explored the philosophical and psychological dimensions of architecture. Heidegger, in his essay "Building Dwelling Thinking," argued that the act of building is intimately connected to the human experience of dwelling in the world. He suggested that architecture is not merely a matter of creating functional structures, but rather a means of establishing a meaningful relationship between individuals and their environment. Bachelard, in his book "The Poetics of Space," delved into the emotional and imaginative aspects of architecture. He explored how different spaces, such as homes, attics, and basements, evoke specific feelings and memories, shaping our inner lives and sense of self. Bachelard's ideas highlight the powerful psychological impact that architecture can have on individuals, serving as a catalyst for introspection, creativity, and self-discovery. From a sociological perspective, theorists like Henri Lefebvre and Michel Foucault have examined the ways in which architecture reflects and reinforces power structures and social hierarchies. Lefebvre, in his book "The Production of Space," argued that architecture is not merely a neutral container for human activity, but rather a product of social, political, and economic forces. He suggested that the design and organization of space can perpetuate inequality, segregation, and control, shaping the way individuals and communities interact with one another. Foucault, in his work on disciplinary institutions such as prisons and hospitals, explored how architecture can be used as a tool for surveillance, regulation, and the exercise of power. His ideas highlight the potential for architecture to serve as an instrument of social control, influencing behavior and shaping the lives of those who inhabit or interact with the built environment. By engaging with the diverse theories and perspectives on architecture, we can develop a more nuanced understanding of its role in shaping the human experience. From the philosophical insights of Arendt and Heidegger to the psychological explorations of Bachelard and the sociological critiques of Lefebvre and Foucault, each perspective offers a unique lens through which to examine the essence of architecture and its impact on our lives. As we continue to grapple with the challenges of an increasingly urbanized and globalized world, the study of architecture and its fundamental nature becomes more important than ever. By unlocking the secrets of this ancient and enduring art form, we may find new ways to create spaces that nurture the human spirit, foster connection and belonging, and shape a built environment that truly reflects our highest values and aspirations. Violet's Encounter with the Dolmen It is a common misconception to think of children as blank slates, mere tabula rasas upon which culture and experience inscribe themselves. In truth, children are born with the same primal unconscious that has been part of the human psyche since prehistory. They are simply closer to this wellspring of archetypes, instincts, and imaginative potentials than most adults, who have learned to distance themselves from it through the construction of a rational, bounded ego. While I talked to the archaeologist on site of the Dolmen de Menga, I saw the that these rituals and symbols are still alive in the unconscious of modern children just as they were in the stone age. I looked at the ground to see that Violet was instinctually making a little Dolmen out of dirt. My daughter Violet's recent fear of the dark illustrates this innate connection to the primal unconscious. When she wakes up afraid in the middle of the night, I try to reassure her by explaining that the shadows that loom in the darkness are nothing more than parts of herself that she does not yet know how to understand yet or integrate. They are manifestations of the unknown, the numinous, the archetypal - all those aspects of the psyche that can be terrifying in their raw power and otherness, but that also hold the keys to creativity, transformation, and growth. Violet intuitively understands this link between fear and creativity. She has begun using the very things that frighten her as inspiration for her storytelling and artwork, transmuting her nighttime terrors into imaginative narratives and symbols. This process of turning the raw materials of the unconscious into concrete expressions is a perfect microcosm of the way in which art and architecture have always functioned for humans - as ways of both channeling and containing the primal energies that surge within us. When Violet walked through the Dolmen de Menga and listened to the archaeologist's explanations of how it was built, something in her immediately responded with recognition and understanding. The dolmen's construction - the careful arrangement of massive stones to create an enduring sacred space - made intuitive sense to her in a way that it might not for an adult more removed from the primal architect within. I see this same impulse in Violet whenever we go to the park and she asks me where she can build something that will last forever. Her structures made of sticks and stones by the riverbank, where the groundskeepers will not disturb them, are her way of creating something permanent and visible - her own small monuments to the human drive to make a mark on the world and to shape our environment into a reflection of our inner reality. By exploring the origins of architecture in monuments like the Dolmen de Menga, we can gain insight into the universal human impulse to create meaning, order, and beauty in the built environment. The megalithic structures of the Neolithic period represent some of the earliest and most impressive examples of human creativity and ingenuity applied to the shaping of space and the creation of enduring cultural landmarks. Moreover, studying the astronomical alignments and symbolic significance of ancient monuments can shed light on the fundamental human desire to connect with the larger cosmos and to find our place within the grand cycles of nature and the universe. The incorporation of celestial events into the design and use of structures like the Dolmen de Menga reflects a profound awareness of the interconnectedness of human life with the wider world, a theme that continues to resonate in the art and architecture of cultures throughout history. [caption id="attachment_5361" align="alignnone" width="2560"] Here is my explorer buddy[/caption] Bibliography Arendt, H. (1958). The Human Condition. University of Chicago Press. Bachelard, G. (1994). The Poetics of Space. Beacon Press. Belmonte, J. A., & Hoskin, M. (2002). Reflejo del cosmos: atlas de arqueoastronomía del Mediterráneo antiguo. Equipo Sirius. Criado-Boado, F., & Villoch-Vázquez, V. (2000). Monumentalizing landscape: from present perception to the past meaning of Galician megalithism (north-west Iberian Peninsula). European Journal of Archaeology, 3(2), 188-216. Edinger, E. F. (1984). The Creation of Consciousness: Jung's Myth for Modern Man. Inner City Books. Eliade, M. (1959). The Sacred and the Profane: The Nature of Religion. Harcourt, Brace & World. Foucault, M. (1975). Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. Vintage Books. Heidegger, M. (1971). Building Dwelling Thinking. In Poetry, Language, Thought. Harper & Row. Jung, C. G. (1968). The Archetypes and the Collective Unconscious. Princeton University Press. Lefebvre, H. (1991). The Production of Space. Blackwell. Lewis-Williams, D., & Dowson, T. A. (1988). The signs of all times: entoptic phenomena in Upper Palaeolithic art. Current Anthropology, 29(2), 201-245. Márquez-Romero, J. E., & Jiménez-Jáimez, V. (2010). Prehistoric Enclosures in Southern Iberia (Andalusia): La Loma Del Real Tesoro (Seville, Spain) and Its Resources. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society, 76, 357-374. Neumann, E. (1954). The Origins and History of Consciousness. Princeton University Press. Rappenglueck, M. A. (1998). Palaeolithic Shamanistic Cosmography: How Is the Famous Rock Picture in the Shaft of the Lascaux Grotto to be Decoded?. Artepreistorica, 5, 43-75. Ruggles, C. L. (2015). Handbook of Archaeoastronomy and Ethnoastronomy. Springer. Sloterdijk, P. (2011). Bubbles: Spheres Volume I: Microspherology. Semiotext(e). Sloterdijk, P. (2014). Globes: Spheres Volume II: Macrospherology. Semiotext(e). Sloterdijk, P. (2016). Foams: Spheres Volume III: Plural Spherology. Semiotext(e). Turner, V. (1969). The Ritual Process: Structure and Anti-Structure. Aldine Publishing Company. Winkelman, M. (2010). Shamanism: A Biopsychosocial Paradigm of Consciousness and Healing. Praeger. Further Reading: Belmonte, J. A. (1999). Las leyes del cielo: astronomía y civilizaciones antiguas. Temas de Hoy. Bradley, R. (1998). The Significance of Monuments: On the Shaping of Human Experience in Neolithic and Bronze Age Europe. Routledge. Devereux, P. (2001). The Sacred Place: The Ancient Origins of Holy and Mystical Sites. Cassell & Co. Gimbutas, M. (1989). The Language of the Goddess. Harper & Row. Harding, A. F. (2003). European Societies in the Bronze Age. Cambridge University Press. Hoskin, M. (2001). Tombs, Temples and Their Orientations: A New Perspective on Mediterranean Prehistory. Ocarina Books. Ingold, T. (2000). The Perception of the Environment: Essays on Livelihood, Dwelling and Skill. Routledge. Norberg-Schulz, C. (1980). Genius Loci: Towards a Phenomenology of Architecture. Rizzoli. Renfrew, C., & Bahn, P. (2016). Archaeology: Theories, Methods, and Practice. Thames & Hudson. Scarre, C. (2002). Monuments and Landscape in Atlantic Europe: Perception and Society During the Neolithic and Early Bronze Age. Routledge. Sherratt, A. (1995). Instruments of Conversion? The Role of Megaliths in the Mesolithic/Neolithic Transition in Northwest Europe. Oxford Journal of Archaeology, 14(3), 245-260. Tilley, C. (1994). A Phenomenology of Landscape: Places, Paths and Monuments. Berg. Tilley, C. (2010). Interpreting Landscapes: Geologies, Topographies, Identities. Left Coast Press. Twohig, E. S. (1981). The Megalithic Art of Western Europe. Clarendon Press. Watkins, A. (1925). The Old Straight Track: Its Mounds, Beacons, Moats, Sites, and Mark Stones. Methuen. Whittle, A. (1996). Europe in the Neolithic: The Creation of New Worlds. Cambridge University Press. Wilson, P. J. (1988). The Domestication of the Human Species. Yale University Press. Zubrow, E. B. W. (1994). Cognitive Archaeology Reconsidered. In The Ancient Mind: Elements of Cognitive Archaeology. Cambridge University Press. Zvelebil, M. (1986). Hunters in Transition: Mesolithic Societies of Temperate Eurasia and Their Transition to Farming. Cambridge University Press. Zvelebil, M., & Jordan, P. (1999). Hunter-Fisher-Gatherer Ritual Landscapes: Spatial Organisation, Social Structure and Ideology Among Hunter-Gatherers of Northern Europe and Western Siberia. Archaeopress.

VIDEO: Intervista a Lenin ➜ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OBvlp4ih4Oo&list=PLolpIV2TSebWlrsMU4QrkYZXezTH-BCY6TESTO DELL'ARTICOLO ➜ https://www.bastabugie.it/it/articoli.php?id=7740IL CENTENARIO DELLA MORTE DI LENIN, UNO DEI PEGGIORI CRIMINALI DELLA STORIA di Roberto de MatteiUn'atmosfera di penombra ha avvolto il centenario della morte di Vladimir Ilich Ul′janov, noto con lo pseudonimo di Lenin, una delle figure più criminali della storia. Morto il 21 gennaio 1924 a Mosca, a causa di una paresi, era nato 54 anni prima a Simbirsk, sulla sponda occidentale del Volga. Figlio di un ispettore scolastico, Vladimir Ul′janov fu un tipico prodotto di quella Russia fine secolo, nella quale, come scrisse Curzio Malaparte, «il fanatismo piccolo borghese andava dal liberalismo marxista al cristianesimo marcio di Tolstoi» (Il buonuomo Lenin, Adelphi, 2018, pp. 22-23). La sua giovinezza fu segnata dalla vicenda del fratello maggiore Aleksandr, impiccato nel maggio 1887 per aver complottato contro la vita dello zar Alessandro III. Vladimir Ul′janov, che già cominciava a leggere le opere rivoluzionarie, si convinse dell'errore dei populisti che intendevano sollevare i contadini compiendo atti terroristici esemplari. Fondamentale fu poi l'incontro con il padre del marxismo russo Georgji Plechanov (1856-1918), esule in Svizzera. Discepolo di Marx, ma anche dello stratega prussiano Carl von Clausewitz (1780-1831), Lenin sviluppò una teoria che faceva della Rivoluzione una scienza. Nell'autunno 1895 fondò a Pietroburgo il circolo Osvoboždenie truda ("Emancipazione del lavoro"), per l'unificazione dei gruppi rivoluzionari, ma nel dicembre venne arrestato e scontò quattordici mesi di carcere e tre anni in Siberia. Esiliato nel 1900, si trasferì a Monaco di Baviera e infine a Zurigo, dove con Plechanov e Julji Martov (1873-1923), fondò il periodico Iskra ("Scintilla") allo scopo di diffondere l'ideologia comunista in Russia. Nel libro Che fare? (1902), progettò un partito comunista fortemente centralizzato guidato da «uomini la cui professione è l'azione rivoluzionaria» (Opere scelte, Progress, 947, vol. I, p. 331).Scoppiò la Prima guerra mondiale e Lenin viveva in una modesta camera della Spiegalgasse, a Zurigo, quando, nel febbraio 1917, la rivoluzione di Aleksander Kerensky (1881-1970) rovesciò il regime zarista. Lo Stato maggiore tedesco decise di inviare in Russia «i batteri della peste rossa», per fare crollare il fronte interno dell'esercito nemico. Il 17 aprile 1917, trentadue esponenti rivoluzionari, tra cui Vladimir Ul′janov, lasciarono Zurigo su un "treno piombato" alla volta di Pietrogrado.LA VIOLENZA PER CONQUISTARE IL POTEREGiunto in Russia, Lenin esortò il partito bolscevico ad assumere il potere, teorizzando in Stato e rivoluzione (1917) la conquista violenta del potere e la dittatura del proletariato, alla quale sarebbe seguito, il "deperimento" dello Stato, cioè lo spontaneo passaggio dalla fase inferiore alla fase superiore della società comunista senza classi.Quando, nell'ottobre del 1917, il partito bolscevico, guidato da Lenin riuscì con un colpo di Stato a conquistare il potere, la "undicesima tesi" di Marx su Feuerbach (1845), secondo la quale, il compito dei filosofi non è quello di conoscere il mondo, ma di trasformarlo, sembrò essersi storicamente realizzata nella sua persona. La violenza fu il metodo per conquistare il potere e per mantenerlo. Il 20 dicembre 1917 Lenin creò la Čeka, la polizia politica a cui affidò il compito di annientare la classe borghese. George Leggett calcola in 140.000 le sole esecuzioni compiute dalla Čeka tra il 1917 e il 1922 (The Cheka: Lenin's political Police, Clarendon Press, 1981, p. 467). La Čeka è stata la prima di una serie di organizzazioni, il GPU, il NKVD, il KGB, fino all'attuale FSB, che hanno raffinato, ma sostanzialmente non mutato i propri metodi. Un altro strumento di repressione creato da Lenin furono i campi di concentramento per gli oppositori, i famigerati Gulag. Nell'ottobre del 1923 erano già 315 con 70.000 prigionieri, mentre si succedevano spettacolari processi politici che portarono all'eliminazione della classe dirigente russa, degli ufficiali, degli aristocratici, dei borghesi, dei sacerdoti. Circa 100 vescovi e 10.000 preti ortodossi furono imprigionati, 28 vescovi e 1215 preti fucilati (Marco Messeri, Utopia e terrore. La storia non raccontata del comunismo, Piemme, 2003). Nella prospettiva leninista la religione, la proprietà privata e la famiglia dovevano essere estirpate alle radici. Il 17 dicembre 1917, poche settimane dopo la conquista del potere, venne introdotto il divorzio; l'aborto fu legalizzato nel 1920; era la prima volta nel mondo che ciò avveniva senza alcuna restrizione.La proclamazione dell'Unione delle Repubbliche socialiste sovietiche, il 30 dicembre 1922, fu il trionfo di Lenin. Quando il fondatore dell'Urss morì due anni dopo, divorato dal suo odio, tutto il potere venne accentrato nelle mani di Stalin, che, richiamandosi al suo compagno e maestro, condusse una feroce lotta contro due fronti: la "deviazione di destra" di Bucharin e la "deviazione di sinistra" di Trotzkj. Entrambi finirono assassinati da Stalin assieme a molti loro seguaci.MICHAIL GORBAČËV E VLADIMIR PUTINIl marx-leninismo è stato la dottrina dell'Unione Sovietica fino alla sua dissoluzione nel 1991. Anche nell'ultima fase del regime, Michail Gorbačëv (1931-2022) dichiarò che la fonte ideologica della perestrojka era Lenin, insistendo sulla necessità di ritornare allo «spirito creativo del leninismo» e «di rileggere» le opere di Lenin per comprendere in profondità il metodo leninista (La casa comune europea, Mondadori, 1989, p. 267).In quegli anni, i "teologi della liberazione" si recavano in pellegrinaggio in Unione Sovietica per venerare la mummia di "san" Lenin, esposta per volontà di Stalin nel mausoleo della Piazza Rossa. Nel 1987, descrivendo la lunga fila che attendeva per vedere «il corpo imbalsamato del grande rivoluzionario», padre Clodovis Boff lo definiva «un atto di vera devozione, di autentica venerazione, che un teologo non ha difficoltà a spiegare». Dopo aver contemplato la mummia, «tutti nella processione, con gli occhi fissi sull'eroe, si sentono obbligati ad avanzare con la testa voltata indietro per non perdere nemmeno una goccia di quell'istante di grazia» (Fede e perestroika. Teologi della liberazione in Urss, Cittadella, 1988, p. 39).Dopo l'auto-dissoluzione dell'Unione Sovietica, il mito di Lenin si è oscurato e le migliaia di statue del fondatore dell'Urss sono state demolite in tutto lo spazio post-sovietico. In Ucraina il fenomeno ha assunto contorni talmente grandi da essere indicato con il termine Leninopad, forse il maggior movimento d'iconoclastia politica del Novecento. Antonella Salomoni, storica dell'Università di Bologna, ha raccontato l'ascesa e il declino del culto di Lenin attraverso la storia del suo corpo e delle sue immagini (Lenin a pezzi. Distruggere e trasformare il passato, Il Mulino, 2024).Il nuovo zar, Vladimir Putin, considera Stalin, e non Lenin il suo campione, ma non ha espulso Vladimir Ul′janov dal Pantheon russo. La mummia imbalsamata di Lenin continua ad essere mèta di pellegrinaggio nel cuore della piazza Rossa, mentre un museo storico di Stato è dedicato al fondatore dell'Urss a 35 chilometri da Mosca. Che cosa si sarebbe detto se, dopo il 1945, fosse stato riservato uno spazio pubblico a Mussolini o a Hitler nel centro di Roma o di Berlino? Ma oggi l'anticomunismo si è dissolto e gli stessi critici di Putin, in Occidente, lo definiscono "fascista" e non "comunista". Il comunismo continua così a diffondere i suoi errori nel mondo. [...]

Hold on to your bowler hats kiddos - Mommy & Daddy are about to take you to the school of cabaret (or is it cabarYAY). This week Velma is joined by legendary Australian cabaret artist, dancer, performer, choreographer, producer & creative director James Welsby (as well as legendary drag artist Valerie Hex) for a discussion on the history of cabaret. We look at the origins of cabaret, as well as some of the key figures, productions & venues specific to Australian cabaret (as well as pondering our own formative inspirations, experiences & the future of the industry). Please note - Wine was absolutely consumed during the recording of this episode.You can follow James Welsby on Instagram at @valerie_hex and YUMMY at @yummytheshow. Key SourcesTivoli. Frank Van Straten. Thomas C. Lothian Pty. Ltd, 2003Satie The Bohemian: From Cabaret To Concert Hall. Steven Moore Whiting. Clarendon Press, 1999C*ntroversy The Podcast is produced, written & hosted by Velma Vouloir. You can follow us on Instagram & X at @cntroversypod, or on Facebook at Cntroversy: The Podcast. Email us at anytime with thoughts of feedback at cntroversypodcast@gmail.com, and please don't forget to follow, rate & review the show. Thanks for listening!

Kuten tämän podcastin kuluessa on huomattu, digitaaliset alustat käyttävät merkittävää valtaa monilla yhteiskunnan ja talouden osa-alueilla. Mutta millainen vallankäyttäjä digijättiyhtiö oikein on? Pitäisikö esimerkiksi kaupankäyntiä ja omia työmarkkinoitaan hallinnoivia yhtiötä tarkastella ennemminkin valtioina? Entä millaista on tekoälylaskennan globaali politiikka? Matti Ylösen kanssa digijättien pilvilinnojen portteja kolkuttelee Oxfordin yliopiston taloussosiologian ja digitaalisen yhteiskuntatutkimuksen professori Vili Lehdonvirta. Keskustelu kulkee läpi koko alustayhtiöiden vallan historian aina utopististen hakkeriyhteisöjen unelmista nykymaailman alustojen itsesääntelyyn ja kyberdiplomatiaan. Jaksossa selviää myös miksi Vilin entiset opiskelijat ovat pyytäneet professorilta ohjekirjaa valtion johtamiseen. Alustojen valta -podcast on osa Helsingin yliopiston valtiotieteellisessä tiedekunnassa toimivaa tutkimushanketta, jota rahoittaa Helsingin sanomain säätiö. Toimittaja: Matti Ylönen Tuottaja: Toivo Hursti Musiikki: Pasi Savonranta ja Pietu Korhonen Matin kirja Yhtiövalta alustatalouden aikakaudella (2021) nyt myös äänikirjana! ⁠⁠Kustantajan sivuilla⁠⁠ ⁠⁠Bookbeatissa⁠⁠ ⁠⁠Storytelissä⁠⁠ ja muissa yleisimmissä äänikirjapalveluissa Jakson lukemisto (viittausjärjestyksessä): Lehdonvirta, V. (2020). Cloud Empires – How Digital Platforms Are Overtaking the State and How We Can Regain Control. MIT Press. Rintamäki, J. (2024). Alustataloutta kesyttämässä. Poliittinen talous 12(1). Ylönen, M. (2021). Yhtiövalta alustalouden aikaudella – evolutionaarinen taloustiede & yhtiöt yhteiskunnallisina toimijoina. Vastapaino. Skarbek, D. (2014). The Social Order of the Underworld: How Prison Gangs Govern the American Penal System. Oxford University Press. Marx, K. (1867/1887). Capital : A Critique of Political Economy Volume I Book One: the Process of Production of Capital. (käänt. S. Moore & E. Aveling). Progress Publishers. Smith, A. (1776/1869). An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. (toim. J. E. Thorold). Clarendon Press. Rand, A. (2007). Atlas shrugged. Penguin Books. Common European Project on Cloud Infrastructure and Services. Tekstivastine yliopiston sivuilla. --- Send in a voice message: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/alustojen-valta/message

'Good American writers know their job has something to do with interrogating the spiritual poverty of the nation'. Tunes Bob Dylan's 115th Dream - Bob Dylan The Big Stick - Minutemen Hallelujah I'm a Bum - Barbara Dane Works Cited / Further Reading Curtis, Adam. All Watched Over by Machines of Loving Grace. BBC, 2011. Davis, Mike. City of Quartz: Excavating the Future in Los Angeles. Verso, 2018. ——. Ecology of Fear: Los Angeles and the Imagination of Disaster. Verso, 2018. ——, Prisoners of the American Dream: Politics and Economy in the History of the U.S. Working Class. Verso, 2018. —— and Jon Weiner. Set the Night on Fire: L.A. in the Sixties. Verso, 2020. Debord, Guy. Society of the Spectacle. Marxists.org, 1967. Elba, Max. Revolution in the Air: Sixties Radicals Turn to Lenin, Mao and Che. Verso, 2018. Harris, Malcolm. Palo Alto: A History of California, Capitalism, and the World. Little Brown, 2023. Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich. Aesthetics: Lectures on Fine Art. Clarendon Press, 1988. Jameson, Frederic. The Antinomies of Realism. Verso, 2013. Kinzer, Stephen. Poisoner in Chief: Sidney Gottlieb and the CIA Search for Mind Control. Holt, 2019. Mair, Peter. Ruling the Void: The Hollowing of Western Democracy. Verso, 2013. O'Neill, Tom. Chaos: The Truth Behind the Manson Murders. Penguin, 2019. Panitch, Leo and Gindin, Sam. The Making of Global Capitalism: The Political Economy of the American Empire. Verso, 2013. Pynchon, Thomas. Against the Day. —, Bleeding Edge. —, The Crying of Lot 49. —, Gravity's Rainbow. —, Inherent Vice. —, Mason & Dixon. —, V. —, Vineland. Sheehan, Helena. Navigating the Zeitgeist: A Story of the Cold War, the New Left, Irish Republicanism, and International Communism. Monthly Review Press, 2019. Steinbeck, John. In Dubious Battle. Turner, Fred. From Counterculture to Cyberculture. University of Chicago Press, 2006. Underwood, Ted. Distant Horizons: Digital Evidence and Literary Change. University of Chicago Press, 2019. Watt, Ian. Rise of the Novel: Studies in Defoe, Richardson and Fielding. University of California Press, 2001. Webb, Gary. Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras and the Crack Cocaine Explosion, Old Street Publishing, 2015.

¿Qué es el Sultanato de las Mujeres? Suena extraño, ¿cierto? Pues aunque no lo crean, historiadores, es el nombre que le fue otorgado a un momento de la historia del imperio otomano, pues representa el involucramiento de las mujeres y madres de los sultanes en los asuntos políticos del imperio. Aunque se asuma que el harem sea un lugar exclusivamente definido por una cuestión sexual, esto no es así, pues el harem podría ser mejor definido como un espacio sagrado o un santuario, en donde el control sobre el acceso a tal o cual individuo es fundamental, y es aquí donde surgen estas poderosas féminas. Bienvenidos historiadores a una nueva entrega de Historia Oscura, donde les traemos datos históricos poco conocidos. En esta ocasión, hablaremos del Sultanato de las Mujeres, una etapa muy peculiar de la historia otomana y que a más de uno puede tomar por sorpresa. Bibliografía: Peirce, L. P. (1994). Imperial Harem: Women and Sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire. Oxf. U. P. (N. Y.). Verde, T. (2016). Malika IV: Hürrem Sultan (Roxolana). Aramco World, 1(5), 2–7. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/307921944_Malika_IV_Hurrem_Sultan_Roxolana Duducu, J. (2017). El Sultanato de Mujeres. Cómo el harén del sultán se convirtió en el centro neurálgico del poder político en el Imperio otomano. Arabic World, 3(4), 7–13. Kayaalp, P. (2018). Empress Nurbanu and Ottoman Politics in the Sixteenth Century: Building the Atik Valide. Taylor & Francis Group. Alderson, A. D. (1956). The structure of the Ottoman dynasty. Clarendon Press. --- Send in a voice message: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/hc-historia-contemporanea/message

In this episode, we return to Egil's Saga, where we discuss how to incorporate legal battles, bard rap battles, and tricking enemies into thinking you're a bear - all without transfiguration! Join our discord community! Support us on patreon! Check out our merch! Socials: Website Twitter Instagram Citations & References: Hollister, C. Warren. Anglo-Saxon Military Institutions on the Eve of the Norman Conquest. Clarendon Press, 1962.

In 1639, doctor Edward May published a 40-page text about a serpent he found in the heart of a 21-year-old man during a post-mortem examination. We don't know exactly what it was, but there are plenty of theories. Research: Bush, Sargent Jr. “Bosom Serpents before Hawthorne: The Origins of a Symbol.” American Literature , May, 1971, Vol. 43, No. 2 (May, 1971). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2924236 Church, William Selby. “The Rise of Physiology in England: The Harveian Oration Delivered Before the Royal College of Physicians, October 18th, 1895.” Adlard. 1896. Denham, D.A. “A most certaine and true relation of a strange monster or serpent found in the left ventricle of the heart of John Pennant, gentleman, of the age of 21 years.” Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, Volume 71, Issue 5, 1977, Page 455, https://doi.org/10.1016/0035-9203(77)90066-9 Eades, Bentley Gerald. “The Jacobean and Caroline Stage Vol-ii.” The Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1941. Healy, Simon. “KYNASTON, Sir Francis (1587-c.1649), of Oteley, Ellesmere, Salop; later of St. Martin-in-the-Fields, Westminster and Covent Garden, Mdx.” he History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1604-1629, ed. Andrew Thrush and John P. Ferris, 2010. https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1604-1629/member/kynaston-sir-francis-1587-1649 May, Edward. “A most certaine and true relation of a strange monster or serpent found in the left ventricle of the heart of John Pennant, Gentleman, of the age of 21 yeares.” London : George Miller. 1639. https://archive.org/details/b3033973x Morris, Thomas. “The man with a snake in his heart.” http://www.thomas-morris.uk/man-snake-heart/ Pender, Stephen. “Examples and Experience: On the Uncertainty of Medicine.” The British Journal for the History of Science , Mar., 2006, Vol. 39, No. 1. Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4028546 Pennant, Thomas. “The History of the Parishes of Whiteford and Holywell.” B. and J. White. 1796. Perella, Chrissie. “Teratology: ‘Monster' as a medical term.” Historical Medical Library of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia. https://histmed.collegeofphysicians.org/for-students/teratology-monster-as-a-medical-term/ Richardson, Ruth. “Pennant's serpent.” The Lancet. Vol. 357, Issue 9260. 3/24/2001. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(05)71674-3/fulltext Ross, Alexander. “Arcana microcosmi.” London : T. Newcomb. 1652. https://archive.org/details/b30329140/ Slights, William W.E. “The Narrative Heart of the Renaissance.” Renaissance and Reformation / Renaissance et Réforme. Winter/Hiver 2002. https://www.jstor.org/stable/43445471 The Public Domain Review. “A Monster in the Heart: Edward May's A Most Certaine and True Relation (1639).” https://publicdomainreview.org/collection/heart-serpent Woolley, Benjamin. “The herbalist : Nicholas Culpeper and the Fight for Medical Freedom.” HarperCollins, 2004. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

It was such a pleasure to talk to Sarah Harkness. Sarah is a former partner at Arthur Andersen who had a career in corporate finance and then as a non-executive director. She is now a literary late bloomer. She has self-published a book about the Victorian artist Nelly Erichsen. She has an MA in Biography from the University of Buckingham, where she studied with with Jane Ridley. She won the Tony Lothian Prize, 2022. And she is now writing a biography of the Victorian publisher Alexander Macmillan and his brother which will be published next year. We talked about Sarah's career, her long-held ambitions, what she learned from corporate finance, her views on talent spotting, Alexander Macmillan, how Sarah would try to discover other late bloomers lurking in the wrong jobs, and why a business career helps you to understand Victorian literature.Being a Late Bloomer and Alexander MacMillanHenry: Are you a late bloomer?Sarah: My husband says I should be very annoyed at that question because he says I've been marvellous all along. I think I'm a late bloomer if in the blooming bit, which is that I'm now doing something that makes me really unconditionally happy, whereas before I did a lot of stuff that was sometimes important and sometimes well paid, but I never enjoyed it half as much as what I'm doing now.Henry: So, let's start with just briefly, what are you doing that makes you really happy now?Sarah: I have a contract to write a book that a proper-publishing house says they're going to publish. So I'm writing a biography, a double biography called The Brothers of Daniel and Alexander Macmillan, who founded MacMillan publishing 180 years ago. And it's taken me a while, but I've got an agent and I've got a publishing contract, and I need to submit a manuscript in the next eight months, and it will come out in 2024 all being well. And that's making me very happy.Henry: Good, and that's the grandfather or great-grandfather of the prime minister?Sarah: Daniel is the grandfather of the prime minister, and Alexander, who's the one who really built the business after Daniel died, is his great uncle.Henry: So an interesting family for more than just their business interests.Sarah: Yeah. And I mean, fantastic achievers themselves because Daniel and Alexander were born into absolute poverty on the West Coast of Scotland. Their father was a carter, who died when they were young boys. Daniel left school at 10, Alexander when he was 15. And by the mid-1860s, Alexander is one of the literary hosts of London, and within two generations, they have an offspring who will be prime minister and married into the Duke of Devonshire's family, it's quite a climb.Henry: So, what we're talking about, this is really the Victorian self-made man?Sarah: Absolutely. Samuel Smiles and all his glory, absolutely.Henry: Yeah, yeah, we love Samuel Smiles.Sarah: Yeah, same.Henry: So, where does your interest in that type of subject or person come from?Sarah: Well, there's a basic love of all my period, of all the periods of history and all the periods of literature, Victorian times would be absolutely bang on is what I know most about. I'm very comfortable working in that time, and I love the books and the poetry from that time. The way I found it was very serendipitous, which was that my husband collects art and had found a lot of art by a big, very unknown Victorian woman painter. And I researched her life, and the more I researched it, the more I thought I need to write this down, and it turned into a book that no one would publish, but people said to me, "Write about someone we've heard of and come back to us," and that's a really hard question because almost everyone you've heard of has got a book. That's why you've heard of them, but I had a stroke of luck, which was literally in the research on the book about... The artist is called Nelly Erichsen, and in my research on her, she was a neighbour of the MacMillan family in South London in the 1870s, and related by marriage, sort of in a hop and a skip to the MacMillan family, so she knew the MacMillans, she stayed with the MacMillans. And I did research the MacMillan family to write about Nelly, and there wasn't a book, there haven't been a book since the 19... Since 1940. So there was an opening to do a book because most people have heard of MacMillan Publishing, most people would think it was interesting to understand how that had been started and no one has written about it for 80 years. So that was the stroke of luck, I think.Henry: So it comes from a kind of a long-term immersion in the period and a very indirect discovery of the subject matter?Sarah: It does, it does. I mean, I have been talking about Nelly Erichsen and her bit of Tooting where she lived and the people that she knew for, gosh, nearly 20 years now, so I mean it is a long immersion, but it took me a very long time to have confidence to show anyone what I was writing about it.Early interest in VictoriansHenry: Yeah. And that if we go back 20 years, is that where you start sort of reading and working on this?Sarah: Yes.Henry: Or had you been reading about the Victorians from earlier?Sarah: I think that... I mean, I did PPE at Oxford, but my favourite paper and finals was Victorian social political history, so the 1860s is bang on the period. I think all the time I was working and having a career, I was reading my way through Trollope and Dickens and George Eliot, so... And Tennyson. So that in that way, and it's the sort of art I like, so it is definitely my spot, but I had never thought about researching online, finding out about anyone and writing it down until, yeah, 15 years ago when I started doing that.Henry: But when you started doing that, you'd actually had years of reading the novels, being immersed in the period, it goes back, you were ready, you weren't just coming to this out of nowhere?Sarah: Yes, I wasn't, I wasn't. And it does remind me that about... Well, it was at the time when my children were babies, I wanted to give up work and study Victorian literature. I mean, I felt then that it was something I wanted to do, and I had an idea of writing... The book that inspired me was some Anthony Trollope's The Way We Live Now.Henry: Fantastic book.Sarah: And I was fascinated, yeah, fascinated by the Melmotte character and I wanted to do an MA or something that would allow me to write, to use the knowledge I had at the city today against what was Trollope writing about, I thought that would be interesting. So I have thought about it 25 years ago, and that had to absolutely no encouragement from anyone to do anything about it. So I didn't, I kept working, but it's funny that that's almost where I've ended back up, which is looking at Victorian literature.Henry: Yeah, it's like a... It's a deep vein that runs through your life and now it's come to the surface.Sarah: It is, it is, absolutely.Sarah in the City: business expertise as a literary advantageHenry: So, you've hinted it that you did PPE, you were in the city, tell us, because you were already blooming before, you are not a late bloomer, you're a repeat bloomer, tell us what was happening when you weren't being a Victorian writer.Sarah: So, I went from Oxford into the city into a corporate finance house that was part of NatWest Bank, so we call that NatWest markets, and I did corporate finance, so flotations, mergers, takeovers, raising money from 1983 right the way through to 1990s. In the 1990s, I left London and moved up to Yorkshire, but I kept working. And at that point, I had small children, so I was working three or four days a week, working in Leeds doing corporate finance. And then there was a big excitement in 1998 because I left NatWest and took my team into Arthur Andersen, which at the time caused a bit of a fuss and a bit of a stir. And I had three or four... Four years at Arthur Andersen. And then Arthur Andersen went into liquidation. And at that point, I'd been doing corporate finance for nearly 20 years and I'd had enough of it, and there were a lot of young and unpleasant young men coming up who didn't think that women in their 40s with children should be stopping them doing what they wanted to do. So I did head-hunting for a little while, and then I started becoming a non-executive director, so I became plural. And I'm still plural, I still do trustee jobs, and audit jobs, non-executive director jobs.Henry: So you, in three different ways, at Arthur Andersen, and then as a head-hunter, and then as a non-exec, you've actually been a senior person. You've been running an area of a business, you've had that kind of oversight?Sarah: Yeah.Henry: Does this help you... You've got the background reading Trollope and understanding the character of Melmotte, but you've also got the background as actually a business person. So when you look at someone like MacMillan, if you hadn't done that career, you would have had less insight. Do you sort of...Sarah: I think that's right, I think that's right. I've spent some time in the archives just the other week looking at the partnership deeds from when he set the business up. I've looked at... There had to be a court case in Chancery when Daniel's widow died because she died in testate and there was a risk that the partnership would have to be dissolved and split around his children. So to me, that makes sense. The big risks that he takes, like moving from Cambridge to London, and then at the moment, I'm really interested in him opening an office in New York, which he did in 1869. I mean to me, that is about a business risk. And then, this little small bit. So at the time when I was running an office in Leeds, I was very conscious of how vulnerable you feel when you are not in the head-office, when you are running a satellite. And I've been reading this week, the letters coming back from New York to London, from the poor chap that Alexander sent out to New York. And I can... I mean, I could have written those letters, you know, "Just tell me what's going on?" "What are your plans?" "What do you mean your son's coming to work here?" "Is that alright? Is that a good sign?" And so that to me is business as well, so I do recognise a lot of it.Henry: Yeah, that's a timeless problem, especially in big-business today, right, global businesses?Sarah: It is, it is. "How do you make everyone feel equally important?" and, "How do you manage something that's the other side of the ocean?"Henry: So your book will be interesting, not just from a sort of literary and social-history perspective, but for people in business or people trying to understand how to be a manager.Sarah: I hope so, I hope so. Alexander did an enormous amount all on his own, but as I move on, he's going to start running a more complex business. And I haven't really gotten into that yet. He's got one partner and he's just set up, sent someone to New York. But it will become more interesting. And then, how he's gonna bring the sons and nephews into the business, is gonna be fascinating. Because they didn't all want to come in at the same time and he's got to manage that as well. So it is a business book.Henry: So he's a sort of... He's a great publisher with an eye for a book, he's a great businessman who can cut deals and manage money, and he's also important as a people manager.Sarah: He is, he is, and seems to manage that well. Other firms are not nearly as successful as MacMillan, avoid the wrong people. He never really gets anything... The big calls, he doesn't get them wrong. He never has a big failure. If he launches a magazine, he goes on supporting it, it survives. If he launches an office in New York, it becomes... MacMillan, New York, becomes bigger than MacMillan, England. He doesn't make bad calls, he is a good manager.Henry: And where does that come from? Because he grew up... He did not grow up around business people. Where does that come from?Sarah: He certainly didn't, he certainly didn't. I don't know, that's really interesting. I mean, I think he was much more entrepreneurial than his brother was. The business really takes off when Daniel dies. Daniel was driven by a Christian missionary spirit. He was driven by Christian socialism, he wanted to bring good-quality and religious literature to the masses and the working man. And he saw it as... He wasn't well enough to go to India, so this was his mission. Alexander goes along with that and is fascinated by the Christian socialist side, but he also wants to make money. And I think some of it might just be, you know... He wakes up one day in 1857, and suddenly he's responsible for eight children, his wife, and a widow, people who work for him. He really has to grip it or he'll sink. And he grips it. But how and why? Apart from sheer bravery, I don't know how he got to do that. He didn't have any models, he wasn't being mentored by anyone else in the industry, they all saw him as a Scottish upstart. So there's one guy he talks to who's a publisher in Edinburgh called MacLehose, but he becomes much more successful than MacLehose.Henry: Was he a late-bloomer?Sarah: Alexander? So when Daniel dies, he... How old is he? He's nearly 40, he's nearly 40. And up until then, yes, he's been the second fiddle in the business. He's had a ton of energy. I mean, if you research him, he's living in Cambridge, running a shop in Cambridge, but he's also... He's on the board of the Working Men's College that they establish. He's doing stuff with the YMCA in Cambridge. He's a parish overseer. He has a ton of energy, and he talks about... You know, he was up reading throughs till 2:00 in the morning, and he was up again at 6:00 to get a train to London. His wife must have been pulling her hair out, I would think. [laughter] So he was a man of phenomenal energy, and not good health, he suffered badly from sciatica and various other problems. He was sometimes frustrated with pain, but he never gave up. He's quite a hero.Henry: Yeah, he is. He sounds really interesting. I'm really looking forward to this book. So, I want to go back over your... We've had the summary of your life. I want to get into some details because it's really, really interesting how you kept to yourself those interests and ambitions for so long, and obviously lots of people do that. Lots of people leave university and they've got a thing that they really, they're passionate about, but they end up as an accountant or whatever, and it just sort of slowly dies, or they realise they're not quite as interested as all that, or life gets in the way, or they have kids. Why didn't it go away for you? Because when you were a senior at Arthur Andersen, you were pretty busy, right?Sarah: Yeah, and I don't think, if you'd said to me... If you had said to me when I was a senior at Arthur Andersen, "Would you still like to write a book?" I just said, "Don't be daft, of course not." [laughter] But my huge frustration with Andersen, and I had some mentoring at the time from a coach who said to me, "The problem you have is that you have a person who needs choice and the more involved in one particular job you get, the more you push, get pushed down a tunnel, the less happy you will be, Sarah, because you like to wake up every morning and you think, I'm gonna do something different today. What am I going to do today? What am I going to do today?" And that's the life I now have. And it's the life I've had since the day I walked out of Arthur Andersen in 2002, which is every day I've done something a bit different. And the lucky break that happened to me was the collapse of Andersen could have been a disaster, but actually it gave me a lump sum and it gave me freedom to explore, bend my career to suit my children and my circumstances, and it gave me time to discover the things I liked doing.Henry: Do you think... So one thing that separates a lot of late bloomers from early bloomers, although as discussed you were an early bloomer, but it's that early bloomers often have a mentor or they belong to a small group of their peers. So they have people that they can experiment with and have ideas with, or they have someone saying, "Don't be an idiot, you need to do this, why haven't you written to that person or whatever." And late bloomers often just don't have this.Sarah: No.Henry: But I've got a little theory that it probably wouldn't have made any difference. And that in a way, you're... Tell me if this is right, you're quite a divergent person.Sarah: Yeah.Henry: But you were in a very narrow life.Sarah: I was.Henry: And the only mentorship that you required was for someone to say, as they said to you, you're in the wrong game here.Sarah: Yes.Henry: And you needed to take your own time, you needed to take your own path. There's something innate about, or just in your personality, that means you were never going to write a book when you were 25.Sarah: No.Henry: And the other experiences you gathered along the way were part of that divergence. What do you think of that as a sort of model of you and of other late bloomers?Sarah: I certainly think that there was no way when I was in my 20s and 30s, anyone that I knew, socialised with or worked with would have had any interest at all in what interested me. I mean, none of them read. None of them went to the theatre like I went to the theatre. None of them had the interest in film that I had. And at the time, I was married into the medical profession, and they absolutely weren't. So I mean at business they weren't interested, medics aren't interested, or don't have time to be fair to them. So it had to be just in my head and what I read and what I started listening to once you started getting audio books and I had time. So definitely there was no one around in my 20s who would have given me any encouragement to do anything different, and I was sucked into a job that was very high, very exciting, very high pressure and very rewarding, and then I had children, which we know, really upped the confusion of life. And I was just lucky that at the age of 40 I was relaxed and comfortable enough to be able to start spending my time with people who were encouraging.Henry: How unusual do you think it is to have... You do PPE, you work in corporate finance, but you've also got a strong interest in literature and the arts, and as you say, you don't do...Sarah: Really unusual. I can think... Of all the people I worked with right through for NatWest under Andersen, I can remember the one guy who, if you went on a business trip with him would open his briefcase to get out a book. He was a wonderful man, he was called Simon Metgrove, and he carried poetry around his briefcase. I remember him. He is the only one. I mean, no one else did, they read the... They read the FT, they talked about business. There was a lot of heavy drinking. It just, it wasn't part of the culture at all, and I didn't live with anyone who read like I read either. So it was completely me on my own blowing my own little furrow.Henry: Where does this joint interest come from? Is that parents, school, Oxford? Is it something you just always remember?Sarah: I think from my parents. I think particularly from my mother who had, came from a very, very poor background, left school as fast as she could when war broke out and got a job at the age of 16. And then after she married, my dad became a more senior civil servant. My mum discovered she needed and wanted to educate herself, so when I was growing up, my mother was doing WEA classes, and talking to me because I was by far the youngest child, so I was more or less at home on my own with her. She would talk to me about an essay she had to write on Jane Austin or she was reading T.S. Eliot, and she would talk to me about it all the time. So that was very encouraging. And she knew poetry, and that's... I've passed on to my children who are all interested in literature in their way. That background, if you need to... You know the stories, you know every Jane Austin, you know your Dickens, you know your poems. That comes from my mum and my dad as well. Yeah.Henry: Sounds like your mum was a bit of a late bloomer.Sarah: I think she was a frustrated, never bloomed because she was that generation of just they stated at home, and it didn't do her any good at all. She was quite an unhappy woman.Henry: Do you have her in mind as a sort of model of she went back and started doing that education and was that something that was just with you?Sarah: I think it probably was, I think it made sense to me that I could do an MA when I was 55, because my mother would have thought that was a sensible thing to do. If I had the time and the money, and then why wouldn't I do it? So yeah, it seems perfectly sensible to me, I didn't think it was odd. My husband had done one as well, and he was... I've never had any education at all, and did an MA ten years ago, so.Henry: Oh great.Sarah: Yeah, University of Buckingham.Henry: Oh very good.[laughter]Henry: And how did you end up at Oxford?Sarah: Oh, I came from a tiny Grammar School in Dorset that sent one girl to Oxford or Cambridge about every three or four years, so it felt like quite a lonely process. And I had massive imposter syndrome. I didn't get into the college I applied to, but there's a college in Oxford, Mansfield, that used to just collect all the best people that didn't get into any of the other colleges. We were all there with chips on our shoulders because we haven't got into some St. John's or Balliol and the others. And it was an incredibly good atmosphere, but it's still, there were two issues, one was Oxford was still dominated by the public schools, and I was a Grammar School girl.And Oxford was dominated by the big confident academic colleges, and I was at the college no one had heard of, so spinning out of that and into the city, just felt like that was a bit of a weird stroke of luck, because even though I was at Oxford doing PPE, I didn't feel like I was... I didn't feel like I had... It would never have occurred to me to become academic when I left university. I wasn't going to get a first, I wasn't going to do that.Henry: But did this thing about imposter syndrome and sort of being in a marginal position, is that quite good because it does encourage you to sort of keep seeing yourself as divergent and keep seeing yourself as not quite in the right place. It preserves that energy of well, I'm here, but I'm not going to stay here, whereas if you'd got into the right college and being more accepted, maybe you would have just a bit more easily slipped into a, staying on the track, if you like.Sarah: Maybe, maybe. But I don't feel that I was a very assertive person when I started work. To me, working my way up through the city, I would contrast myself with mostly men who were working around me, all of whom had a time table, I've got to be an assistant director by this age and I'm going to be director by this age, then I'm going to go out and join a real company and I'm going to make money. And I was just wanted to keep my job and keep doing it.And not get in any trouble. But then what used to happen is I would get to know someone at my level, and I think, well, other clever people in the next room because he's not very bright, and then why is he gonna get promoted and not me? Because I think I'm better. So I think there's a bit of that chippiness or edginess which makes you... Which can make you push on a bit harder, but it certainly didn't drive me. I was always a bit surprised, to be honest, I was always a bit surprised when I got promoted, I was a bit surprised when Andersen hired me and I was very surprised when that got in the papers. It was always a bit of a surprise to me. So I didn't have much confidence.Henry: As you talk about your background, it sounds a bit like there are parallels between you and McMillan. You don't come from an Arthur Andersen background, but there you are and you become very successful, just like he didn't come from that. Is that part of what interests him to you, like, are you writing about yourself?Sarah: Well, I haven't thought of that, but I think I absolutely am sensitive. So I feel for him when I know how much he did for certain Victorian writers, and I go to their memoirs and diaries and letters, and he hardly gets a mention. And I know because I can see all the letters he wrote to them where he said, "You've got to change the title, you've got to take out half that book, why don't you write about this instead." I can see what he was giving to them, and then you go to the index of some of their books, and he gets a one line or it mentions that this is something I wrote in Macmillan magazine. I am very sensitive to Alexander 's, feeling that people took him for granted, didn't give him any due reward, and I suspect he... Yeah, I suspect, I do imagine that he felt some of the stuff that I felt, which is, have I got any right to be in this room and actually now I've met them, they're not a bright as I thought they were gonna be. And you could see his confidence grows in the '60s, he definitely becomes a lot more assertive with his authors during the '60s.Henry: Oh, really?Sarah: Yeah, the more he spends time with them, the firmer he gets about I'm not publishing that, this isn't good enough, he takes on Lady Caroline Norton and that's quite a brave thing to do.And I think he wins, so that's very hard to tell.Henry: I always have a slightly, not very well-informed view, but a view that there was less editing of novels in the 19th century, and that Thomas Hardy dropped off his manuscript and they printed it, and that was that. You seem to have found a lot of material that suggests that the authors wouldn't talk about it, but that their work more edited quite heavily.Sarah: I think their work was edited quite heavily. And particularly, so the complication is the ones who are submitting for something for serialisation in a magazine, I think they were just so relieved to get at each month and another month that turned up. 'Cause you know that they were writing up to the deadline. So that didn't get edited, but then sometimes you can see at Macmillan saying, "When we turn this into a book, we're gonna do something different with it." That definitely happens. He does it to Charles Kingsley, Water Babies when it comes out as a book, has been edited from what appeared in the magazine. And what the other author, Mrs. Oliphant published a serial in the magazine, and he definitely got her to change it before it went into the book. So he did have an influence on these people, you wouldn't get from either their biographies or autobiographies.Life LessonsHenry: No. So this sort of feeling that you've described as almost a chip on the shoulder feeling, I think this is potentially an advantage because when I look at some of the scientific research on late bloomers, one thing you notice is, take scientists, for example. A lot of scientists make their breakthrough when they are young, but when people have researched this and said why is that, it's because a lot of scientists stop working once they get tenure or once they win a prize or whatever. The scientists who do carry on working, keep making breakthroughs. [chuckle] So it's actually not because there's anything special about being young, it's because that's when people are really trying. If you don't ever settle into, the people you have met who are on a time table, "I'm going to be a director at this age," they get there and they settle in and, great. They can cruise through for a bit. But if you never settle into that or you retain the chip or you retain the sort of feeling of oh, God. Oh, God. Should I really be here? That's actually quite good because it keeps you energetic and it keeps you looking and it keeps you thinking "What am I going to do? What am I going to do?" Do you think there's a kind of... I don't know. Was that part of your success and Alexander's success that it... You never settled for what you had.Sarah: Yeah. I think that's right and there's something else I would see a parallel, which is I was not the greatest corporate financier in terms of my grasp of numbers and I'm hopeless at negotiation. But what I was doing, which most of my colleagues weren't, is I can market and sell. I'm interested in people and I used to go and win business. I used to bring it back and then other people would transact it, but that's certainly what I did in Yorkshire. I was out all the time meeting people because I was interested and I wanted to know what they did and what they did and how does that business work.So I was always out looking and I never wanted to just sit at my desk and shout at people and run the numbers again. I wasn't very good at any of that, but I think I can see that in Alexander too. I mean, Alexander recruits a partner in the mid-1860s to take the back end off him because he just wants to be out meeting new authors and that's what he's gonna be good at and George Lillie Craik is going run the numbers and have the fights with the printers and talk to America. So I can see that and I think that is... You're not that interested in the day job, you're interested in the next idea and the next interesting thing that's gonna grab your attention. And because you're interested, other people bond with you and, hey, you've made a sale. I used to talk to potential clients who would say, "It's really good that you've come out because you sound like you're genuinely interested in this business whereas the other three guys were just wondering what fee they could get out of me."That's why I would win business 'cause I was interested in them as people and I made friends and I asked interesting questions. And I wasn't just there kicking the tires and then hoping I can sign someone up, you know?Henry: Yeah, yeah. That's the novel reader in you.Sarah: Yes.Henry: There will be lots of women in their 30s in City jobs or office jobs or accountancy jobs or whatever who feel the way you felt. Either they've got imposter syndrome or they secretly would rather just be reading Trollope or whatever. What's your advice to them? Difficult to give advice in general terms, but, you know.Sarah: Yeah. My advice is you will... The thing you will do best is the thing that makes you happiest. So if you go on trying to push yourself into being something that you see other people being and it's not really making you happy, you won't be very successful at it anyway. So it is worth taking a risk and thinking is there something out there I could do, which I'm... Owning a flower shop or whatever, that would make me happier. If I had stayed on in corporate finance, if I had gone into private equity, I could have made millions and millions, but I don't think I'd have been any happier. In fact, I think I'd have been a lot less happy than I am sitting here on a tiny, little book advance doing exactly what I wanted to do. I don't regret any of that because I wouldn't have enjoyed it. I wouldn't have liked doing it.I mean, the other thing is... The other thing I would say to all women who are in my position is don't beat yourself up all the time that you're not being the perfect mother or the perfect executive because you're gonna live with that guilt forever and you're never gonna know what you could have done better. If you had given up, maybe you'd have been a terrible mother at home. If you'd found the children out or never had them, maybe your career wouldn't have taken off. You're never going to know. So don't beat yourself up with that, just do the best you can and cut corners wherever you can and get help. And don't be afraid to say, "I need help with this" and "I can't come tonight 'cause I've got to go to a parents evening." Just... The more women say that we need help with this and don't try and pretend that it's easy. It's not easy. It's never gonna be easy to do both. I found it very hard.Henry: So you are now navigating the publishing world. Doing book research, being a writer. What things did you learn from your earlier career in all its guises whether it's like small techniques and skills or sort of big life lessons or whatever, but what things did you learn from that earlier career that you're sort of using now?Sarah: I certainly learned... I mean, I certainly picked up a lot of small skills along the way. I am a very fast reader, I'm a summariser and a lot of my job in corporate finance was writing good, crisp, prose because you wrote prospectus because you wrote... So I think all of that has helped. I think I'm a better writer and a better researcher because I did it professionally for 20 years, but we called it corporate finance. I mean, there was a lot of cross over. In terms of the bigger stuff, what have I learned? I've learned to cope with worry and stress. I mean, if you wake up in the middle of the night and stuff's going around in your head, get up, have a cup of tea and write it all down. Don't lie in bed worrying that you're not going back to sleep. You just have to learn to cope with stress.And I think the other thing I've learned and I try and get into my children's head all the time is to be more assertive just not to run away and hide. If you think something's wrong or you're not being treated properly, don't lose your temper, don't sulk and don't spend your whole life taking it out on your friends and your family. You have to address it at work. Nothing is more boring than the person who really ought to have handed in their notice and just spends their whole life moaning to their wife, their husband, their best friends about what their bloody job is. Don't do it. If you don't like what you're doing, you will become very boring and to everybody else. Change your job. Change your job.Henry: Yes. Yes. Having recently been that person, I can endorse that sentiment. Sarah: So we've all done that. We've all spent time listening to someone who's thinking, why don't they just stop doing this job if it's making them so unhappy? And I know that's a... I know particularly the current climate that's easier said than done, but don't, life's very short really.Henry: Yeah, yeah. No, I think that's right. And what would the Alexander McMillan advice be? Could we have a little book of the wisdom of Alexander McMillan?Sarah: I think he's going... I mean, I am absolutely immersed in his life in the 1860s. And it is that the decade of the 1860s is the absolute pivotal decade for the business. It completely transforms. It looks utterly different in 1870 than it did in 1860. In 1871, his first wife dies and he rapidly remarries a much younger woman. And I think he starts going abroad on holidays. And I think his life changes. I think the 1870s Alexander is gonna... Had a younger woman saying to him, you're killing yourself. It's not worth it. You've got sons coming into the business, let George take the strain. We're going to France for a month Alexander and you are coming too. I mean, I think his life is gonna change in the 1870s.Ask me again when I know what he's writing to people in the '70s. Because in the '60s, he's saying, get your head down. Really got to work. Put start another book. Don't let the grass grow on your feet. Boom, boom, boom, boom, boom. He's at it all the time. I think he's gonna have a very different attitude in 10 years' time.Henry: A lot of writers seem to have a decade or a 15 year period where they kind of really do most of their great work. If that seems to be like that for him, but in a business sense, then you're saying the '60s that was his time and then it cooled off.Sarah: Yeah. Yeah. And well after... But with a publishing house in particular, I think once you built up a critical mass, it's not so difficult to run because good authors are going come to you and you can be selective and you can take a Thomas Hardy manuscript and you can take a Kipling manuscript and a Henrig. They're going to come to you. Whereas in the 1860s, he's really scrabbling around. What's going to be good? And he creates things like the Golden Treasury Series or the Clarendon Press textbooks with Oxford University. He's creating things because he hasn't got Thomas Hardy or Henry James. He's got Charles Kingsley, who's becoming increasingly racist and unpleasant. By the 1870s, the business is... There's a magazine that comes out every month. It has regular subscriptions.And now Nature is going to come out every month and be written for by her Huxley. And he's got, he can choose who he publishes. So I think by the 1870s, the business runs much better even when he is on holiday. Whereas in the 1860s, he just needs to be there every day and he needs to read every manuscript and he needs to look at every proof and he's changing the colour of the bindings. He's in all over it and I think it would've killed him and it killed his wife possibly. And I think in the 1870s, it's easier for him to step back. And then he starts having a son and a nephew in the business. And then he has three nephews in the business, I mean, it just moves on. And he's lucky that the next generation of the one, two, three, five boys, three of them stay in the business and are still in the business in their 70s and 80s. And they all die within a couple of months of each other in 1936, bang, bang, bang. But they were all there, three brothers. So he's lucky in that there is at least two generations of McMillan that know how to run a publishing company. Not everyone gets that. Do they? Some people can't even get to some...Talent SpottingHenry: What did you learn about talent spotting when you were at Arthur Andersen?Sarah: That one of the best things you can have in a business career is instinct about people, that I could always tell within five minutes of an interview starting whether I ought to hire this person or not. It's a bit like house hunting, it all looks lovely on paper and then sometimes you get to the gate and you think I'm not even going to look at this house. [laughter] I can't imagine living in this house, why have I come? And I think I had really good instinct for people spotting and I was good at bringing people on particularly women. I mean, there were a couple of women around who say nice things to me about I learned a lot from you, Sarah.Henry: What were the signals? The good and the bad signals? What set your instincts off?Sarah: Genuine intelligence, not just... A spark in the eye literally and a bit of a sense of humour. So not just they've learned it all by wrote. I wasn't ever interested in the people who told me they'd been reading the Financial Times since they were 12. I was interested in someone who'd tell me something interesting they'd seen it on the back of a lorry coming into the interview. That was a better sign for me of genuine interest. And I always used to say when I was teaching other people to interview and hire as well, if you don't think...If this new person is going start on Monday morning, am I going to really look forward to seeing them? Or am I thinking that, I hope this is gonna be alright? Then you've already made your decision, you want that person to be someone you wanna work with on a Monday morning when it's pouring with rain and you've got to hangover you. So pick people who you are gonna get on with and who are as bright as you are or brighter if you can find them.Henry: Let's say I was going to plant you into the offices of some big consultancy, PwC or EY or someone, and your job is to talent spot some potential late bloomers. They don't have to want to write a book or be victorious, they just have to be some other Sarahs, who have this in them, but they're not talking about it, and we don't know what it is, how are you going to go about looking for these people, and when will your instinct sort of prick up and say, "Yeah, I'm gonna get to know her, she seems like there's something in the background there."Sarah: I think it's the... You're gonna see that person thinking outside the box. So in a room of people where everyone said something around the table, they've said the most interesting thing that wasn't what anyone else said. And it might have been a small point that they've made, but it was just different their brains weren't working, they weren't doing groups speak. Because they may not have been listening to the group speak and they might though it was very dull, but this was the thing that had been interesting them about this problem. And I know that's the thing. I also think I would be looking for the person who had done something interesting at the weekend, or was going to theatre that night or just the show that the brain was not completely sucked into the job, that in fact, they were probably more looking like hoping they were gonna get to the national theatre that night, than worrying about anything else that was going on. It's that feeling that you have a life outside work. And for lots of people, there is no life outside work.And I feel so sorry for them when they give up because, what are they gonna do with their lives? Whereas I always knew that there were 50 things. If I'd have to stop working tomorrow, I wouldn't have been bored for a second, there are 50 things I wanted to do, and I always feel sorry for people to say, "Oh, I don't know what I'd do if I didn't have this job." Really? You know.But I think, how do you spot them when that's not coming out? I think you are gonna spot them because they are gonna say something that's a different take from everyone else.Henry: Yeah, no, that's interesting, if you're not going to sort of have the chance to see them pull a book of poetry out of the briefcase or whatever, you can... You're saying there are signals in the meeting. Comes back to divergence almost, they're not...Sarah: It does.Henry: How many people do you think you met like that in your career? I tell you why I'm asking, I feel like we have no idea how many late bloomers there could be out there. But my suspicion is there a lot of people who could be in the right circumstances, given the right conditions or whatever, but we just don't know.Sarah: No, I don't know. I don't think many. I can't think of people. There were people who did surprisingly well after I'd worked with them, went off and did other business things and have done very well, and I think... Well, I wonder what they might do next.Henry: Were they the ones saying the out of the box stuff in the meeting or are there other indicators of those?Sarah: There's a girl in particular, I'm thinking about, who worked for me and Leeds who could have gone down a very boring banking corporate route. Actually, she's now running a really interesting small business, and she always... She used to get teased and laughed at because she would sometimes say such off the wall things, used to make a look a bit stupid sometimes, but I always used to be interested in what she'd said, 'cause there was something going on there. So I would think about her. I'm trying to think. So later life, when I've been around NHS boards, there are people there who I think could easily spring off and do something completely different, 'cause working for the NHS is so completely absorbing of your life, your energy and your compassion, but some of them are very interesting people, they wouldn't be doing that job otherwise.Best Victorian Novel?Henry: Finally give us a recommendation for one really good Victorian novel that we might not have read.Sarah: Okay, I'm going to say a part from I've already told you that I love The Way We Live Now, and I love Middlemarch, which I think are the two absolute classic novels. But the one that I read last year, which I'd never heard of and loved, it's by Mrs. Oliphant, and it's called Hester, and it was written, I think in the 1880s, and it's set in a small town, but it's about a woman who saves the Family Bank from going bankrupt. Her father has over extended the bank and run off, and a bit like, It's a Wonderful Life, there's going to be a run on the bank, but Hester goes into the office, it's a small town, and the fact that she's there, she saves the bank and effectively runs it, and then the book starts as the next generation are coming through what's gonna happen. And will she have to do it again? It's a really good book.Henry: Yeah, that sounds a great.Sarah: Hester by Mrs. Oliphant.Henry: I'm going to read that. Well, Sarah, thank you very much.Sarah: Thank you, Henry. It's been very enjoyable.Thanks for reading. If you're enjoying The Common Reader, let your interesting friends know what you think. Or leave a comment at the bottom.If you don't subscribe to The Common Reader, but you enjoy reading whatever's interesting, whenever it was written, sign up now. This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit www.commonreader.co.uk

Antonio Cassese (‘Nino') was the first President of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY), established by the Security Council of the United Nations to prosecute those responsible for war crimes and other international crimes committed in the territory of the former Yugoslavia since 1 January 1991. In his capacity as President of the ICTY, Nino was also the President of the ICTY Appeals Chamber when it delivered a landmark decision in 1995, in the Tadić case, asserting that the notion of war crimes is not limited to international armed conflict, but also applies in the context of non-international armed conflict. This decision therefore contributed to narrowing the divide between the international regulation of international and non-international armed conflict.In this episode, the co-hosts discuss the background and the impact of the decision with Georges Abi-Saab, honorary professor of the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva, and at the time a Judge at the ICTY serving in the Appeals Chamber. Professor Abi- Saab also describes the early days at the ICTY, highlighting the challenges that the Tribunal had to face but also the enthusiasm of all those involved in the building of this newly established institution. The episode also features an excerpt of an interview of Nino when he was President of the ICTY, explaining the evidentiary challenges to bring the political and military leaders of a country to account for the commission of war crimes and other international crimes. The episode ends the mini-series dedicated to Antonio Cassese, in the hope that this will help continue the legacy of a giant of international law and would be of inspiration to all those who want to contribute to make the world a better place. Links- ICTY Appeals Chamber decision in the Tadić case, 2 October 1995 (Decision on the Defence Motion for Interlocutory Appeal on Jurisdiction)- Separate Opinion of Judge Georges Abi-Saab, appended to the ICTY 1995 Appeals Chamber's decision in the Tadić  case (Separate Opinion of Judge Abi-Saab to the Decision on the Defence Motion for Interlocutory Appeal on Jurisdiction)- UN Audiovisual Library - World Chronicle Program 572: Michael Littlejohns interviews Judge Antonio Cassese, President of the International Criminal Tribunal for Former Yugoslavia- A. Cassese, International Law in a Divided World, Oxford, Clarendon Press; New York, Oxford University Press, 1986- A. Cassese (ed.), The New Humanitarian Law of Armed Conflict, 2 vol., Napoli, Editoriale scientifica, 1979-c1980Follow and contact us at:https://cassese-initiative.org/https://twitter.com/cassese_initiathttps://www.facebook.com/casseseinitiative/http://info@cassese-initiative.org/Credits for the production go to Janet Anderson, Stephanie van den Berg and Ilaria Molinari. The logo for this podcast has been designed by https://delrossostudio.com/

Episode 87:This week we're finishing On Practice and Contradiction by Mao ZedongThe two halves of the book are available online here:https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mao/selected-works/volume-1/mswv1_16.htmhttps://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mao/selected-works/volume-1/mswv1_17.htmThe previous episode that already covered chapter 2 of this book can be found here:https://www.abnormalmapping.com/leftist-reading-rss/2020/8/31/guest-leftist-reading-oppose-book-worship[Part 1]1. A Single Spark Can Start a Prairie Fire[Bonus 1, from the archives]2. Oppose Book Worship[Part 2]3. On Practice: On the Relation between Knowledge and Practice, between Knowing and Doing[Part 3 - 6]4. On Contradiction [Part 6]5. Combat Liberalism6. The Chinese People Cannot Be Cowed by the Atom Bomb7. US Imperialism Is a Paper Tiger[Part 7]8. Concerning Stalin's Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR9. Critique of Stalin's Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR[Part 8]10. On the Correct Handling of Contradictions among the PeopleSection 1-2[Part 9]Section 3-8[Part 10]Section 9-1211. Where Do Correct Ideas Come From?[Part 11]12. Talk on Questions of Philosophy[Part 12 - This Week]12. Talk on Questions of PhilosophySecond Reading - 00:22Discussion - 24:55Footnotes:27) 00:34Ai Ssu-chti (c. 1910–66) was, at the time of his death, Vice-President of the Higher Party School. He was one of the Party's leading philosophical spokesmen, who had translated works on dialectical materialism from the Russian, and written many books and articles which aimed to make Marxism accessible to the masses. On 1 November 1964 he published an article in People's Daily attacking Yang Hsien-chen, the ‘bourgeois' philosopher Mao refers to earlier in this talk in connection with the principle of ‘two combining into one'.28) 03:54The metaphor of ‘dissecting a sparrow' is an applied theory and a work method to acquire knowledge and sum up experiences. Instead of attempting to generalize about a vast number of repetitions of a phenomenon, this work method advocates the in-depth analysis, thorough study and investigation of a prototype, and a summing-up experience through such analysis. The slogan is derived from the common saying, ‘while a sparrow is small, it contains all the vital organs'. Here, Mao makes the point that, in the broader international context, China as a whole is a microcosm of the problems of revolution in the world today.29) 05:27Leng Tzu-hsing discourses on the mansion of the Duke of Jung-kuo in chapter 2 of The Story of the Stone. The ‘Talisman for Officials' was a list of the rich and influential families in the area which the former novice from the Bottle-Gourd Temple said every official should carry in order to avoid offending them and thereby wrecking his career.30) 06:33For Comrade Mao's criticisms on this matter see ‘Letter Concerning the Dream of the Red Chamber' (Selected Works, vol. V, pp. 150–51), ‘On Criticising Longloumeng yuanjia' (Selected Works, vol. V, pp. 293–94). For Mao's criticism of Yü P'ing-po see ‘Letter Concerning the Study of the Dream of the Red Chamber', 16 October 1954, Selected Works, vol. V. Wang K'un-lun was Vice-Mayor of Peking in the 1950s.31) 06:36Ho Ch'i-fang (1911—), a lyric poet and powerful figure in the literary world, had defended Yü P'ing-po up to a point at the time of the campaign against him in 1954, saying that Yü was wrong in his interpretation of the Dream of the Red Chamber, but politically loyal. He himself came under attack at the time of the Great Leap Forward.32) 06:41Wu Shih-ch'ang's work on this subject has been translated into English: On ‘The Red Chamber Dream', Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1961.33) 07:01Mao's statement here concords with the views of Lu Hsün.34) 07:55The figures Mao gives here, as he shifts to the present and calls to mind the final showdown with the Kuomintang, are those at the beginning of the Anti-Japanese War rather than those at the beginning of the renewed civil war in 1946, when the People's Liberation Army had grown to at least half a million men.35) 09:28In January 1949, General Fu Tso-i, commanding the nationalist garrison in Peiping (as it was then called), surrendered the city without a fight to avoid useless destruction. He subsequently became Minister of Water Conservancy in the Peking government.36) 11:05The legendary Emperor Shen Nung is said to have taught the art of agriculture in the third millennium BC, and in particular to have discovered the medicinal properties of plants.37) 14:30The Lung Shan and Yang Shao cultures, located respectively in northeastern and north-western China, were the two most remarkable cultures of the neolithic period. As Mao indicates, they are particularly noted for their pottery.38) 16:18The book called the Chuang-tzu, which was probably composed only in part by the man of the same name who lived in the second half of the fourth century BC, is not only one of the classic texts of Taoism (with the Lao-tzu and the Book of Changes), but one of the greatest literary masterpieces in the history of China.39) 22:23Sakata Shiyouchi, a Japanese physicist from the University of Nagoya, holds that ‘elementary particles are a single, material, differentiated and limitless category which make up the natural order'. An article by him expounding these views was published in Red Flag in June 1965.40) 22:55Mao is apparently referring to a collection of essays published by Jen Chi-yü in 1963, and reprinted in 1973: Han Tang fo-chiao ssu-hsiang lun chi (Collected Essays on Buddhist Thought in the Han and T'ang Dynasties). In these studies, he quotes from Lenin at considerable length regarding dialectics.41) 23:06T'ang Yung-t'ung (1892–1964), whom Jen Chi-yü acknowledges as his teacher, was the leading historian of Buddhism, who had written on Chinese Buddhism under the Han, Wei, Chin, and Northern and Southern dynasties, on the history of Indian thought, etc. He was Dean of the Humanities at Peking University from 1948 until he fell ill in 1954.42) 23:24Under the influence of Ch'an Buddhism (better known under its Japanese name of Zen), Chinese philosophers of the Sung and Ming dynasties, of whom Chu Hsi (1130–1200) is the most famous, developed a synthesis between Confucianism and Buddhism in which a central role is played by the concept li (principle or reason), commonly known as Neo-Confucianism. For a Chinese view of the relations between these schools basically similar to Mao's, see Hou Wai-lu, A Short History of Chinese Philosophy, Peking, Foreign Languages Press, 1959, pp. 33–51. For an interpretation by a Western specialist, see H. G. Creel, Chinese Thought from Confucius to Mao Zedong, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, and London, Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1953, Ch. 10.43) 24:06Han Yü and Liu Tsung-yüan. Han Yü sought to recreate the simplicity of the classical period, while avoiding excessive archaism. The slogan about ‘learning from their ideas' quoted by Mao refers to this aim of seeking inspiration from the ancient Confucian sages, while avoiding outmoded forms of expression. He adopted a critical attitude towards Buddhism, but nonetheless borrowed some ideas from it. Liu Tsung-yüan, whom Mao calls here by his literary name of Liu Tzu-hou, was a close friend of Han Yü.44) 24:17Liu Tsung-yüan's essay T'ien Tui (Heaven Answers) undertook to answer the questions about the origin and nature of the universe raised by Ch'ü Yüan in his poem T'ien Wen (Heaven Asks). The latter is translated under the title ‘The Riddles' in Li Sao and Other Poems of Chu Yuan. It is, as Mao says, suggestive but extremely obscure.

Podcast Why Truth Requires Proof Is Culture Copyright2021.mp3PODCAST 120 WHY TRUTH REQUIRES PROOF IS CULTURE  is a textual analysis viewed through many lens which is grounded in numerous theories and captured and framed in podcast 120 and verbalized in 13 chapters of publication 231, in ISBN 978-976-96689-1-1.Truth can only be seen by those with truth in them. He who does not have Truth in his heart, will always be blind to her.” and there's your proof.” “Fashion does not have to prove that it is serious. It is the proof that intelligent frivolity can be something creative and positive WORKS CITED  Alberto Vanzo, "Kant on the Nominal Definition of Truth", Kant-Studien, 101 (2010), pp. 147–66.Alexis G. Burgess and John P. Burgess (2011). Truth (hardcover) (1st ed.). Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-14401-6. Retrieved October 4, 2014. a concise introduction to current philosophical debates about truthAlfred North Whitehead, Dialogues, 1954: Prologue.Alfred Tarski, Introduction to Logic and to the Methodology of the Deductive Sciences (ed. Jan Tarski). 4th Edition. Oxford Logic Guides, No. 24. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994, xxiv + 229 pp. ISBN 0-19-504472-XAsay, Jamin. "Truthmaker Theory". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.Baudrillard's attribution of this quote to Ecclesiastes is deliberately fictional. "Baudrillard attributes this quote to Eccle-siastes. However, the quote is a fabrication (see Jean Baudrillard. Cool Memories III, 1991–95. London: Verso, 1997). Editor's note: In Fragments: Conversations With François L'Yvonnet. New York: Routledge, 2004:11, Baudrillard acknowledges this 'Borges-like' fabrication." Cited in footnote #4 in Smith, Richard G., "Lights, Camera, Action: Baudrillard and the Performance of Representations" Archived 2018-04-25 at the Wayback Machine, International Journal of Baudrillard Studies, Volume 2, Number 1 (January 2005)Baudrillard, Jean. "Simulacra and Simulations", in Selected Writings Archived 2004-02-09 at the Wayback Ma-chine, ed. Mark Poster, Stanford University Press, 1988; 166 ffBeebee, Helen; Dodd, Julian. Truthmakers: The Contemporary Debate. Clarendon Press. pp. 13–14.Chaitin, Gregory L., The Limits of Mathematics (1997) 1–28, 89 ff.Chaitin, Gregory L., The Limits of Mathematics (1997) esp. 89 ff.Cicéron, Marcus Tullius Cicero; Bouhier, Jean (1812). Tusculanes (in French). Nismes: J. Gaude. p. 273. OCLC 457735057.Compare 1 Thessalonians 5:21: "Prove all things [...]."Cupillari, Antonella. The Nuts and Bolts of Proofs. Academic Press, 2001. Page 3.David, Marion (2005). "Correspondence Theory of Truth" in Stanford Encyclopedia of PhilosophyDefinition of digitization at WhatIs.comDefinition of proof | Dictionary.com". www.dictionary.com.Die Wahrheit ist die Bewegung ihrer an ihr selbst." The Phenomenology of Spirit, Preface, ¶ 48Digitization/digitisation" in Collins English DictionaryElliott Mendelson; Introduction to Mathematical Logic; Series: Discrete Mathematics and Its Applications; Hard-cover: 469 pages; Publisher: Chapman and Hall/CRC; 5 edition (August 11, 2009); ISBN 1-58488-876-8.Etymology, Online. "Online Etymology"Evidence, proof, and facts: a book of sources by Peter Murphy 2003 ISBN 0199261954 pages 1–2Foucault, M. "The Order of Things", London: Vintage Books, 1970 (1966)Garrido, Angel (2012). "A Brief History of Fuzzy Logic". Revista EduSoft., EditorialGittens, William  Anderson  Author, Cinematographer Dip.Com., Arts. B.A. Media Arts SpecSupport the show (http://www.buzzsprout.com/429292)

Alex, Cody, and Colin reflect on and wrap up Family Feudalism! Find out the things they said that may have been wrong and, most importantly, who won the debate! And who knows...you may even get a sneak peek at next week's episode!Want to join the OUAT community? Have an idea for a change in history? Join our Facebook page!Editing by Hannah BurkhardtHosted by Alex Smith, Cody Sharp, and Colin Sharp.Milktoast Media LLC Show Sources: (Blame us for the whoopsies, not our sources. Our sources are great.)Reynolds, Susan. Fiefs and Vassals: The Medieval Evidence Reinterpreted. Clarendon Press, 1996.Reeno, Rick. “The Dangers of Bingo.” The Dangers of Bingo - Casino-Gambling. Accessed January 19, 2021.“History of Feudalism.” History World. Accessed January 19, 2021.. Wheeler, Heather Y. “Kings and Queens of England, British Monarchy.” Totally Timelines, September 19, 2020. Magazine issue 1846. “Vatican Admits Galileo Was Right.” New Scientist, November 7, 1992. 

Hark, thee distemperate addlepots! The present day's episode is setteth in the Middle Ages.  Our team of fatuous historians taketh on the sore task of feudalism: lords and vassals and fiefs; oh mine own!On today's episode, we ask the question, “What if royal succession in European feudalism was based on trivia knowledge instead of heredity?” Cody gives us some violent history of trivia. Alex tells the tale of Charlemagne, the Frankish king with a penchant for Latin education.Want to join the OUAT community? Have an idea for a change in history? Join our Facebook page! Editing by Hannah BurkhardtHosted by Alex Smith, Cody Sharp, and Colin Sharp.Milktoast Media LLCShow Sources: (Fact check us! Heard something wrong? Let us know.)Reynolds, Susan. Fiefs and Vassals: The Medieval Evidence Reinterpreted. Clarendon Press, 1996.Reeno, Rick. “The Dangers of Bingo.” The Dangers of Bingo - Casino-Gambling. Accessed January 19, 2021.“History of Feudalism.” History World. Accessed January 19, 2021.. Wheeler, Heather Y. “Kings and Queens of England, British Monarchy.” Totally Timelines, September 19, 2020. Magazine issue 1846. “Vatican Admits Galileo Was Right.” New Scientist, November 7, 1992.  

My guest for this episode is Robert Falkner. Robert is a TRIUM Academic Director, an Associate Professor of International Relations and the Director of the Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment at the London School of Economics. Before his time at the LSE, Robert held academic positions at the Universities of Oxford, Kent and Essex, as well as a visiting scholar position at Harvard. In this episode we discuss how moral reasoning and more narrowly defined state self-interest have both impacted the design and implementation of international agreements on climate. We also speculate on what a re-engaged USA, and a newly engaged China may mean for the future of such agreements. Using the same normative/self-interest framework, we explore the likely future role of private enterprise in implementing and driving sustainability. We eventually agree that normative and self-interested rationales will likely have to be – and hopeful will be – aligned for consequential change to occur. Whether this occurs in time to avoid disaster, is the critical question.Related Material:-- Robert's latest book: Falkner, Robert (2019), ‘The Unavoidability of Justice - and Order - in International Climate Politics: From Kyoto to Paris and Beyond’, in: British Journal of Politics and International Relations, (21) 2: 270-78. https://www.robertfalkner.org/s/Falkner-2019-Unavoidability-of-Justice-and-Order-in-International-Climate-Politics.pdf -- Robert's forthcoming book: Falkner, Robert (2021) Environmentalism and Global International Society (Cambridge Studies in International Relations, vol. 156). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/environmentalism-and-global-international-society/8185AA689F106BAEEAD7E2EE0A4A233E-- Robert's recommended book: Oreskes, N. & Conway, E. M. (2012), Merchants of Doubt: How a Handful of Scientists Obscured the Truth on Issues from Tobacco Smoke to Global Warming, Bloomsbury.-- Work mentioned: Shue, H. (1992). The unavoidability of justice. In: The international politics of the environment: Actors, Interests, and Institutions. Edited by A. Hurrell and B. Kingsbury. Oxford, Clarendon Press: 373-397. Host: Matt Mulford | Guest: Robert Falkner | Editor: Théophile Letort See acast.com/privacy for privacy and opt-out information.

Female Knights in Shining Armor The Lesbian Historic Motif Podcast - Episode 25 with Heather Rose Jones Does your heart thrill to the clash of swords, the gleam of sunlight on a polished helm, and the snap of silken banners in the breeze at a tournament field? And then the helmet is removed by the victorious knight to reveal a fair face and a tumble of flowing locks and the crowd gasps to know a woman is champion? Well this podcast is for you. In this episode we talk about: Joan of Arc and what wearing armor meant symbolically for her The 12th century Spanish “Order of the Hatchet”, an order of woman knights The gang of ladies who showed up at a 14th century tournament in Berwick in men's clothing A 13th century German tale of women holding a tournament when their men were off at war The French romance of Yde and Olive and how a woman knight won the hand of a king's daughter in marriage The Romance of Silence, which includes an exceedingly modern-sounding debate between personifications of Nature and Nurture for they loyalty of a girl raised as a boy Amazon knights in Renaissance epic poems such as Orlando Furioso and The Faerie Queene, who attracted the love of fair ladies This topic is discussed in one or more entries of the Lesbian Historic Motif Project here: Jeanne d'Arc Knighton, Henry and G. H. Martin (trans.). 1995. Knighton's Chronicle 1337-1396. Clarendon Press, Oxford. ISBN 0-19-820-503-1 Westphal-Wihl, Sarah. 1989. “The Ladies' Tournament: Marriage, Sex, and Honor in Thirteenth-Century Germany” in Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 14/2: 371-398 Yde and Olive Silence Amazons Other sources Order of the Hatchet Donoghue, Emma. 2010. Inseparable: Desire Between Women in Literature. Alfred A. Knopf, New York. ISBN 978-0-307-27094-8 A transcript of this podcast is available here. Links to the Lesbian Historic Motif Project Online Website: http://alpennia.com/lhmp Blog: http://alpennia.com/blog RSS: http://alpennia.com/blog/feed/ Twitter: @LesbianMotif Discord: Contact Heather for an invitation to the Alpennia/LHMP Discord server The Lesbian Historic Motif Project Patreon Links to Heather Online Website: http://alpennia.com Email: Heather Rose Jones Twitter: @heatherosejones Facebook: Heather Rose Jones (author page)

Sir John Mandeville, a 14th-century figure who travelled/maybe travelled/almost definitely didn't travel from England to Jerusalem and its holy places, to the court of the sultan in Egypt, to the realms of the Mongol khan, and to the long sought lands of Prester John. With this episode, we start the journey. If you like what you hear and want to chip in to support the podcast, my Patreon is here, my Ko-fi is here, and Paypal is here. I'm on Twitter @circus_human, Instagram @humancircuspod, my website is www.humancircuspodcast.com, and I have some things on Redbubble at https://www.redbubble.com/people/humancircus. Sources: Sir John Mandeville: The Book of Marvels and Travels, translated by Anthony Bale. Oxford University Press, 2012. The Travels of Sir John Mandeville, translated by Charles Moseley. Penguin, 2005. Clark, James G. A Monastic Renaissance at St Albans: Thomas Walsingham and his Circle c.1350-1440. Clarendon Press, 2004.  Greenblatt, Stephen. Marvellous Possessions: The Wonder of the New World. University of Chicago Press, 1991.  Higgins, Iain Macleod. Writing East: The "Travels" of Sir John Mandeville. University of Pennsylvania Press, 1997. Tzanaki, Rosemary. Mandeville's Medieval Audiences: A Study on the Reception of the Book of Sir John Mandeville (1371-1550). Taylor & Francis, 2017. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

With the election less than a month away, all of us who are politically engaged are reflecting on how well our government has worked over the past few years. And governments of all kinds are operating very differently than they did even 10 years ago, thanks to digital innovation and theories of information management which arise from new technologies. The digital age has had a profound effect on the way our country and our government operates. You can explore these themes in Amanda Clarke's new book Opening the Government of Canada — The Federal Bureaucracy in the Digital Age. For example — she has a section in her book where she considers the legacy of former prime minister Stephen Harper as “Canada's first digital era prime minister.” Considering the secrecy and information control rampant in the Harper era, it wouldn't surprise most of us that the transition towards open government has had its bumps along the way. And it still does, despite the very different style of the Trudeau government. While it's easy to criticize the federal government for being pretty slow about about figuring out new models to navigate the digital age, Clarke says there needs to be a balance. She makes the case for a more open model of governance, but says that the model also needs to be balanced with the democratic principles embedded at the heart of our parliamentary system of governance. It's a tricky thing. rabble podcast producer Victoria Fenner talked to Amanda Clarke about how those dynamics are playing out on Parliament Hill. Amanda Clarke joined the faculty of Carleton University's School of Public Policy and Administration in July 2014. Her research examines public sector reform, policymaking and civic engagement, focusing in particular on the impact of digital technologies on these domains. Prior to joining Carleton, Clarke completed a doctorate at the Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, as a Pierre Elliott Trudeau scholar, a Clarendon Press scholar and a fellow of the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada. She is co-editor of Issues in Canadian Governance and author of Opening the Government of Canada: The Federal Bureaucracy in the Digital Age. In 2017, Clarke was appointed Carleton University's Public Affairs Research Excellence Chair and in 2019, the Canada School of Public Service named her a Digital Government Research Fellow. She is the founder of the Canadian Digital Governance Research Network. Image: Open Knowledge Foundation/Flickr

This episode, we turn to another genre of wisdom literature: the fable. We look at four versions of the fable of the Mouse and the Frog from across one-and-a-half millennia, with quasi-classical versions from the Vita Aesopi and the Romulus Aesop and medieval elaborations on the story by Marie de France and Robert Henryson. Today's Texts: Life of Aesop. Translated by Anthony Alcock, Roger-Pearse.com, 4 Aug. 2018, https://www.roger-pearse.com/weblog/2018/08/14/life-of-aesop-translated-by-anthony-alcock/. "The Mouse and the Frog." The Comedies of Terence and The Fables of Phædrus, translated by Henry Thomas Riley, George Bell & Sons, 1891, p. 456. Google Books. Marie de France. "The Mouse and the Frog." The Fables of Marie de France, translated by Mary Lou Martin, Summa Publications, 1984, pp. 36-42. Henryson, Robert. "The Taill of the Paddok and the Mous." The Poems and Fables of Robert Henryson, edited by David Laing, William Paterson, 1865. Google Books. References: Adrados, Francisco Rodríguez. History of the Graeco-Latin Fable. Translated by Leslie A. Ray, vol. 1, Brill, 1999. Daly, Lloyd W., translator and editor. Introduction. Aesop Without Morals, Thomas Yoseloff, 1961, pp. 11-26. Fox, Denton, editor. The Poems of Robert Henryson. Clarendon Press, 1981. Kiser, Lisa J. "Resident Aliens: The Literary Ecology of Medieval Mice." Truth and Tales: Cultural Mobility and Medieval Media, edited by Fiona Somerset and Nicholas Watson, Ohio State UP, 2015, pp. 151-167. Academia.edu, www.academia.edu/11171687/Resident_Aliens_The_Literary_Ecology_of_Medieval_Mice. Jacobs, Joseph. The Fables of Aesop. Vol. 1, History of the Æsopic Fable, 1889, Burt Franklin, 1970. Mann, Jill. From Aesop to Reynard: Beast Literature in Medieval Britain. Oxford UP, 2009. Martin, Mary Lou. Introduction. The Fables of Marie de France, translated by Mary Lou Martin, Summa Publications, 1984, pp. 1-30. O'Connor, Flannery. "Writing Short Stories." Mystery and Manners, FSG, 1970, pp. 87-106. Skillen, Anthony. "Aesop's Lessons in Literary Realism." Philosophy, vol. 67, no. 260, Apr. 1992, pp. 169-181. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/3751449. [Greek text of the fable in the Vita Aesopi, Ch. 21:] Vita Aesopi. Edited by Antonius Westermann, Williams and Norgate, 1845, p. 54. Google Books. [Romulus Latin Text in:] "Mus et Rana." Phaedri Fabularum Aesopiarum libri quinque, quales omni parte illustratos publicavit Joann. Gottlob. Sam. Schwabe. Accedunt Romuli Fabularum Aesopiarum libri quatuor, quibus novas Phaedri Fabellas cum notulis variorum et suis subjunxit, edited by J. B. Gail, vol. 2, 2nd ed., N.E. Lemaire, 1826, p. 386. Google Books. Music by Chris Lane.

Panel discussion on the Republic of Sudan. Joint event with The Sudanese Programme, held in St Antony's College on May 3rd 2019. Dr Ahmed Al-Shahi (Research Fellow, St Antony's College, Trustee of the Sudanese Programme), Dr Sara Abdelgalil (Paediatric Consultant, President of Sudan Doctors' Union UK), Dr Richard Barltrop (Consultant and researcher on the two Sudans, Trustee of the Sudanese Programme) About the speakers: Dr Ahmed Al-Shahi is a Research Fellow and, since 2002 co-Founder of The Sudanese Programme. He is a social anthropologist whose research interests are economic and social development, sectarian politics, social differentiations, popular culture and oral tradition. He has undertaken extensive anthropological research in northern Sudan. Selected Publications: Among his publications are: Wisdom from the Nile (with F.C.T. Moore), The Oxford Library of African Literature, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1978; La Republique du Soudan, Berger- Levrault, Paris, 1979; Islam in the Modern World (co-editor with D. MacEoin), Croom Helm, 1983; Themes from Northern Sudan, Ithaca Press, 1986; The Arab House (co-editor with A. D. C. Hyland), University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 1986; The Diversity of the Muslim Community: Anthropological Essays in Memory of Peter Lienhardt (editor), Ithaca Press, 1987; Disorientations: A society in Flux. Kuwait in the 1950s by Peter Lienhardt (editor), Ithaca Press, 1991; A Special Issue:Al-Tayyib Salih, Seventy Candles, Edebiyart: The Journal of Middle Eastern Literature, (co-editor with Ami Elad-Bouskila) 1991; Shaikhdoms of Eastern Arabia by Peter Lienhardt (editor), Palgrave/St. Antony's College Series, 2001; Middle East and North African Immigrants in Europe (co-editor with Richard Lawless), Routledge, 2005; Sudan: A Long Transition into Two States (editors: Ahmed Al-Shahi and Bona Malwal), published (in collaboration with the Sudanese Programme, St Antony’s College) by M.O. Beshir Centre for Sudanese Studies, Omdurman Ahlia University, Omdurman, Sudan, 2013; and Hikma min Al-Nil (Wisdom from the Nile) (editor with F.C.T.Moore), Abdel Karim Mirghani Centre, Omdurman, Sudan, 2017. His most recent publication are: Women Writers of the Two Sudans (2019, co-edited with Laurent Mignon) and Wisdom from the Desert (2019) in collaboration with FCT Moore. Sara Ibrahim Abdelgalil is a consultant paediatrician who is interested in international child health and development. She graduated from university of Khartoum in 1998 with Kitchener’ and Albagdadi’s prizes - best academic performance. While in Sudan she worked alongside other colleagues to establish an organisation that supports children with disadvantaged backgrounds e.g. orphans and street children. Sara moved to the United Kingdom to achieve her dreams in better training and medical practice. She campaigned for women and children rights as well as for human rights violations in particular in relation to health services. She obtained her masters and diploma degrees at Liverpool school of tropical medicine in tropical child health with an award and distinction - John Hey prize. Sara completed her paediatric training in the U.K. and has the fellowship of the royal college of Paediatrics and child health. Working among Sudanese diaspora in different societies and groups she promoted the activation and return of legitimate professionals unions back home. This campaign included Sudanese university graduates. Her role in the Sudan Doctors’ Union U.K. extended from establishing links with other Sudanese professionals in U.K. to working in epidemic campaigns in Sudan. As the president of SDU U.K. she is leading her organisation to support democratic change in Sudan and contribute to rebuilding of new Sudan. SDU U.K. raised concerns in regards to human rights violations against peaceful protestors in Sudan. Richard Barltrop is a consultant specialising in work on conflict, development and peace in the Middle East, North Africa and the Horn of Africa. Since 2001 he has worked for the United Nations Development Programme in Iraq, Libya, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan and Yemen. He has worked for the UN peacekeeping mission in South Sudan, and for the UK Stabilisation Unit in Iraq and on Syria peace talks. He has also worked as a consultant on conflict resolution and peacebuilding for the Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, International Alert, and the EU. Richard has a DPhil in International Relations, an MPhil in Middle Eastern Studies, and a BA in Classics from the University of Oxford. He is the author of Darfur and the International Community: The Challenges of Conflict Resolution in Sudan (IB Tauris, 2011), and was a visiting fellow at Durham University in 2015.

Political discussions in many places around the world have become more contentious than at any time in our recent history. It seems almost impossible to have a calm conversation with someone who doesn’t hold our own political views. In North America and Liberia, we’re approaching the Thanksgiving 2018 holiday where families have a tradition of coming together to show gratitude for a successful harvest. In many of these settings, the dinner-table conversation with be with people we don’t agree with. In this episode, Kurt and Tim share 5 tips on how to maintain civil discourse at the dining table during these family gatherings. As we all know, families aren’t homogeneous groups of automatons – in the United States or anywhere else. People choose different paths for their political or religious beliefs and “what I believe” can be difficult for those who don’t share those beliefs. At the heart of these conflicts is that we are all different and different is good. To maintain a successful civilization, we need both conservative and liberal perspectives. Without a conservative perspective, we might fail to honor long-standing institutions. Without a liberal perspective, we might fail to move past our comfort zones. We need both, so we start by recognizing that. Our list begins with being curious and we refer to the person we disagree with as “the crazy uncle,” with no disrespect for uncles or mental illness. When this uncle makes a statement you don’t agree with, don’t zing back a rebuttal…just ask him about his comment. How did he come to this perspective? What makes him believe this is the case? To what degree is he certain of this? We reference an excellent article in Psychology Today by Robert Mauer on the topic of curiosity. Mauer urges readers to frame questions with high integrity and pure wonder. When you’re in that space, you are more likely to engage in conversations with people you initially disagreed with. The second tip is to focus on the topic, not the person. Never attack the person with your objections – focus on the issue at hand. It’s about the topic, not the person!  A critical error in any contentious conversation is the erosion of the dialogue away from the topic at hand. When emotions get the best of us, we can dog-pile our grievances onto the crazy uncle and lose sight of why we disagree in the first place. Don’t wander from the point either of you was trying to make. The third tip is to argue the facts, not the perceptions. And when you don’t agree on facts, agree to move on to a topic that you DO agree on the facts. (That means you need to think about the FACTS, not just your opinion.) It’s more of a philosophical approach, but still important in keeping the discourse civil, it’s best if we can agree on certain facts, even when they don’t support our own position. John Greco’s chapter called “Knowledge as Credit for True Belief” in the Clarendon Press book titled Intellectual Virtue: Perspectives From Ethics and Epistemology is a great example of how to focus on facts and not perceptions. Another way to approach the potentially contentious discussion is to make an agreement up front with the other person to focus on facts. Annie Duke, in her book Thinking in Bets,  speaks to the importance of agreeing on a set of “rules” and sticking to it. Set up an agreement prior to the discussion and hold yourself accountable. Our fourth tip is also related to Annie Duke’s book, and that is to talk in percentages and avoid black-and-white statements. Use statements like, “I’m 75% confident that gun legislation could have a positive impact on mass shootings,” and avoid saying things like, “You’re an idiot for not supporting gun control!” Annie’s book is the best reference for avoiding a black and white approach to topics, especially challenging ones, and gives readers a very powerful toolbox for working our way through difficult dialogues. Most importantly, she reminds us that we don’t know everything – we never have, and we never will. We can feel certain, but that doesn’t mean we are perfectly correct. Allow our conversation with the crazy uncle to rest in the space of, “We could be wrong, even a little bit.” The fifth tip is to respect our differences. Political difference has roots that are deeper than where we grew up – scientists are discovering that there are biological differences between conservatives and liberals. From what we know, the brains of people who tend to be more progressive experience triggers differently from those who tend to be more conservative. For instance, loud noises tend to impact people who are more conservative with more fear or caution than those who tend to be more progressive. These are uncontrollable, reflexive responses and we’re not going to persuade anyone to change their DNA. To expand on this topic, we refer you to two pieces of value. In a Scientific American article by Emily Laber-Warren, the author highlights key findings in recent years about how Conservatives are better organizers and cleaners while Liberals are more novelty-seeking. And one of our favorite books, Jonathan Haidt’s The Righteous Mind, is a reference volume on how to understand and work with the differences we have. Highly recommended.   BONUS TIP: What do you want to achieve in this conversation? If you’re approaching your dinner conversation with the intent to persuade others to your point of view, think again. How would you feel if you felt as though others at the dinner table were trying to persuade you to agree with their controversial ideas?  We recommend you leverage the power of your curiosity to learn more about what your crazy uncle has going on in his cranium. You just might leave the dinner table a little more informed than when you arrived.

Passion Médiévistes est un podcast (plus ou moins) mensuel sur l'histoire médiévale à travers les interviews de jeunes chercheurs, à la fois pour faire mieux connaître le Moyen Âge mais aussi pour donner un aperçu accessible de ce qu’est la recherche universitaire aujourd’hui. Page Facebook > www.facebook.com/PassionMedievistes/ Compter Twitter > twitter.com/PMedievistes Si vous êtes intéressé(e) pour être invité(e) dans l’émission envoyez un mail à f.cohenmoreau@gmail.com avec un résumé de votre sujet. Allez découvrir le podcast Dans Ton Rade : http://www.danstonrade.com/ Et Podcastéo : http://podcasteo.fr/reseau_faq.php Dans ce quinzième épisode, Simon Rousselot nous parle des Mamelouks d’Égypte au Moyen Âge. Il faut bien différencier les mamelouks, des esclaves soldats dans le monde islamique, et les Mamelouks, un sultanat instauré en Égypte du milieu du XIIIème siècle jusqu’au milieu du XVIème siècle. Comment les Mamelouks sont sélectionnés et formés parmi des esclaves, pour devenir ensuite une troupe d’élite qui a brillé par ses exploits militaires ? Simon nous raconte l’instabilité politique systémique des Mamelouks, les rivalités internes presque fratricides qui conduisent à changer de sultan d’Égypte quasiment tous les mois (de façon plus ou moins violente) et l’organisation qui en résulte. Simon nous parle aussi des ranks, un système de symboles utilisés par les Mamelouks notamment sur les bâtiments, et combien il peut être difficile de les étudier. Pour en savoir plus sur le sujet voici une sélection d’ouvrages généraux : - AYALON David, Le phénomène mamelouk dans l’Orient islamique, PUF, coll. « Islamiques », 1996 - LOISEAU Julien, Les Mamelouks, xiiie-xvie siècle, Seuil, 2014 - MARTINEZ-GROS Gabriel, Brève histoire des empires. Comment ils surgissent, comment ils s'effondrent, Seuil, coll. "Points Histoire", 2014 (une introduction théorique puis des études de cas) Ouvrages et articles sur les emblèmes : - MAYER Leo, Saracenic Heraldry: A Survey, Clarendon Press, 1999 [1933] - PRINET Max, "De l'origine orientale des armoiries européennes", Archives héraldiques suisses, 1912 : http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1160727 Extraits diffusés dans cet épisode : - Conférence de Julien Loiseau à l’Institut du Monde Arabe en 2015 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qPxIIn-K-DM&feature=youtu.be&t=1349 - Kaamelott Live I Episode 45 “Le oud” Préparation, enregistrement et montage: Fanny Cohen Moreau Mixage : Lucas Ohresser Montage et mixage du générique : Moustaclem Musique du générique: Johannes Schmoelling - Time and Tide https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RvVpjQJQweo Extraits sonores du générique: - Interview de Jacques Le Goff en 1991 (INA) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y9R6ZvoeA4Q - Extrait du film “On connaît la chanson” de Alain Resnais

“Israel is now turning 70, and for 70 years we’ve brought in millions of Jewish refugees from all over the world. And now, for the first time in 2000 years that we have some kind of Jewish sovereignty and we have a political body that is able to protect others, we have non-Jews seeking asylum in the Jewish state. If Israel sends off my Eritrean and Sudanese friends to Africa...if I haven’t done everything in my power as a human being and as a Jew to stop it, I don’t know if I’ll be able to live with myself, and I don’t know if I’ll be able to live in the state of Israel.” — Elliot Vaisrub Glassenberg Israel has a complicated history with refugees. Many Jewish refugees found shelter in Israel after the Holocaust; many Palestinians, on the other hand, became refugees after the 1948 war. But in this episode, we talk about Israel’s other refugees, those you may not have known about: African refugees who come mostly from Sudan and Eritrea escaping oppressive regimes and persecution. Mutasim Ali is a Sudanese refugee, one of 35,000 African refugees currently living in Israel -- but one of only 13 to have his refugee status recognized by the state. As of December 2017, all of the others are at risk of deportation. Israel has already started sending refugees to countries that offer them no status or security. In this episode, Unsettled producer Asaf Calderon speaks to Mutasim and advocate Elliot Vaisrub Glassenberg about the unfolding crisis. Why did so many African refugees choose Israel? Why doesn't Israel want them? What does Israel's treatment of these refugees say about the state of the Zionist experiment? And what can Americans do to help? This episode of Unsettled is hosted by Asaf Calderon and edited by Ilana Levinson. Music by Nat Rosenzweig and Podington Bear. Mutasim Ali is a law student at the College of Law & Business, Ramat Gan and former executive director at African Refugees Development Center (ARDC), a community-based organization to protect, assist, and empower African refugees and asylum-seekers to advocate on their behalf. He is an advocate for change and democracy in Sudan. Elliot Vaisrub Glassenberg is an American-Canadian-Israeli Jewish educator-activist. Elliot is a senior educator at The Kibbutz Movement and BINA: The Jewish Movement for Social Change and the central shaliach (emissary) for Habonim Dror Olami in North America. Currently based in Chicago, Elliot leads activities and teaches throughout North America. Elliot is an activist for Jewish pluralism and inclusion, refugee rights, LGBTQ rights and human rights, and his educator-activist approach focuses on the application of Judaism for social change. Elliot is co-chair of Right Now: Advocates for Asylum Seekers in Israel, a blogger for The Times of Israel, and has published in Haaretz, The Jerusalem Post, The Jewish Week, and elsewhere. A native of Chicago, Elliot earned a B.A. from McGill University, and an M.A. in Jewish Education and Jewish Literature from the Jewish Theological Seminary. Elliot worked in the field of Jewish education in North America before making aliyah to Israel in 2011, where he served as Director of International Communication for BINA and became a leading activist for refugee rights in Israel. REFERENCES RIGHT NOW: Advocates for Asylum Seekers in Israel "I am my father's son: Mutasim Ali at TEDxBGU" (2014) "We want freedom - demonstration and voices of refugees, Tel Aviv, Israel"(2014) Benny Morris, Israel's Border Wars, 1949-1956 (Clarendon Press, 1997). Michael Bachner, "Netanyahu says Africans slated for deportation 'not refugees'" (Times of Israel, January 21, 2018).  Associated Press, "Rwanda, Uganda Deny Reaching a Deal with Israel to Accept Refugees"(Haaretz, January 5, 2018).  Xan Rice, "China and Russia 'sell jets to Sudan'" (The Times, November 17, 2004).  Ilan Lior, "Israel to Pay Rwanda $5,000 for Every Deported Asylum Seeker It Takes In"(Haaretz, November 20, 2017).

“Israel is now turning 70, and for 70 years we’ve brought in millions of Jewish refugees from all over the world. And now, for the first time in 2000 years that we have some kind of Jewish sovereignty and we have a political body that is able to protect others, we have non-Jews seeking asylum in the Jewish state. If Israel sends off my Eritrean and Sudanese friends to Africa...if I haven’t done everything in my power as a human being and as a Jew to stop it, I don’t know if I’ll be able to live with myself, and I don’t know if I’ll be able to live in the state of Israel.” — Elliot Vaisrub Glassenberg Israel has a complicated history with refugees. Many Jewish refugees found shelter in Israel after the Holocaust; many Palestinians, on the other hand, became refugees after the 1948 war. But in this episode, we talk about Israel’s other refugees, those you may not have known about: African refugees who come mostly from Sudan and Eritrea escaping oppressive regimes and persecution. Mutasim Ali is a Sudanese refugee, one of 35,000 African refugees currently living in Israel -- but one of only 13 to have his refugee status recognized by the state. As of December 2017, all of the others are at risk of deportation. Israel has already started sending refugees to countries that offer them no status or security. In this episode, Unsettled producer Asaf Calderon speaks to Mutasim and advocate Elliot Vaisrub Glassenberg about the unfolding crisis. Why did so many African refugees choose Israel? Why doesn't Israel want them? What does Israel's treatment of these refugees say about the state of the Zionist experiment? And what can Americans do to help? This episode of Unsettled is hosted by Asaf Calderon and edited by Ilana Levinson. Music by Nat Rosenzweig and Podington Bear. Mutasim Ali is a law student at the College of Law & Business, Ramat Gan and former executive director at African Refugees Development Center (ARDC), a community-based organization to protect, assist, and empower African refugees and asylum-seekers to advocate on their behalf. He is an advocate for change and democracy in Sudan. Elliot Vaisrub Glassenberg is an American-Canadian-Israeli Jewish educator-activist. Elliot is a senior educator at The Kibbutz Movement and BINA: The Jewish Movement for Social Change and the central shaliach (emissary) for Habonim Dror Olami in North America. Currently based in Chicago, Elliot leads activities and teaches throughout North America. Elliot is an activist for Jewish pluralism and inclusion, refugee rights, LGBTQ rights and human rights, and his educator-activist approach focuses on the application of Judaism for social change. Elliot is co-chair of Right Now: Advocates for Asylum Seekers in Israel, a blogger for The Times of Israel, and has published in Haaretz, The Jerusalem Post, The Jewish Week, and elsewhere. A native of Chicago, Elliot earned a B.A. from McGill University, and an M.A. in Jewish Education and Jewish Literature from the Jewish Theological Seminary. Elliot worked in the field of Jewish education in North America before making aliyah to Israel in 2011, where he served as Director of International Communication for BINA and became a leading activist for refugee rights in Israel. REFERENCES RIGHT NOW: Advocates for Asylum Seekers in Israel "I am my father's son: Mutasim Ali at TEDxBGU" (2014) "We want freedom - demonstration and voices of refugees, Tel Aviv, Israel"(2014) Benny Morris, Israel's Border Wars, 1949-1956 (Clarendon Press, 1997). Michael Bachner, "Netanyahu says Africans slated for deportation 'not refugees'" (Times of Israel, January 21, 2018).  Associated Press, "Rwanda, Uganda Deny Reaching a Deal with Israel to Accept Refugees"(Haaretz, January 5, 2018).  Xan Rice, "China and Russia 'sell jets to Sudan'" (The Times, November 17, 2004).  Ilan Lior, "Israel to Pay Rwanda $5,000 for Every Deported Asylum Seeker It Takes In"(Haaretz, November 20, 2017).

Female Knights in Shining Armor  The Lesbian Historic Motif Podcast: Episode 15d  Does your heart thrill to the clash of swords, the gleam of sunlight on a polished helm, and the snap of silken banners in the breeze at a tournament field? And then the helmet is removed by the victorious knight to reveal a fair face and a tumble of flowing locks and the crowd gasps to know a woman is champion? Well this podcast is for you. In this episode we talk about Joan of Arc and what wearing armor meant symbolically for her The 12th century Spanish “Order of the Hatchet”, an order of woman knights The gang of ladies who showed up at a 14th century tournament in England in men’s clothing A 13th century German tale of women holding a tournament when their men were off at war The French romance of Yde and Olive and how a woman knight won the hand of a king’s daughter in marriage The Romance of Silence, which includes an exceedingly modern-sounding debate between personifications of Nature and Nurture for they loyalty of a girl raised as a boy Amazon knights in Renaissance epic poems such as Orlando Furioso and The Faerie Queene, who attracted the love of fair ladies More info The Lesbian Historic Motif Project lives at: http://alpennia.com/lhmp You can follow the blog on my website (http://alpennia.com/blog) or subscribe to the RSS feed (http://alpennia.com/blog/feed/) This topic is discussed in one or more entries of the Lesbian Historic Motif Project. Some useful links include: Jeanne d’Arc Order of the Hatchet (wikipedia entry) The tournament ladies Knighton, Henry and G. H. Martin (trans.). 1995. Knighton’s Chronicle 1337-1396. Clarendon Press, Oxford. ISBN 0-19-820-503-1 Westphal-Wihl, Sarah. 1989. “The Ladies’ Tournament: Marriage, Sex, and Honor in Thirteenth-Century Germany” in Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 14/2: 371-398 Yde and Olive Silence Amazons Donoghue, Emma. 2010. Inseparable: Desire Between Women in Literature. Alfred A. Knopf, New York. ISBN 978-0-307-27094-8 A transcript of this podcast is available here. If you have questions or comments about the LHMP or these podcasts, send them to: contact@alpennia.com

This is an electronic reprint of the second chapter of the book "On Custom in the Economy" by Ekkehart Schlicht that has been published in 1998 by the Clarendon Press, Oxford. The chapter focusses on the behavioral entailments of concluding a contract.

Robert Audi, the John A. O'Brien Professor of Philosophy at the University of Notre Dame, draws on epistemology, ethics and metaphysics to argue that moral wrongs and natural disasters are rational under God. He is author of 16 books, including "Moral Perception" (Princeton University Press, 2013) and "Rationality and Religious Commitment" (Clarendon Press, 2011).

* Although it is not proven. The DESKTOP ELECTRO-MAGNETIC FIELD TUNER (DEFT) (USB-Powered) might be used to counter some of the ill-effects of Electronic Harassment!With this device you can precisely select any frequency from .01 Hz to 2 MHz, and adjust the power output as well. Produces a mammoth intensity signal: from 1 mG to over 100 mG! Digital display leaves no uncertainty about what frequency is selected. Includes memory for up to 10 favorite frequencies. USB powered from your computer or AC adapter (provided). Some people have said that it feels as though an invisible weight has been lifted off their shoulders. Irritability, eye strain, and general tiredness from using electrical appliances can feel lessened. Desktop Electro-Magnetic Field Tuner (USB-Powered) Tunable, Adjustable, Powerful  This unit can also be used as an Audible Tone Generator or Frequency Counter. Produces Sine, Sawtooth and Square wave patterns. Step by step instructions included. Puts the full power of the Schumann Resonance in your hands! In 1952, the German scientist W.O.Schumann discovered a natural pulse resonating around our planet, beating at a frequency of 7.83 Hz (thereafter called the Schumann Resonance). Research has proved that electro-magnetic pollution can inhibit the human body's ability to synchronise with the Earth's natural magnetic pulse, thereby throtteling Melatonin, a major cancer suppressant and cell-rejuvenating neuro- hormone produced in the brain.Depending on your point of view, living beings either evolved in this natural electromagnetic environment (called The Schumann Resonances) or were created with Divine Intelligence to live in harmony with it. One thing is certain: Since life began, the Earth has been surrounding all living things with this natural frequency pulsation. Many experts believe that the wide spectrum of artificial man-made EMF radiation masks the natural beneficial frequency of the Earth.Electropollution may cause us to feel more stressed, fatigued and "out of balance." Laboratory research has shown that exposing living cells to the Schumann Resonance had beneficial effects when exposed to ambient EMFs, allowing the cells to increase their immune protection, and decrease the absorption of depression-inducing chemicals. Some researchers believe that by producing a 7.83 Hz signal we can counter the effects of the irritating man-made fields. By replicating the Earth's natural rhythm, we may be providing ourselves (at least in our immediate vicinity) with a more healthy environment.Research in Biophysics seems to suggest, that our biological system is "tuned into" the background frequency of our planet - the `Schumann Resonance'- a steady pulse of 7.8 Hz which beats around the planet within the earth/ionosphere cavity. It has been found that this is also the dominant brainwave rhythm of all mammals. Drowning out this natural frequency by overlaying it with manmade radiation noise, and in particular pulsed (digital) magnetic fields, can have devastating effects on our immune system, which is largely orchestrated by the release of certain neuro-transmitters and hormones within the human brain. By introducing interference signals, we create new previously unknown patterns, which thereby could set off new previously unknown auto-immune conditions.This could be likened to switches suddenly being turned on, which previously have been turned off and vice versa, leading to unforeseen consequences. Unless we accept the reality that the human brain is like a finely tuned electrical instrument, we will not be able to understand what is happening. The Schumann Resonances are quasi-standing electromagnetic waves that exist in the Earth's 'electromagnetic' cavity (the space between the surface of the Earth and the Ionosphere). Like waves on a string, they are not present all the time, but have to be 'excited' to be observed. They are not caused by anything internal to the Earth, its crust or its core. They seem to be related to electrical activity in the atmosphere, particularly during times of intense lightning activity. They occur at several frequencies, specifically 7.8 (strongest), 14, 20, 26, 33, 39 and 45 (weakest) Hertz, with a daily variation of about ± 0.5 Hertz. So long as the properties of Earth's electromagnetic cavity remains about the same, these frequencies remain the same. Presumably there is some change due to the solar sunspot cycle as the Earth's ionosphere changes in response to the 11-year cycle of solar activity. The resonant properties of this terrestrial cavity were first predicted by the German physicist W. O. Schumann between 1952 and 1957, and first detected in 1954.The Urgent Need For Further Research Into The Schumann Resonance Effect Although Schumann Resonance could easily be confirmed by measurements at the time of its discovery, it is no longer so obvious due to our atmosphere being filled with manmade radiation noise at different frequencies. This is almost drowning out the natural signals - signals that have been there through aeons of evolution. It is possible that these signals act like a natural tuning fork, not just for the biological oscillators of the brain, but for all processes of life.With the advent of new wireless technology, in particular microwaves pulsed at frequencies close to Schumann Resonance as in mobile telephony, another threat is emerging. We may be creating an environment that is literally `out of tune' with Nature itself. And it is at this point that there is an urgent need for us to understand how everything alive responds to the most subtle changes in magnetic and electromagnetic fields surrounding us.There is a great need for independent research into the bio-compatibility between natural and manmade signals. By linking together the potential importance of Schumann Resonance and the dangers posed by manmade pulsed frequencies, it will become apparent that unless we find a way to use bio-compatible signals to power new technology, we may expose all life to dangers previously not encountered. We may have to pay a high price for this shortsightedness. Serious attention must now be paid to the possible biological role of standing waves in the atmosphere, so that we do not overlook the importance of oscillations in nature that may be central to consciousness and life itself. The late Dr Neil Cherry, a fierce opponent of the frequencies used in mobile telephony, has also focused on the importance of Schumann Resonance in his publications 'Schumann Resonances, a plausible biophysical mechanism for the human health effects of Solar/Geomagnetic Activity' (2002), and 'Human intelligence: The brain, an electromagnetic system synchronised by the Schumann Resonance signal' (2003). Professor R.Wever from the Max Planck Institute for Behavioural Physiology in Erling-Andechs, built an underground bunker which completely screened out magnetic fields. Student volunteers lived there for four weeks in this hermetically sealed environment. Professor Wever noted that the student's circadian rhythms diverged and that they suffered emotional distress and migraine headaches. As they were young and healthy, no serious health conditions arose, which would not have been the case with older people or people with a compromised immune system. After only a brief exposure to 7.8 Hz (the very frequency which had been screened out), the volunteers health stabilized again.The same complaints were reported by the first astronauts and cosmonauts, who, out in space, also were no longer exposed to the Schumann waves. Now modern spacecrafts are said to contain a device which simulates the Schumann waves.A Tuning Fork For Life Although the existence of the Schumann Resonance is an established scientific fact, there are very few scientists who are aware of the importance of this frequency as a tuning fork for Life. I propose that it is not merely a phenomenon caused by lightning in the atmosphere, but a very important electromagnetic standing wave, acting as background frequency and influencing biological oscillators within the mammalian brain.At the time when Schumann published his research results in the journal `Technische Physik', Dr Ankermueller, a physician, immediately made the connection between the Schumann resonance and the alpha rhythm of brainwaves. He found the thought of the earth having the same natural resonance as the brain very exciting and contacted Professor Schumann, who in turn asked a doctorate candidate to look into this phenomenon. This candidate was Herbert König who became Schumann's successor at Munich University. König demonstrated a correlation between Schumann Resonances and brain rhythms. He compared human EEG recordings with natural electromagnetic fields of the environment (1979) and found that the main frequency produced by Schumann oscillations is very close to the frequency of alpha rhythms.Dr König carried out further measurements of Schumann resonance and eventually arrived at a frequency of exactly 7.83 Hz, which is even more interesting, as this frequency is one which applies to mammals. For instance, septal driving of the hippocampal rhythm in rats has been found to have a minimum threshold at 7.7 Hz (Gray, 1982).This relationship has been explored by a number of investigators. For further information see Natural electromagnetic fields research on the h.e.s.e. project website.If organisms do in fact respond to, and perhaps depend on, electromagnetic fields as weak as that produced by Schumann resonance, this is of major significance for the development of present and future wireless technologies. Funding for research projects investigating the Schumann Resonance Effect is now being sought and scientists who support this call for research are invited to contact me by e-mail. References Gray, J.A., 1982, The Neuropsychology of Anxiety: An Enquiry into the Functions of the Septo-Hippocampal System. Clarendon Press. Cherry, N.J., 2002, Schumann Resonances, a plausible biophysical mechanism for the human health effects of Solar/Geomagnetic Activity, Natural Hazards 26(3), p 279-331 Cherry, N.J. 2003, Human intelligence: The brain, an electromagnetic system synchronised by the Schumann Resonance signal, Medical Hypotheses 60(60):843-4 Cherry,N. Cell phone radiation poses a serious biological and health risk http://www.drscheiner-muenchen.de/Cherryeng.htm König, H.L Bioinformation - Electrophysical Aspects. In: Electromagnetic Bioinformation, Popp, F.A., Becker,G., König, H.L.Peschka,W.,(eds.) Urban und Schwarzenberg p 25, 1979 Ludwig,W `Informative Medizin' VGM Verlag fuer Ganzheitsmedizin, Essen, 1999 Schumann, W.O.Ueber die strahlungslosen Eigenschwingungen einer leitenden Kugel, die von einer Luftschicht und einer Ionosphaerenhuelle umgeben ist, Z.Naturforsch. 7a, 149, 1952 Schumann W.O. König, H. Ueber die Beobachtung von Atmospherics bei geringsten Frequenzen, Naturwissenschaften, 41, 183, 1954 Our New Layaway Plan Adds Convenience For Online ShoppersDPL-Surveillance-Equipment's layaway plan makes it easy for you to buy the products and services that you want by paying for them through manageable monthly payments that you set. Our intuitive calculator allows you to break down your order's purchase price into smaller payment amounts. Payments can be automatically deducted from your bank account or made in cash using MoneyGram® ExpressPayment® Services and you will receive your order once it's paid in full. 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Identity verification measures are integrated into our e-layaway system to prevent fraudulent purchases.Note: Simply Choose e-Lay-Away as a "Payment Option" in The Shopping CartIn this video http://tinyurl.com/lva9hn we present to you (via our surveillance and security video library) information about our new products, counter-surveillance techniques, industry-news, etc.RSS Reader (Widget) for New Surveillance Product/Service Announcements: http://tinyurl.com/yzg66zjUse this new RSS Reader / Widget to automatically receive new product and service announcements. Preview the same state-of-the-art surveillance and security equipment Detectives, PI's, the CIA and FBI use.Join us on Facebook! (DPLSURVE) http://www.facebook.com/dplsurve Stay Informed!We have a life-time warranty / guarantee on all products. 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* Although it is not proven. The DESKTOP ELECTRO-MAGNETIC FIELD TUNER (DEFT) might be used to counter some of the ill-effects of Electronic Harassment!The PEFT: has the unique ability to be tuned from about 2 Hz to over 20 Hz , to produce the exact frequency that will give maximum benefit to your specific body. And it can be re-adjusted in seconds at any time, for any new circumstance, including the changes taking place in the Earth's natural field. . Some people have said that it feels as though an invisible weight has been lifted off their shoulders. Irritability, eye strain, and general tiredness from using electrical appliances can feel lessened.Same tunable circuitry, but more powerful to cover a larger area. Includes optional ground cord to inject the signal into the wiring of your building.   Some say it adds sound depth to high end audio equipment. 12V adapter plugs into AC outlet so no batteries to wear out. North American adapter supplied.  In 1952, the German scientist W.O.Schumann discovered a natural pulse resonating around our planet, beating at a frequency of 7.83 Hz (thereafter called the Schumann Resonance). Research has proved that electro-magnetic pollution can inhibit the human body's ability to synchronise with the Earth's natural magnetic pulse, thereby throtteling Melatonin, a major cancer suppressant and cell-rejuvenating neuro- hormone produced in the brain.Depending on your point of view, living beings either evolved in this natural electromagnetic environment (called The Schumann Resonances) or were created with Divine Intelligence to live in harmony with it. One thing is certain: Since life began, the Earth has been surrounding all living things with this natural frequency pulsation. Many experts believe that the wide spectrum of artificial man-made EMF radiation masks the natural beneficial frequency of the Earth.Electropollution may cause us to feel more stressed, fatigued and "out of balance." Laboratory research has shown that exposing living cells to the Schumann Resonance had beneficial effects when exposed to ambient EMFs, allowing the cells to increase their immune protection, and decrease the absorption of depression-inducing chemicals. Some researchers believe that by producing a 7.83 Hz signal we can counter the effects of the irritating man-made fields. By replicating the Earth's natural rhythm, we may be providing ourselves (at least in our immediate vicinity) with a more healthy environment.Research in Biophysics seems to suggest, that our biological system is "tuned into" the background frequency of our planet - the `Schumann Resonance'- a steady pulse of 7.8 Hz which beats around the planet within the earth/ionosphere cavity. It has been found that this is also the dominant brainwave rhythm of all mammals. Drowning out this natural frequency by overlaying it with manmade radiation noise, and in particular pulsed (digital) magnetic fields, can have devastating effects on our immune system, which is largely orchestrated by the release of certain neuro-transmitters and hormones within the human brain. By introducing interference signals, we create new previously unknown patterns, which thereby could set off new previously unknown auto-immune conditions.This could be likened to switches suddenly being turned on, which previously have been turned off and vice versa, leading to unforeseen consequences. Unless we accept the reality that the human brain is like a finely tuned electrical instrument, we will not be able to understand what is happening. The Schumann Resonances are quasi-standing electromagnetic waves that exist in the Earth's 'electromagnetic' cavity (the space between the surface of the Earth and the Ionosphere). Like waves on a string, they are not present all the time, but have to be 'excited' to be observed. They are not caused by anything internal to the Earth, its crust or its core. They seem to be related to electrical activity in the atmosphere, particularly during times of intense lightning activity. They occur at several frequencies, specifically 7.8 (strongest), 14, 20, 26, 33, 39 and 45 (weakest) Hertz, with a daily variation of about ± 0.5 Hertz. So long as the properties of Earth's electromagnetic cavity remains about the same, these frequencies remain the same. Presumably there is some change due to the solar sunspot cycle as the Earth's ionosphere changes in response to the 11-year cycle of solar activity. The resonant properties of this terrestrial cavity were first predicted by the German physicist W. O. Schumann between 1952 and 1957, and first detected in 1954.The Urgent Need For Further Research Into The Schumann Resonance Effect Although Schumann Resonance could easily be confirmed by measurements at the time of its discovery, it is no longer so obvious due to our atmosphere being filled with manmade radiation noise at different frequencies. This is almost drowning out the natural signals - signals that have been there through aeons of evolution. It is possible that these signals act like a natural tuning fork, not just for the biological oscillators of the brain, but for all processes of life.With the advent of new wireless technology, in particular microwaves pulsed at frequencies close to Schumann Resonance as in mobile telephony, another threat is emerging. We may be creating an environment that is literally `out of tune' with Nature itself. And it is at this point that there is an urgent need for us to understand how everything alive responds to the most subtle changes in magnetic and electromagnetic fields surrounding us.There is a great need for independent research into the bio-compatibility between natural and manmade signals. By linking together the potential importance of Schumann Resonance and the dangers posed by manmade pulsed frequencies, it will become apparent that unless we find a way to use bio-compatible signals to power new technology, we may expose all life to dangers previously not encountered. We may have to pay a high price for this shortsightedness. Serious attention must now be paid to the possible biological role of standing waves in the atmosphere, so that we do not overlook the importance of oscillations in nature that may be central to consciousness and life itself. The late Dr Neil Cherry, a fierce opponent of the frequencies used in mobile telephony, has also focused on the importance of Schumann Resonance in his publications 'Schumann Resonances, a plausible biophysical mechanism for the human health effects of Solar/Geomagnetic Activity' (2002), and 'Human intelligence: The brain, an electromagnetic system synchronised by the Schumann Resonance signal' (2003). Professor R.Wever from the Max Planck Institute for Behavioural Physiology in Erling-Andechs, built an underground bunker which completely screened out magnetic fields. Student volunteers lived there for four weeks in this hermetically sealed environment. Professor Wever noted that the student's circadian rhythms diverged and that they suffered emotional distress and migraine headaches. As they were young and healthy, no serious health conditions arose, which would not have been the case with older people or people with a compromised immune system. After only a brief exposure to 7.8 Hz (the very frequency which had been screened out), the volunteers health stabilized again.The same complaints were reported by the first astronauts and cosmonauts, who, out in space, also were no longer exposed to the Schumann waves. Now modern spacecrafts are said to contain a device which simulates the Schumann waves.A Tuning Fork For Life Although the existence of the Schumann Resonance is an established scientific fact, there are very few scientists who are aware of the importance of this frequency as a tuning fork for Life. I propose that it is not merely a phenomenon caused by lightning in the atmosphere, but a very important electromagnetic standing wave, acting as background frequency and influencing biological oscillators within the mammalian brain.At the time when Schumann published his research results in the journal `Technische Physik', Dr Ankermueller, a physician, immediately made the connection between the Schumann resonance and the alpha rhythm of brainwaves. He found the thought of the earth having the same natural resonance as the brain very exciting and contacted Professor Schumann, who in turn asked a doctorate candidate to look into this phenomenon. This candidate was Herbert König who became Schumann's successor at Munich University. König demonstrated a correlation between Schumann Resonances and brain rhythms. He compared human EEG recordings with natural electromagnetic fields of the environment (1979) and found that the main frequency produced by Schumann oscillations is very close to the frequency of alpha rhythms.Dr König carried out further measurements of Schumann resonance and eventually arrived at a frequency of exactly 7.83 Hz, which is even more interesting, as this frequency is one which applies to mammals. For instance, septal driving of the hippocampal rhythm in rats has been found to have a minimum threshold at 7.7 Hz (Gray, 1982).This relationship has been explored by a number of investigators. For further information see Natural electromagnetic fields research on the h.e.s.e. project website.If organisms do in fact respond to, and perhaps depend on, electromagnetic fields as weak as that produced by Schumann resonance, this is of major significance for the development of present and future wireless technologies. Funding for research projects investigating the Schumann Resonance Effect is now being sought and scientists who support this call for research are invited to contact me by e-mail. References Gray, J.A., 1982, The Neuropsychology of Anxiety: An Enquiry into the Functions of the Septo-Hippocampal System. Clarendon Press. Cherry, N.J., 2002, Schumann Resonances, a plausible biophysical mechanism for the human health effects of Solar/Geomagnetic Activity, Natural Hazards 26(3), p 279-331 Cherry, N.J. 2003, Human intelligence: The brain, an electromagnetic system synchronised by the Schumann Resonance signal, Medical Hypotheses 60(60):843-4 Cherry,N. Cell phone radiation poses a serious biological and health risk http://www.drscheiner-muenchen.de/Cherryeng.htm König, H.L Bioinformation - Electrophysical Aspects. In: Electromagnetic Bioinformation, Popp, F.A., Becker,G., König, H.L.Peschka,W.,(eds.) Urban und Schwarzenberg p 25, 1979 Ludwig,W `Informative Medizin' VGM Verlag fuer Ganzheitsmedizin, Essen, 1999 Schumann, W.O.Ueber die strahlungslosen Eigenschwingungen einer leitenden Kugel, die von einer Luftschicht und einer Ionosphaerenhuelle umgeben ist, Z.Naturforsch. 7a, 149, 1952 Schumann W.O. König, H. Ueber die Beobachtung von Atmospherics bei geringsten Frequenzen, Naturwissenschaften, 41, 183, 1954 Our New Layaway Plan Adds Convenience For Online ShoppersDPL-Surveillance-Equipment's layaway plan makes it easy for you to buy the products and services that you want by paying for them through manageable monthly payments that you set. Our intuitive calculator allows you to break down your order's purchase price into smaller payment amounts. Payments can be automatically deducted from your bank account or made in cash using MoneyGram® ExpressPayment® Services and you will receive your order once it's paid in full. 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The Commentaries on the Laws of England are an influential 18th century treatise on the common law of England by Sir William Blackstone, originally published by the Clarendon Press at Oxford, 1765-1769. The Commentaries were long regarded as the leading work on the development of English law and played a role in the development of […]

The Commentaries on the Laws of England are an influential 18th century treatise on the common law of England by Sir William Blackstone, originally published by the Clarendon Press at Oxford, 1765-1769. The Commentaries were long regarded as the leading work on the development of English law and played a role in the development of […]