Podcasts about Alessandro Volta

News; birthdays/events; would you rent a chicken?; word of the day. News; game: John Hughes film trivia; would you want to 'jump scare' yourself into paying attention at work?; how do movie characters get their names? sometimes it's paying homage..Buzzfeed has a cute list.  News; game: just over $1,000 pyramid; McDonald's discontinued menu items people wish would make a comeback; which food(s) did you used to like/love but now can't stand? News; game: everybody knows; when was the last time someone "double dog dared you" to do something?; goodbye/fun facts.... National Battery Day... A battery changes chemical energy into electricity by bringing the different chemicals together in a specific order. In 1800, Italian scientist Alessandro Volta layered silver, cloth, or paper soaked in salt or acid and zinc into what he called "voltaic piles." The voltaic piles generated a limited electrical current. Volta proceeded to publish his work, and we get the word "volt" from his name to describe the electric potential. Corrosion in batteries has always been an issue...but over time, various scientists and inventors developed gradual improvements to the battery. In 1896, the National Carbon Company (later known as the Eveready Battery Company) and almost everyone uses some type of battery for something...Even those who live "off the grid" have battery-operated devices such as a flashlight, radio, or watch.

2025. február 18., kedd, 8-9 óra Az Accorde-sztori Tíz éve indult, mára 500 milliárd forintot kezelnek. Az Abacus az egyik legnagyobb abszolút hozamú alap lett, 100 milliárd forint fölött jár. Kik vagyunk? Honnan jöttünk? Hová tartunk? Mi a sikerünk? Miben vagyunk mások? Gyurcsik Attila, az Accorde Alapkezelő Zrt. vezérigazgatója. ARANYKÖPÉS: "Készen kell állnod arra, hogy feladd akár a legvonzóbb ötleteket is, ha a kísérlet azt mutatja, hogy azok rosszak." - Alessandro Volta olasz fizikus, a Pallas Nagy Lexikonában, mint Volta Sándor gróf, fizikus :) (1745). SIEMENS: Hogy muzsikált a Siemens az elmúlt negyedévben? Csütörtökön publikálta globális negyedéves jelentését a Siemens. Mit mutat a globális iparról a szektor lakmuszpapírjaként is ismert konszern? Hogyan teljesített a hazai cég? Hogyan változnak a hazai ipari megrendelések? Mit jelent a retrofit (gépek felújítása) a gyakorlatban? Jeránek Tamás, a Siemens Zrt. vezérigazgatója.

En nuestro último programa de la temporada, el profesor Juan Campino, director del Parque de la Ciencia, nos llevó a un fascinante recorrido por la evolución del conocimiento humano. Desde la oscuridad de la Edad Media hasta la Revolución Industrial, exploramos los hitos científicos que cambiaron la humanidad. 💡 Citas destacadas: 🗣 "La Revolución Industrial no solo transformó la tecnología, sino que redefinió la manera en que vivimos y trabajamos." 🗣 "Antoine Lavoisier, Alessandro Volta y James Watt fueron mentes brillantes que iluminaron el camino hacia el mundo moderno." 🔬 Si te apasiona la ciencia y la historia, no te pierdas el regreso de nuestras conversaciones en marzo. ¡Nos reencontramos pronto en Chilena FM 101.3! 🎙📡

Elektrizität - wie funktioniert das? Wie konserviert man Strom, was leitet wie wohin? Fragen über Fragen, die sich eine ganze Generation an Wissenschaftlern stellt. Einer davon ist Alessandro Volta. Der lässt reichlich Funken fliegen und erfindet dabei irgendwann die Batterie.

This is the Tranquillusionist, in which I, Helen Zaltzman, give your brain a break by temporarily supplanting your interior monologue with words that don't make you feel feelings. Note: this is NOT a normal episode of the Allusionist, where you might learn something about language and your brain might be stimulated. The Tranquillusionist's purpose is to soothe your brain and for you to learn very little, except for something about Zeus's attitude to bad drivers. There's a collection of other Tranquillusionists at theallusionist.org/tranquillusionist, on themes including champion dogs, Australia's big things, gay animals and more. Today: constellations that got demoted into ex-constellations, featuring airborne pregnancy, cats of the skies, and one of the 18th century's most unpopular multi-hyphenates. Find the episode's transcript, plus more information about the topics therein, at theallusionist.org/ex-constellations. To help fund this independent podcast, take yourself to theallusionist.org/donate and become a member of the Allusioverse. You get regular livestreams with me and my collection of reference books, inside scoops into the making of this show, watchalong parties eg the new season of Great British Bake Off, and Taskmaster featuring my brother Andy. And best of all, you get to bask in the company of your fellow Allusionauts in our delightful Discord community.  This episode was produced by me, Helen Zaltzman, with music composed by Martin Austwick of palebirdmusic.com. Find @allusionistshow on Instagram, Facebook, Threads, Bluesky, TikTok, YouTube etc. • Home Chef, meal kits that fit your needs. For a limited time, Home Chef is offering Allusionist listeners eighteen free meals, plus free shipping on your first box, and free dessert for life, at HomeChef.com/allusionist.• Squarespace, your one-stop shop for building and running your online home. Go to squarespace.com/allusionist for a free 2-week trial, and get 10 percent off your first purchase of a website or domain with the code allusionist. • Bombas, whose mission is to make the comfiest clothing essentials, and match every item sold with an equal item donated. Go to bombas.com/allusionist to get 20% off your first purchase.  • LinkedIn Ads convert your B2B audience into high quality leads. Get $100 credit on your next campaign at linkedin.com/allusionist.Support the show: http://patreon.com/allusionistSee omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

L'Anguille électrique (Electrophorus electricus) vit dans les bassin de l'Orénoque et de l'Amazone, en Amérique du Sud. Malgré son nom, ce poisson n'est pas une anguille. Ce poisson, aussi appelé Gymnote, appartient à la famille des Gymnotidae (3 espèces). Il peut atteindre 2,5m et peser 20kg.L'Anguille électrique ne possède pas de nageoires dorsale, caudale ou pelviennes. Gymnote signifie d'ailleurs "dos nu" en grec.  Les poissons “électriques” sont étudiés depuis longtemps. Des médecins égyptiens utilisaient une Raie électrique (Torpille) pour soigner l'épilepsie. Michael Faraday a eu recours à des Gymnotes pour étudier la nature de l'électricité. Alessandro Volta a créé sa première pile après avoir étudié son anatomie. L'Anguille électrique possède des organes électriques, une sorte de Taser naturel, dans la partie postérieure du corps, qui peuvent atteindre 80 % de sa masse. Les décharges peuvent atteindre 860V au maximum, soit près de 4 fois plus que le 220V des prises de courants européennes. De telles décharges peuvent électrocuter et donc tuer un être humain. La peau du Gymnote l'isole de ses propres décharges. Les anguilles utilisent ces décharges pour se défendre ou prédater. Elles n'ont guère de prédateurs. Les locaux s'en méfient même quand elles sont mortes: des décharges sont encore possibles... jusqu'à 8 heures après sa mort. Ce poisson aurait acquis cette capacité au fil de l'évolution pour mieux se défendre durant la saison sèche, quand il est à la merci de prédateurs dans une flaque résiduelle. Dans Tintin et les Picaros, le capitaine Haddock est attaqué par un Gymnote._______ 

METRO Italia ha inaugurato il nuovo store di Bolzano con l'intento di migliorare l'offerta e trasformare l'esperienza di acquisto per i professionisti della ristorazione. Questo nuovo format, già adottato negli store di Ventimiglia e Torino Moncalieri, sarà gradualmente implementato su tutto il territorio nazionale. Fa parte di una strategia più ampia di ottimizzazione della presenza dell'insegna nelle città, mirando a concentrare tutte le attività in un unico punto vendita.Lo store METRO di via Alessandro Volta è stato rinnovato con l'obiettivo di rispondere sempre meglio alle esigenze dei clienti, attraverso un servizio efficiente, innovativo e sostenibile, consolidando il posizionamento dell'azienda come insegna di riferimento per i professionisti dell'Horeca.

Desde Tales de Mileto hasta Alessandro Volta, pasando por Benjamin Franklin, AC/DC y la “guerra de las corrientes” entre Edison y Tesla. En este vibrante episodio, Andrés Kalawski y Paula Molina repasan los grandes hitos en la historia de la electricidad.

#ItalianSecrets #ElkeHeselmeyer #DNEWS24 #Volt #AlessandroVolta Unsere heutige Ausgabe möchte ich keinem Ort, keiner Stadt, keiner Region in Italien widmen. Heute soll es um einen berühmten italienischen Mann gehen. Um den Mann, dem wir es letztendlich zu verdanken haben, dass wir abends und nachts nicht im Dunkeln sitzen müssen: Alessandro Volta. Er war ein italienischer Physiker, Chemiker und Erfinder, geboren 1745 in Como, gestorben 1827 ebenfalls in Como. Der 16. Mai ist der internationale Tag des Lichtes. Daher blicken wir zurück auf das Jahr 1799, als Alessandro Volta die Voltasche Säule erfand, sozusagen die erste elektrische Batterie, die eine praktische Bedeutung als Stromquelle erlangte. Entwickelt im Jahre 1799 wurde sie der Royal Society im Jahr 1800 in London vorgestellt. Sie besteht aus vielen übereinander geschichteten Kupfer- und Zinkplättchen, zwischen denen sich in bestimmter regelmäßiger Folge elektrolytgetränkte Papp- oder Lederstücke befinden. An Stelle von Kupfer wurde auch Silber, und statt Zink wurde auch Zinn verwendet. Die tatsächlichen chemischen Abläufe in den Zellen wurden erst später genauer verstanden.Wie uns allen bekannt ist, ist die Standardmaßeinheit für elektrische Spannung „Volt“, benannt nach dem Nachnamen Alessandro Voltas. Doch wer war dieser Alessandro Volta eigentlich?

El 5 de marzo de 1827 murió Alessandro Volta,  químico y físico italiano,​ famoso principalmente por el descubrimiento del metano​ y la invención y desarrollo de la pila eléctrica.

Hello Interactors,A Frankenstein announcement from Musk this week punctuated my recent fascination with the author of that popular novel, Mary Shelley. Her isolated lived experience in a time of intense technological discovery, social and geo-political unrest, AND a climate crisis rings true today more than ever.But she also was subtlety representing a scientific movement that is largely ignored today, but just may be experiencing a bit of a resurgence in areas like biology and neuroscience.Let's dig in…FRANKEN-MUSK“It was already one in the morning; the rain pattered dismally against the panes, and my candle was nearly burnt out, when, by the glimmer of the half-extinguished light, I saw the dull yellow eye of the creature open; it breathed hard, and a convulsive motion agitated its limbs.”Mary Shelley was intrigued, and maybe a little scared, by the idea of electrifying organs. She admits as much in her 1831 forward of her famous novel, “Frankenstein”, first published January 1, 1818. She wrote,"Perhaps a corpse would be re-animated; galvanism had given token of such things: perhaps the component parts of a creature might be manufactured, brought together, and endued with vital warmth."Bioelectrical experimentation had been happening for nearly 40 years by the time Shelley wrote this book. Luigi Galvani, an Italian physician, physicist, and philosopher demonstrated the existence of electricity in living tissue in the late 1780s. He called it ‘animal electricity'. Many repeated his experiments over the years and ‘galvanism' remained hotly debated well into the 1800s.I've been thinking a lot about Shelley and her “Frankenstein” lately. The hype and hysteria surrounding AI, human-like robots, and biocomputing make it easy to imagine. Just last week Elon Musk tweeted that his company, Neuralink, implanted its brain chip in a human for the first time. He wants to make ‘The Matrix' a reality. Here we are some 200 years later, wanting to believe ‘perhaps the component parts of a creature might be manufactured, brought together, and endued with vital warmth.'‘Vital warmth' seems a borrowed phrase from another scientific movement of the time, ‘vitalism'. Vitalism is the belief that living organisms are fundamentally different from non-living entities, like computer chips, because they are governed by a unique, non-physical force or "vital spark" that animates life. A kind of teleology for which some contemporary biologists now have empirical evidence.One prominent vitalist of the 18th and 19th century, the German physician, physiologist, and anthropologist, Johann Friedrich Blumenbach, is best known for his contributions to the study of human biology. He developed the concept of the "Bildungstrieb" or "formative drive," which he proposed as an inherent force guiding the growth and development of organisms. Contemporary science explains these processes through a combination of genetic, biochemical, and physical principles like encoded DNA, gene expression networks, and morphogenesis — the interactions between cells and their responses to various chemical and mechanical forces.THE INDUSTRIALIST'S VITAL SPARK‘Formative drive' was a vitalist response to the mechanistic explanations of life that were prevalent in the Enlightenment period. The same mechanistic fervor that endues so many technologists today, like Musk, with vital warmth. Blumenbach argued that physical and chemical processes alone could not account for the organization and complexity of living beings. Instead, he suggested that some other vital force was responsible for the development and function of organic forms.Vitalists had their skeptics. Chiefly among them was Alessandro Volta. He was critical of Galvani's ‘vital spark'. In Galvani's frog leg experiments, he discovered that when two different metals (e.g., copper and zinc) were connected and then touched to a frog's nerve and muscle, the muscle would contract even without any external electrical source. Galvani concluded that this was due to an electrical force inherent in the nerves of the frog, a concept that challenged the prevailing views of the time and eventually laid the groundwork for the field of electrophysiology.Volta, however, believed the electrical effects were due to the metals used in Galvani's experiments. Volta's work eventually led to the development of the Voltaic Pile, an early form of a battery. Hence the term ‘volt'. The Voltaic Pile enabled a more systematic and controlled study of electricity, which was a relatively little-understood phenomenon at the time. It provided scientists and inventors with a consistent and reliable source of electrical energy for experiments, leading to a deeper understanding of electrical principles and the discovery of new technologies.One such technology was the invention of the telegraph in the 1830s. The availability of electric batteries as power sources is what made it possible for Samuel Morse to revolutionize long-distance communication, profoundly effecting commerce, governance, and daily life. As he wrote in his first public demonstration, “What hath God wrought?”The mechanists gained further favor as more and more scientists, inventors, and eventually economists succumbed to the allure of reductionism. They believed understanding complex phenomena could be done by studying their simplest, most fundamental, and mechanistic parts. Including body parts.ECHOES OF THE INDUSTRIAL AGEIt was around the time of Morse's tinkering that Mary Shelley reissued ‘Frankenstein'. She revealed in her 1831 forward how she was influenced by the scientific and philosophical ideas of the late 18th and early 19th centuries. This included galvanism, the debates around vitalism, and the Romantic movement's reaction to the Enlightenment's emphasis on reason and science.This was also a period marked by significant political, social, and technological upheavals. The consolidation of nation-states and the expansion of political power were central themes of this era, leading to debates over government intervention and the balance between order and liberty. Shelley's narrative, set against this backdrop, can be seen as a reflection on the consequences of unchecked ambition and the ethical responsibilities of creators, themes that are increasingly relevant in today's discussions about artificial intelligence, genetic engineering, and other forms of technological innovation.Moreover, Shelley's personal history and the socio-political context of her time deeply informed the themes of her novel. As the daughter of Mary Wollstonecraft, a pioneering feminist thinker, Shelley was exposed from an early age to, what were then, radical ideas about gender, society, and individual rights. Her own experiences of loss, isolation, and vulnerability were compounded by the societal upheavals of the Little Ice Age and the dawn of the Industrial Revolution. "Frankenstein" is imbued with a profound sense of existential questioning. It critiques the dehumanizing aspects of technological and industrial progress — themes that resonate with many today.Like the early parts of the Industrial Revolution, we are living in a period of transforming economies, social structures, and daily life, ushering in new forms of labor, consumption, and environmental impact. The creation of Shelley's ‘Creature' can be seen as a metaphor for the unforeseen consequences of industrialization, including the alienation of individuals from their labor, from nature, and from each other.Shelley's narrative warns of the dangers of valuing power and progress over empathy and ethical consideration, a warning that remains pertinent as society grapples with the implications of rapid technological advancement and environmental degradation. Mechanistic reductionism, with its emphasis on dissecting complex phenomena into their most basic parts, undeniably continues to dominate much of science, technology, and conventional thought.Mary Shelley's "Frankenstein," while serving as a cautionary tale about the hubris and potential perils of unchecked scientific and technological ambition, has paradoxically also fueled the collective imagination, inspiring generations to dream of creating a human-like entity from disparate parts and mechanisms.Yet, there is an emerging renaissance that harks back to the holistic perspectives reminiscent of early vitalism. As scientists increasingly traverse interdisciplinary boundaries, embracing the principles of holism and complexity science, they are uncovering new patterns, principles, and laws that echo the intuitions of early vitalists.The groundbreaking research of Michael Levin at Tufts University, with its focus on bioelectric patterns and their role in development and regeneration, offers a compelling empirical bridge to Blumenbach's ‘formative drive'. While Levin's work eschews the metaphysical aspects of a "life force," it uncovers the intricate bioelectric networks that guide the form and function of organisms, echoing vitalism's fascination with the organizing principles of life.This shift acknowledges that life's essence may not be fully captured by reductionist views alone. Levin shows how it's not the mechanisms of DNA that unlock the mysteries of biological organization but the communication between cells and their environment. It points towards a more integrated understanding of the natural world that respects the intricate interplay of its myriad components.Shelley's pondering remains relevant today, “perhaps the component parts of a creature might be manufactured, brought together, and endued with vital warmth." Either way, "Frankenstein" continues to remind us of the need for humility and ethical consideration. After all, as we navigate the complex frontier between mechanistic ambition and our fragile, emergent, and interconnected life neurobiology tells us our own neural connections are being reshaped by both environmental interactions and cognitive activity, reflecting principles of embedded cognition those early vitalists would surely endorse. This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit interplace.io

This week we talk about natural gas, plumes, and satellites.We also discuss firedamp, AI detection, and emission numbers.Recommended Book: Excellent Advice for Living: Wisdom I Wish I'd Known Earlier by Kevin KellyTranscriptMethane, the name for a chemical made up of one part carbon, four parts hydrogen, is incredibly abundant on earth as it's formed by both geological and biological processes—the former when organic materials are heated up and have massive amounts of pressure applied to them, underground, and the latter through a process called methanogenesis, which basically means certain types of Archaea, a type of life, exhaling methane.That sort of respiration mostly occurs in organic-breakdown situations, where these microscopic organisms live: so landfills and in the bottom of lakes, where dead stuff falls and is torn apart at a microscopic level by these tiny creatures, but also in the guts of cows and termites and similar beasties, which rely upon their symbiosis with these archaea to help them process the stuff they eat—which they otherwise wouldn't be able to break up and use on their own.Methane was originally discovered, in the sense that it was noted and quantified, back in the late-18th century, when the Italian physicist and chemist, Alessandro Volta—who among other things also lent his name to an electrical measurement and who is credited with inventing the battery—who was studying marsh gas, marshes being a huge natural source of methane, as it's filled with the sorts of critters that break apart biological materials and release methane as a byproduct. We've known about this gas for a while, then, and history is filled with examples of different cultures making use of it in relatively simple ways, as an energy source. And on that note, methane is the primary constituent of what we today call natural gas, though the name methane was only coined by 1866 by a German chemist, August Wilhelm von Hoffman, who derived the term from methanol, which is the flammable, colorless liquid often called wood alcohol which is from whence the gas was first detected and isolated, and before that different cultures referred to it only adjacently, usually because it caused issues they couldn't quite quantify, like, for instance, causing deaths in coal mines—the deathly, gas-pocket-laden air, until methane became an official thing, sometimes referred to as firedamp, which was scary because it could suffocate everyone, or it could explode.Today, methane, mostly as a constituent of natural gas, is harvested and shuttled all over the world to be burned as a fossil fuel; and similar to other fossil fuels, like oil and coal, that burning releases energy, producing heat, which is used to spin a turbine or heat water in a steam generator. Natural gas is, in the modern world, generally considered to be superior to other fossil fuel options because it burns relatively cleanly, in terms of pollution, compared to other options, which is nice for folks in the areas where this burning is taking place, but it also releases relatively less CO2 into the atmosphere per unit of heat it produces when it's used for energy, so although it's still very much a fossil fuel and emits greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, it's the best of bad options in many ways, and can be stored and transported in forms that make it quite versatile and even more energy-dense—it can be refined and pressurized into a liquid, for instance, which makes transport substantially easier and each unit of natural gas more useful, but that also allows it to be used as rocket fuel and for similar high-intensity utilities, which is not something that can be said of otherwise comparable options.What I'd like to talk about today is the role of methane in a world that's shifting toward renewable energy, and why this fossil fuel, which is generally superior to other fossil fuel options, is associated with some unique problems that we're scrambling to solve.—Back in June of 2023, scientists announced that they had discovered evidence of a massive methane plume in Kazakhstan.This plume—the consequence of a leak at a methane prospecting site in this methane-rich country—was later confirmed to be the result of an accident at one of a local energy company's wells at a gas field on June 9, and the company said they were doing what they could to address the issue, and that the purported gas plume was actually just hot clouds of vapor containing minimal amounts of methane; a misidentification, in other words.The scientists who flagged the plume, though, said this wasn't the case: the satellites they used to identify it contain high spectral resolution imaging hardware, and they don't tend to mistake water vapor for methane—that may have been possible with previous technologies, but these new ones aren't prone to that type of false-positive.The satellites noted at least nine individual instances of methane plumes erupting from this single site in the month leading up to July 23, alone, and those findings were then confirmed by scientists using similar technologies with the SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research—and that's alongside the original group's use of two different satellites, the EU's Sentinel-5P and the Italian Space Agency's Prism satellite, the former of which used a spectrometer that was designed specifically to detect methane in this way.These researchers, using these findings, were able to estimate an emission-rate of somewhere between 35 and 107 metric tons of methane, per hour, into the atmosphere, from this one leak, alone, which has thus caused the same amount of short-term climate damage, in terms of heat amplifying greenhouse effects, as the annual emissions of somewhere between 814,000 and nearly 2.5 million US cars, making it the worst confirmed methane leak from a single source in all of 2023—so far, at least.And "so far" is doing a lot of work, there, as these sorts of satellites have become increasingly effective tools in researchers' toolkits for identifying these types of leaks, and the software they use to crunch the raw data provided by these increasingly sophisticated detection tools has led to a small revolution in the ability to both notice and pinpoint the source of methane plumes, globally, even in areas where such plumes would have previously gone un-noted, and thus, unaddressed.And this is important, if you're the sort of person who cares about the amplifying effects of human industry and other endeavors on climate change, because methane, in addition to its explosive volatility and capacity to degrade air quality and mess with ecosystems at ground-level, methane is thought to be responsible for about 30% of the total greenhouse effects we're seeing, today, because—despite only sticking around in the atmosphere for about 7 to 12 years, compared to potentially hundreds of years for CO2—methane is also about 80-times more potent than CO2, in this regard.So in the short-term, which in this case means the around a decade a given methane particle persists in the atmosphere, it's way, way worse in terms of heat-trapping, compared to CO2.And though that effect will subside faster than CO2, which can stick around for many generations, rather than a decade or so, we're still churning a lot of methane up there, so this isn't a one-off, temporary thing, it's persistent, the methane that goes away being replaced by more of the same, and those temporary impacts can have long-term repercussions, like melting ice caps, contributing to droughts and floods and extreme storms, and drying up areas that would periodically see irregular wildfires, causing much larger and more potent versions of the same, which in turn churns all the CO2 contained in those trees or peatlands or whatever else that are now burning, into the atmosphere.So temporary boosts of this magnitude in greenhouse gas effects are not temporary—they can last far past the period in which the gases are actually up there, because of how substantially, and in practical terms, permanently, they change the circumstances on the earth, below.All of which has led to waves of investment in being able to detect methane leaks, because while many energy companies are incentivized to cap leaky wells, in part because doing so potentially gives them a source of natural gas they can then turn around and sell as fuel, some such entities are more than happy to allow these leaks to just keep leaking, because the cost of identifying and handling leaks is higher than what they can expect to get from capturing and selling that gas, or in some cases because the entities in question are beyond strict regulations that would necessitate they care or act to begin with; there are no consequences for such atmospheric pollution in many parts of the world.The same is generally true even in more dense and ostensibly regulatorily rich areas like Russia, which is expected to churn by far more CO2-equivalents worth of methane into the atmosphere from leaks and gas burning than any other country—though the US comes in second, followed by Qatar, Iran, Saudi Arabia, and China at a distance sixth.This is an issue in fairly remote and rural places like Kazakhstan, then, where there's a lot of energy and mining infrastructure, but not so many people, or regulatory bodies with teeth, but also in places like the US, where methane gas leaks are estimated to pump something like 6.5 million metric tons of this gas into the atmosphere every single year, which is roughly the equivalent of the yearly emissions of about 2.5 million US passenger vehicles.There are means of addressing this issue, and they're generally referred to as "methane abatements," a term that encompasses everything from plugging or tapping those leaks to what cattle are fed—cows emitting a lot of methane because of how they're bred, kept, and fed, and how their microbiota processes that feed.Fundamental to these abatement options, though, is figuring out where and how to apply them in the first place.Governments around the world are thus beginning to aggregate the data they have, providing local governance and businesses with the resources they need to start addressing this issue, but the rollout has been slow, in part because the resolution of our view has been quite low, until just recently.A trio of satellites, including the aforementioned Sentinel 5P, alongside the Sentinel-3 and Sentinel-2, the data they collectively generate paired with machine learning—a type of what we broadly might call artificial intelligence software—has allowed researchers to produce a wealth of automatically produced data on this subject, at a far more granular level than has been possible until now, which in turn has allowed governing bodies to parse that data and identify super-emitters, the worst of the worst in terms of these leaks, while also providing more specific, down to the individual well in an oil facility or in some cases the specific location on a pipeline, where these leaks are occurring; these satellites can also provide estimates as to how much methane is being leaked at a given location, which in turn can help nations, organizations, and corporations prioritize their abatement efforts, accordingly.We're still in the frontier-stage of this sort of detection and amelioration, but there's more on the way, with satellites optimized for methane detection of this kind launching in the coming years—one of them, the $90 million MethaneSAT, is meant to help global regulators pinpoint hotspots and identify potential underreporting by various entities, which in turn should help put more pressure on those that are intentionally concealing their leaks: something that'll be especially important for holding companies like those in Russia, which are supported in this concealing by their government, to account for their chronically underreported emissions.These satellites and similar detection tools, though, aren't of much use without efforts to act upon their findings at ground level, just as all the good intentions in the world wouldn't be enough to staunch the upward flow of this gas into the atmosphere, lacking the data required to tell us where to look and what needs to be done.What we're really looking at, then, is a moment in time, beginning in 2023, but really kicking into high gear in 2024 through 2030, which is when many countries' first-step, big-deal climate commitments come due, a moment in which a confluence of detection and remediation efforts and techniques is finally emerging, and this confluence could allow us to significantly reduce this category of greenhouse gas emissions, which is great, because up to 75% of methane emissions are thought to be solvable in this way.Such efforts, in turn, could reduce the rise in global temperatures from greenhouse gases by something like 25%, all unto itself; an incredible win, if we can keep the momentum going and incentives aligned as these new resources begin to spin-up and interoperate and give the folks trying to solve this particular problem the tools they need to do so. Show Notes* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methane* https://www.epa.gov/gmi/importance-methane* https://archive.ph/ODvEK* https://www.iea.org/energy-system/fossil-fuels/methane-abatement* https://www.iea.org/fuels-and-technologies/methane-abatement* https://www.esa.int/Applications/Observing_the_Earth/Copernicus/Sentinel-5P/Tropomi* https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-66811312* https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0034425723002675* https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/23/9071/2023/* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methane_emissions* https://www.edf.org/climate/methane-crucial-opportunity-climate-fight* https://climate.mit.edu/ask-mit/how-much-does-natural-gas-contribute-climate-change-through-co2-emissions-when-fuel-burned* https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/mar/06/revealed-1000-super-emitting-methane-leaks-risk-triggering-climate-tipping-points* https://climate.nasa.gov/vital-signs/methane/* https://www.state.gov/publication-of-u-s-government-funded-methane-abatement-handbook-for-policymakers/* https://www.esa.int/Applications/Observing_the_Earth/Copernicus/Trio_of_Sentinel_satellites_map_methane_super-emitters* https://www.cpr.org/2023/08/17/methane-satellite-ball-aerospace-boulder/ This is a public episode. If you'd like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit letsknowthings.substack.com/subscribe

Alojz Ihan, Alenka Zupančič, Marina Dermastia in Tomaž Zwitter o dvomu in kritičnem razumu Zadnja tri leta so nam govorili, naj zaupamo v znanost in izsledke raziskav. Govorili so, naj zaupamo in verjamemo poznavalcem, strokovnjakom, znanstvenikom. Vendar; ali ni prav dvom bistvo znanosti? Ali ni kritični razum tisto, kar najbolj krasi inteligentnega človeka? Vprašanja, ki odpirajo širše dileme. Ali moramo zaupati v znanost? Ali lahko verjamemo znanstvenicam in znanstvenikom? V Intelekti razmišljajo: zdravnik Alojz Ihan, filozofinja Alenka Zupančič, biologinja Marina Dermastia in astrofizik Tomaž Zwitter. Vsi so doktorji znanosti, ugledni predavatelji, vsi pišejo in objavljajo. Na debato v studio Prvega jih je povabil Iztok Konc. Foto, od leve proti desni in od spodaj navzdol: Aristotel, filozof (384-321 pr. n. št) Satyendra Nath Bose, fizik in matematik (1894-1974) Emanuelle Charpentier, genetičarka (1954) Dorothy Hodgkin, kemičarka (1910-1994) Gregor Mendel, genetik (1822-1884) Stephen Hawking, kozmolog (1942-2018) Sigmund Freud, psihoanalitik (1856-1939) Charles Darwin, biolog (1809-1882) Mohamed ibn Musa al Hvarizmi, astronom in matematik (780-847) Ada Lovelace, matematičarka (1815-1852) Niels Bohr, fizik (1885-1962) Tu Youyou, farmakologinja (1930) Nikolaj Kopernik, astronom (1473-1543) Dmitri Mendeleev, kemik (1834-1907) Albert Einstein, fizik (1879-1955) Marie Curie, fizičarka in kemičarka (1867-1934) Jennifer Doudna, biokemičarka (1964) Alan Turing, računalničar (1912-1954) Max Planck, fizik (1858-1947) Konstantin Ciolkovski, raketni znanstvenik (1857-1935) Alessandro Volta, fizik in kemik (1745-1827) Maryam Mirzakhani, matematičarka (1977-2017) Fibonacci, matematik (1170-1250) Nikola Tesla, elektroinženir (1856-1943) Louis Pasteur, mikrobiolog (1822-1895) Ferdinand de Saussure, jezikoslovec (1857-1913) Galileo Galilei, astronom (1564-1642) Rosalind Franklin, kemičarka (1920-1958) Isaac Newton, fizik (1642-1727) Herman Potočnik Noordung, teoretik plovbe po vesolju (1892-1929) Claude Levi-Strauss, antropolog (1908-2009) Vera Rubin, astronomka (1928-2016) Johannes Kepler, astronom (1571-1630) Jane Goodall, primatologinja (1934)   Vse fotografije so na Wikipediji objavljene kot javna last, z izjemo naslednjih: al-Hvarizmi (Wikipedija, Davide Mauro), de Saussure (Wikipedija, Frank-Henri Jullien), Tu (Wikipedija, Bengt Nyman), Franklin (Wikipedija, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology), Charpentier (Wikipedija, Bianca Fioretti), Doudna (Wikipedija, Cmichel67), Goodall (Wikipedija, Muhammad Mahdi Karim), Rubin (Wikipedija, NOIRLab), Lévi-Strauss (Wikipedija, UNESCO), Fibonacci (Wikipedija, Hans-Peter Postel), Mirzakhani (Wikipedija, Maryeraud9),

Weil er neidisch auf die Entdeckung eines anderen war, experimentiert Alessandro Volta so lange, bis er was noch Cooleres entdeckt: die erste Batterie. Sein Streitpartner Galvani hat mit Fröschen experimentiert, Volta mit seiner eigenen Zunge. Ihr erfahrt in dieser Folge von Experimenten, die angeblich sogar die Vorlage für Frankenstein gewesen sind. Wer hat den Versprecher gehört? Der Kuchen des Elektrophors ist natürlich nicht aus Harz, Wachs und Lachs, sondern Harz, Wachs und Lack ;-) Hier seht ihr einen alten Elektrophor in Aktion: https://bitly.ws/Wt2a So könnt ihr selbst eine Batterie bauen: https://bitly.ws/W4Cu Mai Thi Nguyen-Kimerklärt die Chemie des Daniell-Elements (nächst komplexere Batterie-Form): https://bitly.ws/W4CB Willkommen zu unserem True Science-Podcast! Wir reden über die absurden, irren, romantischen und verworrenen Geschichten hinter Entdeckungen und Erfindungen. Denn in der Wissenschaft gibt es jede Menge Gossip! Wir erzählen zum Beispiel, wie die Erfinderin des heutigen Schwangerschaftstests mit Hilfe einer Büroklammerbox den Durchbruch schaffte, oder wie eine Hollywood-Schauspielerin den Grundstein für unser heutiges WLAN legte. Immer samstags - am Science-Samstag. Wir, das sind Marie Eickhoff und Luisa Pfeiffenschneider. Wir haben Wissenschaftsjournalismus studiert und die Zeit im Labor schon immer lieber zum Quatschen genutzt. Schreibt uns gerne (podcast@behindscience.de)! Wir lieben Feedback, Themenwünsche und nette Grüße. Bei Instagram (behindscience.podcast) versorgen wir euch zwischen den Folgen mit Wissen. Hinweis: Die Werbung in dieser Folge erfolgt automatisiert. Wir haben keinen Einfluss auf die Auswahl. Vermarktung: Julep Media GmbH | Grafikdesign: Mara Strieder | Sprecherin: Madeleine Sabel | Fotos: Fatima Talalini

How Do Batteries Work? Join us today as we learn all about these portable power sources. Sources: https://www.explainthatstuff.com/batteries.html  https://www.livescience.com/50657-how-batteries-work.html  https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alessandro-Volta  https://kids.britannica.com/kids/article/battery/390651  Send us listener mail!  Send an audio message: anchor.fm/inquisikids-daily/message  Send an email: podcast@inquisikids.com 

The Doctor and Arthur Set of on an adventure to explore the great Steam train era but sadly History and the fate of the universe gets in the way. When The Meddling Monk returns and tries to get revenge but instead causes a catastrophe by meddling with Alessandro Volta's inventions. Starring Craig Richardson as The Doctor And Alesandro Volta _Viper as Arthur Stuart Park as The Meddling Monk Doctor Who Theme by Soudsmyth Productions Victors Crypt composed what lies beneathpaino music Composed by Josefpres --- Send in a voice message: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/pp15/message

We credit Alessandro Volta with the invention of the battery, the man who identified electromotive force, and a dude who was interested in swamp bubbles, among other things. We learn a bit about the life and contributions of Volta.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Episode: 2440 Johannes Georg Sulzer, and two views of the word taste.  Today, taste in the mind and taste on the tongue.

Modern technologies are more advanced than what people used in the past, aren't they? They didn't have lasers that cut through metal with precision just by typing some formulas into a computer! But that begs the question – how on Earth did ancient engineers create some amazing technological and architectural wonders?  For example, one of the most mysterious human-made objects can be found at an ancient temple in Delhi, India. It's almost 24 feet tall and 99.5% pure iron. The strange thing about the pillar is that it hasn't rusted over the last 16 centuries! Or have you ever heard about the Baghdad Battery? This thing conducted an electric current 2000 years before Alessandro Volta introduced to the world the first version of the modern battery we have today!  Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

L'Anguille électrique (Electrophorus electricus) vit dans les bassin de l'Orénoque et de l'Amazone, en Amérique du Sud. Malgré son nom, ce poisson n'est pas une anguille. Ce poisson, aussi appelé Gymnote, appartient à la famille des Gymnotidae (3 espèces). Il peut atteindre 2,5m et peser 20kg. L'Anguille électrique ne possède pas de nageoires dorsale, caudale ou pelviennes. Gymnote signifie d'ailleurs "dos nu" en grec.    Les poissons “électriques” sont étudiés depuis longtemps. Des médecins égyptiens utilisaient une Raie électrique (Torpille) pour soigner l'épilepsie. Michael Faraday a eu recours à des Gymnotes pour étudier la nature de l'électricité. Alessandro Volta a créé sa première pile après avoir étudié son anatomie.   L'Anguille électrique possède des organes électriques, une sorte de Taser naturel, dans la partie postérieure du corps, qui peuvent atteindre 80 % de sa masse. Les décharges peuvent atteindre 860V au maximum, soit près de 4 fois plus que le 220V des prises de courants européennes.   De telles décharges peuvent électrocuter et donc tuer un être humain. La peau du Gymnote l'isole de ses propres décharges. Les anguilles utilisent ces décharges pour se défendre ou prédater. Elles n'ont guère de prédateurs. Les locaux s'en méfient même quand ells sont mortes: des décharges sont encore possibles... jusqu'à 8 heures après sa mort.   Ce poisson aurait acquis cette capacité au fil de l'évolution pour mieux se défendre durant la saison sèche, quand il est à la merci de prédateurs dans une flaque résiduelle.   Dans Tintin et les Picaros, le capitaine Haddock est attaqué par un Gymnote. _______  

NB: Pour retrouver les épisodes de PPDP, c'est désormais par ici. _______   L'Anguille électrique (Electrophorus electricus) vit dans les bassin de l'Orénoque et de l'Amazone, en Amérique du Sud. Malgré son nom, ce poisson n'est pas une anguille.   Ce poisson, aussi appelé Gymnote, appartient à la famille des Gymnotidae (3 espèces). Le Gymnote peut atteindre 2,5m et peser 20kg.   L'Anguille électrique ne possède pas de nageoires dorsale, caudale ou pelviennes. Gymnote signifie d'ailleurs "dos nu" en grec.   Les poissons “électriques” sont étudiés depuis longtemps. Des médecins égyptiens utilisaient une Raie électrique (Torpille) pour soigner l'épilepsie. Michael Faraday a eu recours à des Gymnotes pour étudier la nature de l'électricité. Alessandro Volta a créé sa première pile après avoir étudié son anatomie.   L'Anguille électrique possède des organes électriques, une sorte de Taser naturel, dans la partie postérieure du corps, qui peuvent atteindre 80 % de sa masse. Les décharges peuvent atteindre 860V au maximum, soit près 4 fois plus que le 220V des prises de courants européennes.   De telles décharges peuvent électrocuter et donc tuer un être humain. La peau dy Gymnote l'isole de ses propres décharges. Ils utilisent ces décharges pour se défendre ou prédater.   Elle n'a guère de prédateurs. les locaux s'en méfient même quand elles sont mortes: les des décharges sont encore possibles... jusqu'à 8 heures après sa mort.   Ce poisson aurait acquis cette capacité au fil de l'évolution pour mieux se défendre durant la saison sèche, quand il est à la merci de prédateurs dans une flaque résiduelle.  Dans Tintin et les Picaros, le capitaine Haddock est attaqué par un Gymnote.  _______  

L'Anguille électrique (Electrophorus electricus) vit dans les bassin de l'Orénoque et de l'Amazone, en Amérique du Sud. Malgré son nom, ce poisson n'est pas une anguille. Ce poisson, aussi appelé Gymnote, appartient à la famille des Gymnotidae (3 espèces). Il peut atteindre 2,5m et peser 20kg. L'Anguille électrique ne possède pas de nageoires dorsale, caudale ou pelviennes. Gymnote signifie d'ailleurs "dos nu" en grec.    Les poissons “électriques” sont étudiés depuis longtemps. Des médecins égyptiens utilisaient une Raie électrique (Torpille) pour soigner l'épilepsie. Michael Faraday a eu recours à des Gymnotes pour étudier la nature de l'électricité. Alessandro Volta a créé sa première pile après avoir étudié son anatomie.   L'Anguille électrique possède des organes électriques, une sorte de Taser naturel, dans la partie postérieure du corps, qui peuvent atteindre 80 % de sa masse. Les décharges peuvent atteindre 860V au maximum, soit près de 4 fois plus que le 220V des prises de courants européennes.   De telles décharges peuvent électrocuter et donc tuer un être humain. La peau du Gymnote l'isole de ses propres décharges. Les anguilles utilisent ces décharges pour se défendre ou prédater. Elles n'ont guère de prédateurs. Les locaux s'en méfient même quand ells sont mortes: des décharges sont encore possibles... jusqu'à 8 heures après sa mort.   Ce poisson aurait acquis cette capacité au fil de l'évolution pour mieux se défendre durant la saison sèche, quand il est à la merci de prédateurs dans une flaque résiduelle.   Dans Tintin et les Picaros, le capitaine Haddock est attaqué par un Gymnote. _______  

Episode: 2208 Franklin, Beccaria, and Volta: Setting the stage for the electric 19th century.  Today, we invent electricity.

Oggi conosciamo un grandissimo scienziato di Como: Alessandro Volta. Sai che cosa ha inventato? Trascrizione su www.podcastquattrostagioni.ch

Olá, pessoal! Bem vindos a mais um “Que bicho é esse?”, eu sou a Dra. Miriam Perilli e o episódio de hoje é sobre o gênero Electrophorus, ninguém mais ninguém menos que os fascinantes poraquês, nossos peixes elétricos amazônicos. E só digo uma coisa, que animal incrível! Quanta ciência! Que maravilha da evolução. Uma espécie fantástica da nossa biodiversidade que segue surpreendendo cientistas desde os primórdios. Faz parte das lendas e da cultura dos povos da floresta, surpreendeu naturalistas, inspirou a criação da pilha elétrica por Alessandro Volta. Recentemente foram descobertas mais duas espécies e suas descargas elétricas podem chegar a 860 volts… e mais um tantão de coisa que o Dr. David de Santana vai nos contar. Carlos David Santana possui mestrado em Biologia Animal pela Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, doutorado em Genética, Conservação e Biologia Evolutiva pelo Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), pré e pós-doutorado pelo National Museum of Natural History-Smithsonian Institution (Washington, D.C.), e pós-doutorado pela University of Central Florida (Orlando, FL). É pesquisador associado do National Museum of Natural History e principal investigador no projeto "Diversidade e evolução de Gymnotiformes", uma cooperação entre o Smithsonian e a Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo - FAPESP. O David é um ictiólogo que está explorando, descobrindo e buscando compreender a diversidade e a evolução dos peixes de água doce. Seu programa de pesquisa é centrado em uma abordagem multidisciplinar, incluindo taxonomia, anatomia comparada, filogenia, filogeografia, filogenômica e metagenômica para documentar e conhecer os vários aspectos da diversidade e evolução dos peixes. Para isso, seus estudos incluem coleções científicas, expedições de campo e pesquisa laboratorial. Em quase 20 anos trabalhando com peixes de água doce, liderou várias expedições científicas, descobriu mais de 80 novas espécies e publicou diversos artigos científicos. Ele está ainda engajado em divulgação científica, e sua pesquisa vem sendo apresentada em vários meios de comunicação em todo o mundo. Site do Dr. David https://electriceel2013.wixsite.com/electric-fishes Visite a nossa loja! loja.desabrace.com.br Dá uma força para manter o DesAbraçando online e com episódios no cronograma contribuindo financeiramente com nosso projeto: O DesAbraçando é um projeto independente e conta com o apoio dos ouvintes para se manter online e pagar a edição de áudio. Se você curte o projeto, considere apoiar financeiramente. Você pode contribuir a partir de R$ 1,00 no www.apoia.se/desabrace Segue a gente lá nas redes sociais: Instagram https://www.instagram.com/desabrace/Instagram Facebook https://web.facebook.com/desabrace/Facebook Twitter https://twitter.com/desabrace Canal no Telegram https://t.me/desabrace Visite nossa página: https://www.desabrace.com.br Envie suas pedradas: primeirapedra@desabrace.com.br Envie sua resposta para o "Que bicho é esse?": bicho@desabrace.com.br Apresentação e pauta: Miriam Perilli Produção: Fernando Lima Edição de Áudio: Senhor A

18 Tháng 2 Là Ngày Gì? Hôm Nay Là Ngày Sinh Của Alessandro Volta, Nhà Vật Lý Người Ý SỰ KIỆN 1885 – Những cuộc phiêu lưu của Huckleberry Finn của Mark Twain được phát hành tại Hoa Kỳ. 2010 - WikiLeaks công bố tài liệu đầu tiên trong số hàng trăm nghìn tài liệu mật 1930 – Trong khi nghiên cứu các bức ảnh chụp, nhà thiên văn học người Mỹ Clyde Tombaugh khám phá ra sao Diêm Vương. Sinh 1933 – Bobby Robson, huấn luyện viên bóng đá Anh. 1984 – Ốc Thanh Vân, diễn viên hài kịch – kịch nói, diễn viên điện ảnh, diễn viên truyền hình, người dẫn chương trình và diễn viên lồng tiếng người Việt Nam. 1990 – Park Shin-hye, diễn viên, ca sĩ và người mẫu người Hàn Quốc. 259 TCN – Tần Thủy Hoàng, hoàng đế đầu tiên thống nhất Trung Hoa (m. 210 B.C.) 1745 – Alessandro Volta, nhà vật lý Ý (m. 1827). Mất 1294 – Hốt Tất Liệt,Cháu của Thành Cát Tư Hãn,người lập nên nhà Nhà Nguyên. 1981 - Jack Northrop , kỹ sư và doanh nhân người Mỹ, thành lập Northrop Corporation (sinh năm 1895) 1902 - Charles Lewis Tiffany , doanh nhân người Mỹ, thành lập Tiffany & Co. (sinh năm 1812) Chương trình "Hôm nay ngày gì" hiện đã có mặt trên Youtube, Facebook và Spotify: Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/aweektv - Youtube: https://www.youtube.com/c/AWeekTV - Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/6rC4CgZNV6tJpX2RIcbK0J - Apple Podcast: https://podcasts.apple.com/.../h%C3%B4m-nay.../id1586073418 #aweektv #18thang2 #BobbyRobson #octhanhvan #AlessandroVolta Các video đều thuộc quyền sở hữu của Adwell jsc (adwell.vn), mọi hành động sử dụng lại nội dung của chúng tôi đều không được phép. --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/aweek-tv/message

தலைப்பு: அலெசான்றோ வோல்ட்டாகட்டுரை ஆசிரியர்: திருமதி சுஜாதா நடராஜன் குரல் வடிவம்: திரு AD சாண்டோ ஒலி வடிவமைப்பு: திரு வின்ஸ்டன் அலெசான்றோ வோல்ட்டா அல்லது அலிசாண்ட்ரோ வோல்ட்டா(Alessandro Volta: 1745-1827)இத்தாலிய இயற்பியலாளர். மின்துறை என்று ஒரு துறை உண்டாவதற்கே வழிகோலிய முன்னோடி அறிவியல் அறிஞர்களில் ஒருவர். 1800களில் முதல் மின்கலத்தை உருவாக்கியவர். தயாரித்து வழங்குவது:DBICA ஊடக மையம் தொடர்புக்கு: 9500143340இணைந்து வழங்குவோர்:அரும்பு மாத இதழ் மற்றும் தொன் போஸ்கோ கல்லூரி, சென்னை#alessandrovolta #science #tamilpodcasts #dbica#அறிவியல் #அலெசாண்ட்ராவோல்ட்டா #தமிழ் #நான்பேசநினைப்பதெல்லாம் 

Saviez-vous que le 6 février 1800, voici 222 ans jour pour jour, Alessandro Volta inventait la pile électrique à base de cuivre et de zinc... Elle faisait 1,5m de haut et 100 kilos, c'était intransportable mais c'était la première ! Et aujourd'hui quand on apprend que 15 milliards de piles sont éliminées chaque année et 97% de ces piles sont jetées dans les poubelles et polluent gravement sols et nappes phréatiques, on se dit qu'il faudrait peut-être réagir... Et alors que s'ouvre la semaine verte sur RTL et M6, on va s'intéresser la 1ère pile non polluante, grâce à 4 chercheurs d'une Start-Up grenobloise, dont le professeur Jean-Francis BLOCH qui nous expliqueb tout sur cette cette Bio Pile ou plutôt Bio cellule BeFC.

Dieser Podcast nimmt Sie mit auf die Reise durch die Geschichte von Batterien und E-Autos. Unser Gast Prof. Dr. Jürgen Janek stellt einige Fakten und historische Zusammenhänge vor, die Sie sicher überraschen werden: Mit welchen Batterien fuhren die ersten E-Autos? Welche wichtigen Erfindungen wurden durch die Forschung an Batterien überhaupt erst ermöglicht?

We've all heard the story of "Frankenstein's Monster." A bat shit crazy scientist wants to reanimate dead tissue and basically create a fucking zombie baby… BECAUSE THAT'S HOW YOU GET FUCKING ZOMBIES! Anyway, Dr. Frankenstein and his trusty assistant, Igor, set off to bring a bunch of random, dead body parts together, throw some lightning on the bugger and bring this new, puzzle piece of a quasi-human back to "life." At first, the reanimated corpse seems somewhat ordinary, but then flips his shit and starts terrorizing and doing what I can only imagine REANIMATED ZOMBIES FUCKING DO!    Mary Shelley was born Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin in Somers Town, London, in 1797. She was the second child of the feminist philosopher, educator, and writer Mary Wollstonecraft and the first child of the philosopher, novelist, and journalist William Godwin.  So, she was brought into this world by some smart fucking people. Mary's mother died of puerperal fever shortly after Mary was born. Puerperal fever is an infectious, sometimes fatal, disease of childbirth; until the mid-19th century, this dreaded, then-mysterious illness could sweep through a hospital maternity ward and kill most new mothers. Today strict aseptic hospital techniques have made the condition uncommon in most parts of the world, except in unusual circumstances such as illegally induced abortion. Her father, William, was left to bring up Mary and her older half-sister, Fanny Imlay, Mary's mother's child by the American speculator Gilbert Imlay. A year after her mother's death, Godwin published his Memoirs of the Author of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, which he intended as a sincere and compassionate tribute. However, the Memoirs revealed Mary's mother's affairs and her illegitimate child. In that period, they were seen as shocking. Mary read these memoirs and her mother's books and was brought up to cherish her mother's memory. Mary's earliest years were happy, judging from the letters of William's housekeeper and nurse, Louisa Jones. But Godwin was often deeply in debt; feeling that he could not raise Mary and Fanny himself, he looked for a second wife. In December 1801, he married Mary Jane Clairmont, a well-educated woman with two young children—Charles and Claire SO MANY MARY'S! Sorry folks. Most of her father's friends disliked his new wife, describing her as a straight fucking bitch. Ok, not really, but they didn't like her. However, William was devoted to her, and the marriage worked. Mary, however, came to hate that bitch. William's 19th-century biographer Charles Kegan Paul later suggested that Mrs. Godwin had favored her own children over Williams. So, how awesome is it that he had a biographer? That's so badass.  Together, Mary's father and his new bride started a publishing firm called M. J. Godwin, which sold children's books and stationery, maps, and games. However, the business wasn't making any loot, and her father was forced to borrow butt loads of money to keep it going. He kept borrowing money to pay off earlier loans, just adding to his problems. By 1809, William's business was close to closing up shop, and he was "near to despair." Mary's father was saved from debtor's prison by devotees such as Francis Place, who lent him additional money. So, debtor's prison is pretty much EXACTLY what it sounds like. If you couldn't pay your debts, they threw your ass in jail. Unlike today where they just FUCK UP YOUR CREDIT! THANKS, COLUMBIA HOUSE!!!  Though Mary received little education, her father tutored her in many subjects. He often took the children on educational trips. They had access to his library and the many intelligent mofos who visited him, including the Romantic poet Samuel Taylor Coleridge and the former vice-president of the United States Aaron Burr. You know, that dude that shot and killed his POLITICAL opponent, Alexander Hamilton, in a fucking duel! Ah… I was born in the wrong century.   Mary's father admitted he was not educating the children according to Mary's mother's philosophy as outlined in works such as A Vindication of the Rights of Woman. However, Mary still received an unusual and advanced education for a girl of the time. She had a governess, a daily tutor, and read many of her father's children's Roman and Greek history books. For six months in 1811, she also attended a boarding school in Ramsgate, England. Her father described her at age 15 as "singularly bold, somewhat imperious, and active of mind. Her desire of knowledge is great, and her perseverance in everything she undertakes almost invincible." My father didn't know how to spell my name until I was twelve.  In June of 1812, Mary's father sent her to stay with the family of the radical William Baxter, near Dundee, Scotland. In a letter to Baxter, he wrote, "I am anxious that she should be brought up ... like a philosopher, even like a cynic." Scholars have speculated that she may have been sent away for her health, remove her from the seamy side of the business, or introduce her to radical politics. However, Mary loved the spacious surroundings of Baxter's house and with his four daughters, and she returned north in the summer of 1813 to hang out for 10 months. In the 1831 introduction to Frankenstein, she recalled: "I wrote then—but in a most common-place style. It was beneath the trees of the grounds belonging to our house, or on the bleak sides of the woodless mountains near, that my true compositions, the airy flights of my imagination, were born and fostered."   Mary Godwin may have first met the radical poet-philosopher Percy Bysshe Shelley in between her two stays in Scotland. When she returned home for a second time on 30 March 1814, Percy Shelley became estranged from his wife and regularly visited Mary's father, William Godwin, whom he had agreed to bail out of debt. Percy Shelley's radicalism, particularly his economic views, alienated him from his wealthy aristocratic family. They wanted him to be a high, upstanding snoot and follow traditional models of the landed aristocracy. He tried to donate large amounts of the family's money to projects meant to help the poor and disadvantaged. Percy Shelley, therefore, had a problem gaining access to capital until he inherited his estate because his family did not want him wasting it on projects of "political justice." After several months of promises, Shelley announced that he could not or would not pay off all of Godwin's debts. Godwin was angry and felt betrayed and whooped his fuckin ass! Yeah! Ok, not really. He was just super pissed. Mary and Percy began hookin' up on the down-low at her mother Mary Wollstonecraft's grave in the churchyard of St Pancras Old Church, and they fell in love—she was 16, and he was 21. Creepy and super fucking gross.   On 26 June 1814, Shelley and Godwin declared their love for one another as Shelley announced he could not hide his "ardent passion,." This led her in a "sublime and rapturous moment" to say she felt the same way; on either that day or the next, Godwin lost her virginity to Shelley, which tradition claims happened in the churchyard. So, the grown-ass 21-year-old man statutorily raped the 16-year-old daughter of the man he idolized and dicked over. In a graveyard. My god, how things have changed...GROSS! Godwin described herself as attracted to Shelley's "wild, intellectual, unearthly looks." Smart but ugly. Got it. To Mary's dismay, her father disapproved and tried to thwart the relationship and salvage his daughter's "spotless fame." No! You don't say! Dad wasn't into his TEENAGE DAUGHTER BANGING A MAN IN THE GRAVEYARD!?! Mary's father learned of Shelley's inability to pay off the father's debts at about the same time. Oof. He found out after he diddled her. Mary, who later wrote of "my excessive and romantic attachment to my father," was confused. Um… what? She saw Percy Shelley as an embodiment of her parents' liberal and reformist ideas of the 1790s, particularly Godwin's view that marriage was a repressive monopoly, which he had argued in his 1793 edition of Political Justice but later retracted. On 28 July 1814, the couple eloped and secretly left for France, taking Mary's stepsister, Claire Clairmont, with them.  After convincing Mary's mother, who took off after them to Calais, that they did not wish to return, the trio traveled to Paris, and then, by donkey, mule, carriage, and foot, through France, recently ravaged by war, all the way to Switzerland. "It was acting in a novel, being an incarnate romance," Mary Shelley recalled in 1826. Godwin wrote about France in 1814: "The distress of the inhabitants, whose houses had been burned, their cattle killed and all their wealth destroyed, has given a sting to my detestation of war...". As they traveled, Mary and Percy read works by Mary Wollstonecraft and others, kept a joint journal, and continued their own writing. Finally, at Lucerne, lack of money forced the three to turn back. Instead, they traveled down the Rhine and by land to the Dutch port of Maassluis, arriving at Gravesend, Kent, on 13 September 1814. The situation awaiting Mary Godwin in England was packed with bullshit, some of which she had not expected. Either before or during their journey, she had become pregnant. She and Percy now found themselves penniless, and, to Mary's stupid ass surprise, her father refused to have anything to do with her. The couple moved with Claire into lodgings at Somers Town, and later, Nelson Square. They kept doing their thing, reading, and writing and entertained Percy Shelley's friends. Percy Shelley would often leave home for short periods to dodge bill collectors, and the couple's heartbroken letters would reveal their pain while he was away. Pregnant and often sick, Mary Godwin had to hear of Percy's joy at the birth of his son by Harriet Shelley in late 1814 due to his constant escapades with Claire Clairmont. Supposedly, Shelley and Clairmont were almost certainly lovers, which caused Mary to be rightfully jealous. And yes, Claire was Mary's cousin. Percy was a friggin' creep. Percy pissed off Mary when he suggested that they both take the plunge into a stream naked during a walk in the French countryside. This offended her due to her principles, and she was like, "Oh, hell nah, sahn!" and started taking off her earrings in a rage. Or something like that. She was partly consoled by the visits of Hogg, whom she disliked at first but soon considered a close friend. Percy Shelley seems to have wanted Mary and Hogg to become lovers; Mary did not dismiss the idea since she believed in free love in principle. She was a hippie before being a hippie was cool. Percy probably just wanted to not feel guilty for hooking up with her cousin. Creep. In reality, however, she loved only Percy and seemed to have gone no further than flirting with Hogg. On 22 February 1815, she gave birth to a two-months premature baby girl, who was not expected to survive. On 6 March, she wrote to Hogg: "My dearest Hogg, my baby is dead—will you come to see me as soon as you can. I wish to see you—It was perfectly well when I went to bed—I awoke in the night to give it suck it appeared to be sleeping so quietly that I would not awake it. It was dead then, but we did not find that out till morning—from its appearance it evidently died of convulsions—Will you come—you are so calm a creature & Shelley (Percy) is afraid of a fever from the milk—for I am no longer a mother now." The loss of her child brought about acute depression in Mary. She was haunted by visions of the baby, but she conceived again and had recovered by the summer. With a revival in Percy's finances after the death of his grandfather, Sir Bysshe Shelley, the couple holidayed in Torquay and then rented a two-story cottage at Bishopsgate, on the edge of Windsor Great Park. Unfortunately, little is known about this period in Mary Godwin's life since her journal from May 1815 to July 1816 was lost. At Bishopsgate, Percy wrote his poem Alastor or The Spirit of Solitude; and on 24 January 1816, Mary gave birth to a second child, William, named after her father and soon nicknamed "Willmouse." In her novel The Last Man, she later imagined Windsor as a Garden of Eden. In May 1816, Mary, Percy, and their son traveled to Geneva with Claire Clairmont. They planned to spend the summer with the poet Lord Byron, whose recent affair with Claire had left her pregnant. Claire sounds like a bit of a trollop. No judging, just making an observation. The party arrived in Geneva on 14 May 1816, where Mary called herself "Mrs Shelley." Byron joined them on 25 May with his young physician, John William Polidori, and rented the Villa Diodati, close to Lake Geneva at the village of Cologny; Percy rented a smaller building called Maison Chapuis on the waterfront nearby. They spent their time writing, boating on the lake, and talking late into the night. "It proved a wet, ungenial summer," Mary Shelley remembered in 1831, "and incessant rain often confined us for days to the house." Sitting around a log fire at Byron's villa, the company amused themselves with German ghost stories called Fantasmagoriana, which prompted Byron to propose that they "each write a ghost story." Unable to think up an account, young Mary became flustered: "Have you thought of a story? I was asked each morning, and each morning I was forced to reply with a mortifying negative." Finally, one mid-June evening, the discussions turned to the principle of life. "Perhaps a corpse would be reanimated," Mary noted, "galvanism had given token of such things." Galvanism is a term invented by the late 18th-century physicist and chemist Alessandro Volta to refer to the generation of electric current by chemical action. The word also came to refer to the discoveries of its namesake, Luigi Galvani, specifically the generation of electric current within biological organisms and the contraction/convulsion of natural muscle tissue upon contact with electric current. While Volta theorized and later demonstrated the phenomenon of his "Galvanism" to be replicable with otherwise inert materials, Galvani thought his discovery to confirm the existence of "animal electricity," a vital force that gave life to organic matter. We'll talk a little more about Galvani and a murderer named George Foster toward the end of the episode. It was after midnight before they retired, and she was unable to sleep, mainly because she became overwhelmed by her imagination as she kept thinking about the grim terrors of her "waking dream," her ghost story: "I saw the pale student of unhallowed arts kneeling beside the thing he had put together. I saw the hideous phantasm of a man stretched out, and then, on the working of some powerful engine, show signs of life, and stir with an uneasy, half vital motion. Frightful must it be; for supremely frightful would be the effect of any human endeavour to mock the stupendous mechanism of the Creator of the world." She began writing what she assumed would be a short, profound story. With Percy Shelley's encouragement, she turned her little idea into her first novel, Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus, published in 1818. She later described that time in Switzerland as "when I first stepped out from childhood into life." The story of the writing of Frankenstein has been fictionalized repeatedly, and it helped form the basis for several films. Here's a cool little side note: In September 2011, the astronomer Donald Olson, after a visit to the Lake Geneva villa the previous year and inspecting data about the motion of the moon and stars, concluded that her waking dream took place "between 2 am and 3 am" 16 June 1816, several days after the initial idea by Lord Byron that they each write their ghost stories. Shelley and her husband collaborated on the story, but the extent of Percy's contribution to the novel is unknown and has been argued over by readers and critics forever. There are differences in the 1818, 1823, and 1831 versions. Mary Shelley wrote, "I certainly did not owe the suggestion of one incident, nor scarcely of one train of feeling, to my husband, and yet but for his incitement, it would never have taken the form in which it was presented to the world." She wrote that the preface to the first edition was her husband's work "as far as I can recollect." James Rieger concluded Percy's "assistance at every point in the book's manufacture was so extensive that one hardly knows whether to regard him as editor or minor collaborator." At the same time, Anne K. Mellor later argued Percy only "made many technical corrections and several times clarified the narrative and thematic continuity of the text." Charles E. Robinson, the editor of a facsimile edition of the Frankenstein manuscripts, concluded that Percy's contributions to the book "were no more than what most publishers' editors have provided new (or old) authors or, in fact, what colleagues have provided to each other after reading each other's works in progress." So, eat one, Percy! Just kidding. In 1840 and 1842, Mary and her son traveled together all over the continent. Mary recorded these trips in Rambles in Germany and Italy in 1840, 1842, and 1843. In 1844, Sir Timothy Shelley finally died at the age of ninety, "falling from the stalk like an overblown flower," Mary put it. For the first time in her life, she and her son were financially independent, though the remaining estate wasn't worth as much as they had thought. In the mid-1840s, Mary Shelley found herself in the crosshairs of three separate blackmailing sons of bitches. First, in 1845, an Italian political exile called Gatteschi, whom she had met in Paris, threatened to publish letters she had sent him. Scandalous! However, a friend of her son's bribed a police chief into seizing Gatteschi's papers, including the letters, which were then destroyed. Vaffanculo, Gatteschi! Shortly afterward, Mary Shelley bought some letters written by herself and Percy Shelley from a man calling himself G. Byron and posing as the illegitimate son of the late Lord Byron. Also, in 1845, Percy Shelley's cousin Thomas Medwin approached her, claiming to have written a damaging biography of Percy Shelley. He said he would suppress it in return for £250, but Mary told him to eat a big ole bag of dicks and jog on! In 1848, Percy Florence married Jane Gibson St John. The marriage proved a happy one, and Mary liked Jane. Mary lived with her son and daughter-in-law at Field Place, Sussex, the Shelleys' ancestral home, and at Chester Square, London, and vacationed with them, as well. Mary's last years were blighted by illness. From 1839, she suffered from headaches and bouts of paralysis in parts of her body, which sometimes prevented her from reading and writing, obviously two of her favorite things. Then, on 1 February 1851, at Chester Square, Mary Shelly died at fifty-three from what her doctor suspected was a brain tumor. According to Jane Shelley, Mary had asked to be buried with her mother and father. Still, looking at the graveyard at St Pancras and calling it "dreadful," Percy and Jane chose to bury her instead at St Peter's Church in Bournemouth, near their new home at Boscombe. On the first anniversary of Mary's death, the Shelleys opened her box-desk. Inside they found locks of her dead children's hair, a notebook she had shared with Percy Bysshe Shelley, and a copy of his poem Adonaïs with one page folded round a silk parcel containing some of his ashes and the remains of his heart. Romantic or disturbing? Maybe a bit of both. Mary Shelley remained a stout political radical throughout her life. Mary's works often suggested that cooperation and sympathy, mainly as practiced by women in the family, were the ways to reform civil society. This view directly challenged the individualistic Romantic ethos promoted by Percy Shelley and Enlightenment political theories. She wrote seven novels / Two travel narrations / Twenty three short stories / Three books of children's literature, and many articles. Mary Shelley left her mark on the literary world, and her name will be forever etched in the catacombs of horror for generations to come. When it comes to reanimation, there's someone else we need to talk about. George Forster (or Foster) was found guilty of murdering his wife and child by drowning them in Paddington Canal, London. He was hanged at Newgate on 18 January 1803, after which his body was taken to a nearby house where it was used in an experiment by Italian scientist Giovanni Aldini. At his trial, the events were reconstructed. Forster's mother-in-law recounted that her daughter and grandchild had left her house to see Forster at 4 pm on Saturday, 4 December 1802. In whose house Forster lodged, Joseph Bradfield reported that they had stayed together that night and gone out at 10 am on Sunday morning. He also stated that Forster and his wife had not been on good terms because she wished to live with him. On Sunday, various witnesses saw Forster with his wife and child in public houses near Paddington Canal. The body of his child was found on Monday morning; after the canal was dragged for three days, his wife's body was also found. Forster claimed that upon leaving The Mitre, he set out alone for Barnet to see his other two children in the workhouse there, though he was forced to turn back at Whetstone due to the failing light. This was contradicted by a waiter at The Mitre who said the three left the inn together. Skepticism was also expressed that he could have walked to Whetstone when he claimed. Nevertheless, the jury found him guilty. He was sentenced to death and also to be dissected after that. This sentence was designed to provide medicine with corpses on which to experiment and ensure that the condemned could not rise on Judgement Day, their bodies having been cut into pieces and selectively discarded. Forster was hanged on 18 January, shortly before he made a full confession. He said he had come to hate his wife and had twice before taken his wife to the canal, but his nerve had both times failed him. A recent BBC Knowledge documentary (Real Horror: Frankenstein) questions the fairness of the trial. It notes that friends of George Forster's wife later claimed that she was highly suicidal and had often talked about killing herself and her daughter. According to this documentary, Forster attempted suicide by stabbing himself with a crudely fashioned knife. This was to avoid awakening during the dissection of his body, should he not have died when hanged. This was a real possibility owing to the crude methods of execution at the time. The same reference suggests that his 'confession' was obtained under duress. In fact, it alleges that Pass, a Beadle or an official of a church or synagogue on Aldini's payroll, fast-tracked the whole trial and legal procedure to obtain the freshest corpse possible for his benefactor. After the execution, Forster's body was given to Giovanni Aldini for experimentation. Aldini was the nephew of fellow scientist Luigi Galvani and an enthusiastic proponent of his uncle's method of stimulating muscles with electric current, known as Galvanism. The experiment he performed on Forster's body demonstrated this technique. The Newgate Calendar (a record of executions at Newgate) reports that "On the first application of the process to the face, the jaws of the deceased criminal began to quiver, and the adjoining muscles were horribly contorted, and one eye was actually opened. In the subsequent part of the process the right hand was raised and clenched, and the legs and thighs were set in motion."  Several people present believed that Forster was being brought back to life (The Newgate Calendar reports that even if this had been so, he would have been re-executed since his sentence was to "hang until he be dead"). One man, Mr. Pass, the beadle of the Surgeons' Company, was so shocked that he died shortly after leaving. The hanged man was undoubtedly dead since his blood had been drained and his spinal cord severed after the execution.   Top Ten Frankenstein Movies https://screenrant.com/best-frankenstein-movies-ranked-imdb/

Hoy hablaremos de Alessandro Volta, inventor de lo que se conoció como la primera pila y vamos a derivar en una escritora británica que se llamaba Mary Shelley. Y en medio de todo esto está Napoleón...Por Nieves Concostrina.

Hoy hablaremos de Alessandro Volta, inventor de lo que se conoció como la primera pila y vamos a derivar en una escritora británica que se llamaba Mary Shelley. Y en medio de todo esto está Napoleón...Por Nieves Concostrina.

Hoy hablaremos de Alessandro Volta, inventor de lo que se conoció como la primera pila y vamos a derivar en una escritora británica que se llamaba Mary Shelley. Y en medio de todo esto está Napoleón...Por Nieves Concostrina.

A few years ago, during a basketball game that I was watching, a player leaped forward for a loose ball and landed on his knees. He gathered the ball and while doing so he slid across the floor, as he wore kneepads which allowed him to coast along the hardwood for a yard or so. With only a two point lead in the game, this “slide” caused an eruption of fans yelling “Traveling! He traveled!” The referee ignored them and the game continued.When a timeout was called, the coach approached the referee and, as I was in earshot, I overheard the argument about whether or not the slide constituted a traveling violation. The referee argued for the slide's innocence and the coach raged about the ruling. So when I went home that night, I had to look up the rule.From the International Basketball Federation (FIBA) rulebook I found a full page on the violation of “Traveling.” I read it looking for this “slide” scenario to see if the coach or the referee was correct. In rule 25.2.2, I found the answer:25.2.2 A player falling, lying or sitting on the floor: It is legal when a player falls and slides on the floor while holding the ball or, while lying or sitting on the floor, gains control of the ball. It is a violation if the player then rolls or attempts to stand up while holding the ball.The referee was correct. A player can slide with the ball, provided he or she doesn't roll or standup during the slide. The momentum of the slide does not constitute a step. While holding a basketball, you could slide from one end of the gym to the other and not be called for traveling. A slide only becomes a traveling violation if the player in mid-slide or post-slide tries to take a step or roll over.That was the first time I had ever cracked open a book of basketball rules despite having enjoyed years of playing this sport as a kid. The fact that I had never, not once, referred to a basketball rule in an official document struck me as interesting, because I felt that I knew a solid amount of detail about the game, but never once had I studied the rules. The idea of reading the rules never occurred to me, but playing for hours in driveways and open gyms drew me in like a moth to flame.Playing or watching the game of basketball, or baseball or football, interested me naturally, and made me grow to love the sport. I could talk endlessly about the sport. Reading the rulebook, however, does not interest me. Aside from referees and coaches, there are probably few people that do read the rulebook.When kids learn to play a sport, you don't give them the rulebook. No, they first start playing the game and learn the rules as they go, and soon find that the rules are there for good reasons. Take kickball, for instance, where nearly any kid can play and while having fun, learns the rules. By playing kickball, a kid learns most of the rules of baseball and softball, too, since kickball is largely the same game. But no one stops a kickball game to describe how a force-out works by pulling out and referencing the rules of USA Baseball.In other words, I became interested in a sport by playing the game. The love of a sport grows by practicing the sport. It is the same with faith. Here you may roll your eyes and many will stop reading, as I've made the comparison that will drive most readers or listeners right to the “unsubscribe” button.But consider this. No one gets to faith by reading Leviticus. Likewise, no one reads the Ten Commandments and throws up their hands in prayer. Instead, they throw their hands up in prayer first, and later, perhaps much later, become interested in the Ten Commandments.  This I did not understand. I was hung up on faith and religion due to rules or positions around policies like abortion or immigration or taxes or the welfare state - pick a card, any card. I had opinions and comments for anything and everything, like we all do. But just as I didn't get any closer to faith in my failed attempts to "read the Bible" because I didn't like certain phrasings and rules, neither did I get closer to faith by reading the daily news, which in large part is always about our modern laws and societal rules. I believed I could never be a Christian due to Catholic and Evangelical ideas around laws. And I was right. I could not be one. I would never be a Christian because I didn't even understand what it meant to be a Christian. I wasn't practicing. I wasn't playing the game. No, I was scouring the rulebook for things I didn't like. Doing so, I banned myself from the stadium, and so I couldn't play or even be a spectator. I was like a baseball fan who didn't like the designated hitter rule, so I quit watching the game forever.  This reminds me of a quote by the biologist Herbert Spencer:There is a principle which is a bar against all information, which is proof against all arguments and which cannot fail to keep a man in everlasting ignorance—that principle is contempt prior to investigation.Through my contempt, I was barred from the information and truly stuck in everlasting ignorance. I only saw a stack of rules, and from my angle it blocked any view of the bigger picture.The faith of Christianity disallows many activities and choices that we desire, like watching porn and getting drunk and having meaningless hookup sex and hoarding money, so yes, there are rules. People really don't like that Christians fence these activities out via their rules. I hated rules as much as the next guy because I loathed having any rules lorded over me. I wanted to be my own boss. Thus, an impassable mountain sat between me and faith. It is impossible to have faith in the state I occupied because contempt prohibits any attempt. But the rules of the Christian faith were not the problem. I thought the rules were the problem, but that was not the problem. No, it was my yearning to be self-sufficient in all things that blocked a much deeper yearning. I did not want to give up an inch of ground, territory that I imagined I had fought for and won by rejecting the traditions and stories of older generations. Here I was, the modern hero, uprooting the tales of what I considered to be a 2000 year hoax that had somehow duped eighty generations of men and women. Me against the world. If someone had told me, "Freedom comes from obedience, not rebellion," I would have raged at them and spat, "Don't tell me what to do!" That was my motto. As long as the goal of my life was centered on drinking or money or sex or work, then of course I didn't want any rules. How could I? In private, I wanted to do whatever felt good. In public, I wanted to do whatever made me appear cool to my peers. More importantly, I didn't want to be challenged by anything, ever. Especially, I didn't want to be challenged by rules passed down from ancient, superstitious goat herders who didn't even know that the earth went around the sun. What possible value could I get from bronze age wanderers that had never heard of natural selection or calculus or atomic weight or absolute zero? That is how the shield formed around me. I bristled at laws that appeared to go against the mantra of "love one another," while crowning myself with the knowledge gained by human ingenuity (not my ingenuity, mind you, but others), I felt that progress through scientific revelation, not religion, would rectify the problems of the past and usher in the glorious future. There was one devastating problem with these positions. This future utopia through science and economics required me to have a massive amount of faith in humans as a group. In fact, I think it requires more faith to believe in humans than it does to believe in God. After all, we have immense evidence of what humans do to one other, from all ages. Even this week, horrors permeate the news, even while we are right now at the greatest heights of technological prowess and scientific progress.So this drive for progress that seemed like the answer to fix ourselves and our world, has not done it. Conversely, for all its wonders, progress has simultaneously led to many unanticipated problems. "Every kind of progress is a two-edge sword." This can be observed repeatedly in history, where science or invention introduces or discovers something about the world we live in, and that knowledge can be used for good or evil, usually both. You don't get fireworks without someone in China first playing around with mixtures of sulfur and saltpeter, but the fun of that first sparkler was quickly recognized as gunpowder for weapons. In the same way, you don't get to billions of metric tons of carbon dioxide spewing in the atmosphere without hundreds of small accretions of knowledge, take for example Alessandro Volta's toy pistol that fired a cork when hydrogen touched an electric spark. There is always this give and take with the word “progress", but today the pull of it draws us further away from meaningful questions and has us instead cleave to facts and facts alone, with the idea of God being sidelined ever more each year. This makes the The Big Empty inside us yawn even more and reveal its bottomless chasm.Faith in science and faith in atheistic ideologies means having faith in humans over God, but here is the devastating problem with that brand of faith: to love one another goes directly against our instincts and those ideologies, without God, cannot claim any kind of foundation for morality. No matter how much knowledge we have, at our core we are flawed with jealousy and hate and lust and greed. This idea about loving one another didn't come from post-Enlightenment thinker like Immanuel Kant or Karl Marx or Albert Einstein or Steve Jobs, it came from Jesus, a carpenter from the first century. This is the underlying problem of everyone who is claiming “love” for their cause. Even atheists like to talk about Jesus and his message of “love one another.” Every group wants a piece of that second commandment. But all of these “loves” quickly contradict each other and we're left in a pickle. The public campaign of secular and religious groups relentlessly bangs the drum that “love is on our side.” But the secular side only wants the second of Jesus' two commandments. They reject his first commandment completely. Definitely, we all want the second one, but absolutely not the first one. They want Jesus on their side even while they deny God.This might be the most fascinating thing of all to me about Jesus.Even atheists and Marxists somehow want to claim Jesus for their argument. They want Jesus in their corner, but only if he's got nothing supernatural or transcendent about him. What they don't seem to realize is that if Jesus is not supernatural, then he's a liar and a lunatic, which I talked about in my own struggle to come to faith in the Resurrection (known as the Trilemma from C.S. Lewis: Jesus is Lord, lunatic, or liar - and you must pick one).But there is this magnetism to Jesus, even among those who say they reject God. This is utterly confusing to me. Even those who despise the idea of God will still quote the words of Jesus. Even the atheists say, “But Jesus loved everyone. He loved the murderers and the prostitutes. He wouldn't judge. Judge not lest yet be judged.” Everyone, believer and non-believer, wants Jesus on their side. I wonder why that is. Why is he so powerful of an idea to us? Why can't we stop talking about Jesus? What is going on? Somehow, someway, despite every effort of this world to stifle and crush the fire of faith in this carpenter, it fails every time, in every generation. There is a story of Napoleon telling a Cardinal Consalvi that his armies would destroy the church, to which the Cardinal replied: “If in 1,800 years we clergy have failed to destroy the Church, do you really think that you'll be able to do it?” While amusing, it is indeed a fact, one that we are living through once again today. Why is it that nothing can destroy faith in this man, or in his Church? With all these hated rules and prohibitions, where generation after generation fights against it, why does Christianity remain standing?I have some ideas about that. This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit www.whydidpetersink.com

Wie lässt sich Energie speichern? Das war lange ein Rätsel. Am 7.11.1801 stellt der italienische Physiker Alessandro Graf Volta die erste Batterie vor. Die Zutaten: dünne Streifen Kupfer, Pappe und Zink, jeweils getrennt durch feuchtes Leder. Außerdem: seine Zunge!

En empilant des rondelles de cuivre et de zinc, intercalées avec un tissu imprégné d'eau salé, le haut et le bas reliés par un fil, Alessandro Volta invente la pile en 1800. Mais il se pourrait qu'un tel dispositif ait été imaginé à une époque beaucoup plus reculée.Une pile antique ?Dans le sous-sol du musée archéologique de Bagdad, l'archéologue allemand Wilhelm König met la main, à la fin des années 1930, sur un curieux objet. Il s'agit d'une poterie en forme de jarre, d'une quinzaine de centimètres de haut.À l'intérieur du récipient, se trouve une tige de fer entourée d'un cylindre de cuivre. La jarre est fermée par un bouchon de bitume. Un tampon de la même matière isole le dispositif du bas de la poterie.L'archéologue la fait remonter à une période comprise entre 250 avant J.-C et le début du troisième siècle de notre ère. Mais d'autres datations ont été proposées.S'agirait-il d'une pile ? Certains l'ont pensé, car il ne lui manque qu'un peu d'acide et des fils de connexion pour fonctionner. D'ailleurs, des traces de corrosion montrent que le dispositif avait pu être imprégné d'un acide léger, comme du vinaigre.Un usage incertainPour en avoir le cœur net, il faudrait examiner de près l'intérieur de la jarre. Or, en raison de la présence du bouchon de bitume, on ne saurait y parvenir sans la briser.Si l'on tient pour acquis qu'il s'agit bien d'une pile, à quoi pouvait-elle bien servir ? Des scientifiques pensent qu'elle aurait pu être utilisée pour recouvrir d'or certains objets.Mais cette utilisation est contestée. Il existait en effet d'autres techniques de dorure. Par ailleurs, certains soulignent l'absence de fils de connexion et le système hermétique de fermeture du récipient.Et ils font aussi remarquer la faible charge électrique produite par ces jarres. C'est pourquoi un usage religieux, jugé plus probable, a été proposé. Ainsi, la "pile" aurait pu servir à impressionner l'auditoire. Une utilisation médicale a également été suggérée.Ce qui laisse supposer que les inventeurs de ce dispositif ne seraient pas parvenus à une réelle maîtrise de l'électricité. See acast.com/privacy for privacy and opt-out information.

Volta parte da osservazioni naturali nelle paludi, e cerca di riprodurre i fenomeni osservati in laboratorio, arrivando a caratterizzare quello che oggi chiamiamo gas metano, ed inventare e perfezionare strumenti, tra cui l'eudiometro, con cui misurare la “qualità” dell'aria.

Le ricerche di Alessandro Volta sulla cosiddetta “aria infiammabile” coprono l'arco di tempo dal 1775 in poi. L'argomento era di estrema attualità scientifica, ed attirava gli studi di scienziati di tutta Europa, dagli inglesi Cavendish e Priestley, al francese Lavoisier, al tedesco Scheele. Risale a quest'epoca la scoperta delle proprietà dei gas e dell'aria in […]

di Massimo Temporelli | In questa puntata parliamo di uno dei più grandi scienziati italiani, uno sperimentatore, un fisico e un chimico incredibilmente prolifico. Dal suo laboratorio settecentesco sono usciti strumenti geniali che hanno rivoluzionato la nostra specie, aprendo a una nuova epoca: quella dell'elettricità. Stiamo parlando di Alessandro Volta.

Aux XVIIIe et XIXe siècles, les travaux de Luigi Galvani et Alessandro Volta sur l'électricité permettent d'en mieux comprendre les mécanismes. Ils débouchent également sur le "galvanisme", dont l'un des buts n'était rien de moins que de ressusciter des cadavres !Des expériences sur l'électricitéComme tous les naturalistes de cette fin du XVIIIe siècle, l'anatomiste Luigi Galvani a l'habitude de disséquer des grenouilles pour mieux comprendre certains mécanismes corporels.Au cours de l'une de ces expériences, il place la patte du batracien, qui est reliée à un crochet de cuivre, sur un objet métallique. En touchant la patte de la grenouille, il s'aperçoit qu'elle est agitée de vives contractions.Il est persuadé qu'il vient de démontrer, par hasard, l'existence de l'électricité animale. Mais, pour le physicien Alessandro Volta, cette électricité ne provient pas de la grenouille.Elle est produite par le contact entre deux métaux, le cuivre du crochet et le fer de l'objet sur lequel la grenouille a été déposée. En 1800, pour prouver que la source de l'électricité est bien métallique, il confectionne une pile. Autrement dit des disques de métal empilés les uns sur les autres, qui produisent bien de l'électricité.Une tentative pour ressusciter les mortsCes expériences sur l'électricité font germer une idée, a priori saugrenue, dans l'esprit de certains scientifiques. Si une décharge électrique peut provoquer des contractions musculaires, ne peut-on utiliser cette technique pour ranimer un mort ?Aussitôt dit aussitôt fait. Ainsi, un scientifique italien, Giovanni Aldini obtient l'autorisation de faire une expérience sur des condamnés à la décapitation. On pensait en effet que, pour être efficace, la méthode du "galvanisme" devait s'appliquer sur des cadavres encore chauds.Aldini place alors deux fils métalliques dans les oreilles du supplicié, reliés à une pile. La tête s'anime alors de contractions qui s'emparent des muscles du visage, formant de sinistres grimaces.La même expérience, mais sur un cadavre de pendu, entraîne des contractions dans tout le corps. Le galvanisme suscite l'engouement du public, mais, contrairement aux attentes, il ne ramène pas les cadavres à la vie. See acast.com/privacy for privacy and opt-out information.

Sacerdote, prete o scienziato? La vita di Alessandro Volta ha rischiato di essere molto diversa da quella che conosciamo... ma per fortuna non è andata come gli altri avrebbero voluto!

Paolo Mazzarello"L'intrigo Spallanzani"Bollati Boringhierihttps://www.bollatiboringhieri.it/Paolo Mazzarello allestisce una formidabile impalcatura di fonti, restituendo con uno stile garbato e ironico l'esuberante atmosfera del secolo dei Lumi. Un viaggio nella cultura scientifica dell'Italia del Settecento fra sfide della scienza e congiure di potere.«Un libro di storia tanto scrupoloso nella ricerca quanto godibile nella lettura» - Sergio Luzzatto, Corriere della SeraIl leggendario mago della sperimentazione, Lazzaro Spallanzani, era un affermato professore di storia naturale a Pavia quando nel 1785 decise di compiere una lunga esplorazione nei territori dell'impero ottomano. Durante l'avventuroso viaggio fece notevoli osservazioni di biologia marina, geologia e ornitologia. Con il fervore di una mente insaziabile, annotò gli usi delle popolazioni locali e l'amalgama di splendore e fatiscenza delle città, partecipando alla vivace vita culturale che ruotava attorno alle ambasciate occidentali.Quando fece ritorno a Pavia, venne investito dall'accusa infamante di aver rubato degli esemplari naturalistici dal museo dell'Università. Alla base di questo complotto vi erano invidie e rivalità accademiche, non così distanti da quelle odierne, ma anche forti contrapposizioni ideologiche. Caduta ogni accusa, la vicenda si concluse con la vendetta dello scienziato ai danni del suo principale detrattore, Giovanni Antonio Scopoli: una rivincita che, tramite reperti finti e sagaci libretti pseudonimi, presentava la stessa precisione e verve creativa delle sue indagini scientifiche.Gli intrighi dei celebri accademici divennero famosi anche all'estero e – come svelano alcuni recenti ritrovamenti documentali – si spinsero fino all'entourage di un anziano Carlo Goldoni.Paolo Mazzarello allestisce una formidabile impalcatura di fonti, restituendo con uno stile garbato e ironico l'esuberante atmosfera del secolo dei Lumi. Un impareggiabile viaggio nella cultura scientifica dell'Italia del Settecento fra sfide della scienza e congiure di potere.Paolo Mazzarello insegna Storia della Medicina all'Università di Pavia. Fra i suoi libri più recenti, tutti pubblicati da Bollati Boringhieri, ricordiamo: Il genio e l'alienista. La strana visita di Lombroso a Tolstoj (2005), Il Nobel dimenticato. La vita e la scienza di Camillo Golgi (2006 e 2019), Il professore e la cantante. La grande storia d'amore di Alessandro Volta (2009), L'erba della regina. Storia di un decotto miracoloso (2013), E si salvò anche la madre. L'evento che rivoluzionò il parto cesareo (2015).IL POSTO DELLE PAROLEascoltare fa pensarehttps://ilpostodelleparole.it/

Let's be straightforward here. Adam's talk this week, "Can an Underwater Society Use Electricity?" is a doozy of a floozy. Alessandro Volta, Atlantis, Adventures! Enjoy :) Also this got cut off! If you enjoyed this episode, or any other episodes, 1) check out our sister podcast, Love Island La Viva Voce (weekly recaps of Love Island UK Series 7), 2) Share Livin' La Viva Voce with your friends (and subscribe and/or leave a review!), 3) Follow us on our social media pages, @LivinViva on Twitter and Livin' La Viva Voce on Facebook! Thanks for listening :) 

La batteria, il gas metano utilizzato per scopi domestici, la disponibilità di una corrente elettrica contenuta in un elemento trasportabile. Nulla di queste cose che oggi diamo per scontate avrebbe visto la luce se Alessandro Volta non avesse usato il suo genio. Ecco l'argomento di questa puntata di Mc2 a cura di Matteo Curti e Francesco Lancia.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

What is the nature of innovation? Is it overhearing a conversation as with Morse and the telegraph? Working with the deaf as with Bell? Divine inspiration? Necessity? Science fiction? Or given that the answer to all of these is yes, is it really more the intersectionality between them and multiple basic and applied sciences with deeper understandings in each domain? Or is it being given the freedom to research? Or being directed to research? Few have as storied a history of innovation as Bell Labs and few have had anything close to the impact. Bell Labs gave us 9 Nobel Prizes and 5 Turing awards. Their alumni have even more, but those were the ones earned while at Bell. And along the way they gave us 26,000 patents. They researched, automated, and built systems that connected practically every human around the world - moving us all into an era of instant communication. It's a rich history that goes back in time from the 2018 Ashkin Nobel for applied optical tweezers and 2018 Turing award for Deep Learning to an almost steampunk era of tophats and the dawn of the electrification of the world. Those late 1800s saw a flurry of applied and basic research. One reason was that governments were starting to fund that research. Alessandro Volta had come along and given us the battery and it was starting to change the world. So Napolean's nephew, Napoleon III, during the second French Empire gave us the Volta Prize in 1852. One of those great researchers to receive the Volta Prize was Alexander Graham Bell. He invented the telephone in 1876 and was awarded the Volta Prize, getting 50,000 francs. He used the money to establish the Volta Laboratory, which would evolve or be a precursor to a research lab that would be called Bell Labs. He also formed the Bell Patent Association in 1876. They would research sound. Recording, transmission, and analysis - so science. There was a flurry of business happening in preparation to put a phone in every home in the world. We got the Bell System, The Bell Telephone Company, American Bell Telephone Company patent disputes with Elisha Gray over the telephone (and so the acquisition of Western Electric), and finally American Telephone and Telegraph, or AT&T. Think of all this as Ma' Bell. Not Pa' Bell mind you - as Graham Bell gave all of his shares except 10 to his new wife when they were married in 1877. And her dad ended up helping build the company and later creating National Geographic, even going international with International Bell Telephone Company. Bell's assistant Thomas Watson sold his shares off to become a millionaire in the 1800s, and embarking on a life as a Shakespearean actor. But Bell wasn't done contributing. He still wanted to research all the things. Hackers gotta' hack. And the company needed him to - keep in mind, they were a cutting edge technology company (then as in now). That thirst for research would infuse AT&T - with Bell Labs paying homage to the founder's contribution to the modern day. Over the years they'd be on West Street in New York and expand to have locations around the US. Think about this: it was becoming clear that automation would be able to replace human efforts where electricity is concerned. The next few decades gave us the vacuum tube, flip flop circuits, mass deployment of radio. The world was becoming ever so slightly interconnected. And Bell Labs was researching all of it. From physics to the applied sciences. By the 1920s, they were doing sound synchronized with motion and shooting that over long distances and calculating the noise loss. They were researching encryption. Because people wanted their calls to be private. That began with things like one-time pad cyphers but would evolve into speech synthesizers and even SIGSALY, the first encrypted (or scrambled) speech transmission that led to the invention of the first computer modem. They had engineers like Harry Nyquist, whose name is on dozens of theories, frequencies, even noise. He arrived in 1917 and stayed until he retired in 1954. One of his most important contributions was to move beyond printing telegraph to paper tape and to helping transmit pictures over electricity - and Herbert Ives from there sent color photos, thus the fax was born (although it would be Xerox who commercialized the modern fax machine in the 1960s). Nyquist and others like Ralph Hartley worked on making audio better, able to transmit over longer lines, reducing feedback, or noise. While there, Hartley gave us the oscillator, developed radio receivers, parametric amplifiers, and then got into servomechanisms before retiring from Bell Labs in 1950. The scientists who'd been in their prime between the two world wars were titans and left behind commercializable products, even if they didn't necessarily always mean to. By the 40s a new generation was there and building on the shoulders of these giants. Nyquist's work was extended by Claude Shannon, who we devoted an entire episode to. He did a lot of mathematical analysis like writing “A Mathematical Theory of Communication” to birth Information Theory as a science. They were researching radio because secretly I think they all knew those leased lines would some day become 5G. But also because the tech giants of the era included radio and many could see a day coming when radio, telephony, and aThey were researching how electrons diffracted, leading to George Paget Thomson receiving the Nobel Prize and beginning the race for solid state storage. Much of the work being done was statistical in nature. And they had William Edwards Deming there, whose work on statistical analysis when he was in Japan following World War II inspired a global quality movement that continues to this day in the form of frameworks like Six Sigma and TQM. Imagine a time when Japanese manufacturing was of such low quality that he couldn't stay on a phone call for a few minutes or use a product for a time. His work in Japan's reconstruction paired with dedicated founders like Akio Morita, who co-founded Sony, led to one of the greatest productivity increases, without sacrificing quality, of any time in the world. Deming would change the way Ford worked, giving us the “quality culture.” Their scientists had built mechanical calculators going back to the 30s (Shannon had built a differential analyzer while still at MIT) - first for calculating the numbers they needed to science better then for ballistic trajectories, then with the Model V in 1946, general computing. But these were slow; electromechanical at best. Mary Torrey was another statistician of the era who along with Harold Hodge gave us the theory of acceptance sampling and thus quality control for electronics. And basic electronics research to do flip-flop circuits fast enough to establish a call across a number of different relays was where much of this was leading. We couldn't use mechanical computers for that, and tubes were too slow. And so in 1947 John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley invented the transistor at Bell Labs, which be paired with Shannon's work to give us the early era of computers as we began to weave Boolean logic in ways that allowed us to skip moving parts and move to a purely transistorized world of computing. In fact, they all knew one day soon, everything that monster ENIAC and its bastard stepchild UNIVAC was doing would be done on a single wafer of silicon. But there was more basic research to get there. The types of wires we could use, the Marnaugh map from Maurice Karnaugh, zone melting so we could do level doping. And by 1959 Mohamed Atalla and Dawon Kahng gave us metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistors, or MOSFETs - which was a step on the way to large-scale integration, or LSI chips. Oh, and they'd started selling those computer modems as the Bell 101 after perfecting the tech for the SAGE air-defense system. And the research to get there gave us the basic science for the solar cell, electronic music, and lasers - just in the 1950s. The 1960s saw further work work on microphones and communication satellites like Telstar, which saw Bell Labs outsource launching satellites to NASA. Those transistors were coming in handy, as were the solar panels. The 14 watts produced certainly couldn't have moved a mechanical computer wheel. Blaise Pascal and would be proud of the research his countries funds inspired and Volta would have been perfectly happy to have his name still on the lab I'm sure. Again, shoulders and giants. Telstar relayed its first television signal in 1962. The era of satellites was born later that year when Cronkite televised coverage of Kennedy manipulating world markets on this new medium for the first time and IBM 1401 computers encrypted and decrypted messages, ushering in an era of encrypted satellite communications. Sputnik may heave heated the US into orbit but the Telstar program has been an enduring system through to the Telstar 19V launched in 2018 - now outsourced to a Falcon 9 rocket from Space X. It might seem like Bell Labs had done enough for the world. But they still had a lot of the basic wireless research to bring us into the cellular age. In fact, they'd plotted out what the cellular age would look like all the way back in 1947! The increasing use of computers to do the all the acoustics and physics meant they were working closely with research universities during the rise of computing. They were involved in a failed experiment to create an operating system in the late 60s. Multics influenced so much but wasn't what we might consider a commercial success. It was the result of yet another of DARPA's J.C.R. Licklider's wild ideas in the form of Project MAC, which had Marvin Minsky and John McCarthy. Big names in the scientific community collided with cooperation and GE, Bell Labs and Multics would end up inspiring many a feature of a modern operating system. The crew at Bell Labs knew they could do better and so set out to take the best of Multics and implement a lighter, easier operating system. So they got to work on Uniplexed Information and Computing Service, or Unics, which was a pun on Multics. Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, Doug McIllroy, Joe Assana, Brian Kernigan, and many others wrote Unix originally in assembly and then rewrote it in C once Dennis Ritchie wrote that to replace B. Along the way, Alfred Aho, Peter Weinber, and Kernighan gave us AWSK and with all this code they needed a way to keep the source under control so Marc Rochkind gave us the SCCS, or Course Code Control System, first written for an IBM S/3370 and then ported to C - which would be how most environments maintained source code until CVS came along in 1986. And Robert Fourer, David Gay, and Brian Kernighan wrote A Mathematical Programming Language, or AMPL, while there. Unix began as a bit of a shadow project but would eventually go to market as Research Unix when Don Gillies left Bell to go to the University of Illinois at Champaign-Urbana. From there it spread and after it fragmented in System V led to the rise of IBM's AIX, HP-UX, SunOS/Solaris, BSD, and many other variants - including those that have evolved into the macOS through Darwin, and Android through Linux. But Unix wasn't all they worked on - it was a tool to enable other projects. They gave us the charge-coupled device, which resulted in yet another Nobel Prize. That is an image sensor built on the MOS technologies. While fiber optics goes back to the 1800s, they gave us attenuation over fiber and thus could stretch cables to only need repeaters every few dozen miles - again reducing the cost to run the ever-growing phone company. All of this electronics allowed them to finally start reducing their reliance on electromechanical and human-based relays to transistor-to-transistor logic and less mechanical meant less energy, less labor to repair, and faster service. Decades of innovation gave way to decades of profit - in part because of automation. The 5ESS was a switching system that went online in 1982 and some of what it did - its descendants still do today. Long distance billing, switching modules, digital line trunk units, line cards - the grid could run with less infrastructure because the computer managed distributed switching. The world was ready for packet switching. 5ESS was 100 million lines of code, mostly written in C. All that source was managed with SCCS. Bell continued with innovations. They produced that modem up into the 70s but allowed Hayes, Rockewell, and others to take it to a larger market - coming back in from time to time to help improve things like when Bell Labs, branded as Lucent after the breakup of AT&T, helped bring the 56k modem to market. The presidents of Bell Labs were as integral to the success and innovation as the researchers. Frank Baldwin Jewett from 1925 to 1940, Oliver Buckley from 40 to 51, the great Mervin Kelly from 51 to 59, James Fisk from 59 to 73, William Oliver Baker from 73 to 79, and a few others since gave people like Bishnu Atal the space to develop speech processing algorithms and predictive coding and thus codecs. And they let Bjarne Stroustrup create C++, and Eric Schmidt who would go on to become a CEO of Google and the list goes on. Nearly every aspect of technology today is touched by the work they did. All of this research. Jon Gerstner wrote a book called The Idea Factory: Bell Labs and the Great Age of American Innovation. He chronicles the journey of multiple generations of adventurers from Germany, Ohio, Iowa, Japan, and all over the world to the Bell campuses. The growth and contraction of the basic and applied research and the amazing minds that walked the halls. It's a great book and a short episode like this couldn't touch the aspects he covers. He doesn't end the book as hopeful as I remain about the future of technology, though. But since he wrote the book, plenty has happened. After the hangover from the breakup of Ma Bell they're now back to being called Nokia Bell Labs - following a $16.6 billion acquisition by Nokia. I sometimes wonder if the world has the stomach for the same level of basic research. And then Alfred Aho and Jeffrey Ullman from Bell end up sharing the Turing Award for their work on compilers. And other researchers hit a terabit a second speeds. A storied history that will be a challenge for Marcus Weldon's successor. He was there as a post-doc there in 1995 and rose to lead the labs and become the CTO of Nokia - he said the next regeneration of a Doctor Who doctor would come in after him. We hope they are as good of stewards as those who came before them. The world is looking around after these decades of getting used to the technology they helped give us. We're used to constant change. We're accustomed to speed increases from 110 bits a second to now terabits. The nature of innovation isn't likely to be something their scientists can uncover. My guess is Prometheus is guarding that secret - if only to keep others from suffering the same fate after giving us the fire that sparked our imaginations. For more on that, maybe check out Hesiod's Theogony. In the meantime, think about the places where various sciences and disciplines intersect and think about the wellspring of each and the vast supporting casts that gave us our modern life. It's pretty phenomenal when ya' think about it.

®Albrecht von Haller, Bénédict de Saussure, Alessandro Volta, Friedrich Schiller, Wolfgang Goethe; sono solo alcuni dei grandi nomi del mondo letterario e scientifico che hanno fornito importanti descrizioni del passo del San Gottardo. Raccontato nel Medioevo come “locus horribilis”, in cui vivono i mostri, si trasforma in “locus amoenus” nel ‘700, il secolo dei viaggiatori, nel corso del quale la montagna diventa un luogo d'interesse anche per gli europei. Il San Gottardo attira l'attenzione non solo di letterati, ma anche di molti uomini di scienza, appassionati di mineralogia, di misurazioni barometriche, di botanica. In questa puntata di Laser ospiteremo il prof. Renato Martinoni, autore del volume “Viaggiatori del settecento nella Svizzera italiana” (Ed. Dadò) da cui prenderemo spunto per ripercorrere alcuni celebri viaggi attraverso il passo e per ricordare la nascita del mito della nazione e della patria di cui il San Gottardo è simbolo.Prima emissione 25 maggio 2016Libri presenti nel catalogo del Sistema bibliotecario ticinese (Sbt) Viaggiatori del Settecento nella Svizzera italiana / a cura di Renato Martinoni. A. Dadò, 1989Martinoni, Renato. «Wo doch alles noch halb wild war» Heidi e il mito della montagna. In: Heidi : oltre la storia / a cura di Davide Dellamonica ... et al. Biblioteca cantonale di Lugano, 2013, p. 15-22 (link al documento in formato pdf)Lo sguardo degli altri : l'immagine della Svizzera italiana nei viaggiatori del Settecento / a cura di Renato Martinoni e Antonio Pelli. Salvioni, 2004Martinoni, Renato. Nell'ombra della morte... : viaggiatori riformati nei baliaggi italiani del Settecento. In: Ticino e protestanti : figure e movimenti del protestantesimo in Ticino tra Cinquecento e Novecento / a cura di Emidio Campi, Brigitte Schwarz, Paolo Tognina. A. Dadò, 2004, p. 45-74Williams, Héléne-Maria. Nouveau voyage en Suisse. Charles Pougens, 1802Svizzera meravigliosa : vedute di artisti stranieri, 1770-1914 : views by foreign artists, 1770-1914 / Fondazione Thyssen-Bornemisza. Electa, 1991Helvetia Club : 150 anni Club alpino svizzero CAS, 1863-2013 / a cura di Daniel Anker. CAS, 2013Rousseau, Jean-Jacques. Julie ou la nouvelle Héloïse. Slatkine, 2012Saussure, Horace-Bénédict de. Voyages dans les Alpes. Georg, 2002Schiller, Friedrich von. Guglielmo Tell. Einaudi, 2002Augé, Marc. Disneyland e altri nonluoghi. Bollati Boringhieri, 2007Il turismo in Svizzera e i suoi miti : dal Grand Tour alla nascita di una fiorente industria / a cura di Beatrice Mastropietro, Manuele Moghini. In: Arte & storia. Ticino Management, A. 20, n. 81 (nov. 2020)

Estudiamos en este episodio el concepto de diferencia de potencial y la fuerza electromotriz. Aprendemos la relación entre la energía y el voltaje. Vemos la historia de la primera pila eléctrica, desarrollada por Alessandro Volta en 1800. Introducimos la forma de conectar las pilas en serie y en paralelo. Terminamos con ejercicios varios. Algunos enlaces interesantes: Teoría:La diferencia de potencial Teoría:The electric batteryVoltaje, tensión, o diferencia de potencial Teoría:La diferencia de potencial eléctrico Vídeo:The electric battery Laboratorio:Circuitos eléctricos Comentarios y sugerencias: Enviar correo Para los que queráis colaborar en el proyecto de curso de física IGCSE, podéis hacer vuestras donaciones a: Nombre del banco: Wise (antes TransferWise) Titular de la cuenta: Cristobal Lara Fuentes SWIFT/BIC: TRWIBEB1XXX IBAN: BE62967051836661 Dirección: TransferWise Europe SA Avenue Louise 54, Room S52 Brussels 1050 Belgium --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/cursodefisicaigcse/message

Efemérides del día, síndrome de Asperger, Alessandro Volta.

Seja um Apoiador do Canal Loucos por Biografias! https://www.catarse.me/loucosporbiografias Spotify - https://open.spotify.com/show/2oHvozkYZ4s9X8usCTUj63 Instagran - https://www.instagram.com/loucosporbiografias Twitter - https://twitter.com/LoucosBiografia Youtube - https://www.youtube.com/c/BiografiasTâniaBarros E essa é nossa história de hoje. Espero ter contribuído para que seu dia seja muito bom! Se você gostou, deixe seu joinha, faça seu comentário, conheça as outras histórias do canal e compartilhe com seus amigos. Lembrando que o Canal “LOUCOS POR BIOGRAFIAS” traz novas histórias toda semana. Encontro vocês nas próximas biografias do canal. Até mais! (Tânia Barros). --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/loucosporbiografias/message Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/loucosporbiografias/support

Die Volta’sche Säule lieferte Strom über Stunden. Sensationell. Napoleon verlieh dem Physiker aus Como in Italien eine Ehrenmedaille und gewährte eine Pension.

Det er uhyyyyggeligt! I anledning af Halloween tager vi fat på en oprindelsen af en af de største gysere nogensinde. Mary Shelleys roman, Frankenstein, skræmte bukserne af alle, da den udkom i 1818. Historien om en gal videnskabsmand, der vakte de døde til live var både horribel, uhyggelig og drabeligt realistisk. Bogen tog nemlig direkte inspiration i videnskaben galvanisme, som særligt de gale videnskabsmænd Alessandro Volta og Luigi Galvani stod i spidsen for. De eksperimenterede nemlig begge med at bruge elektricitet til at genoplive de døde.... Afsnittet er optaget live på Odd Fellow Palæet i Odense d. 31. oktober 2020.

BOOK: Invisible Rainbow https://amzn.to/300Sn23 Cellular Phone Task Force, www.cellphonetaskforce.org International Appeal to Stop 5G on Earth and in Space, www.5gSpaceAppeal.org Check out IIN and get a free module: LearnTrueHealth.com/coach   The Invisible Rainbow https://www.learntruehealth.com/the-invisible-rainbow Highlights: What is electrical pollution Illnesses caused by exposure to electrical pollution Ways to lessen exposure to electrical pollution   5G is here, and while many people are excited about this technology, Arthur Firstenberg describes it as the most urgent threat on earth today. In this episode, he explains why 5G is bad for us. He also enumerates different sources of electrical pollution and how we can lessen exposure to electrical pollution. [00:00:00] Ashley James: Welcome to the Learn True Health podcast. I’m your host, Ashley James. This is episode 445. I am so excited for today’s guest. We have the author of The Invisible Rainbow, Arthur Firstenberg. Arthur, one of my best friends was freaking out when she read your book. Her husband read your book, and he just was blown away. And then I started getting requests from a few listeners saying that your book has been mind-blowing, and it’s the most important book people have read in the last 10 years or more. It really caught my attention, and I thought I have to have this man on the show. We have to let more people know about your work. So I recently got your book, and I cannot put it down. I’m holding it right now. I could probably use it as an exercise device because of how thick it is. Based on the picture on Amazon, I was expecting a little paperback I could finish on the weekend, and it’s almost 400 pages. And then there’s what seems like about 75 to 100 pages of references. I mean, you really did your homework.   [00:01:23] Arthur Firstenberg: There’s actually 150 pages of footnotes and bibliography.   [00:01:30] Ashley James: Yes, I was guessing. I’m holding it. I showed my husband. I’m like, “Do you see the scientific references?” I’m quite impressed. But reading your book, it’s very, very interesting. The first thing that came to mind is that I would love to see your book become a documentary or some kind of movie because of how—   [00:01:50] Arthur Firstenberg: Somebody called me yesterday that wants to do exactly that.   [00:01:55] Ashley James: Yes, please do. I mean, as long as you have control of how it goes, but it is phenomenally well-written. Well-researched. If everyone knew what you lay out so well in this book it would change the world. I want to dive into understanding—for those who’ve never heard of you or your work—I want to dive into it a bit. But first, I’d like to know a bit about you. What happened in your life that made you want to write this book?   [00:02:31] Arthur Firstenberg: I went to medical school, and midway through school—at the end of my second year—I had some dental work and a whole lot of dental x-rays in the course of a summer. The last series of x-rays did something to my head, and I felt something give way in the back of my skull. I felt an electric current travel from head to toes and out into the floor. The next morning, when I went around in the hospital, I could feel electric currents emanating from every piece of electrical equipment in the hospital. My life has not been the same since then. I found out that I couldn’t finish school, essentially. I attempted to stick it out and get my MD. One day, on the inpatient pediatrics, I collapsed with all the symptoms of a heart attack. I had a year to go for my MD, and I left school. Before I had done that, I did a trade with my plastic surgery professor because being in the operating room was no longer possible. Every time I assisted a surgery I would have crippling pains in my hips so that I couldn’t walk for three days. He excused me from the OR in exchange for writing a research paper on a topic of my choice. I chose the effects of radiant energy on living organisms.   [00:04:33] Ashley James: Wow.   [00:04:33] Arthur Firstenberg: This was in December of 1981. In doing research for the chapter, I went to the medical school’s library—this was the  University of California Irvine—and lo and behold, there were many shelves full of books on the effects of electromagnetic radiation, electromagnetic fields on biology and on health. We were not being taught this in medical school, and this seemed very strange to me. So I started doing research. That’s been my life, partially, since 1981, and full time since 1996 is researching being an advocate, being a support person, and being an activist. Trying to educate the world to this biological and environmental factor that nobody’s aware of.   [00:05:43] Ashley James: Did your professors believe you when you explained that being near electronics gave you excruciating pain?   [00:05:52] Arthur Firstenberg: I never asked him that question that way.   [00:06:00] Ashley James: Do you feel like they treated you as if they believed you? If they believed you, wouldn’t they have wanted to help?   [00:06:12] Arthur Firstenberg: I didn’t get any feedback because I submitted the paper in December, and I collapsed at the end of February. So it was only a couple of months before I quit school, and I never got any feedback from him.   [00:06:26] Ashley James: Do you still experience pain when you’re near electronics?   [00:06:32] Arthur Firstenberg: Not to the degree that I did then, but yes. A lot of people do. In fact, I would venture to say that most everybody does, but they’re not educated as to what the cause is. So a lot of people are on various pain medications. It causes sleep disorders, and the people are on sleeping medications. It causes anxiety, so people are on anxiety medications and antidepressants. They keep their cell phone in their hip pocket, and that causes excruciating pain, but they don’t connect the cause. So they end up going to the doctor, and the doctor tells them their hips are worn out. Let’s give you a hip replacement, and the nerves are cut, so it doesn’t hurt anymore. This is not confined to a few people. This is affecting the entire population of the globe.   [00:07:36] Ashley James: My husband and I both noticed—he has an iPhone, I have an android—our hands hurt when we hold our cell phones. That we can feel something. There’s something there. I mean, if you weren’t really paying attention, you could ignore it, but we’re very in tune with our bodies, and we can feel it. His hurts his hand more than mine does, I noticed.   [00:08:00] Arthur Firstenberg: Right. And that is the sign that you should stop using it because you can get cancer of your hand.   [00:08:10] Ashley James: Jeez. I was going to say, what damage is being done by being exposed to—and there are so many different forms of electricity like you say in your book. The cell phone is like the microwave, right? But we have electricity going throughout our house, our laptops, the Wi-Fi, the cell signals, and the radio waves.   The Dangers of 5G and How To Reduce Exposure to Electrical Pollution [00:08:32] Arthur Firstenberg: Okay, so now you’re talking about two different types of electrical pollution. The electricity going through your wires creates an electric field. That electric field is not intentional. That’s not part of the product, and it can be shielded with proper engineering. You can twist the wires. You can put it in a conduit. You can eliminate the electric fields to a great extent. They’re not necessary. The difference with wireless technology is that radiation is the product. That cell phone and Wi-Fi will not work unless you’re getting irradiated, so it’s a different idea. It’s actually the first form of pollutant in history that is intentionally being spread over every square inch of the planet. In other words, pesticides are designed to kill pests. They escape into the general environment, but that’s not deliberate. With wireless technology, the pollutant is the product, and that’s a big difference.   [00:09:57] Ashley James: You know what scares me is hearing that Elon Musk is launching satellites so that he can bathe every square mile in the entire earth with 5G waves, basically. There’ll be no escaping this electric pollution, as you put it.   [00:10:19] Arthur Firstenberg: That scares me more than anything else that’s going on right now on the planet. I am scared of climate change, pesticides, deforestation, and everything else that’s destroying our beautiful earth. But he’s putting thousands, in fact, he plans to put tens of thousands of satellites in low orbit around the earth. And I am less concerned about the direct radiation reaching the earth from a few hundred miles up than I am how they’re going to alter the electromagnetic environment of the earth itself in which we evolved and which we are dependent on for life and health. In other words, atmospheric physicists study what they call the global electrical circuit, and people are not aware of our electrical environment. We’re not taught this in school. Electricity is thought of as something useful that can accomplish things for us. That can turn on our lights, power motors, and so forth. But we actually live in an electric field—a natural electric field of 130 volts per meter on average in fair weather. And it’s a complex electric field.  In thunderstorms, the direction of the field reverses, and lightning actually completes the circuit. So you actually have a complete circuit traveling horizontally through the ionosphere, then vertically down to the earth in fair weather, beneath our feet horizontally through the earth, and then back up to the sky during thunderstorms. This circulates all the time, and it goes through the bodies of every living thing. It actually goes through our bodies, circulates through our acupuncture meridians. Doctors of oriental medicine study a little piece of this science, but basically, it’s little specializations and nobody’s looking at the whole picture. If you put 12,000 or more or 42,0000 or 100,000 satellites, there are a lot of players in this game. Space-X is the first entrant, but there are others waiting in the wings and starting to launch satellites. If you put tens of thousands of satellites up there, each one emitting thousands of different frequencies because you’re serving thousands of different users from each satellite, you’re going to pollute this circuit that travels through our bodies, keeps us healthy, and gives us life. This is what I’m frightened of, and this is imminent. This is much more imminent and life-threatening than any of these other environmental threats.   [00:13:50] Ashley James: I love studying astronomy. Why is it that earth has a perfect environment than any other planet in our solar system for life? And we have this beautiful electromagnetic field that you just described that allows us to have life. That allows the earth to prevent solar radiation from fully hitting us. It’s a shield. It protects us, but it also is what we’ve evolved from. Something you brought up in the book that we evolved from wherever we came from. Whether you believe we came from Adam and Eve, or whether you believe we came from single cells in a swamp, we have been here—for as long as we’ve been here—living with this natural electricity that is moving, that we are part of.   [00:14:51] Arthur Firstenberg: And in the 18th century, when people were beginning to study electricity in depth and when they were beginning to find ways of storing it and using it, it was initially used in medicine before it was used for any other technologies as kind of a panacea for a lot of illnesses. Isaac Newton also believed that electricity was the life force. That this is what gave us life. And my conclusion after studying this field for the last 40 years is that probably that’s right.  Electricity is either closely related to or identical with the life force, with this substance that travels, that acupuncturists work on, and travels through our acupuncture meridians. It’s modulated in complex ways. There’s what a lot of people have heard of, the Schumann resonances, which are the resonant frequencies of the biosphere—8, 14, 20, 26, and 32 hertz. That’s part of what circulates to our bodies. But it’s all controlled by the ionosphere. The ionosphere is a source of high voltage. It’s the earth’s source of high voltage. It’s charged to an average of 300,000 volts, and this is what powers and regulates the electricity that circulates in the biosphere and goes through every living thing.   [00:16:33] Ashley James: So what are the dangers of our modern electricity, of our modern devices? I love that in your book, you show very clearly that at each point in our history when we had a new introduction to the widespread use of electricity, that there was an uptick in disease. Could you go over some of that?   [00:17:05] Arthur Firstenberg: Yeah. The first major use of electricity was for telegraphy. Millions of miles of telegraph wires were strung all around the earth, and there was a new disease described during the 1860s called neurasthenia. And nobody knew where it came from. Its sufferers were tired all the time and couldn’t sleep. Had aches and pains all over their bodies. A lot of things that people who call themselves electrically sensitive complain about today. I don’t use that term by the way—electrical sensitivity—because it gives the wrong impression that people who realize what’s making them sick are not normal. We’re just like everybody else. We just have figured it out. This is what’s making us sick. Like every other toxin in the environment, there’s a range of vulnerability in the population. If you poison the population with anything—with arsenic, not everybody will get sick at the same time. But if you expose people to high enough levels of electromagnetic fields, as we are doing today, eventually, everybody gets sick. Everybody gets affected. But in the 1860s, there was this epidemic, actually pandemic, of what they called neurasthenia. And for 40 years, it was in the literature. Nobody could figure it out, and along came Sigmund Freud in about 1895. He said this is a psychological disorder, and he called it anxiety neurosis, and that has stuck. So today, we have this thing called anxiety disorder, and 1/6 or 1/5 of the population is being diagnosed with it. And everybody’s being put on anti-anxiety meds, but still, the cause is not being realized. Telegraph operators suffered from it to a large degree. In the coming decades, in the 19th century, telephone operators suffered from it to a large degree. And then in 1889, when AC current essentially spread all over the world, and it spread extraordinarily rapidly. Basically, 1889 was in the space of a year the earth became wrapped in electric wires with alternating currents in them. And that was the year when the first modern influenza epidemic broke out all over the world.  Following that, the Spanish influenza of 1918—according to my research—was triggered by the United States’ entry into World War I with the latest in radio technology. The most powerful radio stations in the world. The first radio stations in the world that broadcast voices that could be heard over most of the earth. These were extraordinarily low frequency, enormously powerful radio stations that were turned on in September of 1918. The one in New Brunswick, New Jersey. And that month was when Spanish influenza became deadly all over the world. I traced the epidemics of influenza throughout the 20th century. 1957, the advent of radar for civil defense especially by the United States 1968. The Hong Kong flu coincided with the launch of the first fleet of military satellites into space.  That’s a brief summary. The advent of the wireless revolution in 1996 in this country a couple of years earlier in Europe and some of the rest of the world, the illness that was caused by that was also caused influenza, but it was not simultaneous all over the world because antennas and cell towers were not coordinated quite as well throughout the world as some of these earlier technologies. For example, where I was living in New York City, the first digital cell towers were turned on citywide commercially on November 14, 1996. A so-called influenza epidemic locally to New York City began essentially on that date and lasted officially until the following May. As a previously injured person living in New York City, I escaped one week later. It felt like I barely survived, I barely escaped with my life. That’s when I started the Cellular Phone Task Force and put an ad in the New York City newspaper saying if you have been sick since November 15, 1996 with the following symptoms, please contact us. And we heard from people all over the city who thought they were having a heart attack, a stroke, or a nervous breakdown on approximately that date. And that was the foundation for my nonprofit, which I have been running ever since then, since 24 years ago. And I got mortality rates. I downloaded mortality rates from the CDC’s website.   [00:24:07] Ashley James: Really?   [00:24:09] Arthur Firstenberg: Yeah. I called up the doctor—what was his name in Israel? His name escapes me. Anyway, he directed me to the CDC’s website and said there’s where you can find mortality statistics. Indeed, there was a spike in mortality in New York City that lasted two to three months. I think it was three to four months in New York City. It was particularly devastating. I did this later. There was an increase in mortality between 10% and 25% lasting on average two to three months in every city that deployed what we now call 2G technology that began on the date in that city when the first 2G system went commercial. And I documented this for dozens of cities.   [00:25:11] Ashley James: Going back in the late 1800s when they had the major influenza outbreak after the modern world basically had electricity, had the wires everywhere, and the homes had access to electricity for the first time ever. Had there ever been a documented case of influenza to that extent, or was this the largest we’d ever seen?   [00:25:45] Arthur Firstenberg: Sure. Influenza is an ancient disease. It’s been known forever, but it was never an annual disease. When the worldwide influenza hit in 1889, a lot of doctors had never seen a case of it before. The previous influenza epidemic in the United Kingdom, I believe, had happened in 1854 or 1856.   [00:26:20] Ashley James: That skipped like 20 years?   [00:26:24] Arthur Firstenberg: Forty, forty-five years.   [00:26:25] Ashley James: Oh, huge difference.   [00:26:26] Arthur Firstenberg: Forty, forty-five years previously. And the last influenza epidemic in the United States had been in the 1870s, more than 20 years previously. Suddenly, in 1889, there was influenza throughout the world, and it returned every single year worldwide after that. In 1890, there was in the winter—every year.   [00:26:54] Ashley James: Every year until now.   [00:26:56] Arthur Firstenberg: Yeah. It was never an annual disease before. It was never a seasonal disease before. It had something to do with solar radiation. There has been any number of studies correlating historical influenza epidemics with sunspots. So it seemed to come with the maximum solar activity until modern times.   [00:27:22] Ashley James: It would disrupt our electromagnetic field or disrupt our cells in a negative way, and that would leave us susceptible or weakened?   [00:27:32] Arthur Firstenberg: Something like that. And I also explored the Maunder Minimum in the 16th and 17th centuries when there were no sunspots for a period of 75 years, something like that. And during that time, there were no influenza pandemics. That’s consistent with influenza being—as I propose—an electrical disease, and not a viral disease, although it is associated with a virus.   [00:28:10] Ashley James: Well, the viruses live dormant in our body and are opportunistic, many of them, right? Chickenpox becomes shingles when someone’s immune system is compromised, and warts—herpes outbreaks. I mean, that’s one thing that could be hypothesized is that we have the influenza virus dormant in our body, and then when we are in a weakened state, it comes out as opposed to being caught by people.   [00:28:37] Arthur Firstenberg: That is what a number of influenza specialists have proposed in the past.   [00:28:43] Ashley James: And that’s radical.   [00:28:45] Arthur Firstenberg: Exactly what they proposed.   [00:28:46] Ashley James: I mean, what a radical concept because the pharmaceutical companies would not want us to believe this because they want us to take a flu shot every year. And now they’re saying we should take two flu shots because of COVID. I just thought it was really funny. I saw this video yesterday that Dr. Oz was saying that those who get flu shots have, I think he said, 36% more chance of developing COVID and they cut him off. I don’t know if it was CNN, but it was some interview and they cut him off.   [00:29:16] Arthur Firstenberg: That is actually based on a peer-reviewed published study that says that. Back in 1918 actually, doctors attempted to prove the infectious nature of influenza. These were doctors in Boston, and they published their research in public health reports in The New England Journal of Medicine and prestigious publications. They failed. This was during the height of Spanish influenza. They tried to infect 100 healthy individuals with secretions from sick influenza patients by having sick influenza patients cough several times into their faces, by injecting blood from sick influenza patients into healthy people. Not one of the 100 healthy people got sick, and they ended up saying we don’t know how influenza is spread. There were veterinarians because horses got influenza. They caught the epidemic about a month before people did. They tried to transfer influenza via secretions from horses into healthy horses, and the healthy horses didn’t get sick. So there was a resounding failure to infect healthy people with sick people by influenza.   [00:30:46] Ashley James: I don’t want to call it a conspiracy theory, but there’s been a chatter that areas in the world where COVID has taken off are the same areas where they’ve been introducing 5G or testing 5G technology. Have you heard of this? Is there any basis for it? It sounds like it’d be up your alley.   [00:31:11] Arthur Firstenberg: I have investigated it personally. There is a basis for it. My hypothesis is that the COVID-19 virus causes hypoxia by preventing oxygen from binding to hemoglobin. That the radiation from 5G causes hypoxia by interfering with electron transport in your mitochondria. So the COVID-19 virus starves your blood vessels of oxygen. The 5G starves your cells of oxygen. And when you put the two together, they are deadly. At first, I didn’t believe this, but when I investigated it, 5G officially got turned on in Wuhan, China two weeks before the first known cases of COVID-19 broke out there. 5G officially was turned on in New York City about two weeks before a very bad COVID-19 epidemic broke out in New York City. 5G was on board the Diamond Princess cruise ship. There seems to be a pattern here. Here where I live in Santa Fe, New Mexico—at least when I checked a week or two ago—there had been zero COVID-19 deaths in Santa Fe county to date. We don’t have 5G. Albuquerque does. They’ve got a bunch of COVID-19 deaths. As to why COVID-19 is rampant on the Navajo reservation could be due to other forms of pollution. It could be due to the fact that Native Americans have high rates of diabetes. There’s a lot of factors here. It’s not black and white simple, but there is a correlation with 5G. I did a search last week because I was curious. The Gaza Strip has one of the highest densities of population in the world. I wanted to know if they have a problem with the coronavirus, and it turns out to date, out of 1.8 million people, they’ve had 10 deaths from COVID-19. Essentially, they don’t have the disease there even though they are more crowded than any place in the world.  So there seems to be a correlation, and as I said, I have a hypothesis as to why there is a virus. It is deadly. My opinion is that there was—for the first few months—a pretty bad pandemic, and that has more or less passed. People adjust to it, people have immune systems, and the world is pretending that nobody has an immune system. We have to continue locking down the world, wearing masks, and social distancing. From my research, it doesn’t make sense that the places that have the highest number of deaths and the highest rate of illnesses are the places that have the most radiation.   [00:35:14] Ashley James: Why is it that ever since we have electricity and radio waves—we have all this electric pollution. Why is it that influenza comes back every year in the winter? Is it because we’re indoors more? Because I think people are indoors and are exposed to this all the time, so why winter when a few hundred years ago, it was like once every 40 years?   [00:35:42] Arthur Firstenberg: We don’t know. It has something to do with either the amount of solar radiation, which goes down in the winter, or the amount of artificial electromagnetic fields, which goes way up in the winter because we’re indoors. But that’s just speculation. I certainly don’t know all the answers.   [00:36:04] Ashley James: Like you said, there are other factors. Perhaps vitamin D levels, which are already dangerously low. Many people don’t have their vitamin D tested. To a naturopathic physician, if you’re below 60, it’s unhealthy. You want your vitamin D levels to be between 60 and 100. I’ve had a doctor come on the show—very experienced doctors—say that he has never seen toxic vitamin D levels and he prescribes incredibly high amounts of vitamin D, and he’s never seen someone above 100. But he does see chronically low vitamin D, and chronically low vitamin D leads to and there’s a correlation to cancer and to lowered immune health—lowered immune function. And of course, the more we spend time indoors, the less vitamin D we have and the more exposure to electric pollution, right?   [00:36:57] Arthur Firstenberg: It could well be.   [00:37:00] Ashley James: Right. Very fascinating. What other illnesses are commonly seen with exposure to electric pollution? You yourself had it when you had that x-ray. Can you give us some more examples?   [00:37:20] Arthur Firstenberg: Well, the chronic diseases that we are all living within the 21st century, and I show this in my book. Not only I explained the mechanism, but I showed historically when it began the trend, I graphed it out, and I published all the data—cancer, diabetes, and heart disease. These three diseases were rare or virtually non-existent before electrification, which means before telegraphy began in the 1840s, was well underway by the 1860s. And there’s a good reason for it because electromagnetic fields interfere with the movement of electrons. So this means that it interferes with electron transport in your mitochondria. In the mitochondria of every cell of every living organism. Electron transport is the last stage of metabolizing your food and utilizing the oxygen that you breathe. So when you metabolize your food, you’re producing electrons, which get transferred to the oxygen you breathe. It generates ATP, and this is how we live. If you interfere with electron transport, you are not efficiently metabolizing sugars, fats, and proteins. You don’t efficiently metabolize sugars at the rate at which you should be able to. Sugars back up into your bloodstream and excreted by your kidneys and you have diabetes. You don’t efficiently metabolize, fats they back into your bloodstream, get deposited in your coronary arteries, and you get heart disease. Cancer thrives in anaerobic environments. That’s actually how it’s diagnosed. So you’re effectively starving your cells of oxygen forcing them into anaerobic metabolism and cancer cells love it. So these three diseases, in my opinion, are predominantly caused by the escalation of what in some parts of the world is called the electrosmog. It hasn’t caught on in this country, but electromagnetic pollution.   [00:40:01] Ashley James: The rates of those diseases back in 1870, for example, before the widespread use of electricity in our homes. What were the rates of those diseases then?   [00:40:18] Arthur Firstenberg: Cancer, before it started to rise, was the 25th most common cause of death. About as many people died of accidental drowning as died of cancer. Diabetes was almost non-existent. The first book in English that was ever written about diabetes in the 1780s, the doctor who wrote it had only ever seen two cases of diabetes in his life. Heart disease was a disease of old people and infants—people with heart defects. People in the prime of their life between infancy and old age never got heart disease. This started to change in the 1840s and 1850s with all those three diseases.   [00:41:21] Ashley James: But that was before electricity was in the homes though. Was there electric smog or electric pollution being developed back then?   [00:41:31] Arthur Firstenberg: It was not in the homes but there were telegraph wires in most populated places.   [00:41:40] Ashley James: That’s right.   [00:41:41] Arthur Firstenberg: And not only most populated places, but running around alongside railroad tracks and elsewhere in rural environments.   [00:41:48] Ashley James: Yeah. It’s absolutely fascinating that you go through in your book all of the electric pollution that we’ve experienced in the last few hundred years, and then the rates of these diseases going through the roof.   [00:42:01] Arthur Firstenberg: And back in those days, the return current for telegraphy did not go through a wire. The return was through the earth itself, and that meant that there were ground currents from—well, nowadays it’s the power grid. But then those days, it was the telegraph grid. All of the return currents went through the earth, and so people were exposed to it just by walking around.   [00:42:32] Ashley James: I have a friend who has fibromyalgia, and there was a thunderstorm. It was so violent that when I woke up in the middle of the night, I could see the lightning—the light of the lightning. There’s so much lightning that I could walk down the hallway in my house and I could see everything. After that, I think it was August 1996 in Muskoka, Canada. And after that day, she was in the hospital for six months unable to walk in excruciating pain.  That just stuck in the back of my mind that she had been diagnosed with fibromyalgia. Back then, it was really hard to get diagnosed with it, and doctors really don’t know what to do about it. But that anytime there were electrical storms, she was put out for days or weeks. And this one was so bad she was in excruciating pain for six months. That’s a natural phenomenon, right? So imagine what is happening to our bodies when we’re around this electric pollution.  I love to point out in the show that we really don’t focus enough on the fact that our body is energy. When you go to a hospital, if you’re having weird symptoms, they’ll put electrodes on you and they’ll read the energy coming from your heart, coming from your brain. They’re reading the energy our body is putting out there in order to diagnose. That every part of our body is using electricity in some way. So when we’re exposed to this electric smog, of course, it would have an effect on us. Why do we think that we’re immune? Why do we think we’re immune to microwaves, Wi-Fi, and 5G? Why do we think we’re immune? Is it all through marketing? I mean, why is it that we think we’re totally immune and then we get sick and we take meds. Why are so many people blind to the fact that our body is energy, and our body is disrupted by the artificial energy we have surrounded ourselves by?   [00:44:54] Arthur Firstenberg: I do discuss this in my book. We have been in denial since the year 1800 as a culture. That was the year that the electric battery was invented. There started to be uses invented for electricity stored in batteries, and then in the 1840s telegraphy was used with essentially electric generating technology which had been invented in the meantime. The fact that it can make our lives easier and take over the work, the animals—industrial society has grown up completely dependent on electricity since about the year 1800. It has to do not so much with marketing, It’s a societal addiction. It has to do with our self-concept of who we are as human beings. It’s like if you took away electricity from us, who would we be? How would we live? People don’t want to think about it. There was a medical controversy in the year 1800 as to even the existence of what in the 18th century, the 1700s had been called animal electricity. As I said, people believed that electricity was a life force. Along came Alessandro Volta with the electric battery, and he demonstrated that you could generate electricity without the use of animals. He said there’s no such thing as animal electricity. There were a big controversy and a debate between Volta and Galvani in the 1790s as to the source of electricity, and Volta’s pronouncement that electricity had nothing to do with biology was widely believed and became the standard teaching in medicine and in society and people forgot. But they didn’t totally forget because electricity was still used very widely for electrotherapy to cure a lot of different diseases basically until the end of the 19th century when it started to be used for lights and power. Once it started to be used for lights and power, electrotherapy died out. People couldn’t continue to think that it was the life force if it could do all these wonderful things and be so powerful.   [00:48:21] Ashley James: I love the chapter where you gave the history of how they used electricity and medicine. That’s what made me really want this to be a movie, like a documentary or something. It’s so fascinating. That electricity can be harmful, but you also documented the thousands and thousands of cases where they saw healings from it. Many people who were deaf gained their hearing after using a specific electrode in and around their ear that physicians used, or back then, they called them electricians I think you said in the book.   [00:48:58] Arthur Firstenberg: They were called electricians, yes, in the 18th century.   [00:49:02] Ashley James: Quite fascinating.   [00:49:04] Arthur Firstenberg: Yeah, it cured quite a number of documented cases of deafness. It cured some cases of blindness. It was reputed to make the lame walk but at really low power levels and brief exposures. They would expose somebody’s ear to a few pulses of electricity for a few minutes and that was it. When they tried to use higher powers of electricity, it didn’t work. It just injured them.   [00:49:41] Ashley James: There are medical devices that I’ve used and that show great results. Ionic foot detox spas that use a platinum energy system, it’s called, that uses almost a rife frequency. The BEMER, which is a mat out of Europe and used as a medical device in the hospitals there, is documented to increase blood flow right at the capillary and also make red blood cells function in a better way, not stick together, and it stimulates mitochondria to function even better. So there are lots of devices out there that use very, very, very low frequencies—gentle, and they see that it stimulates health and healing.   [00:50:32] Arthur Firstenberg: Gentle and brief, it has to be.   [00:50:35] Ashley James: Right. Gentle and brief.   [00:50:36] Arthur Firstenberg: Not chronic, not for long periods of time. And in today’s world, when we’re all immersed in a sea of electromagnetic radiation, I tell people to exercise extreme caution before using any of these devices because it has some therapeutic effects, but you don’t know what else it’s doing to you.   [00:50:58] Ashley James: Exactly. And wouldn’t it be even healthier to take a break? I mean, I daydream now about going to a cabin in the mountains or somewhere far away from all of this and living like a pioneer by candlelight and just having a break, having a detox from electric pollution.   [00:51:20] Arthur Firstenberg: But you can’t do that anymore because it’s everywhere. It’s coming down from satellites. It’s going through the earth. It’s being broadcast from very powerful radar stations. For example, the entire Amazon Rainforest is being blasted by 28 super powerful radar stations so they can track anybody that moves through the forest. It’s unbelievable what’s going on on the planet.   [00:51:56] Ashley James: This episode wasn’t designed to be doom and gloom. I do want to wake people up, but we also want to give people tools. You do talk in your book about what we can do to protect ourselves given that there’s nowhere to run. Electric pollution is everywhere. I mean, I have friends that live out in the Okanagan Valley in a very remote area of Washington, and there’s no cell service. There are almost no radio waves, and they live off the grid, so they have solar. They heat the house with firewood. You can lessen. You can decrease the amount of electric pollution. I mean, you have to really go out of your way. You can’t live in a city.   [00:52:42] Arthur Firstenberg: The most important thing that people have to do is get rid of their cell phones. That is the single most powerful source of radiation that everybody’s exposed to nowadays.   [00:52:52] Ashley James: Fascinating.   [00:52:54] Arthur Firstenberg: You’re getting more radiation from your phone than from all the cell towers and from the satellites, and people do not realize this because you’re holding it in your hand, holding it next to your head. The exposure level goes up exponentially with the proximity to the body.   [00:53:15] Ashley James: You had outlined that when 2G went live back in—I believe you said 1996.   [00:53:23] Arthur Firstenberg: Six and seven.   [00:53:24] Ashley James: 1996, 1997, which was right around that time my friend got sick for six months in the hospital after the electric storm. That’d be interesting to see when 2G went live in that part of Canada. So when it went live, you could document, you could pinpoint in the different cities the death rate going up and strange influenza outbreaks only in these specific cities during that time. Well, since then, we’ve had 3G and 4G. Have you been able to repeat this? Have you been able to see that once 3G and 4G went live that you could again see a spike in deaths and a spike in illnesses?   [00:54:04] Arthur Firstenberg: I have not tracked it in as much detail as I tracked it from zero radiation to 2G. That was very dramatic. Locally, I collected anecdotal reports here in Santa Fe when AT&T upgraded all its towers from 3G to 4G, there were lots of reports of illnesses around Santa Fe. I don’t have statistics to back that up. Those are only anecdotal reports, but it’s very consistent.   [00:54:42] Ashley James: It would be interesting to go back and look at because, of course, the biggest leap would be from zero to something. But then 2G to 3G to 4G, I mean, those just ramp up incredibly more powerful and more pervasive.   [00:54:59] Arthur Firstenberg: There are also so many more providers. There’s AT&T, Verizon, Sprint, and T-Mobile. Each one does a different thing at a different time, and it’s just a kind of a gradual increase. Then you added Wi-Fi in about 2001. Yeah, it’s a gradual increase. 5G is no longer gradual. 5G is very dramatically different.   [00:55:29] Ashley James: Why is 5G so different than 4G?   [00:55:32] Arthur Firstenberg: Because it uses millimeter waves instead of centimeter waves—a very short wave, high frequency. It uses phased array technology, which is focused pencil-like beams where the cell tower tracks your user device and vice versa, or the satellite tracks you in a narrowly focused beam. And the power levels are very much greater. They’re 10 to 100 times greater than with 4G, 3G.   [00:56:08] Ashley James: If 5G comes in my area, I’m going to get rid of my cell phone. I mean, that is just it. What you just described was the final straw. I have a friend who doesn’t have a cell phone, and she’s a dear friend. I’m kind of just perplexed at how she survives in life, but she does. She gets around, and she has a home line, has a landline, and a computer and does just fine. I know it would definitely be an interesting experience.   [00:56:36] Arthur Firstenberg: There are a few of us that still live like that.   [00:56:41] Ashley James: It would definitely be an interesting experience, but I’m not willing to sacrifice my health to that extent. Either that or I’ll have to move to an area where 5G doesn’t exist anymore.   [00:56:52] Arthur Firstenberg: Well, I want people to wake up to the fact that they should not sacrifice their planet.   [00:56:57] Ashley James: I know.   [00:56:58] Arthur Firstenberg: For the convenience.   [00:57:01] Ashley James: I think there’s so much more to discuss about 5G, and I’ve had a few people come on the show and talk about it a little bit. It is so fascinating, and if there’s more for you to share, I’d love to do that. I also want to talk about Wi-Fi because we haven’t touched on it. Dr. Klinghardt, who I’ve had on the show, is an MD from Germany who is actually local to me, but people come from all around the world to see him at the Sophia Health Institute. He regularly helps children who are on the spectrum no longer be on the spectrum. Now, were they ever truly autistic in the first place? That’s debatable. He says the first thing he does when the parents come, from all around the world, with their autistic child or autistic-like symptoms I should say—non-verbal, beating their head against the wall, looking like they’re in incredible agony, these children. He says to remove them from Wi-Fi. Zero Wi-Fi in the house. Have them be nowhere near Wi-Fi. In his clinic, there are no cell phones allowed. There’s no Wi-Fi allowed. Every computer is hardwired. And he says that heavy metals, which have accumulated in the brain, the Wi-Fi vibrates those heavy metals at 60 hertz, and it’s heating up the brain and causing the autism-like symptoms. And then he does a natural detox, a natural chelation of heavy metals. And these children become verbal, stop hitting their head, are able to communicate, are able to look their parents in the eye and say they love them, and give them hugs. It is miraculous what we see come out of his clinic, but he says the first thing is to stop with the Wi-Fi. It is basically cooking their brain.   [00:58:53] Arthur Firstenberg: I agree with him. People have to stop with the Wi-Fi, and schools have to stop with the Wi-Fi. Children have to start living in a non-irradiated environment. They’re growing up much more unhealthy than previous generations of children. Why? Because they go to school with Wi-Fi and they grew up with cell phones. If we want to have a healthy future and a healthy planet to live on, that’s the direction in which we have to go.   [00:59:27] Ashley James: Do you see any correlation between the use of cell phones, Wi-Fi, or electric pollution, and mental health issues? You did mention that anxiety, which was never previously documented, was widespread after we used the telegraph. We’re now seeing that the second leading cause of death in the ages between 10 and 24 is suicide or the second leading cause of death of suicide, and that is new. As of the last few years, suicide has now jumped up to the second leading cause of death in our youth right now, and all these children have cell phones in their hands and are constantly exposed to Wi-Fi. Now, of course, social media bullying is all a factor. Do you see that there is a direct correlation between the amount of electric pollution that our youth is exposed to and mental health issues?   [01:00:23] Arthur Firstenberg: I would say it’s a big factor. It’s not the only factor, but it’s a big factor.   [01:00:29] Ashley James: So, what can we do to protect ourselves? Okay, so we get rid of our cell phone, that’s one thing. If someone can’t because of work, they completely limit their exposure at all costs to the cell phone. What else can we do in our home?   [01:00:48] Arthur Firstenberg: Well, I’m on a campaign to save this planet, not just to have people individually be healthier because it’s becoming impossible. If you own a cell phone, if you’re dependent on your cell phone, which means you expect it to work wherever you go, then you are dependent on the wireless infrastructure. Your cell phone cannot work wherever you go unless the entire infrastructure of the planet is there. All the cell towers have to be there. People more and more, even when they go on an ocean cruise, they want their cell phone to work so all the satellites have to be there.  The demand has to stop. It’s an insatiable demand for connectivity that is driving a lot of this. Yes, there’s a desire to make money, but at the base, it’s an insatiable demand for connectivity. We’ve gotten so used to—as alive human beings—having the right to connect to anyone, anywhere, anytime, wherever we happen to be. That’s killing our planet. It’s got to stop.   [01:01:59] Ashley James: So my friend Sean, who loved your book has some questions, and I think these are fantastic for everyone. He says that it’s a logistical question that in your book, you talk about aluminum or copper mesh to block EMF. How would you do that? Line your roof, cover your walls? How can we live in a city with, for example, 5G? Or how can we live in a city with electric pollution and best protect ourselves within the walls of our house?   [01:02:30] Arthur Firstenberg: I live in the Southwest where a lot of the houses are made of adobe, which is mud, it’s earth. Earth blocks the radiation, and that’s partly how I survive in Santa Fe. If you do not live in that kind of a house, there’s a big problem with smart meters.   [01:02:55] Ashley James: Yes.   [01:02:56] Arthur Firstenberg: That is increasingly everywhere, and they put a meter that emits radiation on the outside of your wall, and there’s basically nothing you can do about it. But a lot of places have an opt-out. If you opt-out and your neighbors got it, you can line your wall. You can actually paint that wall with paint that contains metallic fibers that are usually silver fibers that you can buy from places like Less EMF and paint the wall. It’ll block radiation from that side of the house. If your neighbor’s Wi-Fi is bothering you, again you can block that. You can even do it cheaply. You can put a sheet of aluminum foil over your wall and it’ll do the same thing. The thicker the sheet or the more layers, the better the blockage. The problem comes if the shielding material, if it’s metallic, becomes too large then it starts acting like an antenna. And it actually draws in and amplifies electromagnetic radiation from your environment. Then it depends on the size of it and what its resonant frequency is. But basically, I tell people that they do not want to live in a house with a metal roof because a metal roof is a huge antenna. Unless you want to live in a Faraday cage in complete metal structure. Not terribly healthy. A lot of people sleep on their sleeping canopies, which shield them from everything in their environment, and it’s not terribly healthy, but it does block the radiation. The reason it’s not terribly healthy is it distorts your own body’s electromagnetic field, it reflects it back at you, it blocks (to some degree) some of the earth’s natural frequencies, which you depend on for health but unblock all of them. It’s not a terribly healthy thing to do. But sometimes it’s a tradeoff. If you want to survive, sometimes you’ve got to do it.   [01:05:22] Ashley James: How effective is it to turn the circuits off in the house, or at least to your bedroom when you sleep?   [01:05:29] Arthur Firstenberg: Somewhat effective. The problem is when you turn off the circuit breaker, it only disconnects the hotwires and not the neutral wire. The neutral wire is at the same potential as the earth, supposedly, and it’s the return current to the power plant. So when you turn off the circuit breaker, it disconnects the hotwire, leaves the neutral wire connected, and when there’s dirty electricity in the power grid it still gets into your house. So it’s somewhat effective and not completely effective. What I’ve done in my house is I’ve installed a three-pole switch on the outside of my house, which allows me to disconnect all three wires at the same time.   [01:06:16] Ashley James: Oh, yes. I had a Ph.D. electrician—a really interesting guy. His whole life work is about helping people to get clean electricity and minimize electricity in the house. People will call him up with weird symptoms. He comes into their house, he tests, and he either sees that their entire neighborhood is dirty electricity from the transformer, or they’re sometimes an entire town has dirty electricity and the whole town is experiencing weird symptoms.   [01:06:53] Arthur Firstenberg: I’ll tell you a secret. Every wire in the world now has dirty electricity because there are computers connected to them. There are billions of computers connected to the power grid.   [01:07:08] Ashley James: Fascinating.   [01:07:09] Arthur Firstenberg: And that did to use to be the case 30 years ago   [01:07:13] Ashley James: Yes. This man, Sal La Duca, when I interviewed him, he talked about how after he helped people stop having dirty electricity, all of a sudden everyone in the house could sleep. The insomnia the whole house had, even the baby had it. The father who is an MD didn’t believe any of this. Everyone had insomnia. All of a sudden, the insomnia went away overnight. And I’ve said this many times. I live in a rural area 45 minutes outside of Seattle, and when we have storms in the winter, our power will go out—sometimes for two weeks because of the wind storms. And it’s the best sleep I ever have when the power is out because there’s no Wi-Fi, no electricity.   [01:08:04] Arthur Firstenberg: It used to be that when I would tell people when you go home tonight, turn off your cell phone, take the battery out of it—which mostly is not possible, but it used to be. Either that or put it in a metal pot is just as good. Unplug your computer, unplug your modem, unplug your television, and see how you feel in the morning.   [01:08:34] Ashley James: And leave the electricity on in the house?   [01:08:37] Arthur Firstenberg: Yes. Turn off your cell phone and all the wireless. Unplug your TV, computer, and modem, and they suddenly can sleep and feel better in the morning. It used to be. Nowadays, when everybody’s got a smart meter on their house, it might not make so much difference.   [01:09:00] Ashley James: When I was pregnant with my first pregnancy, I had a blanket that had lead in it. It was quite heavy. It was a lead blanket. And I would wear it over my belly when I was at the computer. I experimented with my cell phone to see that my cell phone lost all signals when it was in this blanket. There are videos of people using these meters to show that the blanket really does block. I’m just wondering, should we be wearing these blankets when we’re sitting at work or wearing clothing that has this lead or some kind of copper or aluminum mesh?   [01:09:38] Arthur Firstenberg: Copper is the best shield.   [01:09:39] Ashley James: Copper is the best shield, okay. We should be wearing synthetic clothing?   [01:09:43] Arthur Firstenberg: Copper and silver are the best. Well, there are companies that sell clothing like that. To some extent they work. To some extent it depends. They don’t surround you completely. They’re not complete barriers. If you’re wearing a shielding hat, for example, and radiation bounces off the floor ad up into your hear onto the hat, it can get amplified from the inside. It’s a two-edged sword shielding.   [01:10:18] Ashley James: Oh my God. I never thought of that. You’re right. Oh my gosh. For those who have to use computers to work—I mean, now, think about the education of these children.   [01:10:32] Arthur Firstenberg: If you have to use a computer, turn off the Wi-Fi. Use it wired only.   [01:10:38] Ashley James: Hardwire your computer. That’s what we do at our house. We hardwire everything.   [01:10:42] Arthur Firstenberg: Hardwire everything. Hardwire your computer. Hardwire your phones—simple answer.   [01:10:46] Ashley James: Yeah, that’s right. You can get an adapter to plug into your phone to hardwire it. And then keep it on airplane mode if you need to.   [01:10:55] Arthur Firstenberg: I do not recommend using the cell phone even that way because it still got the resonant circuit in it.   [01:11:00] Ashley James: Okay. So get a landline.   [01:11:04] Arthur Firstenberg: Get a landline. Use it only hardwired, not cordless, and use a wired computer.   [01:11:10] Ashley James: Got it.   [01:11:11] Arthur Firstenberg: And disable the Wi-Fi on your computer. Disable the Wi-Fi in your modem or your router.   [01:11:18] Ashley James: What about earthing or grounding as a way of helping the body with exposure to electric pollution? Have you looked into earthing and grounding as a form of mitigation?   [01:11:35] Arthur Firstenberg: It’s very popular. It used to be very effective. Nowadays, when the earth is polluted with dirty electricity, most places on the earth, when you plug yourself into the earth, you actually can draw up the dirty electricity into your body. So it no longer is as effective as it used to be.   [01:11:56] Ashley James: What do you do on a daily basis to clean yourself of electric pollution or mitigate electric pollution?   [01:12:08] Arthur Firstenberg: I feel well in my house in Santa Fe. Mostly, there’s nothing that I have to do. If I am overcharged, I fill up a bathtub full of water and put some sea salt in it, and that will draw out the electricity from your body, or a handful of clay.   [01:12:30] Ashley James: I love it. As we wrap up our interview, I’d love to talk about how we can help your movement. I think we’re all on board. We all want a healthier planet. You have laid out very well that there is a definite problem that we have, and we are rapidly getting worse and worse. I mean, I don’t want to be doomsday about it, but if we just run with this technology, we’re just going to get to the point where we kill ourselves and the planet. There needs to be checks and balances. We need to slow down and really take the precaution seriously. What can we do to prevent 5G, for example? What can we do to tell these companies that we don’t want this electric pollution anymore?   [01:13:26] Arthur Firstenberg: I think the single most powerful thing that anybody can do is get rid of their cell phone. Stop being part of the demand for it. That’s the single most important thing to do. They can also monitor my websites, which are cell phonetaskforce.org. I send out newsletters, and there are posted on the website—a number of languages. And my other website is 5gspaceappeal.org. That’s the international appeal to stop 5G on earth and in space. It’s got about 300,000 signatures to date. And they can make donations on either of those websites to support my work and to support legal action that we’re taking. We have a case before the 10th Circuit Court of Appeals right now to declare laws that facilitate 5G unconstitutional.   [01:14:42] Ashley James: Yes. Arthur, that’s wonderful. I’m going to make sure the links to everything that Arthur Firstenberg does is in the show notes of today’s podcast at learntruehealth.com. And the link to your book, which I want everyone to read. It’s a fascinating book. I really can’t put it down. I’m very excited to finish it. I’m in the middle of it.  [01:15:08] Arthur Firstenberg: Our third website, which is not so popular yet, is echoearth.org, and it stands for End Cellphones Here on Earth.   [01:15:20] Ashley James: Okay, echoearth.org. I’m going to make sure that that and all the other links are on the show notes of today’s podcast at learntruehalth.com, and a link to your book, The Invisible Rainbow, which is fantastic. I think everyone should read it. Arthur, is there anything you’d like to say to wrap up today’s interview?   [01:15:39] Arthur Firstenberg: We live in dangerous times. Our earth is under threat from many directions. Electromagnetic radiation is just one of them. We have the burning of fossil fuels, which has got to stop. We have deforestation. We have pesticides. We have a lot of threats, and to me, the single most urgent one—and the one that I have become an expert in—is the electromagnetic radiation. It’s more urgent because it’s escalating faster than the other, and society is in total denial that it even exists. This is what I’m working on.   [01:16:34] Ashley James: Arthur, thank you so much for your work. I really appreciate you coming on the show today and sharing this information. I can’t wait to see The Invisible Rainbow as a documentary. It’s going to be such a great movie. Please, feel free to come back to the show anytime you have more to share. We’d love to have you back.   [01:16:51] Arthur Firstenberg: Thank you, Ashley.     Get Connected With Arthur Firstenberg! Website Echo Earth.Org International Appeal to Stop 5G on Earth and in Space Website   Book by Arthur Firstenberg The Invisible Rainbow   Recommended Reading by Arthur Firstenberg The Body Electric by Robert O. Becker  

We see batteries almost every day, but our brain hardly registers them unless we need one. On average, we throw away over 179,000 batteries every year, plus an additional 140,000 rechargeable batteries. We all know these small reactors create electricity, but what you may not know is the earliest known battery, called the “Baghdad Battery” is from 250BC. It was re-discovered in 1938 in the basement of the Baghdad museum. Controversy surrounds this earliest example of a battery, but suggested uses include electroplating, pain relief, or a religious tingle. American scientist and inventor Benjamin Franklin first used the term "battery" in 1749 when he was doing experiments with electricity using a set of linked capacitors. The first true battery was invented by the Italian physicist Alessandro Volta in 1800. Volta stacked discs of copper and zinc separated by a cloth soaked in salty water. Wires connected to either end of the stack produced a continuously stable current. #batteries #lithium # Now, get ready for the extreme advancement of x-ray technology. A brilliant new light shines in France, where officials at the ESRF announced the reopening of their completely rebuilt x-ray source. The ring-shaped machine, 844 meters around or 2,769-foot circle, generates x-ray beams 100 times brighter than its predecessor and 10 trillion times brighter than medical x-rays. The intense radiation could open up new vistas in x-ray science, such as imaging whole organs in three dimensions. #x-ray #esrf #advancex-ray One of the biggest challenges facing crewed missions to Mars is figuring out how to protect crewmembers from the onslaught of deadly cosmic rays. Now, scientists at a number of universities say there's growing evidence that an unusual solution could be effective: building shields out of a radiation-absorbing fungus that grows near the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant. #ChernobylNuclearPowerPlant #CryptococcusNeoformans --- This episode is sponsored by · Anchor: The easiest way to make a podcast. https://anchor.fm/app --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/sciencebytes/message Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/sciencebytes/support

Este año es el aniversario número 220 desde que el científico italiano Alessandro Volta inventó la primera pila eléctrica. Fue el 20 de marzo del 1800 cuando Volta publicó sus descubrimientos, que permitieron avances rápidos en la ciencia e inauguraron una nueva era en el campo de la energía. Tanto que una medida lo homenajea: el voltio. Para conmemorar este hito y repasar la influencia de la pila de Volta, conversamos esta mañana En Perspectiva con el ingeniero Juan Grompone.

POST WRITTEN BYBrad FlowersFounding partner at Bullhorn, overseeing all the good work.Let's face it: Even if your company has a bad name, the easiest thing to do is nothing. Simply do not rename the company.In fact, there is a track record of companies with bad names doing very well. Consider Microsoft. They have had success despite a name that could be interpreted to mean small and weak. (Well, "soft" doesn't exactly mean weak, but it certainly doesn't say international corporate giant either.)If you are going through the trouble to start a company or launch a product, you probably aren't the sort to just pick something out of a hat. And while a bad name can be overcome, a good name is an asset. There are plenty of high-profile and costly renames to suggest their value. Esso to Exxon. Datsun to Nissan and back (in some places). Andersen to Accenture. Philip Morris to Altria. All done for different reasons and to varying degrees of success.Here are five and a half considerations when questioning whether to rename your company.Are you limiting business opportunities?In some industries, it makes sense to name the company after yourself. You are in a high-trust business and your clients trust you, so you make the closest connection you can. That rationale has its limits. As a wealth management company, you can grow by adding new clients or you can grow by hiring managers who have their own books of business.Boardman Financial wanted to grow by attracting great partners. In order to do that, the company needed a more aspirational name that reflected the whole team and not just one person. The core of the team's culture is sitting with people and helping them navigate the ups and downs of their life. We used this navigation image to arrive at the name Ballast, meaning the counterbalance that provides stability in a long voyage.Are you limiting recruitment?For third-party logistics, recruitment is the name of the game. If you can't get a steady stream of 21-year-old go-getters, you won't be competitive. And this crew is competitive. Our client was called Quality Logistics, which was understandably confused with Total Quality Logistics and Quality Logistics Solutions – all different companies.Most clients have the primary goal of getting more business, but in this case, the only thing they cared about was attracting talent. Their name confusion lumped them in with companies that had reputations of churning through employees; we strategically distanced them from the industry, renaming the company as Longship. The name has roots in Norse mythology and navigation. The end result speaks to teamwork, journeys, and pulling in the same direction. Longship is a driven group of people working toward a clear goal.Are you limiting your vision?The landscaping industry isn't the place you normally find great naming. The companies are usually named after the founder, named very literally, or feature a bad pun. Our client was called Great Lawns, which was a great name for a company owned by a couple of teenagers with a pick-up and a couple of mowers.But as the owners got older, their vision expanded beyond residential maintenance. They were working for some of the largest companies in their region. They were designing and installing large projects that didn't have anything to do with lawn care; they were creating spaces where people found peace. The company became a Plot, as many people's favorite stories include a special outdoor place.Is your name misleading?DMD Data Systems was founded 25 years ago. The founder had a business idea (IT solutions for mid- to large-size companies) but hadn't thought through any names. So the founder did what many people would do and used his initials – which ended up confusing potential customers. Despite featuring "DMD" in its name, the company didn't do anything in the dental industry. It doesn't have a single doctor or medicine in dentistry on staff.The company engaged us to help them transition from something that doesn't accurately represent their company to a name the positions them for the future of their company. The new name of the company is Volta Technologies, which looks back to the inventor of the battery, Alessandro Volta.Are you going through a change in leadership/core offering?When most people think about pain management, they might think about pill mills and desperation. A client named Pain Management Medicine approached us hoping to address this problem. They became doctors to help people and ended up managing addictions. A new generation was taking over the practice and had a vision for a new treatment offering that gets to the root of the problem and helps the patient return to a healthy life. They created a multidisciplinary destination clinic that we named Wellward – a place of hope.Do you just not like it?This is the "half" in five and a half because it isn't really a consideration. Do you just hate the name? Do you just dread saying it, typing it out? Get rid of it. It is your company and you should love the name. It will only get harder and more complicated the longer you put it off. Rip off the Band-Aid.Whether you are starting a new company, renaming a successful one, or launching a product, you have a lot to consider. Think about these questions. Get your goals straight and then go forth with confidence. That is the main trick in a name. Can it be said confidently? Remember, the name is not the company. The name is just the signifier of the company. It represents the cool stuff you are already doing.Brad FlowersFounding partner at Bullhorn, overseeing all the good work.InstagramFacebookLinkedIn ★ Support this podcast on Patreon ★

Today we're going to review the innovations in electricity that led to the modern era of computing.  As is often the case, things we knew as humans, once backed up with science, became much, much more. Electricity is a concept that has taken hundreds of years to really take shape and be harnessed. And whether having done so is a good thing for humanity, we can only hope.  We'll take this story back to 1600. Early scientists were studying positive and negative elements and forming an understanding that electricity flowed between them. Like the English natural scientist, William Gilbert  - who first established some of the basics of electricity and magnetism in his seminal work De Magnete, published in 1600, when he coined the term electricity. There were others but the next jump in understanding didn't come until the time of Sir Thomas Browne, who along with other scientists of the day continued to refine theories. He was important because he documented where the scientific revolution was in his 1646 Pseudodoxia Epidemica. He codified that word electricity. And computer by the way.  And electricity would be debated for a hundred years and tinkered with in scientific societies, before the next major innovations would come. Then another British scientist, Peter Collinson, sent Benjamin Franklin an electricity tube, which these previous experiments had begun to produce.  Benjamin Franklin spent some time writing back and forth with Collinson and flew a kite and proved that electrical currents flowed through a kite string and that a metal key was used to conduct that electricity. This proved that electricity was fluid. Linked capacitors came along in 1749. That was 1752 and Thomas-Francois Dalibard also proved the hypothesis using a large metal pole struck by lightning.  James Watt was another inventor and scientist who was studying steam engines from the 1760s to the late 1790s. Watt used to quantify the rate of energy transfer, a unit to measure power. Today we often measure those watts in terms of megawatts. His work in engines would prove important for converting thermal into mechanical energy and producing electricity later. But not yet.  1799, Alessandro Volta built a battery, the Volta Pile. We still refer to the resistance of an ohm when the current of an amp flows through it as a volt. Suddenly we were creating electricity from an electrochemical reaction.  Humphry Davy took a battery and invented the “arc lamp.” By attaching a piece of carbon that glowed to it with wires. Budding scientists continued to study electricity and refine the theories. And by the 1820s, Hans Christian Orsted proved that an electrical current creates a circular magnetic field when flowing through a wire. Humans were able to create electrical current and harness it from nature. Inspired by Orsted's discoveries, André-Marie Ampère began to put math on what Orsted had observed. Ampére observed two parallel wires carrying electric currents attract and that they repeled each other, depending on the direction of the currents, the foundational principal of electrodynamics. He took electricity to an empirical place. He figured out how to measure electricity, and for that, the ampere is now the unit of measurement we use to track electric current. In 1826 Georg Ohm defined the relationship between current, power, resistance, and voltage. This is now called “Ohms Law” and we still measure electrical resistance in ohms.  Michael Faraday was working in electricity as well, starting with replicating a voltaic pile and he kinda' got hooked. He got wind of Orsted's discovery as well and he ended up building an electric motor. He studied electromagnetic rotation, and by. 1831 was able to generate electricity using what we now call the Faraday disk. He was the one that realized the link between the various forms of electricity and experimented with various currents and voltages to change outcomes. He also gave us the Faraday cage, Faraday constant, Faraday cup, Faraday's law of induction, Faraday's laws of electrolysis, the Faraday effect, Faraday paradox, Faraday rotator, Faraday wave, and the Faraday wheel. It's no surprise that Einstein kept a picture of Faraday in his study.  By 1835, Joseph Henry developed the electrical relay and we could send current over long distances.  Then, in the 1840s, a brewer named James Joule had been fascinated by electricity since he was a kid. And he discovered the relationship between mechanical work and heat. And so the law of conservation of energy was born. Today, we still call a joule a unit of energy. He would also study the relationship between currents that flowed through resistors and how they let off heat, which we now call Joules first law. By the way, he also worked with Lord Kelvin to develop the Kelvin scale.  1844, Samuel Morse gave us the electrical telegraph and Morse code. After a few years coming to terms with all of this innovation, JC Maxwell unified magnetism and electricity and gave us Maxwell's Equations, which gave way to electric power, radios, television, and much, much more.  By 1878 we knew more and more about electricity. The boom of telegraphs had sparked many a young inventor into action and by 1878 we saw the lightbulb and a lamp that could run off a generator. This led Thomas Edison to found Edison Light and Electric and continue to refine electric lighting. By 1882, Edison fired up the Pearl Street Power station and could light up 5,000 lights using direct current power. A hydroelectric station opened in Wisconsin the same year. The next year, Edison gave us the vacuum tube. Tesla gave us the Tesla coil and therefore alternating current in 1883, making it more efficient to send electrical current to far away places. Tesla would go on to develop polyphase ac power and patent the generator to transformer to motor and light system we use today, which was bought by George Westinghouse. By 1893, Westinghouse would use aC power to light up the World's Fair in Chicago, a turning point in the history of electricity.  And from there, electricity spread fast. Humanity discovered all kinds of uses for it. 1908 gave us the vacuum and the washing machine. The air conditioner came in 1911 and 1913 brought the refrigerator. And it continued to spread. By 1920, electricity was so important that it needed to be regulated in the US and the Federal Power Commission was created. By 1933, the Tennessee Valley Authority established a plan to built damns across the US to light cities. And by 1935 The Federal Power Act was enacted to regulate the impact of damns on waterways. And in the history of computing, the story of electricity kinda' ends with the advent of the transistor, in 1947. Which gave us modern computing. The transmission lines for the telegraph put people all over the world in touch with one another. The time saved with all these innovations gave us even more time to think about the next wave of innovation. And the US and other countries began to ramp up defense spending, which led to the rise of the computer. But none of it would have been possible without all of the contributions of all these people over the years. So thank you to them. And thank you, listeners, for tuning in. We are so lucky to have you. Have a great day!

Most computers today have multiple batteries. Going way, way, back, most had a CMOS or BIOS battery used to run the clock and keep BIOS configurations when the computer was powered down. These have mostly centered around the CR2032 lithium button cell battery, also common in things like garage door openers and many of my kids toys!   Given the transition to laptops for a lot of people now that families, schools, and companies mostly deploy one computer per person, there's a larger battery in a good percentage of machines made. Laptops mostly use lithium ion batteries, which    The oldest known batteries are “Baghdad batteries”, dating back to about 200BC. They could have been used for a number of things, like electroplating. But it would take 2,000 years to get back to it. As is often the case, things we knew as humans, once backed up with science, became much, much more. First, scientists were studying positive and negative elements and forming an understanding that electricity flowed between them. Like the English natural scientist, William Gilbert  - who first established some of the basics of electricity and magnetism. And Sir Thomas Browne, who continued to refine theories and was the first to call it “electricity.” Then another British scientist, Peter Collinson, sent Franklin an electricity tube, which these previous experiments had begun to produce.    Benjamin Franklin spent some time writing back and forth with Collinson and flew a kite and proved that electrical currents flowed through a kite string and that a metal key was used to conduct that electricity. This proved that electricity was fluid. Linked capacitors came along in 1749. That was 1752 and Thomas-Francois Dalibard also proved the hypothesis using a large metal pole struck by lightning.    Budding scientists continued to study electricity and refine the theories. 1799, Alessandro Volta built a battery by alternating zinc, cloth soaked in brine, and silver and stacking them. This was known as a voltaic pile and would release a steady current. The batteries corroded fast but today we still refer to the resistance of an ohm when the current of an amp flows through it as a volt. Suddenly we were creating electricity from an electrochemical reaction.    People continued to experiment with batteries and electricity in general. Giuseppe Zamboni, another Italian, physicist invented the Zamboni pile in 1812. Here, he switched to zinc foil and manganese oxide. Completely unconnected, Swedish chemist Johann August Arfvedson discovered Lithium in 1817. Lithium. Atomic number 3. Lithium is an alkali metal found all over the world. It can be used to treat manic depression and bipolar disorder. And it powers todays modern smart-everything and Internet of thingsy world. But no one knew that yet.    The English chemist John Frederick Daniell invented the Daniell cell in 1836, building on the concept but using a copper plate in a copper sulfate solution in a plate and hanging a zinc plate in the jar or beaker. Each plate had a wire and the zinc plate would become a negative terminal, while the copper plate would be a positive terminal and suddenly we were able to reliably produce electricity.    Robert Anderson would build the first electric car using a battery at around the same time, but Gaston Plante would build the first rechargeable battery in 1859, which is very much resembles the ones in our cars today. He gave us the lead-acid battery, switching to lead oxide in sulfuric acid.    In the 1860s the Daniell cell would be improved by Callaud and a lot of different experiments continued on. The Gassner dry cell came from Germany in 1886, mixing ammonium chloride with plaster of Paris and adding zinc chloride. Shelf life shot up. The National Carbon Company would swap out the plaster of Paris with coiled cardboard. That Colombia Dry Cell would be commercially sold throughout the United States and National Carbon Company, which would become Eveready, who makes the Energizer batteries that power the weird bunny with the drum.    Swedish scientist Jungner would give us nickel-cadmium or NiCd in 1899, but they were a bit too leaky. So Thomas Edison would patent a new model in 1901, iterations of these are pretty much common through to today. Litum would start being used shortly after by GN Lewis but would not become standard until the 1970s when push button cells started to be put in cameras. Asahi Chemical out of Japan would then give us the Lithium Ion battery in 1985, brought to market by Sony in 1991, leading to  John B. Goodenough, M. Stanley Whittingham, and Akira Yoshino winning the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2019.    Those lithium ion batteries are used in most computers and smart phones today. The Osborne 1 came in 1981. It was what we now look back on as luggable computer. A 25 pound computer that could be taken on the road. But you plugged it directly into the wall. But the Epson HX-20 would ship the same year, with a battery, opening the door to batteries powering computers.    Solar cells and other larger batteries require much larger amounts. This causes an exponential increase in demand and thus a jump in the price, making it more lucrative to mine.    Mining lithium to create these batteries is, as with all other large scale operations taken on by humans, destroying entire ecosystems, such as those in Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, and the Tibetan plateau. Each ton of lithium takes half a million gallons of water, another resource that's becoming more precious. And the waste is usually filtered back into the ecosystem. Most other areas mine lithium out of rock using traditional methods, but there's certainly still an environmental impact. There are similar impacts to mining Cobalt and Nickel, the other two metals used in most batteries.    So I think we're glad we have batteries. Thank you to all these pioneers who brought us to the point that we have batteries in pretty much everything. And thank you, listeners, for sticking through to the end of this episode of the History of Computing Podcast. We're lucky to have you. 

Alessandro Volta è conosciuto soprattutto per essere l'inventore della pila, ma in realtà è molto di più. Qui raccontiamo la sua storia e le sue scoperte. Se vuoi approfondire: https://www.studenti.it/alessandro-volta-pila-biografia-invenzioni.htmlColonna sonoraBlippy trance / Poppers and prosecco - Kevin Mac Leod - https://incompetech.com/Effetti sonori: https://www.zapsplat.com

Eigentlich kennt ihn jeder - wenn es um Spannung geht, elektrische Spannung, z.B. die 220 Volt aus der Steckdose. Berühmt aber wurde er mit dem Bau der ersten Batterie, mit der ersten kontinuierlichen Stromquelle also. Bis dahin war Strom nur als Entladung bekannt, er floss nur so kurz so wie man ein Glas Wasser ausgießt. Autor: Wolfgang Burgmer

Scendiamo al Binario 21 della Stazione Centrale di Milano, ma non corriamo di fretta verso la città, con lo storico dell'arte Marco Nicolò Riccòmini, attraversiamo lentamente questa struttura che si rivela ricca di tesori artistici. ...

This week, we discuss the development and impact of the electric telegraph – a new means of communicating through metal wires at the end of the First Industrial Revolution. This episode covers:The possibilities made by Alessandro Volta's batteryThe early telegraph systems made by von Sömmerring, Ronalds, and SchillingThe first functional telegraph made by William Cooke and Charles WheatstoneThe life of Samuel Morse and his more successful telegraphThe economic and political impacts of the telegraph in the 19th CenturySupport the Industrial Revolutions on Patreon: https://patreon.com/indrevpod

ALESSANDRO VOLTA (1745-1827) – Físico italiano inventor da pilha elétrica. Você já imagina como seria difícil vivermos sem baterias como a dos celulares, notebooks, tablet, controle remoto, carros elétricos? Todos esses aparelhos precisam de baterias de alto desempenho, então vamos conhecer hoje o homem que inventou a primeira pilha elétrica, foi ele que inaugurou a era da eletricidade da qual nos beneficiamos até hoje. Essa é a nossa história de hoje. Espero ter contribuído para que seu dia tenha momentos agradáveis! Se você gostou deixe seu joinha! Se você ainda não é inscrito, convido você a se inscrever no canal e a Conhecer as Biografias que já existem no canal e as próximas tb. O Canal “LOUCOS POR BIOGRAFIAS” traz duas novas histórias toda semana. Ás quartas e aos sábados. Até a próxima história! (Tânia Barros). --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/loucosporbiografias/message

Tema della trasmissione condotta da Alberto Nigro e Andrea Frateff-Gianni sarà “La politica dei Like”. Con Jacopo Tondelli direttore de Jacopo Tondelli e Andrea Mineo di Apart Collective si cercherà di capire quanto i social network e la conseguente diffusione di meme condizioni la politica nei tempi che stiamo vivendo. Torna la musica dal vivo curata da Emanuela Mere di Tutti Giù Parterre con il cantautore Alessandro Volta.

Tema della trasmissione condotta da Alberto Nigro e Andrea Frateff-Gianni sarà “La politica dei Like”. Con Jacopo Tondelli direttore de Jacopo Tondelli e Andrea Mineo di Apart Collective si cercherà di capire quanto i social network e la conseguente diffusione di meme condizioni la politica nei tempi che stiamo vivendo. Torna la musica dal vivo curata da Emanuela Mere di Tutti Giù Parterre con il cantautore Alessandro Volta. (prima parte)

Tema della trasmissione condotta da Alberto Nigro e Andrea Frateff-Gianni sarà “La politica dei Like”. Con Jacopo Tondelli direttore de Jacopo Tondelli e Andrea Mineo di Apart Collective si cercherà di capire quanto i social network e la conseguente diffusione di meme condizioni la politica nei tempi che stiamo vivendo. Torna la musica dal vivo curata da Emanuela Mere di Tutti Giù Parterre con il cantautore Alessandro Volta. (prima parte)

En esta biografía la vida y aventuras de Alessandro Volta. ¿Vienes a ver que te cuenta el padre de la pila eléctrica? Presenta y dirige: Luis Martínez Vallés Escucha el episodio completo en la app de iVoox, o descubre todo el catálogo de iVoox Originals

Puedes encontrar como escuchar gratuitamente "Alessandro Volta - Apasionado por la física" y otras muchas obras similares en 【 https://escuchalo.online 】

The buzz: “Choose a job you love and you will never have to work a day in your life” (Confucius). Few things impact employee productivity, engagement, and well-being as compensation. But as definitions of work and workforce change–diversity, telecommuting, contingent labor–traditional pay-for-performance formulas could cost you the ability to engage top talent. The experts speak. Dr. Gabby Burlacu, SAP SuccessFactors: “I think the definition of a book is changing” (Jeff Bezos). Lauren Pytel, SAP SuccessFactors: “After a certain point, money is meaningless…The game is what counts” (Aristotle Onassis). John Weldon, Baylor University: “You must be ready to give up even the most attractive ideas when experiment shows them to be wrong” (Alessandro Volta). Chris Seifert, Baylor University: ‘People who are unable to motivate themselves must be content with mediocrity…” (Andrew Carnegie). Join us for Getting Serious About Getting Paid: Your Company's Compensation.

The buzz: “Choose a job you love and you will never have to work a day in your life” (Confucius). Few things impact employee productivity, engagement, and well-being as compensation. But as definitions of work and workforce change–diversity, telecommuting, contingent labor–traditional pay-for-performance formulas could cost you the ability to engage top talent. The experts speak. Dr. Gabby Burlacu, SAP SuccessFactors: “I think the definition of a book is changing” (Jeff Bezos). Lauren Pytel, SAP SuccessFactors: “After a certain point, money is meaningless…The game is what counts” (Aristotle Onassis). John Weldon, Baylor University: “You must be ready to give up even the most attractive ideas when experiment shows them to be wrong” (Alessandro Volta). Chris Seifert, Baylor University: ‘People who are unable to motivate themselves must be content with mediocrity…” (Andrew Carnegie). Join us for Getting Serious About Getting Paid: Your Company's Compensation.

26 de Junio de 1800. Alessandro Volta anuncia el descubrimiento y funcionamiento de la primera pila eléctrica. 27 de Junio de 2002. Muere John Entwistle, bajista de The Who. 28 de Junio de 1926. Nace Mel Brooks. 29 de Junio de 1963. Nace Jalid El-Masri. 30 de Junio de 1961. Muere Lee De Forest. 1 de Julio del 552. Muere el rey visigodo Totila. 2 de Julio de 1992. Muere Camarón de la Isla.

A Como inizia l'edizione 2017 del Festival della Luce, dedicato alla scienza e alla figura di Alessandro Volta: tema del'anno il COLORE. Tiziana Ricci dedica lo spazio dell'arte ad Amalia Del Ponte, a cui è dedicata una esposizione in due sedi a Milano: il Museo del ‘900 e lo Spazio Messina. All'Elfo Puccini di Milano in scena “Lear” di Edward Bond, con Elio De Capitani (ospite a Cult) e la regia di Lisa Ferlazzo Natoli. La rubrica di musica classica del luendì a cura del maestro Giuseppe Califano.

A Como inizia l’edizione 2017 del Festival della Luce, dedicato alla scienza e alla figura di Alessandro Volta: tema del’anno il COLORE. Tiziana Ricci dedica lo spazio dell’arte ad Amalia Del Ponte, a cui è dedicata una esposizione in due sedi a Milano: il Museo del ‘900 e lo Spazio Messina. All’Elfo Puccini di Milano in scena “Lear” di Edward Bond, con Elio De Capitani (ospite a Cult) e la regia di Lisa Ferlazzo Natoli. La rubrica di musica classica del luendì a cura del maestro Giuseppe Califano.

A Como inizia l’edizione 2017 del Festival della Luce, dedicato alla scienza e alla figura di Alessandro Volta: tema del’anno il COLORE. Tiziana Ricci dedica lo spazio dell’arte ad Amalia Del Ponte, a cui è dedicata una esposizione in due sedi a Milano: il Museo del ‘900 e lo Spazio Messina. All’Elfo Puccini di Milano in scena “Lear” di Edward Bond, con Elio De Capitani (ospite a Cult) e la regia di Lisa Ferlazzo Natoli. La rubrica di musica classica del luendì a cura del maestro Giuseppe Califano.

Dove si parla della condanna al "killer dei gatti, di Enpa, di Carla Rocchi, dell'ascoltatore Carmine e della sua segnalazione su articolo de La Provincia, di Cremona, di Nutrie, di veleno, di Rifugio del micio, di Vigevano, di Museo di Scienze Naturali di Brescia, di L'ABC di Natura ed Arte, con PAOLO MAZZARELLO del suo libro L'elefante di Napoleone, un animale che voleva essere libero, Bompini editore, di Iniversità di Pavia, di Alessandro Volta, di Antonio Scarpa, di India, di navi, di prigionia, di Versailles e scopriamo che Paolo avrebbe voluto essere un Delfino

Dove si parla della condanna al "killer dei gatti, di Enpa, di Carla Rocchi, dell'ascoltatore Carmine e della sua segnalazione su articolo de La Provincia, di Cremona, di Nutrie, di veleno, di Rifugio del micio, di Vigevano, di Museo di Scienze Naturali di Brescia, di L'ABC di Natura ed Arte, con PAOLO MAZZARELLO del suo libro L'elefante di Napoleone, un animale che voleva essere libero, Bompini editore, di Iniversità di Pavia, di Alessandro Volta, di Antonio Scarpa, di India, di navi, di prigionia, di Versailles e scopriamo che Paolo avrebbe voluto essere un Delfino

Dove si parla della condanna al "killer dei gatti, di Enpa, di Carla Rocchi, dell'ascoltatore Carmine e della sua segnalazione su articolo de La Provincia, di Cremona, di Nutrie, di veleno, di Rifugio del micio, di Vigevano, di Museo di Scienze Naturali di Brescia, di L'ABC di Natura ed Arte, con PAOLO MAZZARELLO del suo libro L'elefante di Napoleone, un animale che voleva essere libero, Bompini editore, di Iniversità di Pavia, di Alessandro Volta, di Antonio Scarpa, di India, di navi, di prigionia, di Versailles e scopriamo che Paolo avrebbe voluto essere un Delfino

This week on Brain Matters, Matt and Dr. David McCormick (Professor of Neuroscience and Psychology, Yale) start off 2017 right. On this episode you’ll get a quick briefing on the early history of neuroscience, information about Frankenstein’s monster, a look at neural circuits, and perspective from the Buddhist Monks of Tibet. You’re gonna want your cochleas ready for this one.    David mentioned a ton of people and books. Here’s a list in case you wanna dive in. Major Figures in the Early History of Neuroscience: Luigi Galvani, Giovanni Aldini, René Descartes, Jan Swammerdam, Alessandro Volta, Emil de Bois-Reymond   Texts David Referenced: 1. Animal Electricity (Galvani, 1791) 2. Essay on Galvanism: “Précis des expériences galvaniques faites récemment à Londres et à Calais“ (Aldini, 1803) 3. Frankenstein (Mary Shelley, 1818) 4. The Cerebellum as a Neuronal Machine (Eccles, 1967)   Further Reading (if you’re into it like we are): 1. Early History of Neuroscience, Charles Gross 2. Giovanni Aldini: From Animal Electricity to Human Brain Stimulation, André Parent 3. History of Psychology, Ideas and Context (Chapter 8) King et al.   We partnered with Wiley Neuroscience on this one. Follow them on twitter at @neuroscience. Shout out to their team for getting the twitter handle coveted most by neuroscientists.   The music on this episode was by Noveller. The first track was “Trails and Trials” from the soon to be released album “A Pink Sunset for Noone”, the second track was “Rubicon” from the Fantastic Planet LP. Go check out and purchase her music at noveller.bandcamp.com, or at her current label, FireRecords.com  

This week on Brain Matters, Matt and Dr. David McCormick (Professor of Neuroscience and Psychology, Yale) start off 2017 right. On this episode you’ll get a quick briefing on the early history of neuroscience, information about Frankenstein’s monster, a look at neural circuits, and perspective from the Buddhist Monks of Tibet. You’re gonna want your cochleas ready for this one.    David mentioned a ton of people and books. Here’s a list in case you wanna dive in. Major Figures in the Early History of Neuroscience: Luigi Galvani, Giovanni Aldini, René Descartes, Jan Swammerdam, Alessandro Volta, Emil de Bois-Reymond   Texts David Referenced: 1. Animal Electricity (Galvani, 1791) 2. Essay on Galvanism: “Précis des expériences galvaniques faites récemment à Londres et à Calais“ (Aldini, 1803) 3. Frankenstein (Mary Shelley, 1818) 4. The Cerebellum as a Neuronal Machine (Eccles, 1967)   Further Reading (if you’re into it like we are): 1. Early History of Neuroscience, Charles Gross 2. Giovanni Aldini: From Animal Electricity to Human Brain Stimulation, André Parent 3. History of Psychology, Ideas and Context (Chapter 8) King et al.   We partnered with Wiley Neuroscience on this one. Follow them on twitter at @neuroscience. Shout out to their team for getting the twitter handle coveted most by neuroscientists.   The music on this episode was by Noveller. The first track was “Trails and Trials” from the soon to be released album “A Pink Sunset for Noone”, the second track was “Rubicon” from the Fantastic Planet LP. Go check out and purchase her music at noveller.bandcamp.com, or at her current label, FireRecords.com  

Naomi Alderman presents an alternate history of electricity. This is not a story of power stations, motors and wires. It is a story of how the electric eel and its cousin the torpedo fish, led to the invention of the first battery; and how, in time, the shocking properties of these slippery creatures gave birth to modern neuroscience.Our fascination with electric fish and their ability to deliver an almighty shock - enough to kill a horse – goes back to ancient times. And when Alessandro Volta invented the first battery in 1800, the electric eel was a vital source of inspiration. In inventing the battery, Volta claimed to have disproved the idea of ‘animal electricity’ but 200 years later, scientists studying our brains revealed that it is thanks to the electricity in our nerve cells that we are able to move, think and feel. So, it seems, an idea that was pushed out of science and into fiction, when Mary Shelley invented Frankenstein, is now alive and well and delivering insight once again into what it means to be alive. (Photo: An eel. © Professor Ken Catania)

Naomi Alderman presents an alternate history of electricity. This is not a story of power stations, motors and wires. It’s a story of how the electric eel and its cousin the torpedo fish, led to the invention of the first battery; and how, in time, the shocking properties of these slippery creatures gave birth to modern neuroscience. Our fascination with electric fish and their ability to deliver an almighty shock - enough to kill a horse - goes back to ancient times. And when Alessandro Volta invented the first battery in 1800, the electric eel was a vital source of inspiration. In inventing the battery, Volta claimed to have disproved the idea of ‘animal electricity’, but 200 years later, scientists studying our brains revealed that it’s thanks to the electricity in our nerve cells that we are able to move, think and feel. So, it seems, an idea that was pushed out of science and into fiction, when Mary Shelley invented Frankenstein, is now alive and well and delivering insight once again into what it means to be alive. Producer: Anna Buckley

Foundations of Amateur Radio The origins of names of things in Amateur Radio has a long and internet riddled history, with hear-say and false memories added. The humble BNC connector was patented in 1951. BNC doesn't stand for Baby N-Connector, Bayonet N-connector, British Naval Connector, Berry Nice Connector, Berkeley Neucleonics Corporation or any such name. Apparently, it's named after it's inventors Paul Neill and Carl Concelman, the Bayonet Neill-Concelman connector. They went on to invent the Threaded Neill-Concelman connector, the TNC. A sub-miniature version of these connectors came in three types, A, B and C, called SMA, SMB and SMC. Also, the N-type connector was invented by the very same Paul Neill at Bell Labs, and the C connector came from Carl. The Yagi antenna, was invented in 1926 by Shintaro Uda in collaboration with Hidetsugu Yagi, both of Tohoku Imperial University in Japan. It's actually called an Yagi-Uda antenna. Yagi described the antenna in English in 1928 and his name became associated with the antenna. The PL-259 and SO-239 connectors are not so clear-cut. The PL for plug and SO for socket seems to be agreed on. There are several explanations on the numbers, but the most persistent one seems to be that it was a US army part number. They're also referred to as UHF connectors and if you know that they were invented in the 1930s, you'll understand that UHF frequencies started at 30MHz and "above", which in practical terms meant 300MHz. An interesting thing to note is that a standard banana plug mates properly with an SO239, so you can just plug your long-wire straight into the socket. Of course we have the Volt, the Ohm, the Ampere and the Farad, named after Italian physicist Alessandro Volta, German physicist Georg Simon Ohm, French physicist and mathematician André-Marie Ampère and English physicist Michael Faraday. Everything is named after something. Sometimes we even remember what that was and where it came from. What things have you learned about names in Amateur Radio? I'm Onno VK6FLAB

Once again, there’s no need to watch any other program. No need to go out there and waste your time with the mainstream media.All you have to do is watch this show because we’re going to tell you everything that you need to know and we’re going to tell you the inside story that nobody else is talking about.This morning, we got Hillary Clinton clarifying her comments. Apparently, the blowback from her comments about how businesses don’t create jobs was too severe.We’ve also got Britain is ending it’s combat mission in Afghanistan and there is a new poll out of what Brits think. And we have the young woman who’s returning home back in Maine after her ebola quarantine. -----If you would like to discuss anything with John about the show, email him at Jason@TheLiveShow.TVYou can also use the hashtag #TheLiveShowFollow Jason on Twitter: www.Twitter.com/TheLiveShowTVFollow Us on Facebook: www.Facebook.com/TheLiveShowTV-----If you are really enjoying the show and would like to support what we're doing at The Live Show, please consider donating to our cause. You can do that at www.Patreon.com/TheLiveShow-----Are you interested in advertising on The Live Show?Reach out to us at Advertising@TheLiveShow.TVWe’d love to talk with you.-----SponsorsTrade Pro Futures: http://tradeprofutures.com/The industry's top futures and forex trading platforms.Trade Empowered: http://www.tradeempowered.com/Learn how to day-trade, swing-trade, or become a profitable long term trader.Main Street Alpha: http://mainstreetalpha.com/A social site that links up professional successful traders with verifiable track records to capital.----- Let me reiterate, ladies and gentlemen, ebola is not a threat.It’s not. The risk of you getting ebola are super low unless you happen to be in Sierra Leone as a medical worker dealing with people who are on their deathbed with ebola. Then your risk of contracting ebola is very high.What I find difficult to understand. By the CDC’s own projections they put out 2 weeks ago, they said that they estimate by January 2015 there will be a total of approximately 550,000 ebola cases. They’re the ones calling for saying that it’s a massive pandemic.But when we actually have people that are over there, that are of the highest risk cases, who end up coming back to the United States, they just simply say ‘don’t worry about it. If you get a fever, let us know’. And then when you call and you say you have a fever, they say ‘you can get on the plane anyway’. Is this not the most impudent organization on Earth?I’m starting to think that the CDC has no idea what they’re talking about. It was the CDC who said that they cannot confirm whether ebola was an airborne virus or not. They don’t know. They admit they don’t know. Yet they don’t think it’s necessary to quarantine people who are coming back from overseas.Now, don’t get me wrong, I have a great deal of respect for doctors who are willing to go over to third world countries in order to try and help those places who have the least amount of medical care possible.But think about what America is asking of you when you’re coming back. You’re willing to go to Sierra Leone. You’re willing to work with one of the most deadliest diseases that we know of right now. You’re willing to help people and save lives with that terrible disease. You’re putting your life on the line to go over there.And yet, when you come back, it’s somehow a violation of your liberty to be in a quarantine? You made the choice to go over there, we all appreciate the fact that you went over there and I’m sure there are people who didn’t die because you were there. But now that you’re back here, there is a responsibility and you have a responsibility to the people in this country that you wait out the quarantine period to make sure that you’re not sick. Nobody knows what’s really going onFirst it was global warming. Then they realized it was getting colder. Now it’s climate change because who can argue against that the climate is changing? Al Gore said we weren’t going to have any polar ice caps anymore. They were going to be all gone by today. And we find out that no, they’ve actually doubled in size, that they’re growing.This goes along the same lines with the CDC and this ebola scare. I believe wholeheartedly that it is nothing more than an attempt to control you. An attempt to gain power from the people by scaring them with all of these ideas. And global warming is just another one of those ideas.The surest way to get yourself in a panic is to listen to what the government tells you because they are virtually always wrong. They’re almost never right.What frustrates me is that nobody looks at the outcomes of their principles and the outcome of their claims. And the reason that they become overly excited about these things is because if they didn’t and there was a real pandemic, well then they get blamed.But if they go way overboard on it, like tell us that a million people are going to die, well then all of a sudden, when only ten thousand people die, well then they say they took all this action and did something about it. Hillary Clinton is in a lot of trouble. She’s had to backpedal big time.This is so typical of politicians to do things like this, to say things so utterly ridiculous. What’s funny is, I’m fairly certain that this was scripted, that she was reading from a prepared speech to this group of supporters when she said these things.If you haven’t heard about this, basically, yesterday she made this comment.“Don’t let anybody tell you that it’s corporations and businesses that create jobs. You know that old theory, trickle-down economics. That has been tried; that has failed. It has failed rather spectacularly.” - Hillary Clinton Well, in response to that, she had to come out and clarify her statement today. Hillary Clinton clarifies comments on job creationhttp://onpolitics.usatoday.com/2014/10/27/hillary-clinton-businesses-job-creation/So-called trickle-down economics has failed. I shorthanded this point the other day, so let me be absolutely clear about what I’ve been saying for a couple of decades: Our economy grows when businesses and entrepreneurs create good-paying jobs here in an America where workers and families are empowered to build from the bottom up and the middle out — not when we hand out tax breaks for corporations that outsource jobs or stash their profits overseas. This is not a clarification. This is what we call a total reversal. A contradiction.On yesterday’s show, I explained that trickle down economics is not a real economic theory. What it is is it’s a way liberals have been explaining a principle about economics that the do not understand. Hillary Clinton has absolutely no idea what she’s talking about on an economic scale.If you ask her what trickle down economics is, she will tell you it’s when you give money to the rich in form of tax breaks in hopes that then the money will trickle down to the little guy. And we went to great efforts yesterday to explain that that is not how free market capitalism works. When you reduce taxes on people who save and invests, that investment dollars that is made first goes to the worker.You can go back and watch yesterday’s episode as well as read the show notes for the complete analysis. It’s pretty simple. If you give tax breaks, you give tax breaks across the board to everyone in every sector.You equally disperse those tax cuts because, here’s the thing, a subsidy is something that a company gets that another company doesn’t get. So, it is the government picking who is going to get capital and who isn’t in the form of tax refunds, grants, or whatever it may be. We, as libertarians, believe if you are going to give tax relief or tax benefits or tax reductions, you do that equally across the board.If you’re going to raise taxes, you’re going to do it equally across the board to all companies in all sectors, giving them more capital with which to invest with and you allow those businesses to stand on their own merit without subsidy, without special hand outs.Unfortunately, Hillary Clinton does not understand even the basics of all this. She goes on to talk about more hot button issues that liberals hate, which is this idea of tax breaks of corporations who outsource jobs. So let me just put that issue to rest as well. There is not a single company in the United States that’s given a tax cut to send their jobs overseas, nor are they given tax cuts to keep capital overseas.What happens is companies can get better tax rates and cheaper labor overseas than they can get it over here.Why can they get that? For one, standard of living is higher here. Low wage workers, there’s a floor on where you can pay low wage workers so the minimum wage hampers their ability to stay here in the United States. And the overall tax burden on them is lower so you see many companies looking at it and they say ‘look, it’s cheaper for me to uproot my entire company, move it overseas, then ship the goods and services back to the United States, and sell them here. I can actually make more money doing that’.And, as I stated yesterday, ladies and gentlemen, instead of trying to fix the problem of an undue tax burden on individuals who create jobs by Hillary Clinton’s own admission and we need to fix that so more companies will want to come here to work so we create an environment here that will increase GDP, that will increase growth, instead, what do they do?Instead, they want to put into place laws that prevent people from moving overseas, to prevent people from leaving this country. We need to put a fence around America. When that is the situation that you are faced with, you’re wrong. You’re making terrible mistakes and something has to change.But I guess some people were listening to this show and this is why you don’t have to listen to anybody else. You don’t have to go anywhere else for your news. You just have to watch this show. Because, as I said yesterday, if you want the clearest indication of what creates wealth inequality, all you have to do is look at the principles that liberals promote: deficit spending, money to the banks, all of these things. Draghi May Help Europe’s Rich Get Richerhttp://www.businessweek.com/news/2014-10-27/draghi-may-help-europe-s-rich-get-richerEuropean Central Bank President Mario Draghi, fighting a deflation threat in the euro region, may need to confront a concern more familiar to Americans: income inequality.With interest rates almost at zero, Draghi is moving into asset purchases to lift inflation to the ECB’s target. The more he nears the kind of tools deployed by the Federal Reserve, the Bank of England and the Bank of Japan, the more he risks making the rich richer, said economists including Nobel laureate Joseph Stiglitz, chief economist for the World Bank from 1997 to 2000.In the U.S., the gap is rising between the incomes of the wealthy, whose financial holdings become more valuable via central bank purchases, and the poor. While monetary authorities’ foray into bond-buying is intended to stabilize economic conditions and underpin a real recovery, policy makers and economists are increasingly asking whether one cost may be wider income gaps -- in Europe as well as the U.S. Basic Economics: A Common Sense Guide to the Economyhttp://amzn.com/0465022529A must read to educate and empower you to understand the basic tenets of economics. Stealthy Norwegian entrepreneur aims to revolutionize U.S. energy storagehttp://www.reuters.com/article/2014/10/27/us-energy-storage-eikeland-idUSKBN0IG29T20141027Jostein Eikeland, a Norwegian entrepreneur with a mixed record of success, is hoping to jolt the world of energy storage.On Tuesday, Eikeland's latest venture, Alevo, will unveil a battery that he says will last longer and ultimately cost far less than rival technologies.The technology, which is meant to store excess electricity generated by power plants, has been developed by Eikeland in secret for a decade. Alevo's approach stands in stark contrast to the public announcement last month of Tesla Motors Inc's planned $5 billion factory in Nevada, which will make batteries for electric cars. Tesla says its plant will employ 6,500 people by 2020. It will receive more than $1 billion of state incentives."Building a $1 billion facility in stealth mode is definitely unusual," said Dan Reicher, executive director of the Steyer-Taylor Center for Energy Policy and Finance at Stanford University. Reicher, a former green technology investor, said he was not familiar with Alevo or its technology.State and county officials in North Carolina confirmed that Alevo has not sought any business incentives.One of the most interesting pieces of this article is that apparently he has taken no federal money for it. Amazing. You mean, you have an entrepreneur out there with an idea?Who risked his own money and his own capital on the line to try to create something?And he didn't need a government grant to do it?He didn't need the support of the public sector? He didn't need tax money to achieve his goal?No. Eikeland, 46, said Alevo, named for the inventor of the battery, Alessandro Volta, has $1 billion from anonymous Swiss investors and has taken no state funding or incentives.Alternately brash and self-deprecating, Eikeland did not shy away from discussing his up-and-down past. He founded software company TeleComputing Inc during the dot-com boom, helped take it public on the Oslo stock exchange, then left in 2002 after the tech bubble burst.He later invested heavily in and took the helm of Sweden-based auto parts manufacturer, TMG International, which went bankrupt in 2008. Broke, he was forced to sell his lavish homes to pay his taxes, according to media reports that were confirmed by representatives for Alevo.After TMG, Eikeland spent a few years investing in software and battery technologies, many of which he admits failed."I know how hard it is to lose eight of your 10 fingers," he said. "I wish I had somebody else to blame."Ladies and gentlemen, this is the true entrepreneur. This is what entrepreneurs really go through. It's not a situation where suddenly they make all kinds of money and they're rich forever now, and their constantly exploiting people.No, what is he doing? He made a lot of money during the tech boom. He took that money, he tried to invest it in other places and he failed. He failed again, and again, and again.He went broke. He had to sell his lifestyle, sell his home to pay his taxes. And then he goes right back at it again.That's what producers do. And this is the misunderstanding that I want to get across to you about the difference between producers and workers. The progressives, the Democrats, would have you believe that it is the worker that is the producer.Unfortunately, that just isn't the case. If you're a worker, you're labor.The producer is the guy that can create regardless whether you are there or not.The employees are there to create economies of scale. The real producer is the guy who creates the widget. The guy who puts it together. The guy who took the idea and turned it into reality.And if all of the workers were gone, the producer would still be able to make a living because he could still churn out the widgets on his own.This is the difference. This is the guy that invests, who risks his life's savings.Support the show.

The invention of the battery with Alessandro Volta and Luigi Galvani License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA More information at http://k12videos.mit.edu/terms-conditions

XE1GXK Alejandro Ramirez tema Vida y Obra de Alessandro Volta

Martha explains how experiments with dead frogs and live wires led to the invention of the battery, and inspired a couple of familiar English words.I had to change the batteries in my flashlight the other day, and that makes think, as it always does, of Luigi Galvani. No, really, it does. Let me explain: Galvani was an 18th-century Italian physician and physicist whose experiments accidentally paved the way for modern batteries.The focus of his research? Galvani experimented with dead frogs and live wires. In 1791, he published a paper describing how he'd touched a dead frog's leg with one wire, and touched another wire to both the frog and the first wire. When the second wire made contact, the lifeless body jerked. Galvani believed these convulsions were the result of 'animal electricity,' a mysterious substance secreted by the body. What Galvani failed to grasp was that by touching wires made of two different metals to the frog -- and to each other -- he'd simply created a closed circuit.At the time, Galvani's report was nothing short of astonishing. As one of his contemporaries wrote in a letter: 'Now here the experiments are also repeated in ladies' salons, and they furnish a good spectacle to all.' A generation later, Mary Shelley would write her novel Frankenstein, and specifically credit Galvani's experiments as an inspiration. But his work also inspired further research by another Italian scientist, one who didn't buy the idea of 'animal electricity.' His name was Alessandro Volta. He suspected that the frog's body didn't secrete electricity, it conducted it. Soon Volta was stacking pieces of zinc and silver and, instead of animal tissue, cardboard soaked in brine. The electrifying result was the first 'voltaic pile,' forerunner of the batteries we use today. As you may have guessed, Volta's name lives on in our word for that unit of electrical measurement, the volt. Despite his scientific mistake, Galvani achieved a measure of linguistic immortality as well. Today you'll find his name inside a word that means to 'jolt' or 'jump-start': galvanize.Incidentally, if you're having a hard time picturing Galvani's many experiments, there are lots of illustrations on the Web, including here and here.http://galvanisfrog.com/Home.phphttp://www.batteryfacts.co.uk/BatteryHistory/Galvani.html --Get your language question answered on the air! Call or write with your questions at any time:Email: words@waywordradio.orgPhone: U.S. toll-free (877) WAY-WORD/(877) 929-9673, London +44 20 7193 2113, Mexico City +52 55 8421 9771Site: http://waywordradio.org.Podcast: http://waywordradio.org/podcast/Forums: http://waywordradio.org/discussion/Newsletter: http://waywordradio.org/newsletter/Twitter: http://twitter.com/wayword/Skype: skype://waywordradio Copyright 2009, Wayword LLC.