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Between the 1860s and the early 1920s, more than two million Jews moved from Eastern Europe to the United States while smaller groups moved to other destinations, such as Western Europe, Palestine, and South Africa. During and after the First World War hundreds of thousands of Jews were permanently displaced across Eastern Europe. Migration restrictions that were imposed after 1914, especially in the United States, prevented most from reaching safe havens, and an unknown but substantial number of Jews perished during the Holocaust-as they had been displaced in Eastern Europe years before they were deported to ghettos and killing sites. Even after the Holocaust, tens of thousands of Jewish survivors were stranded in permanent transit for many years.Between Borders: The Great Jewish Migration from Eastern Europe tells and contextualizes the stories of these Jewish migrants and refugees before and after the First World War. It explains how immigration laws in countries such as the United States influenced migration routes around the world. Using memoirs, letters, and accounts by investigative journalists and Jewish aid workers, Tobias Brinkmann sheds light on the experiences of individual migrants, some of whom laid the foundation for migration and refugee studies as a field of scholarship, even coining terms such as "displaced person," and contributing to its legal definition at the 1951 United Nations Refugee Convention. The stories of these migrants and refugees were used to propose a new future for the United States, reimagining it as a pluralistic society-one comprised of immigrants. Tobias Brinkmann is Malvin and Lea Bank Associate Professor of Jewish Studies and History at Pennsylvania State University. He is the author of Sundays at Sinai: A Jewish Congregation in Chicago. Geraldine Gudefin is a French-born modern Jewish historian researching Jewish family life, legal pluralism, and the migration experiences of Jews in France and the United States. She is currently a research fellow at the Hebrew University's Avraham Harman Research Institute of Contemporary Jewry, and is completing a book titled An Impossible Divorce? East European Jews and the Limits of Legal Pluralism in France, 1900-1939. https://huji.academia.edu/GeraldineGudefin * Mentioned in the podcast: Mary Antin, From Plotzk to Boston (Boston: W. B. Clarke, 1899). Abraham Cahan, Bleter fun mein Lebn (New York: Forverts, 1926-1931). Todd Endelman, Leaving the Jewish Fold: Conversion and Radical Assimilation in Modern Jewish History (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2016). Semion Goldin, The Russian Army and the Jewish Population, 1914-17: Libel, Persecution, Reaction (Palgrave Macmillan, 2022). Bernard Horwich, My First Eighty Years (Chicago: Argus Books, 1939). John D. Klier, Russians, Jews, and the Pogroms of 1881-1882 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011). Eugene Kulischer, Jewish Migrations: Past Experiences and Post- War Prospects (New York: American Jewish Committee, 1943). Eugene Kulischer, Europe on the Move: War and Population Changes, 1917-1947 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1948). Joel Perlmann, America Classifies the Immigrants: From Ellis Island to the 2020 Census (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2018). David Rechter, The Jews of Vienna and the First World War (Oxford: Littman, 2001). Mark Wischnitzer, To Dwell in Safety: The Story of Jewish Migration since 1800 (Philadelphia: JPS, 1948). Polly Zavadivker, A Nation of Refugees: Russia's Jews in World War I (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2024). 1921 cartoons in YIVO Library collection: “Nowhere Can One Set a Foot Down” and “If the statue of liberty were a living person.” Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/new-books-network

Between the 1860s and the early 1920s, more than two million Jews moved from Eastern Europe to the United States while smaller groups moved to other destinations, such as Western Europe, Palestine, and South Africa. During and after the First World War hundreds of thousands of Jews were permanently displaced across Eastern Europe. Migration restrictions that were imposed after 1914, especially in the United States, prevented most from reaching safe havens, and an unknown but substantial number of Jews perished during the Holocaust-as they had been displaced in Eastern Europe years before they were deported to ghettos and killing sites. Even after the Holocaust, tens of thousands of Jewish survivors were stranded in permanent transit for many years.Between Borders: The Great Jewish Migration from Eastern Europe tells and contextualizes the stories of these Jewish migrants and refugees before and after the First World War. It explains how immigration laws in countries such as the United States influenced migration routes around the world. Using memoirs, letters, and accounts by investigative journalists and Jewish aid workers, Tobias Brinkmann sheds light on the experiences of individual migrants, some of whom laid the foundation for migration and refugee studies as a field of scholarship, even coining terms such as "displaced person," and contributing to its legal definition at the 1951 United Nations Refugee Convention. The stories of these migrants and refugees were used to propose a new future for the United States, reimagining it as a pluralistic society-one comprised of immigrants. Tobias Brinkmann is Malvin and Lea Bank Associate Professor of Jewish Studies and History at Pennsylvania State University. He is the author of Sundays at Sinai: A Jewish Congregation in Chicago. Geraldine Gudefin is a French-born modern Jewish historian researching Jewish family life, legal pluralism, and the migration experiences of Jews in France and the United States. She is currently a research fellow at the Hebrew University's Avraham Harman Research Institute of Contemporary Jewry, and is completing a book titled An Impossible Divorce? East European Jews and the Limits of Legal Pluralism in France, 1900-1939. https://huji.academia.edu/GeraldineGudefin * Mentioned in the podcast: Mary Antin, From Plotzk to Boston (Boston: W. B. Clarke, 1899). Abraham Cahan, Bleter fun mein Lebn (New York: Forverts, 1926-1931). Todd Endelman, Leaving the Jewish Fold: Conversion and Radical Assimilation in Modern Jewish History (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2016). Semion Goldin, The Russian Army and the Jewish Population, 1914-17: Libel, Persecution, Reaction (Palgrave Macmillan, 2022). Bernard Horwich, My First Eighty Years (Chicago: Argus Books, 1939). John D. Klier, Russians, Jews, and the Pogroms of 1881-1882 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011). Eugene Kulischer, Jewish Migrations: Past Experiences and Post- War Prospects (New York: American Jewish Committee, 1943). Eugene Kulischer, Europe on the Move: War and Population Changes, 1917-1947 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1948). Joel Perlmann, America Classifies the Immigrants: From Ellis Island to the 2020 Census (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2018). David Rechter, The Jews of Vienna and the First World War (Oxford: Littman, 2001). Mark Wischnitzer, To Dwell in Safety: The Story of Jewish Migration since 1800 (Philadelphia: JPS, 1948). Polly Zavadivker, A Nation of Refugees: Russia's Jews in World War I (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2024). 1921 cartoons in YIVO Library collection: “Nowhere Can One Set a Foot Down” and “If the statue of liberty were a living person.” Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/jewish-studies

Between the 1860s and the early 1920s, more than two million Jews moved from Eastern Europe to the United States while smaller groups moved to other destinations, such as Western Europe, Palestine, and South Africa. During and after the First World War hundreds of thousands of Jews were permanently displaced across Eastern Europe. Migration restrictions that were imposed after 1914, especially in the United States, prevented most from reaching safe havens, and an unknown but substantial number of Jews perished during the Holocaust-as they had been displaced in Eastern Europe years before they were deported to ghettos and killing sites. Even after the Holocaust, tens of thousands of Jewish survivors were stranded in permanent transit for many years.Between Borders: The Great Jewish Migration from Eastern Europe tells and contextualizes the stories of these Jewish migrants and refugees before and after the First World War. It explains how immigration laws in countries such as the United States influenced migration routes around the world. Using memoirs, letters, and accounts by investigative journalists and Jewish aid workers, Tobias Brinkmann sheds light on the experiences of individual migrants, some of whom laid the foundation for migration and refugee studies as a field of scholarship, even coining terms such as "displaced person," and contributing to its legal definition at the 1951 United Nations Refugee Convention. The stories of these migrants and refugees were used to propose a new future for the United States, reimagining it as a pluralistic society-one comprised of immigrants. Tobias Brinkmann is Malvin and Lea Bank Associate Professor of Jewish Studies and History at Pennsylvania State University. He is the author of Sundays at Sinai: A Jewish Congregation in Chicago. Geraldine Gudefin is a French-born modern Jewish historian researching Jewish family life, legal pluralism, and the migration experiences of Jews in France and the United States. She is currently a research fellow at the Hebrew University's Avraham Harman Research Institute of Contemporary Jewry, and is completing a book titled An Impossible Divorce? East European Jews and the Limits of Legal Pluralism in France, 1900-1939. https://huji.academia.edu/GeraldineGudefin * Mentioned in the podcast: Mary Antin, From Plotzk to Boston (Boston: W. B. Clarke, 1899). Abraham Cahan, Bleter fun mein Lebn (New York: Forverts, 1926-1931). Todd Endelman, Leaving the Jewish Fold: Conversion and Radical Assimilation in Modern Jewish History (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2016). Semion Goldin, The Russian Army and the Jewish Population, 1914-17: Libel, Persecution, Reaction (Palgrave Macmillan, 2022). Bernard Horwich, My First Eighty Years (Chicago: Argus Books, 1939). John D. Klier, Russians, Jews, and the Pogroms of 1881-1882 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011). Eugene Kulischer, Jewish Migrations: Past Experiences and Post- War Prospects (New York: American Jewish Committee, 1943). Eugene Kulischer, Europe on the Move: War and Population Changes, 1917-1947 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1948). Joel Perlmann, America Classifies the Immigrants: From Ellis Island to the 2020 Census (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2018). David Rechter, The Jews of Vienna and the First World War (Oxford: Littman, 2001). Mark Wischnitzer, To Dwell in Safety: The Story of Jewish Migration since 1800 (Philadelphia: JPS, 1948). Polly Zavadivker, A Nation of Refugees: Russia's Jews in World War I (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2024). 1921 cartoons in YIVO Library collection: “Nowhere Can One Set a Foot Down” and “If the statue of liberty were a living person.” Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/eastern-european-studies

In this episode we take our study of the French Army into the final, decisive Allied offensive of 1918. How did the French army finally weather the storm of the German spring offensives, and how did it turn the tide at the Second Battle of the Marne? James Book Recommendations: Doughty, Robert A. 2008. Pyrrhic Victory: French Strategy and Operations in the Great War. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Goya, Michel. 2018. Flesh and Steel during the Great War: The Transformation of the French Army and the Invention of Modern Warfare. Translated by Andrew Uffindell. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military. Greenhalgh, Elizabeth. 2014. The French Army and the First World War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Krause, Jonathan. 2013a. Early Trench Tactics in the French Army: The Second Battle of Artois, May-June 1915. Farnham: Ashgate. Join Our Community: ⁠https://not-so-quiet.com/⁠ Use our code: Dugout and get one month free as a Captain. Support via Paypal:⁠ https://battleguide.co.uk/nsq-paypal⁠ Do you like our podcast? Then please leave us a review, it helps us a lot! E-Mail: ⁠nsq@battleguide.co.uk⁠ Battle Guide YouTube Channel:⁠ https://www.youtube.com/@BattleGuideVT⁠ Our WW2 Podcast:⁠ https://battleguide.co.uk/bsow⁠ If you want to keep your finger on the pulse of what the team at Battle Guide have been getting up to, why not sign up to our monthly newsletter:⁠ ⁠https://battleguide.co.uk/newsletter⁠ Twitter: @historian1914 @DanHillHistory @BattleguideVT Credits: - Host: Dr. Spencer Jones & Dan Hill - Production: Linus Klaßen - Editing: Hunter Christensen & Linus Klaßen Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Between 304 and 589 CE, China was divided into rivaling regimes occupying North and South China. While the north was controlled by a series of non-Han Chinese peoples, ultimately culminating in the Xianbei Northern Wei, the south was ruled by ruling houses of Han Chinese descent. In this companion episode to the interview ith Scott Pearce on the Northern Wei, Professor Andrew Chittick joins us to discuss the Southern Dynasties, from their development, to their society and culture, to their relationship with their northern neighbor, and finally to their legacy. Contributors: Andrew Chittick: Andrew Chittick is the E. Leslie Peter Professor of East Asian Humanities and History at Eckerd College, St. Petersburg, FL. His research focuses on the culture of early south China and maritime trade relations with Southeast Asia.  He is the author of numerous articles and two full-length books: Patronage and Community in Medieval China: The Xiangyang Garrison, 400-600 CE (SUNY Press, 2010) and The Jiankang Empire in Chinese and World History (Oxford University Press, 2020). The latter book introduces a ground-breaking new perspective on the history and political identity of what is now south China in the early medieval period (3rd-6th centuries CE), including its evolving ethnic identity, innovative military and economic systems, and engagement with broader Sino-Southeast Asian and Buddhist cultures.  Yiming Ha: Yiming Ha is the Rand Postdoctoral Fellow in Asian Studies at Pomona College. His current research is on military mobilization and state-building in China between the thirteenth and seventeenth centuries, focusing on how military institutions changed over time, how the state responded to these changes, the disconnect between the center and localities, and the broader implications that the military had on the state. His project highlights in particular the role of the Mongol Yuan in introducing an alternative form of military mobilization that radically transformed the Chinese state. He is also interested in military history, nomadic history, comparative Eurasian state-building, and the history of maritime interactions in early modern East Asia. He received his BA from UCLA, his MPhil from the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, and his PhD from UCLA. He is also the book review editor for Ming Studies. Credits: Episode no. 22 Release date: May 9, 2025 Recording date: February 10, 2025 Recording location: St. Petersburg, FL/Los Angeles, CA Images: Stone pixiu 貔貅 (winged lion), from the tomb of Xiao Hui, a prince of Southern Liang (502-557), in Nanjing. (Image Source) Greatest extent of the Liang Dynasty, one of the southern dynasties. (Image Source) Liang Emperor Wu, who reigned the longest out of all the Southern Dynasty emperors, from 502 to 549. His reign saw the growing importance of Buddhism. (Image Source) A scroll of tributary emperors paying homage to the Liang emperor. The Southern Dynasties oversaw a prosperous commercial economy, with trading networks spanning East and Southeast Asia. Song copy of the original Liang painting. (Image Source) A Tang dynasty copy of Wang Xizhi's (303–361), Lantingji xu, one of the most famous pieces of calligraphy in Chinese history. The Southern Dynasties are known for their cultural production. (Image Source) Selected References: Chittick, Andrew. The Jiankang Empire in Chinese and World History. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020. Dien, Albert E. Six Dynasties Civilization. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009. Dien, Albert E. and Keith N. Knapp, eds. The Cambridge History of China: Volume 2, The Six Dynasties, 220–589. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2020. Graff, David A. Medieval Chinese Warfare, 300–900. London and New York: Routledge, 2002. Lewis, Mark Edward. China between Empires: The Northern and Southern Dynasties. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2009.

Eric and Eliot welcome friend of the show Kori Schake back to Shield of the Republic. Kori is Senior Fellow and Director of Foreign Policy and Defense Studies at the American Enterprise Institute and author of Safe Passage: The Transition from British to American Hegemony (Cambridge, MA:  Harvard University Press, 2017). They discuss her recent retrospective article in Foreign Policy on the BIden administration's foreign policy. She critiques the Biden team's failures on the withdrawal from Afghanistan, trade policy and the broader decline of America's margin of deterrence and in particular the failure to keep military spending at an appropriate level given inflation. She also credits the Biden Administration with using the intelligence community's insights into Russia's plans for invading Ukraine appropriately to undo some of the damage done by the Iraq war and its alliance management after the Russian invasion in 2022. She discusses how much of the failure can be laid at Biden's feet personally and how much lies with his national security team. Finally, Eric and Eliot discuss the prospects for the new Trump team that appears to be brimming with self-confidence. They dissect the prospects for Pete Hegseth's confirmation hearing as well as Trump's fixation on Greenland and whether his enthusiasm is getting in the way of actual strategic accomplishments given the increasing strategic importance of the Arctic. https://foreignpolicy.com/2025/01/07/biden-foreign-policy-record-failure-success-national-security/ https://www.amazon.com/Safe-Passage-Transition-American-Hegemony/dp/0674975073 https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2025/01/trump-bluster-foreign-policy-greenland-canada/681268/ Shield of the Republic is a Bulwark podcast co-sponsored by the Miller Center of Public Affairs at the University of Virginia.

In this episode, Dr. Kathryn (Kate) Graber and doctoral student Ariana Gunderson interview linguistic anthropologist Jillian Cavanaugh about all things language and value. Much of Dr. Cavanaugh's research in Bergamo, Italy, summarized here, has been on the political economy of code choice–that is, why people choose the ways of speaking they do, whether to access economic opportunities or to have a language of regional belonging, intimacy, and home. Turning to questions of authenticity and materiality, Dr. Cavanaugh discusses how to approach language not only as an expressive system but also as an embodied, material practice. We talk about how food gains value through the different kinds of linguistic labor that are undertaken in its production and ask whether language and food are analogous semiotic systems (spoiler alert: not quite). Thinking about her current work with small-scale, hyper-local sausage producers, Jillian discusses the roles of individual choice and consumption, and/versus the role of production in the construction of value. At the end, we talk about intersections between linguistic and economic anthropology in Jillian's role as President-Elect of the Society for Linguistic Anthropology (SLA). Jillian R. Cavanaugh is a linguistic anthropologist whose research, centered in northern Italy, has considered language shift and social transformation, value, language ideologies, materiality, gender, and heritage food. Her current research focuses on heritage food producers and the labor they undertake to make good, safe, and valuable food. She is interested in how people use the semiotic and material resources available to them to make sense of their pasts in order to live in the present and envision their futures. Her publications include Living Memory: The Social Aesthetics of Language in a Northern Italian Town (Wiley-Blackwell 2009) and Language and Materiality: Ethnographic and Theoretical Explorations (Cambridge University Press 2017, co-edited with Shalini Shankar). Her work has been published in American Anthropologist, the Journal of Linguistic Anthropology, and Ethnos, among other venues. She received her PhD in anthropology at New York University and is Professor of Anthropology at Brooklyn College and the Graduate Center CUNY. Co-hosted by Dr. Kathryn Graber [Link] and Ariana Gunderson [Link]. Edited and mixed by Richard Nance. .player4989 .plyr__controls, .player4989 .StampAudioPlayerSkin{ border-radius: 10px; overflow: hidden; } .player4989{ margin: 0 auto; } .player4989 .plyr__controls .plyr__controls { border-radius: none; overflow: visible; } .skin_default .player4989 .plyr__controls { overflow: visible; } Your browser does not support the audio element.   References from our conversation with Jillian Cavanaugh: Cavanaugh, Jillian. 2009. Living Memory: The Social Aesthetics of Language in a Northern Italian Town. Chichester, U.K: Wiley-Blackwell. Bourdieu, Pierre. 1991. "The Economy of Linguistic Exchanges." In Language and Symbolic Power. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Gal, Susan. 1988. The Political Economy of Code Choice. In Codeswitching: Anthropological and Sociolinguistic Perspectives. Monica Heller, ed. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Pp. 245–264. Cavanaugh, Jillian R. 2023. “Authenticity and Its Perils: Who Is Left Out When Food Is ‘Authentic'?” Gastronomica 23 (1): 28–37. https://doi.org/10.1525/gfc.2023.23.1.28. Cavanaugh, Jillian R., and Shalini Shankar. 2014. “Producing Authenticity in Global Capitalism: Language, Materiality, and Value.” American Anthropologist 116 (1): 51–64. Riley, K. C., & Cavanaugh, J. R. 2017. Tasty Talk, Expressive Food: An Introduction to the Semiotics of Food-and-Language. Semiotic Review 5: The Semiotics of Food and Language. Chumley, Lily Hope, and Nicholas Harkness. 2013.

Focusing on the recent execution death of Marcellus Williams in Missouri, despite strong evidence suggesting his innocence, Ayana delves into the systemic issues that lead to wrongful convictions, including mistaken eyewitness identification, false confessions, prosecutorial misconduct, and ineffective defense. She emphasizes the severe consequences of such errors, not only for the wrongfully convicted individuals but also for society as a whole. The episode also explores the role of innocence organizations and conviction integrity units in helping exonerate the wrongfully convicted, urging listeners to support these initiatives and stressing the importance of voting for officials who will work towards a fair and just legal system. Sources used in the making of this episode: https://www.law.umich.edu/special/exoneration/Pages/about.aspx https://innocenceproject.org/ Innocence Project. (2023). Causes of Wrongful Convictions. Retrieved from innocenceproject.org Garrett, B. (2011). Convicting the Innocent: Where Criminal Prosecutions Go Wrong. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. National Academy of Sciences. (2009). Strengthening Forensic Science in the United States: A Path Forward. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press. https://www.law.umich.edu/special/exoneration/Documents/2023%20Annual%20Report.pdf https://open.mitchellhamline.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1071&context=policypractice#:~:text=Alford%20pleas%20are%20accepted%20by,in%20wrongfully%20convicting%20innocent%20people. https://www.albanylawreview.org/article/69791-a-nearly-perfect-system-for-convicting-the-innocent https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/missouri-supreme-court-blocks-marcellus-williams-from-entering-plea-to-avoid-execution-after-state-reveals-mishandled-evidence --- Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/ayana-fakhir6/support

An ancient mummy, a curse, and a time loop. In this episode, we examine Rise of the Mummy from 2021. We also delve into the final days of Alexander the Great to see what caused his downfall, and what future plans he had in store. Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/MummyMoviePodcast Email: mummymoviepodcast@gmail.com BibliographyArrian. (1976). Anabasis of Alexander. (E. I. Robson, Trans.). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Crompton, S. W. (2003). Alexander the Great. Infobase Publishing. IMDB. (2024). Rise of the Mummy. Retrieved from https://www.imdb.com/?ref_=nv_home O'Brien, J. M. (2003). Alexander the Great: the invisible enemy: a biography. Routledge. Plutarch. (1919). The Life of Alexander. In Plutarch's Lives (B. Perrin, Trans.). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Siculus, D. (1933). The Library of History. (C. H. Oldfather, Trans.). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Get bonus content on Patreon Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

A brief(er) episode for you today: Bach's first published opus was his six partitas for keyboard. In some of the sources within Bach's circle, copies retained as a ‘Handexemplar' include revisions by a scribe we can almost say with certainty is Bach himself. The most consequential of these revisions appears at the end of the third partita, where the second half of the Gigue is re-written with what one might call ‘updated' or ‘refined' counterpoint. Here we see the main source (G 25) in question:Hard to see here, but if we zoom in, we see that this:Is a correction of the original printings, which read:This link here should allow you to download the original print of all six partitas. N.B. As that link is the download of the original print, it will not contain any of the corrections mentioned in this episode. For a full list of the scholarship on these changes, see: Wolff, C. (1999). Text-critical comments on the original print of the Partitas. In Bach: Essays on his life and music (pp. 214-222). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.How To Support This Podcast:https://www.paypal.me/wtfbachhttps://venmo.com/wtfbachhttps://cash.app/$wtfbachor become a paid subscriber at wtfbach.substack.com Get full access to WTF Bach at wtfbach.substack.com/subscribe

What are the psychological underpinnings of chaos magick? This exploration is an academic endeavour to understand how Chaos Magick might resonate within broader psychological contexts. It is important to note that the connections drawn are interpretative and not necessarily indicative of the intentions or understandings of Chaos Magicians themselves. This analytical approach aims to enrich the theoretical landscape of Chaos Magick, introducing new perspectives that could deepen our comprehension and appreciation of its practices. CONNECT & SUPPORT

In this episode, we discuss essays from throughout G.A. Cohen's philosophical career. Cohen is known as one of the founders of Analytical Marxism, so we talk about what this tradition in Marxist thinking is about and how it handles the problems of political let-down and disillusionment that affect us all. We also get into his polemics against the libertarians and John Rawls in his essays on exploitation, freedom, and justice.This is just a short clip from the full episode, which is available to our subscribers on Patreon:patreon.com/leftofphilosophyReferences:G.A. Cohen, Karl Marx's Theory of History: A Defence (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1989).G.A. Cohen, “The Labor Theory of Value and the Concept of Exploitation,” Philosophy & Public Affairs 8(4)(1979): 338-360.G.A. Cohen, “The Structure of Proletarian Unfreedom,” Philosophy & Public Affairs 12(1)(1983): 3-33.G.A. Cohen, Rescuing Justice and Equality (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2008).Nicholas Vrousalis, The Political Philosophy of G.A. Cohen (London: Bloomsbury, 2015).Music:“Vintage Memories” by Schematist | schematist.bandcamp.com“My Space” by Overu | https://get.slip.stream/KqmvAN

Jesus prayed, “I speak these things in the world so that they may have my joy made complete in themselves” (Jn. 17). Acts 1:15-17, 21-26 Psalm 1 1 John 5:9-13 John 17:6-19 Friendship According to Aristotle and Jesus 1. “We seek one mystery, God, with another mystery, ourselves. We are mysterious to ourselves because God's mystery is in us.” [i] Gary Wills wrote these words about the impossibility of fully comprehending God. Still, we can draw closer to the Holy One. I am grateful for friends who help me see our Father in new ways. This week my friend Norwood Pratt sent me an article which begins with a poem by Li Bai (701-762). According to legend he died in the year 762 drunkenly trying to embrace the moon's reflection in the Yangtze River. Li Bai writes, “The birds have vanished from the sky. / Now the last cloud drains away // We sit together, the mountain and me, / until only the mountain remains.” [ii] For me this expresses the feeling of unity with God that comes to me in prayer. This poet was one of many inspirations for a modern Chinese American poet named Li-Young Lee (1957-). Lee's father immigrated to the United States and served as a Presbyterian pastor at an all-white church in western Pennsylvania. Lee feels fascinated by infinity and eternity. He writes this poem about the “Ultimate Being, Tao or God” as the beloved one, the darling. Each of us in the uniqueness of our nature and experience has a different experience of holiness. He writes, “My friend and I are in love with the same woman… I'd write a song about her.  I wish I could sing. I'd sing about her. / I wish I could write a poem. / Every line would be about her. / Instead, I listen to my friend speak / about this woman we both love, / and I think of all the ways she is unlike / anything he says about her and unlike / everything else in the world.” [iii] These two poets write about something that cannot easily be expressed, our deepest desire to be united with God. Jesus also speaks about this in the Gospel of John, in his last instructions to the disciples and then in his passionate prayer for them, and for us. In his last words Jesus describes the mystery of God and our existence using a surprising metaphor. At the center of all things lies our experience of friendship. On Mother's Day when we celebrate the sacrifices associated with love I want to think more with you about friendship and God. To understand the uniqueness of Jesus' teaching, it helps to see how another great historical thinker understood this subject. 2. Long before Jesus' birth the Greek philosopher Aristotle (384-322 BC) studied at Plato's school in Athens (from the age of 17 to 37). After this Aristotle became the tutor of Alexander the Great and founded a prominent library that he used as the basis for his thought. Scholars estimate that about a third of what Aristotle wrote has survived. He had a huge effect on the western understanding of nature. He also especially influenced the thirteenth century theologian Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274) and therefore modern Roman Catholic approaches to Christian thought. For Aristotle God is eternal, non-material, unchanging and perfect. He famously describes God as the unmoved mover existing outside of the world and setting it into motion. Because everything seeks divine perfection this God is responsible for all change that continues to happen in the universe. We experience a world of particular things but God knows the universal ideas behind them (or before them). For Aristotle God is pure thought, eternally contemplating himself. God is the telos, the goal or end of all things. [iv] Aristotle begins his book Nicomachean Ethics by observing that “Happiness… is the End at which all actions aim.” [v] Everything we do ultimately can be traced back to our desire for happiness and the purpose of Aristotle's book is to help the reader to attain this goal. Happiness comes from having particular virtues, that is habitual ways of acting and seeking pleasure. These include: courage, temperance, generosity, patience. In our interactions with others we use social virtues including: amiability, sincerity, wit. Justice is the overarching virtue that encompasses all the others. Aristotle writes that there are three kinds of friendships. The first is based on usefulness, the second on pleasure. Because these are based on superficial qualities they generally do not last long. The final and best form of friendship for him is based on strength of character. These friends do not love each other for what they can gain but because they admire each other's character. Aristotle believes that this almost always this happens between equals although sometimes one sees it in the relation between fathers and sons (I take this to mean between parents and children). Famous for describing human beings as the political animal, Aristotle points out that we can only accomplish great things through cooperation. Institutions and every human group rely on friendly feelings to be effective. Friendship is key to what makes human beings effective, and for that matter, human. Finally, Aristotle believes that although each person should be self-sufficient, friendship is important for a good life. 3. The Greek word for Gospel, that particular form of literature which tells the story of Jesus, is euangelion. We might forget that this word means good news until we get a sense for the far more radical picture of God and friendship that Jesus teaches. For me, one of the defining and unique features of Christianity as a religion comes from Jesus' insistence that our relation to God is like a child to a loving father. Jesus teaches us to pray, “Our Father who art in heaven.” Jesus clarifies this picture of God in his story of the Prodigal Son who goes away and squanders his wealth in a kind of first century Las Vegas. In the son's destitution he returns home and as he crests the hill, his father “filled with compassion,” hikes up his robes and runs to hug and kiss him. Jesus does not just use words but physical gestures to show what a friend is. In today's gospel Jesus washes his friends' feet before eats his last meal with them. The King James Version says, “there was leaning on Jesus' bosom one of his disciples, whom Jesus loved” (Jn. 13:23). [vi] Imagine Jesus, in the actual embrace of his beloved friend, telling us who God is. Jesus explicitly says I do not call you servants but friends (Jn. 15). A servant does not know what the master is doing but a friend does. And you know that the greatest commandment is to love one another. Later in prayer he begs God to protect us from the world, “so that [we] may have [his] joy made complete in [ourselves]” (Jn. 17). 4. Gregory of Nyssa (c. 332-395) was born ten years after the First Council of Nicaea and attended the First Council of Constantinople. He writes about how so many ordinary people were arguing about doctrine, “If in this city you ask anyone for change, he will discuss with you whether the Son was begotten or unbegotten. If you ask about the quality of the bread you will receive the answer, “The father is the greater and the Son is lesser.' If you suggest a bath is desirable you will be told, ‘There was nothing before the Son was created.'” [vii] Gregory with his friends Basil and Gregory Nazianzus wondered what description of Jesus would lead to faith rather than just argument. [viii] Gregory of Nyssa came to believe that the image of God is only fully displayed when every human person is included. [ix] In his final book Life of Moses Gregory responds to a letter from a younger friend who seeks counsel on “the perfect life.” [x] Gregory writes that Moses exemplifies this more than all others because Moses is a friend to God. True perfection is not bargaining with, pleading, tricking, manipulating, fearing God. It is not avoiding a wicked life out of fear of punishment. It is not to do good because we hope for some reward, as if we are cashing in on the virtuous life through a business contract. Gregory closes with these words to his young admirer, “we regard falling from God's friendship as the only dreadful thing… and we consider becoming God's friend the only thing worthy of honor and desire. This… is the perfection of life. As your understanding is lifted up to what is magnificent and divine, whatever you may find… will certainly be for the common benefit in Christ Jesus.” [xi] On Thursday night I was speaking to Paul Fromberg the Rector of St. Gregory's church about this and he mentioned a sophisticated woman who became a Christian in his church. In short she moved from Aristotle's view of friendship among superior equals to Jesus' view. She said, “Because I go to church I can have real affection for people who annoy the shit out of me. My affection is no longer just based on affinity.” [xii] 5. I have been thoroughly transformed by Jesus' idea of friendship. My life has become full of Jesus' friends, full of people who I never would have met had I followed Aristotle's advice. Together we know that in Christ unity does not have to mean uniformity. Before I close let me tell you about one person who I met at Christ Church in Los Altos. Even by the time I met her Alice Larse was only a few years away from being a great-grandmother. She and her husband George had grown up together in Washington State. He had been an engineer and she nursed him through his death from Alzheimer's disease. Some of my favorite memories come from the frequent summer pool parties she would have for our youth groups. She must have been in her sixties when she started a “Alice's Stick Cookies Company.” Heidi and I saw them in a store last week!   At Christ Church we had a rotating homeless shelter and there were several times when Alice, as a widow living by herself, had various guests stay at her house. When the church was divided about whether or not to start a school she quickly volunteered to serve as senior warden. She was not sentimental. She was thoroughly practical. She was humble. She got things done… but with a great sense of humor.   There was no outward indication that she was really a saint. I missed her funeral two weeks ago because of responsibilities here. I never really had the chance to say goodbye but I know that one day we will be together in God. Grace Cathedral has hundreds of saints just like her who I have learned to love in a similar way.   Ram Dass was a dear friend of our former Dean Alan Jones. He used to say, “The name of the game we are in is called ‘Being at one with the Beloved.' [xiii] The Medieval mystic Julian of Norwich writes that God possesses, “a love-longing to have us all together, wholly in himself for his delight; for we are not now wholly in him as we shall be…” She says that you and I are Jesus' joy and bliss. [xiv]   We seek one mystery, God, with another mystery, ourselves. We are mysterious to ourselves because God's mystery is in us.” [xv] In a world where friendship can seem to be only for utility or pleasure I pray that like Jesus, you will be blessed with many friends, that you find perfection of life and even become friends with God. [i] Gary Wills, Saint Augustine (NY: Viking, 1999) xii. [ii] Li Bai, “Zazen on Ching-t'ing Mountain,” tr. Sam Hamill, Crossing the Yellow River: Three Hundred Poems from the Chinese, (Rochester, NY: BOA Editions, 2000). About 1000 poems attributed to Li still exist. https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poems/48711/zazen-on-ching-ting-mountain [iii] Ed Simon, “There's Nothing in the World Smaller than the Universe: In The Invention of the Darling, Li-Young Lee presents divinity as spirit and matter, profound and quotidian, sacred and profane,” Poetry Foundation. This article quotes, “The Invention of the Darling.”  https://www.poetryfoundation.org/articles/162572/theres-nothing-in-the-world-smaller-than-the-universe [iv] More from the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy: “Aristotle made God passively responsible for change in the world in the sense that all things seek divine perfection. God imbues all things with order and purpose, both of which can be discovered and point to his (or its) divine existence. From those contingent things we come to know universals, whereas God knows universals prior to their existence in things. God, the highest being (though not a loving being), engages in perfect contemplation of the most worthy object, which is himself. He is thus unaware of the world and cares nothing for it, being an unmoved mover. God as pure form is wholly immaterial, and as perfect he is unchanging since he cannot become more perfect. This perfect and immutable God is therefore the apex of being and knowledge. God must be eternal. That is because time is eternal, and since there can be no time without change, change must be eternal. And for change to be eternal the cause of change-the unmoved mover-must also be eternal. To be eternal God must also be immaterial since only immaterial things are immune from change. Additionally, as an immaterial being, God is not extended in space.” https://iep.utm.edu/god-west/ [v] Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics, trans. H. Rackham, Loeb Classical Library vol. XIX (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1975) 30-1. [vi] h™n aÓnakei÷menoß ei–ß e˙k tw◊n maqhtw◊n aujtouv e˙n twˆ◊ ko/lpwˆ touv ∆Ihsouv, o§n hjga¿pa oJ ∆Ihsouvß (John 13:23). I don't understand why the NRSV translation translate this as “next to him” I think that Herman Waetjen regards “in Jesus' bosom” as correct. Herman Waetjen, The Gospel of the Beloved Disciple: A Work in Two Editions (NY: T&T Clark, 2005) 334. [vii] Margaret Ruth Miles, The Word Made Flesh: A History of Christian Thought (Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing, 2005), 105. [viii] Ibid., 108. [ix] From Jesse Hake, “An Intro to Saint Gregory of Nyssa and his Last Work: The Life of Moses,” 28 July 2022: https://www.theophaneia.org/an-intro-to-saint-gregory-of-nyssa-and-his-last-work-the-life-of-moses/ “For example, Gregory says that the image of God is only fully displayed when every human person is included, so that the reference in Genesis to making humanity in God's image is actually a reference to all of humanity as one body (which is ultimately the body of Jesus Christ that is also revealed at the end of time): In the Divine foreknowledge and power all humanity is included in the first creation. …The entire plenitude of humanity was included by the God of all, by His power of foreknowledge, as it were in one body, and …this is what the text teaches us which says, God created man, in the image of God created He him. For the image …extends equally to all the race. …The Image of God, which we behold in universal humanity, had its consummation then. …He saw, Who knows all things even before they be, comprehending them in His knowledge, how great in number humanity will be in the sum of its individuals. …For when …the full complement of human nature has reached the limit of the pre-determined measure, because there is no longer anything to be made up in the way of increase to the number of souls, [Paul] teaches us that the change in existing things will take place in an instant of time. [And Paul gives to] that limit of time which has no parts or extension the names of a moment and the twinkling of an eye (1 Corinthians 15:51-52).” [x] Gregory of Nyssa, The Life of Moses trans. Abraham J. Malherbe and Everett Ferguson, “Preface” by John Myendorff (NY: Paulist Press, 1978) 29. [xi] Ibid., 137. [xii] Paul Fromberg conversation at One Market, Thursday 9 May 2024. [xiii] Alan Jones, Living the Truth (Boston, MA: Cowley Publications, 2000) 53. [xiv] Quoted in Isaac S. Villegas, “Christian Theology is a Love Story,” The Christian Century, 25 April 2018. https://www.christiancentury.org/lectionary/may-13-easter-7b-john-17-6-19?code=kHQx7M4MqgBLOUfbwRkc&utm_source=Christian+Century+Newsletter&utm_campaign=1ccba0cb63-EMAIL_CAMPAIGN_SCP_2024-05-06&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_-31c915c0b7-%5BLIST_EMAIL_ID%5D [xv] Gary Wills, Saint Augustine (NY: Viking, 1999) xii.

In which I talk about the Gothic cathedral as an exercise in the medieval synthesis of faith and reason. Bibliography: Blackwell, Albert L. The Sacred in Music. Cambridge: The Lutterworth Press, 1999. Bork, Robert. The Geometry of Creation. New York: Routledge, 2011. Lewis, C.S. The Discarded Image. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1964. Grant, Edward. God and Reason in the Middle Ages. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001. Guite, Malcolm. Faith, Hope and Poetry: Theology and the Poetic Imagination. New York: Taylor & Francis Group, 2016. Panofsky, Erwin. Introduction to Abbot Suger, by Abbot Suger, 1-37. Edited and translated by Erwin Panofsky. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1979. Taylor, Charles. A Secular Age. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2007. Von Simson, Otto. The Gothic Cathedral. New York: Harper & Row, 1964. Beneath The Willow Tree is a podcast dedicated to the pursuit of Truth through wisdom and imagination. Join host Sophie Burkhardt as she, fuelled by wonder and a quest for the beautiful, explores philosophy, theology, the arts and all things worthy of thought beneath the willow tree. If you might ever be interested in talking about any such things, or a specific book or movie, etc. please reach out to me at sdburkhardt321@gmail.com

Eric visits the Miller Center and joins John Owen IV, the Amb. Henry J. and Mrs. Marion R. Taylor Professor of Politics, and a Senior Fellow at the Institute for Advanced Studies in Culture and the Miller Center for Public Affairs and Marc Selverstone, the Miller Center's director of presidential studies, co-chair of the Center's Presidential Recordings Program, and professor of presidential studies. They discus John's new book The Ecology of Nations:  American Democracy in a Fragile World Order (New Haven, CT:  Yale University Press, 2023) and Marc's book The Kennedy Withdrawal:  Camelot and the American Commitment to Vietnam (Cambrdige, MA:  Harvard University Press, 2022). They discuss tensions in JFK's commitment to Vietnam and the question of whether or not he would have withdrawn US forces from SE Asia had he lived, the role of botched withdrawals in Vietnam and Afghanistan on US standing in the world, America's diminished reputation for competence and the defense of global order, the relationship between American democracy and the state of democracy in the international order with the rise of populism globally and much else. https://www.amazon.com/s?k=the+kennedy+withdrawal&hvadid=676976545333&hvdev=c&hvlocphy=9051515&hvnetw=g&hvqmt=e&hvrand=1675637251603091413&hvtargid=kwd-1935195859327&hydadcr=22165_13517535&tag=googhydr-20&ref=pd_sl_4mgav3wic7_e https://www.amazon.com/Ecology-Nations-American-Democracy-Politics/dp/0300260733/ref=sr_1_1?crid=SZU0KJM5NX1F&keywords=the+ecology+of+nations&qid=1702755136&sprefix=the+ecology+of+nation%2Caps%2C93&sr=8-1 Shield of the Republic is a Bulwark podcast co-sponsored by the Miller Center of Public Affairs at the University of Virginia.

Writing is why we all do what we do - or at least, a big part of it. But it's also a source of intense anxiety, whether we're new to it or whether we've been at it for years. So, here's another start-of-the-new-academic-year imperfectionist special for you. Your imperfect pal here set out to create a little survival guide for new students who want to get their essay-writing off to a good start - but along the way, it turns out that there are plenty of lessons about writing that are useful to revisit even for those of us who have clocked up thousands of hours of writing (and procrastinating). New pencils at the ready: let's get started!Here are the books on writing mentioned in the episode:Jensen, J. 2017: Write No Matter What (Chicago: University of Chicago Press).Sword, H. 2017: Air & Light &Time & Space (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press).

During the Renaissance, Kabbalists attempted to synthesize and interpret Kabbalah through a Neoplatonic lens, based on the belief that Plato had studied the secrets of Judaism. Join us as we explore the secret of Plato and Kabbalah in the Italian Renaissance. 00:00 Platonism and Kabbalah during the Renaissance 01:30 Shout out 04:06 Changing Favours 06:27 The Rise of Plato 15:14 How did Plato know Kabbalah? 20:12 Prisca Theologia, Perennial Philosophy 24:58 Case Study: The Sefirot 32:57 Italy vs Spain 37:57 Ripple Effects of the Renaissance 41:01 Summary 43:34 Reading Recs 43:57 Thank you & Shout out Sources and Recommended Readings: • Abraham Melamed, “The Myth of the Jewish Origins of Philosophy in the Renaissance: from Aristotle to Plato,” in Jewish History, 26(1-2), 2012, pp. 41–59., 214—219. • Abraham Melamed, The Myth of the Jewish Sources of Science and Philosophy, 2009, pp. 214-219, 299-315 • Abraham Melamed, The Philosopher-King in Medieval and Renaissance Jewish political Thought (Albany, 2002), 229, n. 30. • Alexander Altmann, "Lurianic Kabbalah in a Platonic Key: Abraham Cohen Herrera's Puerta del Cielo," HUCA 53 (1982) • Chaim Wirszubski, Pico della Mirandola's Encounter with Jewish Mysticism • Hava Tirosh-Rothschild, Between Worlds: The Life and Thought of Rabbi David ben Judah Messer Leon (Albany, 1991), 50, 233. • Miquel Beltran, The Influence of Abraham Cohen de Herrera's Kabbalah on Spinoza's Metaphysics. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 2016 • Moshe Idel "Differing Conceptions of Kabbalah in the Early 17th Century,"in I. Twersky and B. Septimus, eds., Jewish Thought in the 17th Century (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1987), 138-41, 155-57 • Moshe Idel, "Jewish Mystical Thought in the Florence of Lorenzo il Magnifico," in La cultura ebraica all'epoca di Lorenzo il Magnifico, ed. D. Liscia Bemporad and I. Zatilli (Florence, 1998), pp. 31-32 • Moshe Idel, "Kabbalah and Ancient Philosophy in R. Isaac and Judah Abravanel", in The Philosophy of Leone Ebreo, eds. M. Dorman and Z. Levi (Tel Aviv, 1985) (in Hebrew), pp. 73-112, 197. • Moshe Idel, "Kabbalah, Platonism and Prisca Theologia: the Case of Menashe ben Israel,” Menasseh ben Israel and his World, Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 1989, pp. 207-219. • Moshe Idel, "The Anthropology of Yohanan Alemanno: Sources and Influences," Topoi 7 (1988): pp. 201-10; reprinted in Annali di storia dell'esegesi 7 (1990): 93-112; • Moshe Idel, “The Magical and Neoplatonic Interpretations of The Kabbalah in the Renaissance,” in Jewish Thought in the Sixteenth Century, by Bernard Dov Cooperman (ed.), Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1983, pp. 186-242 • Moshe Idel, “Italy in Safed, Safed in Italy: Toward an Interactive History of Sixteenth-Century Kabbalah,” in David B. Ruderman and Giuseppe Veltri, eds., Cultural Intermediaries: Jewish Intellectuals in Early Modern Italy, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004, p. 243 • Moshe Idel, “Jewish Kabbalah and Platonism in the Middle Ages and Renaissance” in Lenn Goodman, Neoplatonism and Jewish Thought, State University of New York Press, 1992, pp. 319-351 • Moshe Idel, “Metamorphoses of a Platonic Theme in Jewish Mysticism,” in Jewish Studies at the Central European University 3: 67 • Moshe Idel, “Particularism and Universalism in Kabbalah, 1480-1650,” in Essential Papers on Jewish Culture in Renaissance and Baroque Italy, edited by David B. Ruderman, 1992, p. 327-8, 338 • Moshe Idel, Kabbalah in Italy, 1280-1510: A Survey, Yale University Press, 2007 • Richard Popkin, “Spinoza, Neopiatonic Kabbalist?,” in Lenn Goodman, Neoplatonism and Jewish Thought, 1992, pp. pp. 367-410 • S. Toussaint, "Ficino's Orphic Magic or Jewish Astrology and Oriental Philosophy? A Note on Spiritus, the Three Books on Life, Ibn Tufayl, and Ibn Zarza," Ac- cademia 2 (2000): 19-33

Um julgamento de "bruxas" no vilarejo de Salem/MA marcou o começo do fim para o domínio puritano na Nova Inglaterra. Discutimos a atuação dos quakers, a fundação de Rhode Island e da Pensilvânia, o surgimento dos metodistas e do movimento de reavivação religiosa chamado o Primeiro Grande Despertar (1730-1740), crucial para a formação da noção de Estado laico tão importante para democracias modernas. Bibliografia e filmografia consultada American Experience: The Pilgrims - (documentário da PBS). Bremer, Francis J. Anne Hutchinson: Troubler of the Puritan Zion. New York: W.B. Eerdmans, 1981. Hart, D.G.; Mark A. Noll (ed). Dictionary of the Presbyterian and Reformed Tradition in America. Downers Grove, IL:InterVarsity Press, 1999. Lovejoy, David S. Religious Enthusiasm in the New World: Heresy to Revolution. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1985. God in America (documentário da PBS) McLoughlin, William G. Rhode Island: A History. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1986. Pennell, Melissa McFarland. The Historian's Scarlet Letter. Reading Nathaniel Hawthorne's Masterpiece As Social and Cultural History. Praeger, 2018 Stout, Harry S. The New England Soul: Preaching and Religious Culture in Colonial New England. New York: Oxford University Press, 1986. Taylor, Alan. American Colonies. NY: Penguin Books, 2002. Winslow, Ola Elizabeth. Master Roger Williams: A Biography. New York: Macmillan, 1957. Música de desfescho: Fehlfarben. Magnificent Obsession (1983)

A breaking-news emergencies podcast right after the oral arguments in the Biden Student Debt cases: Nebraska v. Biden and Dept of Education vs. Brown, joined by:Liza Goitein, senior director of the Brennan Center for Justice's Liberty & National Security Program, and a nationally expert on presidential emergency powers. She wrote immediately after the Biden plan was announced for the Washington Post: “Biden Using Emergency Powers for Student Debt Relief? That's a Slippery Slope,” linked here.And we're joined by Nestor Davidson, Albert A. Walsh Chair in Real Estate, Land Use, and Property Law; Faculty Director, Urban Law Center.Jed explains his amicus brief (and essay proposing an "Emergency Question Doctrine" to limit the Major Question Doctrine), which Justice Kavanaugh mentioned in oral argument, linked here.Materials Mentioned in this Episode:Materials Mentioned in this Episode:Biden v. Nebraska Department of EducationDocket         Oral ArgumentDepartment of Education v. BrownDocketOral ArgumentBrief of Jed Handelsman Shugerman as Amicus Curiae in Support of Respondents. Linked here.Jed Shugerman, "Major Questions and an Emergency Question Doctrine: The Biden Student Debt Case Study of Pretextual Abuse of Emergency Powers." 2023. Linked here.Jed Shugerman, “The Biden Student Debt Plan is a Legal Mess,” The Atlantic, Sept. 2022. Linked here. Subscription required. Elizabeth Goitein, “The Alarming Scope of the President's Emergency Powers,” The Atlantic, January/February 2019.  Linked here. Subscription to the Atlantic required.West Virginia v. EPA, 597 U.S. ___ (2022). Linked here. Zephyr Teachout. Corruption in America: From Benjamin Franklin's Snuff Box to Citizens United. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press (2016).  Buy on Amazon. Massachusetts v. EPA, 549 U.S. 497 (2007). Linked here.Andrew Kent, Ethan J. Leib, Jed Handelsman Shugerman, “Faithful Execution and Article II, 132 Harvard Law Review 2111 (2019). Linked here.

“And Jesus came and touched them, saying, ‘Get up and do not be afraid…” (Mt. 17). Grace Cathedral, San Francisco, CA 2D12 Last Epiphany (Year A) 11:00 a.m. Sunday 19 February 2023 Exodus 24:12-18 Psalm 99:1-8 2 Peter 1:16-21 Matthew 17:1-9 Last week in an email my friend Hugh Morgan observed that when it comes to social justice the Old Testament prophets sound strikingly modern to him. He wonders if the Old Testament has a stronger social justice message than the New Testament. [1] Today we consider this question.   But first let's define social justice as equality in wealth, political influence, cultural impact, respect… in opportunities to make a difference, to love and serve others. It involves creating a society in which every person is treated with dignity as a child of God, as bearing God's image. Jesus calls this the realm of God. Martin Luther King calls it “the beloved community.”   Today we celebrate the Last Sunday of Epiphany. Epiphany means a shining forth. You might call it a realization that utterly transforms us. The culminating story of this season occurs on a mountain top when Jesus' friends experience a mystical encounter with God.   In a recent conversation the law professor Patricia Williams spoke about two epiphanies that she had had. [2] For her whole life she had taken at face value family stories she had heard about her great-great-grandmother. These described her as a lazy person who was constantly fishing, as someone that no one liked. Then when Williams was in her twenties her sister discovered the bill of sale for their great-great-grandmother. In an instant she realized the truth. At the age of eleven her great-great-grandmother had been sold away from all that she had ever known. Two years later she was pregnant with the child of the dissatisfied thirty-five year old man who had bought her. She was traumatized so alienated from his children, who were taught to look down on her, that the only thing they chose to tell her descendants was that she was unpopular. To get to the truth Patricia Williams had to interpret those two stories together and to have empathy for someone's suffering. We have to do the same thing in order to understand the Bible.   Getting back to our question, Hugh makes a wise observation about the importance of social justice in the Old Testament. The deceased Berkeley sociologist Robert Bellah (1927-2013) wrote a book called Religion in Human Evolution: From the Paleolithic to the Axial Age. He asks about how religious belief makes large human societies possible. He notes that Israel first appears in Egyptian records in the year 1208 BCE, long before anything written in the Bible.   He points out two notable features about the social world that produced the Old Testament. First, that this it attempts to establish a society not on the role of one man as a divine king (like most Egyptian pharaohs) but rather on a covenant between God and the people. Moses is a prophet not a divine king.   The second thing he notices is that the prophets, for instance, Amos does not just condemn failures of religious ritual but the mistreatment of the weak and poor. Amos criticizes both foreigners and his own people. He writes, “Thus says the Lord: For three transgressions of Israel, and for four I will not revoke the punishment; because they sell the righteous for silver and the needy for a pair of shoes” (Amos 2). [3]   At this point I feel compelled to tell you more about the Old Testament. It will be a long time before Chat GPT can write an accurate sermon. I am totally astonished by how incorrect search engine results are when it comes to some of the most basic issues in religion. This includes how we determine when these books were written. There was no journalist taking notes in the Garden of Eden or the court of David. The books of the Bible were not written in the order in which the events they record happened, or in the order in which they are presented. One way to look at it is to see them growing up around the two ideas I just mentioned from the prophet Amos – that there is one God for all people and that God cares how the poor are treated. Scholars believe that the words of the prophet Amos were among the first in the entire Bible. So it is not as if the world was created, Noah built an ark, Abraham met God, God chose the Tribes of Israel, David's kingdom was established, many other kings reigned and then social justice became important. Social justice, this idea of God's universality and the dignity of every person, comes first. The other stories are ancient but put together by writers with this conviction in mind.   So the twentieth century rabbi Abraham Joshua Heschel calls the prophets, “the most disturbing people who ever lived” and “the [ones] who brought the Bible into being.” They “ceaseless[ly] shatter our indifference.” They interpret our existence from the perspective of God. Heschel writes that the prophets have assimilated their emotional life to that of the Divine so that the prophet, “lives not only his personal life but also the life of God. The prophet hears God's voice and feels His heart.” [4]   The Old Testament was written mostly in Hebrew with three main types of literature the Torah (instruction or) the law, the Nevi'im or prophets, and the Ketuvim or the writings. The New Testament was written in Greek under Roman occupation and includes totally different genres: gospels, epistles or letters, and John's apocalyptic conclusion the Book of Revelation. As Jesus alludes to in the Book of Matthew, the New Testament is built on the foundation of the old – that there is one God for all the nations who cares about human dignity. It has a different feeling because it is composed at a different time, under different social circumstances for a different audience. But for me it is not less focused on social justice. Christians do not worship the Bible, but the person of Jesus. Jesus is how we understand our lives and our connection to God.   We see this in today's gospel. The story of the Transfiguration is not so much about a private mystical experience, but a meditation on Christ's passion. It exists to shape our response to Jesus' death on the cross. Imagine the Book of Matthew. We climb up one side through Jesus' teaching and healing until we finally hear Jesus describe how his death will be. The disciples cannot take it in. We go down the other side to Jerusalem where Jesus will be killed. And for a reassuring moment we linger at the mountaintop.   Let me briefly tell you three things about the Greek text. Matthew uses the emphatic word idou or “Behold! Look!” three times. First, before the appearance of Moses who represents the law, and Elijah who stands for the prophets. Then again when a shining cloud appears and yet again when God says, “This is my Son, the Beloved; with him I am well pleased” (Mt. 17). Jesus' friends feel so afraid they fall down like dead people. Jesus tells his friends to rise up and uses the same word he does when he says that the Son of Man will be raised from the dead. Jesus touches them in a reassuring way. The Greek word hapsamenos means to touch, hold or grasp. But it also can be translated as to light or ignite a flame.   What does it mean for social justice, to have at the heart of our religion a man who gives up his life and is executed? It is not just what Jesus says that matters. He gives his life to help make real this idea that God loves every human being, that each life has innate dignity. This includes the truth that death is not the end.   Although Christians often get lost in the belief that faith is about an isolated individual's personal salvation, there is a deep tradition of meditating on the way Jesus' death reverses the overwhelming evil all around us. I do not have time for more examples but I would like to mention Basil of Caesarea (330-379).   In the Gospel of Luke Jesus tells the story about a rich man who has so much property that he decides to build a bigger barn to hold it all so that he can “eat, drink and be merry” (Lk. 12). That night the foolish man dies. So the fourth century Basil wrote a sermon about this. He says that what we think we need constantly changes. We are metaphorically building smaller and bigger barns all the time. When we think we need too much we cannot be generous to others.   Basil says, “How can I bring the sufferings of the poverty-stricken to your attention? When they look around inside their hovels… [and] find clothes and furnishings so miserable… worth only a few cents. What then? They turn their gaze to their own children, thinking that perhaps by bringing them to the slave-market they might find some respite from death. Consider now the violent struggle that takes place between the desperation arising from famine and a parent's fundamental instincts. Starvation on the one side threatens horrible death, while nature resists, convincing the parents rather to die with their children. Time and again they vacillate, but in the end they succumb, driven by want and cruel necessity.” [5] The Christian tradition in every generation is filled with appeals like this. They beg us to recognize the full humanity of every person.   Let me tell you the second of Patricia Williams' two epiphanies. When she was a child there were very few women or Black people who were judges, law professors, law partners, attorney generals, etc. Virtually all law had been written by white men. Because of this there were blind spots, basic failures to understand society that had crucial legal ramifications. [6]   Professor Williams and other intellectuals invented Critical Race Theory to address this, to help the law work for all people, not just those in power. These debates were largely for people in universities until about ten years ago. In our conversation Professor Williams expressed her surprise when she heard a powerful political consultant talk about how he had made millions of Americans fear and hate this social justice project. He had successfully convinced them to regard Critical Race Theory as divisive and dangerous to white people. He explicitly stated that increasing their anger was a means of getting their votes. [7]   The great twentieth century Jewish expert in building healthy religious congregations Edwin Friedman frequently repeats this warning. “Expect sabotage.” [8] When we are working for good, to change how things are, we will be opposed. Those who care about social justice need to understand that there will be people who actively seek to thwart it.   Patricia Williams is a prophet for me, shattering my indifference. Many here this morning are prophets to me also. Behold. Be ignited. Shine forth. Let the realization of Jesus' love utterly transform us. [1] Hugh Morgan, 9 February 2023. “In reading Isaiah and the minor prophets, I am struck by how modern they sound, when calling out issues of social justice.  Of course, our thinking has been influenced by the enlightenment and all that came after it, so my brain may be predisposed to see these threads in the text.  But they are there. You do not see the same strength of views on social justice in the New Testament, certainly little about upsetting the then current order.  And I do not think you see similar messages supporting the oppressed in Greek or Roman writings (I have a super limited sense of what these are.) And, you do not see "social justice thought" - a very modern thing - called out, developed, emphasized from the OT texts in the early church, nor through the reformation, not even in the revivals in America and England in the late 1800s. Two questions to ponder 1. Where did the social justice message in the OT come from? 2.  Are there strains of this message in church history that I / we are not aware of?” [2] Patricia J. Williams on the Grace Cathedral Forum, 1 February 2023. https://youtu.be/8h-xHY7OIuY . Also see Patricia J. Williams, The Alchemy of Race and Rights: Diary of a Law Professor (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1991) 17-19. [3] Robert Bellay, Religion in Human Evolution: From the Paleolithic to the Axial Age (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2011). Quoting Michael Walzer and David Malo on a covenant between the people and God (310f). Amos' ethical statements (302). [4] Abraham Joshua Heschel, The Prophets: An Introduction, Volume One (NY: Harper, 1962) ix-26. [5] “How can I bring the sufferings of the poverty-stricken to your attention? When they look around inside their hovels… [and] find clothes and furnishings so miserable… worth only a few cents. What then? They turn their gaze to their own children, thinking that perhaps by bringing them to the slave-market they might find some respite from death. Consider now the violent struggle that takes place between the desperation arising from famine and a parent's fundamental instincts. Starvation on the one side threatens horrible death, while nature resists, convincing the parents rather to die with their children. Time and again they vacillate, but in the end they succumb, driven by want and cruel necessity.” Basil of Caesarea, “I Will Tear Down My Barns.” Tr. Paul Shroeder. Cited in Logismoi. http://logismoitouaaron.blogspot.com/2010/03/on-social-justice-by-st-basil-great.html [6] Professor Patricia J. Williams and I talked about “stand your ground” laws that result in much higher rates of death among Black men, because white people are more likely to be afraid of them. [7] In an online interaction I heard from someone who is monomaniacally focused on the idea that Critical Race Theory must necessarily involve government forced discrimination against white people. He did not have the time to see the Patricia Williams interview. He had already made up his mind. [8] “Sabotage is part and parcel of the systemic process of leadership.” Edwin Friedman, A Failure of Nerve: Leadership in the Age of the Quick Fix (NY: Church Publishing, 2017 revised).

EPISODE NOTES:Dressing up in costumes and masks has been at the heart of carnival celebrations since the founding of the city in the 1718. In the twentieth century, new groups emerged challenging the status quo and reshaping the festivities into the celebration that is the biggest tourist draw and the most famous public festivities of the Crescent City. If you would like, you can support us at: https://www.patreon.com/historyunhemmed https://anchor.fm/historyunhemmed/support   And/or follow us on social media: Instagram: @history_unhemmed Facebook: History Unhemmed   Thank you!

Episode 118:This week we're continuing Russia in Revolution An Empire in Crisis 1890 - 1928 by S. A. Smith[Part 1]Introduction[Part 2-5]1. Roots of Revolution, 1880s–1905[Part 6-8]2. From Reform to War, 1906-1917[Part 9-12]3. From February to October 1917[Part 13 - 17]4. Civil War and Bolshevik Power[Part 18 - 22]5. War Communism[Part 23 - 26]6. The New Economic Policy: Politics and the Economy[Part 27 - 29]7. The New Economic Policy: Society and CultureSocial Order RestoredDesigning a Welfare StateThe Arts and UtopiaFamily and Gender RelationsYouth a Wavering VanguardPropaganda and Popular Culture[Part 30 - This Week]7. The New Economic Policy: Society and CultureCultural Revolution - 0:38The Attack on Religion - 24:51Epilogue - The “Great Break” 1928 - 1931 - 42:38[Part 31 - 32?]ConclusionFigure 7.6 - 6:45Kazakh peasants learn to read.Figure 7.7 - 30:25The seizure of church valuables, 1922.Footnotes:96) 0:54Zenovia A. Sochor, Revolution and Culture: The Bogdanov–Lenin Controversy (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1988).97) 2:39Oktiabr'skaia revoliutsiia i fabzavkomy (The October Revolution and the Factory Committees), (2 vols), vol. 2, ed. S. A. Smith (Millwood, NY: Kraus International Publications, 1983), 89.98) 4:58Michael David-Fox, ‘What is Cultural Revolution?', Russian Review, 58 (Apr. 1999), 181–201.99) 5:46Ella Winter, Red Virtue: Human Relationships in the New Russia (London: Gollancz, 1933), 35.100) 6:48Charles E. Clark, Uprooting Otherness: The Literacy Campaign in NEP-Era Russia (Selinsgrove, PA: Susquehanna University Press, 2000).101) 7:50Charles E. Clark, ‘Uprooting Otherness: Bolshevik Attempts to Refashion Rural Russia via the Reading Rooms of the 1920s', Canadian Slavonic Papers, 38:3–4 (1996), 305–29 (320).102) 8:51N. Rosnitskii, Litso derevni. Po materialam obsledovaniia 28 volostei i 32,730 krest'ianskikh khoziaistv Penzenskoi gubernii (Leningrad: Gos. Izd-vo, 1926), 103.103) 10:00Régine Robin, ‘Popular Literature of the 1920s: Russian Peasants as Readers', in Fitzpatrick, Rabinowitch, and Stites (eds), Russia in the Era of NEP, 253–67, (256).104) 10:39Robin, ‘Popular Literature', 261.105) 11:26Gorsuch, Youth in Revolutionary Russia, 19.106) 11:50Antireligioznik, 10 (1926), 53.107) 12:28N. B. Lebina, Povsednevnaia zhizn' sovetskogo goroda: normy i anomalii: 1920–1930 gody (St Petersburg: Neva, 1999), ch. 2, part 3.108) 13:24Andy Willimott, Living the Revolution: Urban Communes & Soviet Socialism, 1917–1932 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016).109) 13:56Hugh D. Hudson, Blueprints and Blood: The Stalinization of Soviet Architecture, 1917–37 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994).110) 14:15Anatole Kopp, Town and Revolution: Soviet Architecture and City Planning, 1917–1935 (London: Thames and Hudson, 1970).111) 15:21Eric Aunoble, Le Communisme tout de suite! Le mouvement des communes en Ukraine soviétique (1919–20) (Paris: Les Nuits rouges, 2008).112) 16:25S. A. Smith, ‘The Social Meanings of Swearing: Workers and Bad Language in Late-Imperial and Early-Soviet Russia', Past and Present, 160 (1998), 167–202.113) 17:58This and the statistics on baptisms and funerals are taken from N. S. Burmistrov, ‘Religioznye obriady pri rozhdeniiakh, smertiakh, brakakh po statistichekim dannym administrativnykh otdelov Mossoveta', Antireligioznik, 6 (1929), 89–94.114) 20:03Golos naroda, 170–2.115) 20:44Catherine Merridale, Night of Stone: Death and Memory in Russia (London: Granta, 2000).116) 22:53N. N. Kozlova, Gorizonty povsednevnosti sovetskoi epokhi. Golosa iz khora (Moscow: RAN, 1996), 128; Litvak, ‘Zhizn' krest'ianina', 194.117) 25:14V. P. Buldakov, Krasnaia smuta: Priroda I posledstviia revoliutsionnogo nasiliia (Moscow: ROSSPEN, 1997).118) 25:42Koenker and Bachman (eds), Revelations from the Russian Archives, 456–8.119) 27:26State Archive of the Russian Federation: ГАРФ, ф.Р-5407, оп.2, д.177, л.22.120) 28:56.121) 31:25N. A. Krivova, ‘The Events in Shuia: A Turning Point in the Assault on the Church', Russian Studies in History, 46:2 (2007), 8–38.122) 31:44Edward E. Roslof, Red Priests: Renovationism, Russian Orthodoxy, and Revolution, 1905–1946 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2002).123) 32:41Gregory Freeze, ‘Counter-Reformation in Russian Orthodoxy: Popular Response to Religious Innovation, 1922–1925', Slavic Review, 54:2 (1995), 305–39.124) 34:10A. Iu. Minakov, ‘Sektanty i revoliutsiia', < http://dl.biblion.realin.ru/text/14_Disk_EPDS_-_vse_seminarskie_konspekty/Uchebnye_materialy_1/sekt_novosibirsk/Documents/sekt_revol.html>.125) 35:41Mustafa Tuna, Imperial Russia's Muslims: Islam, Empire, and European Modernity, 1788–1914 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015), 237.126) 36:55Daniel Peris, Storming the Heavens: The Soviet League of the Militant Godless (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1998).127) 39:08Nina Tumarkin, Lenin Lives! The Lenin Cult in Soviet Russia (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1983).128) 40:49N. Valentinov, Novaia ekonomicheskaia politika i krizis partii posle smerti Lenina (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1971), 91.129) 49:49Sheila Fitzpatrick, Everyday Stalinism: Ordinary Life in Extraordinary Times: Soviet Russia in the 1930s (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), 224–5.130) 50:05Stephen Kotkin, Magnetic Mountain: Stalinism as a Civilization (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997), 198–237.131) 50:29Robert C. Tucker, Stalin in Power: The Revolution from Above, 1928–1941 (New York: W. W. Norton, 1990).

Professor Maura Dykstra of Caltech joins us today to talk about her new book titled Uncertainty in the Empire of Routine: The Administrative Revolution of the Eighteenth-Century Qing State. According to the publisher, the book "investigates the administrative revolution of China's eighteenth-century Qing state. It begins in the mid-seventeenth century with what seemed, at the time, to be straightforward policies to clean up the bureaucracy: a regulation about deadlines here, a requirement about reporting standards there. Over the course of a hundred years, the central court continued to demand more information from the provinces about local administrative activities. By the middle of the eighteenth century, unprecedented amounts of data about local offices throughout the empire existed. The result of this information coup was a growing discourse of crisis and decline. Gathering data to ensure that officials were doing their jobs properly, it turned out, repeatedly exposed new issues requiring new forms of scrutiny. Slowly but surely, the thicket of imperial routines and standards binding together local offices, provincial superiors, and central ministries shifted the very epistemological foundations of the state. A vicious cycle arose whereby reporting protocols implemented to solve problems uncovered more problems, necessitating the collection of more information. At the very moment that the Qing knew more about itself than ever before, the central court became certain that it had entered an age of decline." Contributors Maura Dykstra Professor Maura Dykstra is an Assistant Professor of History at Caltech. As a historian of Late Imperial China, her research interests are on bureaucratic, economic, and legal institutions of empire and their implications for political and social interactions in quotidian contexts. Professor Dykstra received her PhD from UCLA and was a postdoctoral fellow at Harvard's Fairbank Center for Chinese Studies. In addition, she has held numerous residential fellowships and visiting positions in Europe and Asia. Starting in Fall of 2023, Professor Dykstra will begin a new position as Assistant Professor of Chinese History at Yale University. Yiming Ha Yiming Ha is a Ph.D. candidate in the Department of History at the University of California, Los Angeles. His current research is on military mobilization and state-building in China between the thirteenth and seventeenth centuries, focusing on how military institutions changed over time, how the state responded to these changes, the disconnect between the center and localities, and the broader implications that the military had on the state. His project highlights in particular the role of the Mongol Yuan in introducing an alternative form of military mobilization that radically transformed the Chinese state. He is also interested in military history, nomadic history, comparative Eurasian state-building, and the history of maritime interactions in early modern East Asia. He received his BA from UCLA and his MPhil from the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology. Credits Episode No. 15 Release date: September 20, 2022 Recording location: Los Angeles, CA Transcript Bibliography courtesy of Professor Dykstra Images Cover Image: Cover of Professor Dykstra's book, which can be purchased directly from the publisher or from Amazon. A 1771 prisoner's register from Ba County. Fig. 6 in the book with the following description: "Draft of a 1771 prisoner register produced by the Ba County magistrate." It is document 清 006-01-03710 in the Sichuan Provincial Archives' Ba County collection. Photo provided by Professor Dykstra.   References Bartlett, Beatrice S. Monarchs and Ministers: The Grand Council in Mid-Ch'ing China,1723–1820. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991.   Fitzgerald, Devin T. "The Ming Open Archive and the Global Reading of Early Modern China." Ph. D. diss. Harvard University, 2020.   Hucker, Charles O. The Censorial System of Ming China. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1966.   Kuhn, Philip A. Origins of the Modern Chinese State. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2003.   Mokros, Emily.  The Peking gazette in late imperial China: state news and political authority in late imperial China. University of Washington Press, 2020.   Wu, Silas H. L. Communication and Imperial Control in China: The Evolution of the Palace Memorial System 1693–1735. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1970.   ———. “Transmission of Ming Memorials and the Evolution of the Transmission Network, 1368-1627.” T'oung Pao 54, no. 4–5 (January 1968): 275–87.   Will, Pierre-Étienne. Official Handbooks and Anthologies for Officials in Imperial China: A Descriptive and Critical Bibliography. Brill, 2020.   Zhang, Ting. Circulating the Code: print media and legal knowledge in Qing China. University of Washington Press, 2020.

Episode 105:This week we're continuing Russia in Revolution An Empire in Crisis 1890 - 1928 by S. A. Smith[Part 1]Introduction[Part 2-5]1. Roots of Revolution, 1880s–1905[Part 6-8]2. From Reform to War, 1906-1917[Part 9-12]3. From February to October 1917[Part 13 - 16]4. Civil War and Bolshevik PowerThe Expansion of SovietsNational Self-Determination and the Reconstitution of EmpireViolence and TerrorThe Suppression of the Socialist Opposition[Part 17 - This Week]4. Civil War and Bolshevik PowerOne Party Dictatorship in Action - 0:20Discussion - 23:42[Part 18 - 20?]5. War Communism[Part 21 - 23?]6. The New Economic Policy: Politics and the Economy[Part 24 - 27?]7. The New Economic Policy: Society and Culture[Part 28?]ConclusionFootnotes:77) 2:44Gimpel'son, Formirovanie, 78.78) 6:01Sovetskaia derevnia glazami VChK-OGPU, vol. 1:, 1918–22: Dokumenty i materialy (Moscow: ROSSPEN, 1998), 32.79) 6:42A. I. Chernykh, Stanovlenie Rossii Sovetskoi: 20-e gody v zerkale sotsiologii (Moscow: Pamiatniki Istoricheskoi Mysli, 1998), 262; Richard Sakwa, Soviet Communists in Power: A Study of Moscow during the Civil War, 1918–21 (New York: St Martin's, 1988).80) 7:22State Archive of Perm' Oblast', ГАПО ф. 201, оп.1, д.11, л.7.81) 8:08Robert V. Daniels, The Conscience of the Revolution: Communist Opposition in Soviet Russia (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1960).82) 9:30James Harris, ‘Stalin as General Secretary: The Appointments Process and the Nature of Stalin's Power', in Sarah Davies and James Harris (eds), Stalin: A New History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), 66.83) 12:58G. Gimpel'son, Sovetskie upravlentsy, 1917–1920gg. (Moscow: RAN, 1998), 167.84) 13:33I. S. Rat'kovskii and M. V. Khodiakov, Istoriia sovetskoi Rossii (St Petersburg: Lan', 1999), 54.85) 14:01S. A. Pavliuchenkov, Voennyi kommunizm v Rossii: vlast' i massy (Moscow: RKT-Istoriia, 1997), 189.86) 14:31I. V. Pavlova, Stalinizm: Stanovlenie mekhanizma vlasti (Novosibirsk: Sibirskii khronograf, 1993), 50.87) 15:09Gimpel'son, Sovetskie upravlentsy, 203.88) 19:15Bertram D. Wolfe, Strange Communists I Have Known (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1966), 88.89) 20:23Balabanoff, Impressions of Lenin, 102–3.90) 21:03.91) 22:10.92) 23:01Service, Lenin: A Biography, 299; V. I. Lenin, ‘Second All-Russian Congress of Miners', 23 Jan. 1921, .

Omar Sadr talks to Haroun Rahimi about the notion of rights, how the contestation between the liberal and Islamic notions of right took place, how the law scholars studied the totalitarian Taliban, and finally why legal scholarship in Afghanistan has been avoiding a critical approach about the Taliban. Dr. Haroun Rahimi is an Assistant Professor of Law at the American University of Afghanistan. In his research, Dr. Rahimi studies law and development, and institutional reform. He is also an associate editor for the Manchester Journal of Transnational Islamic Law & Practice. Suggested readings: MacIntyre, Alasdair. 1984. After Virtue: A Study in Moral Theory. Notre Dame, Ind: University of Notre Dame Press. Faiz Ahmed, Afghanistan Rising: Islamic Law and Statecraft between the Ottoman and British Empires. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Jennifer Murtazashvili. 2016. Informal Order and the State in Afghanistan. Published online by Cambridge University Press. Haroun Rahimi. 2021. A Constitutional Reckoning with The Taliban's Brand of Islamist Politics: The Hard Path Ahead, Kabul: AISS. Haroun Rahimi. 2021. Afghanistan's laws and legal institutions under the Taliban” Melbourn Asia Review. Connect with us! Google, Apple, Spotify, Anchor Twitter: @negotiateideas & @OmarSadr Email: negotiatingidea@gmail.com

Episode 103:This week we're continuing Russia in Revolution An Empire in Crisis 1890 - 1928 by S. A. Smith[Part 1]Introduction[Part 2-5]1. Roots of Revolution, 1880s–1905[Part 6-8]2. From Reform to War, 1906-1917[Part 9-12]3. From February to October 1917[Part 13 - 14]4. Civil War and Bolshevik PowerThe Expansion of Soviets[Part 15 - This Week]4. Civil War and Bolshevik PowerNational Self-Determination and the Reconstitution of Empire - 0:20[Part 15 - 16?]4. Civil War and Bolshevik Power[Part 17 - 19?]5. War Communism[Part 20 - 22?]6. The New Economic Policy: Politics and the Economy[Part 23 - 26?]7. The New Economic Policy: Society and Culture[Part 27?]ConclusionFootnotes:46) 0:50Richard Pipes, The Formation of the Soviet Union: Communism and Nationalism, 1917–1923 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1954); Jeremy Smith, The Bolsheviks and the National Question, 1917–1923 (New York: St Martin's, 1999).47) 4:21Izvestiia, 11, 16 Jan. 1918, 3; Izvestiia, 12, 17 Jan. 1918, 2.48) 8:56Alfred E. Senn, The Emergence of Modern Lithuania (New York: Columbia University Press, 1959).49) 16:03O. V. Budnitskii, Rossiiskie evrei mezhdu krasnymi i belymi (1917–1920) (Moscow: ROSSPEN, 2006), 275–6; Oleg Budnitskii, ‘Shots in the Back: On the Origin of the Anti-Jewish Pogroms of 1918–1921', in E. M Avrutin and H. Murav (eds), Jews in the East European Borderlands (Boston: Academic Studies Press, 2012), 187–210.50) 18:00.51) 18:51Peter Holquist, Making War, Forging Revolution: Russia's Continuum of Crisis, 1914–1921 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002).52) 25:35Adeeb Khalid, ‘Nationalizing the Revolution in Central Asia: The Transformation of Jadidism, 1917–1920', in Ronald G. Suny and Terry Martin (eds), A State of Nations: Empire and Nation-Making in the Age of Lenin and Stalin (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), 145–64.53) 28:45Marco Buttino, La Rivoluzione capovolta: L'Asia centrale tra il crollo dell'impero Zarista e la formazione dell'URSS (Naples: L'ancora del Mediterraneo, 2003).54) 30:13Daniel E. Schafer, ‘Local Politics and the Birth of the Republic of Bashkortostan, 1919–1920', in Suny and Martin (eds), A State of Nations, 165–90.55) 33:25M. A. Persits, ‘Vostochnye internatsionalisty v Rossii i nekotorye voprosy natsional'no-osvoboditel'nogo dvizheniia (1918–iul' 1920)', Komintern i Vostok: bor'ba za leninskuiu strategiiu i taktiku v natsional'no-osvoboditel'nom dvizhenii (Moscow: Nauka, 1969), 53–109 (96).56) 33:56‘Biuro Sekretariata TsK RKP (iiun'1923g.)', in Tainy natsional'noi politiki TsK RKP: stenograficheskii otchet sekretnogo IV soveshchaniia TsK RKP 1923g. (Moscow: INSAN, 1992), 74; .

Diane & Rick address Carolina's email about her hateful ex-husband, who is remarried with a new baby five years after the divorce - but still has a major axe to grind with her even though she is trying to include him in major decisions.  What causes some people to hang on to their vengeful attitudes many years after the divorce? Find out in this episode!To get a special discount on therapy through BetterHelp,  visit www.BetterHelp.com/DilemmaBecome a CPDilemmas VIP patron and support our work with co-parents. Visit our Patreon page to get special listener perks like VIP access to our monthly live Q&A sessions!Diane talked about research regarding how the well-being of the custodial parent is vital to good outcomes in children (and why torturing or making your other parent's life miserable is not going to fare well for your kids). Here is more info on the subject: Functioning of the primary residential parent is important. According to Lye (1999),  “Children of divorce do better when the well-being of the primary residential parent is high. Primary residential parents who are experiencing psychological, emotional, social, economic, or health difficulties may transfer these difficulties to their children and are often less able to parent effectively.” However, she also found that well-being improves with time since the divorce. According to Furstenberg & Cherlin (1991), “It is likely that a child who alternates between the homes of a distraught mother and an angry father will be more troubled than a child who lives with a mother who is coping well and who once a fortnight sees a father who has disengaged from his family.” Further, Johnston (1995) said that “Joint custody is especially harmful when one of the parents is abusive, rigid, manipulative, or angry that he [or she] is divorced.”  Kelly and Emory (2003), in their research review article, conclude that “When custodial parents provide warmth, emotional support, adequate monitoring, discipline authoritatively, and maintain age-appropriate expectations, children and adolescents experience positive adjustment compared with children whose divorced custodial parents are inattentive, less supportive, and use coercive discipline.” Furstenberg, F.F., Jr., & Cherlin, A.J. (1991), Divided Families: What Happens to Children When Parents Part. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Johnston, J.R. (1995), Children's adjustment in sole custody compared to joint custody families and principles for custody decision-making, Family and Conciliation Courts Review, 33, 415. Lye, D.N. (1999). What the experts say: Scholarly research on post-divorce parenting and child well-being, Report to the Washington State Gender and Justice Commission and Domestic Relations Committee. Kelly, J.B. & Emery, R.E. (2003). Children's adjustment following divorce: risk and resilience perspectives. Family Relations, 52, 352-362.Shop for cool NON-Impossible merchandise and purchase something fun! Support from our listeners keeps us going!CLICK HERE to subscribe to our monthly podcast email to get a sneak peak into upcoming topics!Do you have a co-parent dilemma? Call our voicemail number at 1-234-DILEMMA (1-234-345-3662) or email 1234Dilemma@gmail.comSupport the show

Episode 95:This week we're continuing Russia in Revolution An Empire in Crisis 1890 - 1928 by S. A. Smith[Part 1]Introduction[Part 2-5]1. Roots of Revolution, 1880s–1905[Part 6]2. From Reform to War, 1906-1917Prospects for Reform[Part 7 - This Week]2. From Reform to War, 1906–1917On the Eve of War - 0:32First World War - 12:47[Part 8]2. From Reform to War, 1906–1917[Part 9 - 11?]3. From February to October 1917[Part 12 - 15?]4. Civil War and Bolshevik Power[Part 16 - 18?]5. War Communism[Part 19 - 21?]6. The New Economic Policy: Politics and the Economy[Part 22 - 25?]7. The New Economic Policy: Society and Culture[Part 26?]ConclusionFootnotes:45) 1:23Michael Melancon, The Lena Goldfields Massacre and the Crisis of the Late Tsarist State (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2006), 116.46) 2:34Haimson and Petrusha, ‘Two Strike Waves in Imperial Russia', 107.47) 3:07Hogan, Forging Revolution, 161.48) 3:29F. A. Gaida, ‘Politicheskaia obstanovka v Rossii nakanune Pervoi mirovoi voiny v otsenke gosudarstvennykh deiatelei i liderov partii', Rossiiskaia istoriia, 6 (2011), 123–35; Jonathan W. Daly, The Watchful State: Security Police and Opposition in Russia, 1906–1917 (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 2004), 147.49) 4:29Victoria E. Bonnell, Roots of Rebellion: Workers' Politics and Organizations in St Petersburg and Moscow, 1900–1914 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983).50) 5:24Shestoi s”ezd RSDLP (bol'shevikov): Avgust 1917 goda. Protokoly (Moscow, 1958), 47.51) 5:37D. A. Loeber (ed.), Ruling Communist Parties and their Status under Law (Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff, 1986), 63. Not all historians are persuaded that the Bolsheviks were taking over leadership of the labour movement: see R. B. McKean, St Petersburg Between the Revolutions: Workers and Revolutionaries, June, 1907–February 1917 (London: Yale University Press, 1990).52) 6:20Postnikov, Territorial'noe razmeshchenie, 56.53) 6:44Patricia Herlihy, The Alcoholic Empire: Vodka and Politics in Late Imperial Russia (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002), 145.54) 8:34V. B. Aksenov, ‘ “Sukhoi zakon” 1914 goda: ot pridvornoi intrigi do revoliutsii', Rossiiskaia istoriia, 4 (2011), 126–39.55) 8:44For a view that individual and collective actors recoiled from taking decisive action in the political and social crisis on the eve of the war, for fear that they would be overwhelmed by an accelerating process of social polarization, see Leopold H. Haimson, ‘ “The Problem of Political and Social Stability in Urban Russia on the Eve of War” Revisited', Slavic Review, 59:4 (2000), 848–75.56) 8:58Dowler, Russia in 1913, 279.57) 9:24Gilbert, Radical Right, ch. 6.58) 9:29Rossiia 1913 god: statistiko-dokumental'nyi spravochnik (St Petersburg: BLITs, 1995), 413–14.59) 9:58William C. Fuller, Civil–Military Conflict in Imperial Russia, 1881–1914 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1985), 257.60) 10:50Mark D. Steinberg, Petersburg: Fin de Siècle (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2011), 244.61) 11:40Gatrell, Government, Industry, and Rearmament.62) 12:17.63) 13:02Norman Stone, The Eastern Front, 1914–1917 (London: Penguin, 1998).64) 15:43Mark Mazower, Dark Continent: Europe's Twentieth Century (London: Allen Lane, 1998), ix; David Stevenson, 1914–1918: The History of the First World War (London: Penguin, 2005), xix.65) 16:10G. F. Krivosheev (ed.), Rossiia i SSSR v voinakh XX veka: poteri vooruzhyennykh sil. Statisticheskoe issledovanie (Moscow: OLMA, 2001).66) 17:34Boris Kolonitskii, Tragicheskaia erotika: obrazy, imperatorskoi sem'i v gody Pervoi mirovoi voiny (Moscow: NLO, 2010), 73.67) 18:25Joshua Sanborn, Imperial Apocalypse: The Great War and the Destruction of the Russian Empire (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014), 29.68) 19:26Cited in Peter Gatrell, ‘Tsarist Russia at War: The View from Above, 1914–February 1917', Journal of Modern History, 87:3 (2015), 668–700 (689).69) 19:54David R. Stone, The Russian Army in the Great War: The Eastern Front, 1914–1917 (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2015), 48; Eric Lohr, Nationalizing the Russian Empire: The Campaign Against Enemy Aliens during the First World War (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2003), 136.70) 21:17Peter Gatrell, A Whole Empire Walking: Refugees in Russia during World War One (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1999), 3.71) 21:29Tomas Balkelis, ‘Demobilization and Remobilization of German and Lithuanian Paramilitaries after the First World War', Journal of Contemporary History, 50:1 (2015), 38–57 (38).72) 23:22Donald Bloxham, The Great Game of Genocide: Imperialism, Nationalism and the Destruction of the Ottoman Armenians (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005).73) 24:04Edward J. Erickson, Ottoman Army Effectiveness in World War One (London: Routledge, 2007), 1.74) 24:04A. B. Astashov, Russkii front v 1914-nachale 1917 goda: voennyi opyt i sovremennost' (Moscow: Novyi Khronograf, 2014), 19, 23.75) 25:54P. P. Shcherbinin, ‘Women's Mobilization for War (Russian Empire)', International Encyclopedia of the First World War, .76) 27:34Stone, Russian Army, 4.77) 29:05Stone, Russian Army, ch. 7.78) 30:33Edward D. Sokol, The Revolt of 1916 in Russian Central Asia (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1954). Gene Huskey refers to an ‘unknown genocide', in which 100,000 to 120,000 out of 780,000 Kyrghyz were slaughtered: Gene Huskey, ‘Kyrgyzstan: The Politics of Demographic and Economic Frustration', in Ian Bremmer and Ray Taras (eds), (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), 400.79) 31:01Astashov, Russkii front, 116, 160.80) 31:10William G. Rosenberg, ‘Reading Soldiers' Moods: Russian Military Censorship and the Configuration of Feeling in World War I', American Historical Review, 119:3 (2014), 714–40 (716).81) 32:54A. B. Astashov and P. A. Simmons, Pis'ma s voiny 1914–1917 (Moscow: Novyi khronograf, 2015), 128.82) 33:25Joshua Sanborn, ‘The Mobilization of 1914 and the Question of the Russian Nation', Slavic Review, 59:2 (2000), 267–89; S. A. Smith, ‘Citizenship and the Russian Nation during World War I: A Comment', Slavic Review, 59:2 (2000), 316–29.83) 33:38Astashov, Russkii front, 133–4, 179–87.84) 34:24Quoted in A. B. Astashov, ‘Russkii krest'ianin na frontakh Pervoi mirovoi voiny', Otechestvennaia istoriia, 2 (2003), 72–86 (75); Karen Petrone, The Great War in Russian Memory (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2011), 91.85) 34:44Mark von Hagen, ‘The Entangled Front in the First World War', in Eric Lohr et al. (eds), The Empire and Nationalism at War (Bloomington, IN: Slavica, 2014), 9–48 (36); Sanborn, Imperial Apocalypse, 130.86) 35:28Igor V. Narskii, ‘The Frontline Experience of Russian Soldiers in 1914–16', Russian Studies in History, 51:4 (2013), 31–49.87) 36:21Astashov, Russkii front, 224, 279–300.88) 36:45Krivosheev (ed.), Rossiia, table 52.89) 37:02Dietrich Beyrau, ‘Brutalization Revisited: The Case of Russia', Journal of Contemporary History, 50:1 (2015), 15–37 (18).90) 37:29Krivosheev (ed.), Rossiia, table 56.

On this Juneteenth Weekend, Dr. Stephanie Krusemark, co-host of the AdmitIt podcast, sits down with Dr. Marybeth Gasman to discuss the history of race and culture embedded within the minority serving institutions in the United States. We discuss the positive impact these institutions have on student success, the realistic challenges of their survival and ability to thrive, and why it's important to advocate for their sustainability within the larger higher education ecosystem of colleges and universities in the United States and globally. Dr. Marybeth Gasman is the Samuel DeWitt Proctor Endowed Chair in Education, the Executive Director of the Samuel DeWitt Proctor Institute for Leadership, Equity & Justice, and the Executive Director of the Rutgers Center for Minority Serving Institutions at Rutgers University. RESOURCESPublications by Dr. GasmanDoing the Right Thing: How Colleges and Universities Can Undo Systemic Racism in Faculty Hiring (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2022). Educating a Diverse Nation: Lessons from Minority Serving Institutions. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2015). Relevant Context MaterialConsider a College With a Focus on Minority Students, U. S. News and World Report Minority Serving Institutions, American Council on Education  Education Dept. Delivers $1.4 Billion in Stimulus Funds to Minority-Serving Institutions, AACRAOBiden Unveils FY 2023 Budget Blueprint, AACRAO

Episode 94:This week we're continuing Russia in Revolution An Empire in Crisis 1890 - 1928 by S. A. Smith[Part 1]Introduction[Part 2-5]1. Roots of Revolution, 1880s–1905[Part 6 - This Week]2. From Reform to War, 1906-1917 - 0:22Prospects for Reform - 07:36[Part 7 - 8?]2. From Reform to War, 1906–1917[Part 9 - 11?]3. From February to October 1917[Part 12 - 15?]4. Civil War and Bolshevik Power[Part 16 - 18?]5. War Communism[Part 19 - 21?]6. The New Economic Policy: Politics and the Economy[Part 22 - 25?]7. The New Economic Policy: Society and Culture[Part 26?]ConclusionFootnotes:1) 2:01Abraham Ascher, P. A. Stolypin: The Search for Stability in Late Imperial Russia (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001).2) 3:53Terence Emmons, The Formation of Political Parties and the First National Elections in Russia (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1983).3) 4:53Geoffrey A. Hosking, The Russian Constitutional Experiment: Government and Duma, 1907–1914 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1973).4) 5:23George Gilbert, The Radical Right in Imperial Russia (London: Routledge, 2015).5) 6:29More than 26,000 people were executed, exiled, or imprisoned for political offences between 1907 and 1909: Peter Waldron, Between Two Revolutions: Stolypin and the Politics of Renewal in Russia (London: UCL Press, 1998), 63.6) 7:25Anna Geifman, Thou Shalt Kill: Revolutionary Terrorism in Russia, 1894–1917 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995).7) 8:34Linda H. Edmondson, Feminism in Russia, 1900–17 (London: Heinemann, 1984); Rochelle Goldberg Ruthchild, Equality and Revolution: Women's Rights in the Russian Empire, 1905–1917 (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2010).8) 9:16Susan Morrissey, ‘Subjects and Citizens, 1905–1917', in Simon Dixon (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Modern Russian History (Oxford: Oxford Handbooks Online, 2013).9) 9:53Eric Lohr, ‘The Ideal Citizen and Real Subject in Late Imperial Russia', Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History, 7:2 (2006), 173–94.10) 11:28Joseph Bradley, Voluntary Associations in Tsarist Russia: Science, Patriotism, and Civil Society (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2009).11) 12:42There are two excellent introductions to the debate on where Russia was going after 1905: R. B. McKean, Between the Revolutions: Russia, 1905 to 1917 (London: The Historical Association, 1998); Ian D. Thatcher, Late Imperial Russia: Problems and Prospects: Essays in Honour of R. B. McKean (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2005).12) 15:46Hosking, Constitutional Experiment; Waldron, Between Two Revolutions.13) 16:31Joshua A. Sanborn, Drafting the Russian Nation: Military Conscription, Total War, and Mass Politics, 1905–1925 (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 2003).14) 17:54D. C. B. Lieven, Towards the Flame: Empire, War and the End of Tsarist Russia (London: Allen Lane, 2015), 176, 180.15) 18:46Peter Gatrell, Government, Industry, and Rearmament in Russia, 1900–1914 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), 152–5.16) 18:57David Stevenson, Armaments and the Coming of War: Europe, 1904–1914 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996), 7. ‘Only Russia could keep up with [Germany] and that inefficiently.' Alan J. P. Taylor, The Struggle for Mastery in Europe, 1848–1918 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1954), xxviii.17) 19:17Melissa K. Stockdale, Paul Miliukov and the Quest for a Liberal Russia, 1889–1918 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1996), 186–8.18) 20:26Waldron, Between Two Revolutions, 171–3.19) 21:00Hosking, Constitutional Experiment, 106.20) 22:11Laura Engelstein, The Keys to Happiness: Sex and the Search for Modernity in Fin-de-Siècle Russia (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1992).21) 22:58Clowes, Kassow, and, West (eds), Between Tsar and People.22) 23:18McClelland, Autocrats, 52.23) 24:02Jeffrey Brooks, When Russia Learned to Read (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1985).24) 24:25Louise McReynolds, News under Russia's Old Regime: The Development of a Mass-Circulation Press (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1991), 225.25) 24:53McReynolds, News, 237, 234.26) 25:53James von Geldern and Louise McReynolds, Entertaining Tsarist Russia: Tales, Songs, Plays, Movies, Jokes, Ads, and Images from Russian Urban Life, 1779–1917 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1998), xx.27) 28:05Cited in Engel, Between the Fields and the City, 155.28) 29:24Wayne Dowler, Russia in 1913 (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 2010), 112.29) 30:19R. E. Zelnik (trans. and ed.), A Radical Worker in Tsarist Russia (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1986), 71.30) 30:57D. N. Zhbankov, Bab'ia storona: statistiko-etnograficheskii ocherk (Kostroma, 1891), 27.31) 31:24See the photographs in Christine Ruane, The Empire's New Clothes: A History of the Russian Fashion Industry, 1700–1917 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2009), 197, 202.32) 32:28Ascher, Revolution of 1905, vol. 2, 134.33) 33:35O. S. Porshneva, Mentalitet i sotsial'noe povedenie rabochikh, krest'ian i soldat Rossii v period pervoi mirovoi voiny (1914-mart 1918g) (Ekaterinburg: UrO RAN, 2000), 146.34) 33:57Heather Hogan, Forging Revolution: Metalworkers, Managers, and the State in St Petersburg, 1890–1914 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1993), 161–74.35) 35:21Tim McDaniel, Autocracy, Capitalism, and Revolution in Russia (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988).36) 36:53Leopold H. Haimson and Ronald Petrusha, ‘Two Strike Waves in Imperial Russia, 1905–1907, 1912–1914', in Leopold H. Haimson and Charles Tilly, Strikes, Wars and Revolutions in an International Perspective (Cambridge: Cambridge Uuniversity Press, 1989), 101–66 (125).37) 39:57A. P. Korelin and S. V. Tiutukin, Pervaia revoliutisiia v Rossii: vzgliad cherez stoletie (Moscow: Pamiatniki istoricheskoi mysli, 2005), 536.38) 40:19N. D. Postnikov, Territorial'noe razmeshchenie i chislennost' politicheskikh partii Rossii (1907–fevral' 1917) (Moscow: IIU MGOU, 2015).39) 42:03Postnikov, Territorial'noe razmeshchenie, 56.40) 42:26Postnikov, Territorial'noe razmeshchenie, 56; Michael S. Melancon, Stormy Petrels: The Socialist Revolutionaries in Russia's Labor Organizations, 1905–1914 (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Centre for Russian and East European Studies, 1988).41) 44:43Konstantin N. Morozov, ‘Partiia sotsialistov-revoliutsionnerov vo vremia i posle revoliutsii 1905–1907 gg.', Cahiers du monde russe, 48:2 (2007), 301–30.42) 45:08Postnikov, Territorial'noe razmeshchenie, 56.43) 46:48Reginald E. Zelnik (ed.), Workers and Intelligentsia in Late Imperial Russia: Realities, Representations, Reflections (Berkeley: International and Area Studies, University of California at Berkeley, 1999).44) 47:16A. Buzinov, Za Nevskoi Zastavoi (Moscow: Gosudarstvennoe Iz-vo, 1930), 29.

Episode 93:This week we're continuing Russia in Revolution An Empire in Crisis 1890 - 1928 by S. A. Smith[Part 1]Introduction[Part 2-4]1. Roots of Revolution, 1880s–1905Autocracy and OrthodoxyPopular ReligionAgriculture and PeasantryIndustrial Capitalism[Part 5 - This Week]1. Roots of Revolution, 1880s–1905Political Challenges to the Old Order - 0:28The 1905 Revolution - 17:43[Part 6 - 8?]2. From Reform to War, 1906–1917[Part 9 - 11?]3. From February to October 1917[Part 12 - 15?]4. Civil War and Bolshevik Power[Part 16 - 18?]5. War Communism[Part 19 - 21?]6. The New Economic Policy: Politics and the Economy[Part 22 - 25?]7. The New Economic Policy: Society and Culture[Part 26?]ConclusionFigures (see on website): 1.3) 20:01Troops fire on demonstrators, Bloody Sunday 1905.1.4) 33:13The armed uprising in Moscow, DecemberFootnotes:106) 0:47Joseph Conrad, Under Western Eyes (New York: Harper, 1911), 292.107) 3:03Edith W. Clowes, Samuel D. Kassow, and James L. West (eds), Between Tsar and People: Educated Society and the Quest for Public Identity in Late Imperial Russia (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1991).108) 5:13Franco Venturi, Roots of Revolution: A History of the Populist and Socialist Movements in 19th Century Russia (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1960).109) 6:19Samuel H. Baron, Plekhanov: The Father of Russian Marxism (London: Routledge, 1963).110) 7:03Robert J. Service, Lenin a Political Life, (3 vols), vol. 1: The Strengths of Contradiction (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1985), 138–40.111) 8:16Quoted in Robert J. Service, Lenin: A Biography (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 2000), 98.112) 8:31Lenin gave no less weight to theoretical reflection than Marx. His fifty-five volumes of Collected Works contain 24,000 documents.113) 9:04Israel Getzler, Martov: A Political Biography of a Russian Social Democrat (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1967), 21.114) 11:25V. I. Lenin, ‘To the Rural Poor' (1903), .115) 12:06Allan K. Wildman, The Making of a Workers' Revolution: Russian Social Democracy, 1891–1903 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1967).116) 15:18Oliver Radkey, The Agrarian Foes of Bolshevism: Promise and Default of the Russian Socialist Revolutionaries, February to October 1917 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1958); Maureen Perrie, The Agrarian Policy of the Russian Socialist-Revolutionary Party from its Origins through the Revolution of 1905–07 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976).117) 17:10Shmuel Galai, The Liberation Movement in Russia, 1900–1905 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1973).118) 18:08Abraham Ascher; The Revolution of 1905, vol. 1: Russia in Disarray (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1988).119) 19:59Gerald D. Surh, 1905 in St Petersburg: Labor, Society and Revolution (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1989).120) 21:19Ascher, Revolution of 1905, vol. 1, 136–42.121) 22:32.122) 23:21Mark Steinberg, Moral Communities: The Culture of Class Relations in the Russian Printing Industry, 1867–1907 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992), 174–6.123) 23:37A. P. Korelin and S. V. Tiutukin, Pervaia revoliutisiia v Rossii: vzgliad cherez stoletie (Moscow: Pamiatniki istoricheskoi mysli, 2005), 544; Rosa Luxemburg, ‘The Mass Strike' (1906), .124) 28:24.125) 31:00Ascher, Revolution of 1905, vol. 1, ch. 8; Beryl Williams, ‘1905: The View from the Provinces', in Jonathan D. Smele and Anthony Haywood (eds), The Russian Revolution of 1905: Centenary Perspectives (Abingdon: Routledge, 2005), 34–54.126) 33:11Laura Engelstein, Moscow 1905: Working-Class Organization and Political Conflict (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1982), 220.127) 33:38Ascher, Revolution of 1905, vol. 2, 22.128) 35:05John Bushnell, Mutiny amid Repression: Russian Soldiers in the Revolution of 1905–1906 (Bloomington: Indian a University Press, 1985), 76.129) 35:41Shane O'Rourke, ‘The Don Cossacks during the 1905 Revolution: The Revolt of Ust-Medvedevskaia Stanitsa', Russian Review, 57 (Oct. 1998), 583–98 (594).130) 36:33Ascher, Revolution of 1905, vol. 1, 267.131) 36:58Elvira M. Wilbur, ‘Peasant Poverty in Theory and Practice: A View from Russia's “Impoverished Center” at the End of the Nineteenth Century', in Kingston-Mann and Mixter (eds), Peasant Economy, Culture and Politics of European Russiā, 101–27.132) 37:30Ascher, Revolution of 1905, vol. 1, 162; James D. White, ‘The 1905 Revolution in Russia's Baltic Provinces', in Smele and Haywood (eds), The Russian Revolution of 1905, 55–78.133) 37:51Maureen Perrie, ‘The Russian Peasant Movement of 1905–1907: Its Social Composition and Revolutionary Significance', Past and Present, 57 (1972).134) 38:05Robert Edelman, Proletarian Peasants: The Revolution of 1905 in Russia's Southwest (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1987).135) 38:14Barbara Alpern Engel, ‘Men, Women and the Languages of Russian Peasant Resistance', in Stephen Frank and Mark Steinberg (eds), Cultures in Flux: Lower-Class Values, Practices and Resistance in Late Imperial Russia (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994), 41–5.136) 39:24Scott J. Seregny, ‘A Different Type of Peasant Movement: The Peasant Unions in the Russian Revolution of 1905', Slavic Review, 47:1 (Spring 1988), 51–67 (53).137) 39:49O. G. Bukovets, Sotsial'nye konflikty i krest'ianskaia mental'nost' v rossiiskoi imperii nachala XX veka: novye materially, metody, rezul'taty (Moscow: Mosgorarkhiv, 1996), 141, 147.138) 40:41Andrew Verner, ‘Discursive Strategies in the 1905 Revolution: Peasant Petitions from Vladimir Province', Russian Review, 54:1 (1995), 65–90 (75).139) 41:17Ascher, Revolution of 1905, vol. 2, 121.140) 42:07Carter Ellwood, Russian Social Democracy in the Underground: A Study of the RSDRP in the Ukraine, 1907–1914 (Amsterdam: International Institute for Social History, 1974).141) 42:32Stephen F. Jones, Socialism in Georgian Colors: The European Road to Social Democracy, 1883–1917 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2005), ch. 7.142) 43:21Toivo U. Ruan, ‘The Revolution of 1905 in the Baltic Provinces and Finland', Slavic Review, 43:3 (1984), 453–67.143) 44:04Crews, For Prophet and Tsar, 1.144) 45:22Adeeb Khalid, The Politics of Muslim Cultural Reform: Jadidism in Central Asia (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998).145) 47:28Jeff Sahadeo, Russian Colonial Society in Tashkent, 1865–1923 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2007).

Episode 90:This week we're continuing Russia in Revolution An Empire in Crisis 1890 - 1928 by S. A. Smith[Part 1]Introduction[Part 2 - This Week]1. Roots of Revolution, 1880s–1905 - 00:38Autocracy and Orthodoxy - 21:23Popular Religion - 33:17[Part 3 - 4?]1. Roots of Revolution, 1880s–1905[Part 5 - 7?]2. From Reform to War, 1906–1917[Part 8 - 10?]3. From February to October 1917[Part 11 - 14?]4. Civil War and Bolshevik Power[Part 15 - 17?]5. War Communism[Part 18 - 20?]6. The New Economic Policy: Politics and the Economy[Part 21 - 24?]7. The New Economic Policy: Society and Culture[Part 25?]ConclusionFigures:1) Nicholas II, Alexandra, and their family. - 21:31Footnotes:1) 00:58Orlando Figes, A People's Tragedy: The Russian Revolution, 1891–1924 (London: Jonathan Cape, 1996).2) 05:08V. O. Kliuchevsky, A History of Russia, vol. 1 (London: J. M. Dent, 1911), 2.3) 07:13D. C. B. Lieven, Towards the Flame: Empire, War and the End of Tsarist Russia (London: Allen Lane, 2015), 9.4) 08:05Cited in Paul Kennedy, Rise and Fall of the Great Powers (New York: Random House, 1987), 177.5) 13:02Lieven, Towards the Flame, 85.6) 14:07http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_lan_97.php7) 14:38Jane Burbank and Mark von Hagen (eds), Russian Empire: Space, People, Power, 1700–1930 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2007); John W. Slocum, ‘Who, and When, Were the Inorodtsy? The Evolution of the Category of “Aliens” in Imperial Russia', Russian Review, 57:2 (1998), 173–90.8) 15:05Theodore Weeks, Nation and State in Late Imperial Russia: Nationalism and Russification on the Western Frontier, 1863–1914 (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1996); Alexei Miller, ‘The Empire and Nation in the Imagination of Russian Nationalism', in A. Miller and A. J. Rieber (eds), Imperial Rule (Budapest: Central European University Press, 2004), 9–22.9) 15:37Robert D. Crews, For Prophet and Tsar: Islam and Empire in Russia and Central Asia (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2006).10) 17:26Paul Werth, At the Margins of Orthodoxy: Mission, Governance, and Confessional Politics in Russia's Volga-Kama Region, 1827–1905 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2002).11) 18:11Alexander Morrison, Russian Rule in Samarkand, 1868–1910: A Comparison with British India (New York: Oxford University Press, 2008).12) 18:38Robert Geraci, Window on the East: National and Imperial Identities in Late-Imperial Russia (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2001).13) 19:13Charles Steinwedel, ‘To Make a Difference: The Category of Ethnicity in Late Imperial Russian Politics, 1861–1917', in D. L. Hoffmann and Yanni Kotsonis (eds), Russian Modernity: Politics, Knowledge, Practices (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 2000), 67–86.14) 19:49Andreas Kappeler, The Russian Empire: A Multiethnic History (Harlow: Pearson, 2001); Willard Sunderland, ‘The Ministry of Asiatic Russia: The Colonial Office That Never Was But Might Have Been', Slavic Review, 60:1 (2010), 120–50.15) 20:04Geoffrey Hosking, Russia: People and Empire (London: Fontana, 1998).16) 21:19Miller, ‘The Empire and Nation', 9–22.17) 21:48Dominic Lieven, Nicholas II: Emperor of All the Russias (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1989).18) 22:25http://www.angelfire.com/pa/ImperialRussian/royalty/russia/rfl.html19) 25:04Abraham Ascher, The Revolution of 1905, vol. 2: Authority Restored (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1992), 222.20) 25:09Richard Pipes, Russia under the Old Regime (New York: Penguin, 1977).21) 26:36Peter Waldron, ‘States of Emergency: Autocracy and Extraordinary Legislation, 1881–1917', Revolutionary Russia, 8:1 (1995), 1–25.22) 26:56Waldron, ‘States of Emergency', 24.23) 27:26Neil Weissman, ‘Regular Police in Tsarist Russia, 1900–1914', Russian Review, 44:1 (1985), 45–68 ( 49).24) 27:47Jonathan W. Daly, The Watchful State: Security Police and Opposition in Russia, 1906–1917 (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 2004), 5–6. Daly, incidentally, gives a higher figure—100,000—than Weissman for the number of police of all kinds in 1900.25) 28:14Figes, People's Tragedy, 46.26) 28:50T. Emmons and W. S. Vucinich (eds), The Zemstvo in Russia: An Experiment in Local Self-Government (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982), 215.27) 30:25Hans Rogger, Russia in the Age of Modernisation and Revolution, 1881–1917 (London: Longman, 1983), 72.28) 31:18J. S. Curtiss, The Russian Church and the Soviet State (Boston: Little, Brown, 1953), 10.29) 32:09Gregory L. Freeze, ‘Handmaiden of the State? The Orthodox Church in Imperial Russia Reconsidered', Journal of Ecclesiastical History, 36 (1985), 82–102.30) 32:46Simon Dixon, ‘The Orthodox Church and the Workers of St Petersburg, 1880–1914', in Hugh McLeod, European Religion in the Age of Great Cities, 1830–1930 (London: Routledge, 1995), 119–41.31) 33:49Vera Shevzov, Russian Orthodoxy on the Eve of Revolution (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004).32) 35:23A. K. Baiburin, ‘Poliarnosti v rituale (tverdoe i miagkoe)', Poliarnost' v kul'ture: Almanakh ‘Kanun' 2 (1996), 157–65.33) 36:28Vera Shevzov, ‘Chapels and the Ecclesial World of Pre-revolutionary Peasants', Slavic Review, 55:3 (1996), 585–613.34) 37:00Chris J. Chulos, Converging Worlds: Religion and Community in Peasant Russia, 1861–1917 (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 2003), 159.35) 37:59J. S. Curtiss, Church and State in Russia: the Last Years of the Empire, (New York: Columbia University Press, 1965), 118.36) 38:46David G. Rowley, ‘ “Redeemer Empire”: Russian Millenarianism', American Historical Review, 104 (1999), 1582–602.37) 39:18James H. Billington, The Icon and the Axe: An Interpretive History of Russian Culture (New York: Vintage Books, 1970), 514.38) 40:18Nadieszda Kizenko, A Prodigal Saint: Father John Kronstadt and the Russian People (University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2000), 271.39) 40:34Sergei Fomin (comp.), Rossiia pered vtorym prishestviem: prorochestva russkikh sviatykh (Moscow: Sviato-Troitskaia Sergieva Lavra, 1993). This is a compendium of prophecies of doom about the fate of Russia by saints, monks, nuns, priests, theologians, and a sprinking of lay writers, including Dostoevsky, V. V. Rozanov, and Lev Tikhomirov.

Christopher Pastore is Associate Professor of History at the University at Albany, State University of New York.Focusing on early American environmental history, his most recent book, titled Between Land and Sea: The Atlantic Coast and the Transformation of New England (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2014), examines the Narragansett Bay watershed from first European settlement through the early nineteenth century. As a journalist, he has contributed articles on sailing or related topics to the New York Times, Boat International, Cruising World, Newport Life, Offshore, Restoration Quarterly, Real Simple, and Sailing World, where he worked as Associate Editor. He also served as Editor of American Sailor and Junior Sailor, the official publications of U.S. Sailing, the sport's national governing body. In 2005 (paperback 2013), he published a biography of Nathanael Herreshoff titled Temple to the Wind: The Story of America's Greatest Naval Architect and His Masterpiece, Reliance (Lyons Press, 2005).Christopher Pastore holds an M.A. and Ph.D. in American History and M.S. in college teaching from the University of New Hampshire as well as a B.A. in Biology from Bowdoin College and M.F.A. in nonfiction Creative Writing from the New School for Social Research, where he has taught courses in the Writing Program for fourteen years. During the 2018-2019 academic year he was a Marie Curie COFUND Fellow at the Trinity College Dublin Long Room Hub Arts & Humanities Research Institute.Learn more about Christopher at: www.christopherpastore.comChristopher's faculty page: https://www.albany.edu/history/faculty/christopher-pastoreYou may order his book Between Land and Sea at: https://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674281417Original music for podcast composed by Nela Ruiz Music Soundtrack Composer For Films | Nela Ruiz Music Composer (nelaruizcomposer.com) See acast.com/privacy for privacy and opt-out information.

Dr. Ingo Venzke, Professor of Public International Law at the University of Amsterdam, joins us to talk about semantics in international law, semantic authority, and struggle for meaning. Publications mentioned in the episode: Ingo Venzke, How Interpretation Makes International Law: On Semantic Change and Normative Twists (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012). Hans Kelsen, General Theory of Norms (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991). Joseph Raz, Morality of Freedom (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986). Joseph Raz, ‘The Problem of Authority: Revisiting the Service Conception', Minnesota Law Review 90 (2006): 1003–44. Rudolf von Jhering, The Struggle for Law (Chicago: Callaghan and Company, 1915). Ingo Venzke and Kevin Jon Heller (eds.), Contingency in International Law: On the Possibility of Different Legal Histories (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2021). Robert Brandom, Making it Explicit: Reasoning, Representing, and Discursive Commitment (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998). Ronald Dworkin, Law's Empire (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1986). Mohammed Bedjaoui, Towards a New International Economic Order (New York: Holmes & Meier, 1979).

What defined a Stoic above all else was the choice of a life in which every thought, every desire, and every action would be guided by no other law than that of universal Reason. ~ Pierre Hadot[i] The Stoics placed a rational, divine, and providentially ordered cosmos at the center of their philosophical system and relied on it to guide their every thought, desire, and action. For the Stoic, Nature is the measure of all things. Therefore, the Stoics argued to experience well-being (eudaimonia), we must live in agreement with Nature. [i] Hadot, P., & Chase, M. (1998). The Inner Citadel: The Meditations of Marcus Aurelius. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, p. 308 FULL TRANSCRIPT COMING SOON

“Muur is the ancient name for the original people of the earth, based on ancient teachings of the indigenous people of the Washita (OUACHITA) River Valley and its tributaries. The indigenous, proprietary inhabitants of this part of the Americas recognize ourselves as Muurs, modern western settlers in our lands called us the lost race; THE MOUND BUILDERS OF MUU”. John Baker, Race, Oxford University Press, 1974, p. 226 Frank M. Snowden, “Before Color Prejudice: The Ancient View of Blacks”. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1991. ISBN 0674063813 ) LAND OF MU

This month, the guys set out to find out if daddy longlegs really are the most poisonous spider in the world, but, along the way, they uncover a fascinating array of arachnids and adaptations in the group known collectively as harvestmen. Join them for a deep dive into mythbusting and the little-known order of arachnids called Opiliones. This episode was recorded at JP Nicely Park in West Falls, NY on June 28, 2021.Episode Notes Steve referred to the American toad as Bufo americanus, and Bill agreed. But they were both wrong because its Latin name was recently changed to Anaxyrus americanus.At one point, Bill made a comment where he seemed to be saying that all reptiles have teeth. They do not. He wants to clarify that he was speaking specifically about snakes. What he should have said is “Most snakes have teeth, but not all snakes have fangs.”Steve mentioned that he didn't know much about Dick Walton, so we looked him up! Turns out Dick Walton is a naturalist and teacher living in Concord, MA. He considers himself a generalist but has focused on birds, butterflies, dragonflies, solitary wasps, and jumping spiders. He coauthored Peterson's seminal Birding By Ear audio field guides, the go-to guide for budding birders in the pre-app era. Check out his work at http://www.rkwalton.com/ The guys have great respect for his work and hope that Mr. Walton was not offended by their joking around in this episode.. What is the origin of the name “daddy longlegs”? No one seems to know for sure, but some sources point to the book, Daddy-Long-Legs, a 1912 novel by the American writer Jean Webster. But the book, as far as we can tell, has nothing to do with spiders. So, we're still scratching our heads on that one.Steve wondered if crane flies are dipterans – they are! Also, during this episode, Steve had a couple questions about the mouth parts of dipterans (flies) and hemipterans (true bugs):Do all dipterans have sucking mouth parts? “Flies have a mobile head, with a pair of large compound eyes, and mouthparts designed for piercing and sucking (mosquitoes, black flies and robber flies), or for lapping and sucking in the other groups. “ from WikipediaHow are wheel bugs killing? “Most hemipterans feed on plants, using their sucking and piercing mouthparts to extract plant sap…but some hemipterans such as assassin bugs are blood-suckers, and a few are predators” from WikipediaSteve wondered if mites were the largest group of invertebrates, but arthropods are the largest group of invertebrates, and insects are the largest group of arthropods. We thought maybe Steve meant to say that mites are the largest group of arachnids, but, nope, spiders are. Do spider legs have chemical receptors? Spiders, in fact, do taste, and also smell, through special sensory organs on their legs, as well as on their pedipalps.Steve was correct when he said that our five local species of ashes are critically endangered. Steve mentioned a kissing bug covered in dust, but a search did not turn up any records of this behavior in kissing bugs. Maybe Steve was referring to an insect commonly called the masked hunter (Reduvius personatus). Masked hunters are given this name because the immature masked hunter carries dust and debris on its body to camouflage itself.What are the hairs in pitcher plants called? Trichomes Useful LinksGumleaf Boots, USA (free shipping for patrons)Thank you to Always Wandering Art (Website and Etsy Shop) for providing the artwork for many of our previous episodes! Support us on Patreon!Works CitedPinto-da-Rocha, Ricardo, Glauco Machado and Gonzalo Giribet. 2007. Harvestmen: The Biology of Opiliones. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Shear, W.A. (2009) 'Harvestmen: Opiliones--which include daddy-long-legs--are as exotic as they are familiar', American Scientist, 97(6), 468+, available: https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A229835627/AONE?u=nysl_oweb&sid=googleScholar&xid=680b9445 [accessed 25 Jun 2021].Zobel-Thropp, P.A., Mullins, J., Kristensen, C., Kronmiller, B.A., David, C.L., Breci, L.A. and Binford, G.J., 2019. Not so dangerous after all? Venom composition and potency of the Pholcid (Daddy Long-Leg) spider Physocyclus mexicanus. Frontiers in ecology and evolution, 7, p.256.Image CreditMacro of a orange harvestman (Gagrellinae, likely Jussara sp.) found in the Atlantic forest (tropical rainforest) of Parque do Zizo, private reserve in São Paulo, Brazil..Date 2 May 2008, 12:59:46 Source Own work Author João P. Burini https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Opiliones,_Sclerosomatidae,_Gagrellinae_-_Parque_do_Zizo_S%C3%A3o_Paulo.jpg

Economics of genocide — Dr. Ümit Kurt, a historian of the modern Middle East, provides a rare look at economic factors as both cause and consequence of genocide. How and why did neighbors turn on neighbors? Because the financial incentives were great. Kurt, born in Aintab (Gaziantep), writes on the economics of genocide in his hometown. For more, visit Armenian.usc.edu. Publications: The Armenians of Aintab: The Economics of Genocide in an Ottoman Province (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2021) Co-edited with Ara Sarafian, Armenians and Kurds in the Late Ottoman Empire (CA: The Press California State University Fresno, 2020). Antep 1915: Soykırım ve Failler (Istanbul: İletişim, September 2018). “The Political Micro-Economy of the Armenian Genocide, 1915-1922,” Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, vol. 20, no. 6, 2018, pp. 618-638. “Theatres of Violence on the Ottoman Periphery: Exploring the Local Roots of Genocidal Policies in Antep,” Journal of Genocide Research, vol. 20, issue 3, 2018, pp. 351-371. “The Curious Case of Ali Cenani Bey: The Story of a Génocidaire,” Patterns of Prejudice, vol. 52, issue 1, 2018, pp. 58-77. The Spirit of the Laws: The Plunder of Wealth in the Armenian Genocide, co-authored with Taner Akçam (New York: Berghahn Books, 2017). “Revisiting the Legal Infrastructure for Confiscation of the Armenian and Greek Wealth: A Political-Economic Analysis of the CUP Years and the Early Modern Republic,” Middle Eastern Studies, vol. 53, issue 5, 2017, pp. 700-723.

Tuesday, June 1, 2021 to Thursday, June 10, 2021 Hoover Institution, Stanford University The Hoover Institution Library & Archives and Hoover Institution Press Present the Fanning the Flames Speaker Series in Celebration of the Publication Fanning the Flames: Propaganda in Modern Japan edited by Kay Ueda. Japan’s Meiji Restoration brought swift changes through Japanese adoption of Western-style modernization and imperial expansion. Fanning the Flames brings together a range of scholarly essays and collected materials from the Hoover Institution Library & Archives detailing how Japanese propaganda played an active role in fostering national identity and mobilizing grassroots participation in the country’s transformation and wartime activities, from with the First Sino-Japanese War (1894–95) to the end of World War II. The Fanning the Flames Speaker Series highlights conversations with leading scholars of modern East Asian history, art, and propaganda and is presented in conjunction with the book and upcoming online and physical exhibitions.  UPCOMING EVENTS IN THE SERIES Anchors of History: The Long Shadow of Japanese Imperial Propaganda Tuesday June 1, 12:00 pm PDT Speaker: Barak Kushner, professor of East Asian History, University of Cambridge Moderator: Michael R. Auslin, the Payson J. Treat Distinguished Research Fellow in Contemporary Asia at the Hoover Institution “War Fever” as Fueled by the Media and Popular Culture: The Path Taken by Meiji Japan's Policies of “Enrich the Country” and “Strengthen the Armed Forces” Thursday June 10, 4:00 pm PDT Speaker: Toshihiko Kishi, professor at the Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University Moderator: Kay Ueda, curator of the Japanese Diaspora Collection, Hoover Institution Library & Archives Additional Lectures in the Series Featured Speakers: Yuma Totani, professor of Japan, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa Alice Tseng, Professor of Art History, Boston University Dates and titles to be announced PARTICIPANT BIOS Barak Kushner is professor of East Asian history and the chair of Japanese Studies in the Faculty of Asian and Middle Eastern Studies at the University of Cambridge. He has edited numerous books and written several monographs, including the award-winning Men to Devils, Devils to Men: Japanese War Crimes and Chinese Justice (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2015). In 2020 he hosted several episodes of a major Chinese documentary on Japanese war crimes and is currently writing a book titled The Construction of Injustice in East Asia: Japan versus Its Neighbors. Michael Auslin is the Payson J. Treat Distinguished Research Fellow in Contemporary Asia at the Hoover Institution, Stanford University. A historian by training, he specializes in US policy in Asia and geopolitical issues in the Indo-Pacific region. His publications include Negotiating with Imperialism: The Unequal Treaties and the Culture of Japanese Diplomacy (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2004) and Asia’s New Geopolitics: Essays on Reshaping the Indo-Pacific (Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press, 2020). Auslin was an associate professor of history at Yale University, a resident scholar at the American Enterprise Institute, and a visiting professor at the University of Tokyo.

"I started to notice that the very things that I was seeing in patients on the couch were occurring at a much greater macro level in society - the issues of disavowal, of exceptionalism, of abandoning reality if it means that you have to give something up. That is why I got so interested in the subject as an analyst because I thought: We have something to say about what is happening in the world."     Episode Description: We discuss the differing states of mind with which the climate crisis is currently being viewed. One assumption is built on exceptionalism with its characteristic omnipotence of thought, idealization, and denial of separateness. The other is object-related with its recognition of fragility, mourning, and the potential for joy.  We consider the implications of applying insights from the couch to the culture. We appreciate the importance of 'lively entitlement' as contrasted with its narcissistic version and how that liveliness invigorates so many of our passions. We review case material, the recognition of both manifest and latent levels of meaning, and the role of 'therapeutic activism'. We conclude with learning a bit about Sally's early years and its role in her current dedication.    Our Guest: Sally Weintrobe, BScHons, Chartered Clin. Psychol., a Fellow of the British Psychoanalytic Society, and chair of the International Psychoanalytic Association's Climate Committee. Formerly she was a member of senior staff at the Tavistock Clinic, Hon Senior Lecturer at the Psychoanalysis Unit, University College London and she Chaired the Scientific Committee of the British Psychoanalytic Society. Her published areas of interest are entitlement attitudes and their relationship to grievance and complaint, prejudice, our relationship to nature and psychoanalytic reflections on the climate crisis. She is one of the 31 Global Commissioners from different disciplines for the (2021) Cambridge Sustainability Report. She edited and contributed to (2012) Engaging with Climate Change: Psychoanalytic and Interdisciplinary Perspectives, New Library of Psychoanalysis.  Her new book is (2021) Psychological Roots of the Climate Crisis: Neoliberal Exceptionalism and the Culture of Uncare, published by Bloomsbury.      Recommended Readings:  Psychoanalytic and Psychosocial Perspectives on the Climate Crisis. Hoggett, P. (2012).   Climate Change in a Perverse Culture. In S. Weintrobe (Ed.), Engaging with Climate Change: Psychoanalytic and Interdisciplinary Perspectives. London: New Library of Psychoanalysis and Routledge.    Orange, D. (2017). Climate Change, Psychoanalysis and Radical Ethics. Oxford: Routledge.    Randall, R. (2012). Great Expectations: The Psychodynamics of Ecological Debt. In S. Weintrobe (Ed.). op cit.    Searles, H. F. (1972). Unconscious Processes in Relation to the Environmental Crisis. Psychoanal. Rev., 59 (3): 361–74.    General Background to the Climate Crisis. Higgins, P. (2015). Eradicating Ecocide. London: Shepheard Walwyn.    Klein, N. (2019). On Fire: The Burning Case for a Green New Deal. London: Penguin.    Nixon, R. (2011). Slow Violence and the Environmentalism of the Poor. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.    Raworth, K. (2017). Doughnut Economics: Seven Ways to Think Like a 21st-Century Economist. London: Penguin.    Thunberg, G. (2019). No One Is Too Small to Make a Difference. London: Penguin.  Wallace-Wells, D. (2019). The Uninhabitable Earth: A Story of the Future. London: Penguin.   

Series II, Podcast W: The TempestShakespeare's most mystical play.References are to the following:  C.S. Lewis, The Discarded Image (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1964, repr. 1967), Chapter VI; C.S. Lewis, The Abolition of Man (New York: HarperCollins, 2001, orig. copyright 1944), pp. 77–78; Frank Kermode, ed., Arden edition of The Tempest (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 6th ed., 1958), Intro. pp. xxxv–xxxvii, pp. liii–liv, and Appendix B, p. 143.Questions? Email DoctorRap@zohomail.com

[Teste-piloto] Locução a partir de uma análise do capítulo "Scientific women in the craft tradition", de Londa Schiebinger [In: SCHIEBINGER, L. The mind has no sex?: women in the origins of modern science. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1989. p. 66-101] Produtora e Autora : Giovanna Coelho (pesquisadora em Iniciação Científica ; bacharelanda em Geografia-UnB) Projeto de IC "Ciência e Gênero: mulheres praticantes e pensantes no campo geográfico" Plano de Trabalho "Ciência e Feminismo: alegações epistemológicas de Keller, Haraway e Schiebinger – e uma interpretação do caso GTQ"

Who do you trust? Are universities trustworthy? Professors? What about students? Philosopher Tony Laden (UIC Chicago) is writing a book about democracy. He sees higher ed as a way to think about trust networks and broader questions about how we talk to each other. Episode transcript Citations (and further reading!): Binder, Amy J., and Kate Wood. Becoming Right: How Campuses Shape Young Conservatives. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ Press, 2014. Brown, Adrienne M, Emergent Strategy: Shaping Change, Changing Worlds. Chico, CA: AK Press, 2017. Jack, Anthony Abraham. The Privileged Poor: How Elite Colleges Are Failing Disadvantaged Students. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2019. Laden, Anthony. "Teaching, Indoctrination and Trust." (forthcoming in Academic Ethics Today, ed. by Steven Cahn (Rowman and Littlefield, 2022). Lao-tzu and Stephen Mitchell. Tao Te Ching: A New English Version. New York, NY: HarperCollins, 1994. Nguyen, C. Thi (forthcoming). "Trust as an Unquestioning Attitude." Oxford Studies in Epistemology. Westover, Tara, Educated: A Memoir. New York: Random House, 2018. Special thanks to Grace Welsh, Carrie Peredo, and Natnael Shiferaw for reading the student excerpts. This episode was produced by Carrie Welsh, with help from Natnael Shiferaw, Harry Brighouse, and Tony Laden. Recorded January 2021. Music is "Eye on Me" by Ketsa and "Cascades" by Podington Bear.

Transgender Legal Defense & Education Fund - https://www.transgenderlegal.org/ https://www.nps.gov/articles/lgbtqtheme-transgender.htm https://www.history.com/topics/gay-rights/the-stonewall-riots https://www.umass.edu/stonewall/sites/default/files/Infoforandabout/transpeople/genny_beemyn_transgender_history_in_the_united_states.pdf https://www.hrc.org/resources/transgender-military-service https://www.lgbtqnation.com/2019/04/transgender-military-ban-starts-today-heres-need-know/ https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/courts_law/supreme-court-says-gay-transgender-workers-are-protected-by-federal-law-forbidding-discrimination-on-the-basis-of-sex/2020/06/15/2211d5a4-655b-11ea-acca-80c22bbee96f_story.html Cristan Williams, “Transgender,” TSQ: Transgender Studies Quarterly 1, no. 1-2 (2014): 232-234. Brown, K. (1995). “Changed...into the fashion of man”: The politics of sexual difference in a seventeenth-century Anglo-American settlement. Journal of the History of Sexuality, 6 (21), 171-93. Cromwell, J. (1998). Fearful others: Medico-psychological constructions of female-to-male transgenderism. In D. Denny (Ed.), Current concepts in transgender identity (pp. 117-44). New York: Garland Publishing. Cromwell, J. (1999). Transmen and FTMs: Identities, bodies, genders, and sexualities. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. Meyerowitz, J. (2002). How sex changed: A history of transsexuality in the United States. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Rubin, G. (2006). Of catamites and kings: Reflections on butch, gender, and boundaries. In S. Stryker and S. Whittle (Eds.), The transgender studies reader (pp. 471-81). New York: Routledge. Kennedy, E. L. (1998). Lesbianism. In G. Mink, M. Navarro, W. Mankiller, B. Smith, & G. Steinem (Eds.), The reader's companion to U.S. women's history (pp. 327-30). New York: Houghton Mifflin. Kennedy, P. (2007). The first man-made man: The story of two sex changes, one love affair, and a twentieth-century medical revolution. New York: Bloomsbury. Rubin, H. (2006). The logic of treatment. In S. Stryker and S. Whittle (Eds.), The transgender studies reader (pp. 482-98). New York: Routledge. Meyerowitz, J. (2002). How sex changed: A history of transsexuality in the United States. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Stryker, S. (1994). My words to Victor Frankenstein above the village of Chamounix: Performing transgender rage. GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies. 1 (3), 237-54. Stryker, S. (2000). Introduction. In Christine Jorgensen, Christine Jorgensen: A personal autobiography (pp. v-xiii). San Francisco: Cleis Press. Stryker, S. (2008). Transgender history. Berkeley, CA: Seal Press

The scientific, as well as political, and industrial revolutions that are key to the development of the “modern West” and its worldview from 1500 to WWII are examined. The shattering of the medieval Western worldview through discovering deep space, deep time, deep process, and finally deep consciousness, is traced; connections between this development and the podcast's earlier discussion of “expansionism” are explored. Understanding WWII as the culmination of the modern Western period and the end of centuries of European imperialism and colonialism is discussed, particularly in relation to how the ideology of “infinite growth” transforms through the war into a global phenomenon. Some recommended sources for “history of the West” to understand the emergence of the modern Western world & worldview: Arendt, Hannah. (1968). The human condition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Tarnas, Richard. (1991). The passion of the Western mind. New York: Ballantine Books. Taylor, C. (1989). Sources of the self: The making of the modern identity. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

www.PoliceScienceDr.com Full transcripts of each episode complete with key learning points, timestamps and references are available on the site above on the 'Read' page. This page is pass-word protected and you can get access by joining the mailing list.   Eyewitness testimony is the evidence that you get from someone who has witnessed a crime. Instinctively, people tend to believe and rely on it to a great extent. It can be seen as a factor that can sway a judge and/or jury to establish the guilt or innocence of a defendant (Loftus, E.F. (1979), Eyewitness Testimony. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press). It is often used in the initial stages of an investigation, for example when a witness reports the perpetrator was of a certain appearance, then the police will be looking for potential suspects who match that description. Witnesses' evidence is also used in court when either the prosecution or defence try to convince the jury that a certain person is or is not guilty. However, whilst in the past, the criminal justice process has relied greatly on eye witness accounts and still does, over the past few decades we have learned more and more about how unreliable this kind of evidence can be. It took DNA evidence to exonerate a number of innocent people who had been convicted based on eyewitness evidence (Wells, G.L. & Olson, E.A. (2003) Eye Witness Testimony, Annual Review of Psychology, Vol. 54: 277 – 295) And mistakes made unwittingly by eye witnesses are a substantial cause of wrongful convictions (Scheck, B., Neufeld, P. & Dwyer, J. (2000) Actual Innocence: Five Days to Execution and other Dispatches from the Wrongly Convicted, Bantam Doubleday Dell Publishing Group).....

In this episode Amber Bowen and John Anthony Dunne are joined by Dr. Aaron Griffith (Th.D., M.Div., Duke Divinity), who is currently Assistant Professor of History at Sattler College (Boston, MA), to discuss his upcoming book God's Law and Order: The Politics of Punishment in Evangelical America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2020). Over the course of our conversation we discuss the history of the evangelical posture towards criminal punishment, the way that the criminal justice system began to be politicized in America, evangelical attitudes towards capital punishment and the tension between retributive and restorative approaches to justice respectively, and the rhetorical strategy behind politicians appealing to "law and order."

Bibliography Aiyar, Nilakanta Sastri Kallidaikuridri Aiyah. Age of the Nandas and Mauryas. 2nd ed. New Delhi, IN: Motilal Banarsidass, 1988. Avari, Burjor. 2007. India: The Ancient Past: A History of the Indian Subcontinent from c. 7000 BCE to CE 1200. Oxford, UK: Routledge. Lal, Avantika. 2019. “Chandragupta Maurya.” Ancient History Encyclopedia. Ancient History Encyclopedia. February 4, 2019. https://www.ancient.eu/Chandragupta_Maurya/. Mahajan, V.D. 2018. Ancient India. New Delhi, IN: S. Chand & Co Ltd. Mlecko, Joel D. 1982. “The Guru in Hindu Tradition.” Numen 29 (1): 33–61. https://doi.org/10.1163/156852782x00132. Sharma, R. S. 2005. India's Ancient Past. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. Singh, Upinder. 2008. A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century. New Delhi, IN: Pearson Education. Singh, Upinder. 2017. Political Violence in Ancient India. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Trautmann, Thomas R. Kautilya and the Arthaśāstra; A Statistical Investigation of the Authorship and Evolution of the Text. Leiden, NL: E.J. Brill, 1971. Thapar, Romila. 2002. The Penguin History of Early India: From the Origins to A.D. 1300. London, UK: Penguin Books Ltd.

Londres. 1858. Les chaleurs excessives de l'été sont la goutte qui fait déborder le vase : entre les mois de juin et août, les odeurs nauséabondes qui émanent de la Tamise sont insupportables. Elles poussent les autorités britanniques à lancer de grands travaux publics qui mènent à la création d'un système d'égout et de traitement des eaux usées sans précédent. Pour soutenir financièrement la chaîne, deux choix: 1. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCN4TCCaX-gqBNkrUqXdgGRA/join 2. Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/hndl Avec: Laurent Turcot, professeur en histoire à l'Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Canada Script: Catherine Tourangeau Abonnez-vous à ma chaine: https://www.youtube.com/c/LHistoirenousledira Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/histoirenousledira Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/turcotlaurent Les vidéos sont utilisées à des fins éducatives selon l'article 107 du Copyright Act de 1976 sur le Fair-Use.   Pour aller plus loin: Ackroyd, Peter, Thames: Sacred River. 2008. Barnes, David, The Great Stink of Paris and the Nineteenth-Century Struggle Against Filth and Germs, Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006. Dobraszczyk, Paul. London's Sewers. Oxford: Shire Books. 2014. Flanders, Judith. The Victorian City: Everyday Life in Dickens' London. London: Atlantic Books. 2012. Halliday, Stephen, The Great Stink of London: Sir Joseph Bazalgette and the Cleansing of the Victorian Metropolis. Stroud: History Press Limited, 2013. Owen, David Edward. The Government of Victorian London, 1855–1889: The Metropolitan Board of Works, the Vestries, and the City Corporation. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 1982. #histoire #documentaire #greatstink