Podcasts about by november

This is another of our salutes to the music and service that the Stage Door Canteens provided to military personnel during World War II. The Stage Door Canteen refers to the famous World War II-era Times Square social club for soldiers temporarily stationed in New York City awaiting deployment, usually to the war in Europe. It opened March 2, 1942, in a space underneath the 44th Street Theatre. The canteen was open seven nights a week and offered servicemen dancing, entertainment, food and nonalcoholic drinks, and even opportunities to rub shoulders with celebrities. And it all was FREE. The New York acting community did everything. They would perform songs, comedy, and short versions of the plays and musicals that were playing on Broadway. Actresses also served as hostesses and dancing partners. The New York Stage Door Canteen was immediately popular. The space was 40-by-80 feet and could accommodate 500 people, but it was filled to capacity from the start. Seven other canteens were later located in Boston, Washington DC, Philadelphia, Cleveland, San Francisco and Newark and Los Angeles. In 1943 the success of New York’s Stage Door Canteen prompted a movie about the popular service men's center and featured stars of the big screen and popular Big Bands. One of the many praiseworthy qualities of the canteens was their credo. They were open to all servicemen of every Allied nation, and without any form of segregation. As the war dragged on, the popularity of the canteens never wavered. By November 1945, Stage Door Canteens were operating in eight US cities and London and Paris. Together, they entertained and fed 11 million Allied servicemen. The only canteen to rival the original’s fame was the Hollywood Canteen in Los Angeles, thanks to its proximity to the country’s biggest stars. Instead of theater people, movie stars and crew members did the work. Hollywood Canteen, the movie, was the fourth highest grossing film of 1944. Watch both movies. You’ll be entertained and hear some great music. If you ever visit the National World War II Museum in New Orleans, you’ll see a replica of the Stage Door Canteen. We hope you enjoy this music of the Stage Door Canteens. Please accept this as a tribute to the Greatest Generation. To all our service members past and present, thank you from the bottom of my heart, for your service. Enjoy. - - - Join the conversation on Facebook at - - - https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100008232395712 or by email at - - - dannymemorylane@gmail.com - - - You’ll hear: 1) When Johnny Comes Marching Home by Glenn Miller & His Orchestra (with Marion Hutton, Tex Beneke & The Modernaires, vocals) 2) Comin' In On A Wing And A Prayer by The Song Spinners [The only song with a war connection to appear in the top twenty best-selling songs of 1943 in the US] 3) I'll Get By (As Long As I Have You) by Harry James & His Orchestra (with Dick Haymes, vocal) [Reached #1 on the Juke Box chart on 6/10/44 - Lasted 6 wks] 4) They're Either Too Young or Too Old by Bette Davis [From Thank Your Lucky Stars (1943), a film made as a World War II fundraiser, with the stars donated their salaries to the Hollywood Canteen, which was founded by John Garfield and Bette Davis] 5) Jingle, Jangle, Jingle by Kay Kyser & His Orchestra (with Julie Conway and Harry Babbitt & The Group, vocals) [A fan favorite from the Stage Door Canteen (1943) era] 6) Rosie The Riveter by Four Vagabonds [Rosie the Riveter was the star of a campaign aimed at recruiting female workers for defense industries during World War II] 7) She's a Bombshell from Brooklyn by Xavier Cugat [From the original film soundtrack of Stage Door Canteen (1943)] 8) Somebody Else Is Taking My Place by Benny Goodman & His Orchestra (with Peggy Lee, vocal) [Featured in the movie, Stage Door Canteen (1943)] 9) Don't Sit Under The Apple Tree (With Anyone Else But Me) by Glenn Miller & His Orchestra (with Marion Hutton, Tex Beneke & The Modernaires, vocals) [Featured in the movie, Stage Door Canteen (1943)] 10) Till The End Of Time by Perry Como [Spent 19 weeks on the Best Seller chart, 9 weeks at #1 and a million seller] 11) V-Day Stomp by The Four Clefs (Johnny Green, Adam Cato, Melvin Chapman, Jack Martin) [A World War II classic] 12) Saturday Night (Is The Loneliest Night In The Week) by Frank Sinatra [Featured in the movie, Stage Door Canteen (1943)] 13) Mairzy Doats by The Merry Macs [Reached #1 on the Juke Box chart on 3/18/44 - Lasted 5 weeks] 14) Don't Worry Island by Freddy Martin & His Orchestra [From the original film soundtrack of Stage Door Canteen (1943)] 15) Why Don't You Do Right? by Benny Goodman & His Orchestra (with Peggy Lee, vocal) [Featured in the 1943 film, Stage Door Canteen and sold 1 million records] 16) Corns for My Country by The Andrews Sisters [From the original film soundtrack of The Hollywood Canteen (1944)] 17) Now Is The Hour (Maori Farewell Song) by Bing Crosby (with The Ken Darby Choir, vocals) [Became known as Po Atarau and was used as a farewell to Māori (the indigenous Polynesian people of New Zealand) soldiers going to off War] 18) Katharine Hepburn’ advice. [A clip from the original film soundtrack of Stage Door Canteen (1943)] 19) We Mustn't Say Goodbye by Lanny Ross [From the original film soundtrack of Stage Door Canteen (1943)] 20) Goodnight, Sweetheart by Ray Noble & His Orchestra (with Snooky Lanson, vocal) [A best seller from the WWII era] 21) I Left My Heart At The Stage Door Canteen by Jan Garber & His Orchestra [From the Broadway All-Soldier Show "This Is The Army" (1942) written by Irving Berlin]

By November, there were over 3 800 confirmed coronavirus infections reported at the country's universities.

Hooded Mergansers, affectionately known as “Hoodies,” nest across most of the northern US and well into Canada. They’re especially prevalent around the Great Lakes, though some winter as far south as Florida. By November, courtship and pair formation is well under way. And by early spring, Hoodies

During the five weeks she was actively sick with COVID, Emily, 24, skipped her period. The Boston-based video editor didn't think much of it — it's common for your body to shut down nonessential processes when you’re sick, her mom, a nurse, reassured her. But almost immediately after her negative test in May, she says, she finally got her period for nine straight days. Her next period showed up two weeks later. Since then, she's dealt with an irregular heart rate, fainting spells, hair loss, and heavy, painful periods that come twice a month for over a week at a time. “At one point, I straight up went through a box of eight tampons in a day,” she says. With over 11 million people contracting COVID-19 in the U.S. last year, more Americans are reckoning with potential long-term impacts of the disease. For many period-havers, changes to their menstrual cycles are now high on their list of concerns. While differences in people’s periods — due to illness or the stress of lockdown — were documented early on in the pandemic, online COVID-19 support groups continue to be flooded with posts, asking if anyone else's period has been really weird. Dr. Mitchell Kramer, MD, chair of obstetrics and gynecology of Huntington Hospital in New York, has seen multiple patients come in with menstrual issues after having COVID. He notes that the limited research on COVID and the endocrine system has shown that estrogen and possibly progesterone — the two hormones produced by the body in between menstrual cycles — do seem to have some kind of protective effect against COVID. Among people who menstruate who have contracted COVID, he adds, their symptoms are often milder in between periods. Still, he stresses that that doesn’t necessarily translate to COVID affecting menstrual cycles in the long-term. “There is nothing in the literature at this point that says if these things are specific to COVID, but we see this in patients with severe influenza, viral meningitis, bacterial sepsis,” Kramer tells Bustle, referring to symptoms like Emily was describing. “Any serious infection that inflames the organs can impact the character of the menstrual cycle.” The stress of living through a pandemic on its own can also affect people’s periods, as Bustle has previously reported. Still, some people like Emily are concerned that their periods haven't gotten back to normal. Christine, 30, had her IUD replaced right before she tested positive for COVID, in late April. While some people’s periods go away with a hormonal IUD, hers had been super regular during her previous three years on Skyla: five days long, with one day of heavy bleeding. But after she got her new IUD put in, she had a super heavy, two-week long period. She tested negative for COVID in late May, but hasn’t gotten her period in the six months since. Her doctor believes that the period change is down to her IUD, but Christine is looking for a second opinion. “I truly believe this has nothing to do with my IUD and everything to do with COVID,” she tells Bustle. On the other hand, Sam, 26, has seen her period symptoms improve as she’s gotten further away from her bout of illness, in August. In September, her period was a few days late after lots of spotting, and at five days long, much longer than her usual cycle. In October, she was four days early, and her period went on for six days. Seeing her period double in duration after contracting COVID “definitely threw me off guard,” she says. “Prior to having COVID, I knew what was coming and generally when, even if it wasn’t great.” Post-COVID, she says, “It’s almost like ... getting your period for the first time again, because it just hits different and not on any sort of schedule.” By November, however, her period was starting to inch towards normalcy, coming only a few days earlier than expected and lasting for four days — the closest she has come yet to a pre-COVID cycle. Kramer explains that when you see your doctor with these kinds of concerns, they’ll likely evaluate your hormone levels, including thyroid function, since severe inflammation can injure your body’s hormone-producing organs. But by and large, he says, he would tell other COVID survivors to be optimistic that their periods will get back on track. “The odds are in their favor that they will recover fully.” Dr. Mitchell Kramer, MD, chair of obstetrics and gynecology of Huntington Hospital

In mid-April 2020, the grape market saw its highest bulk inventory at 23 million gallons. By November that quantity had reduced significantly to 8.5 million gallons. Audra Cooper, Central Coast Grape Broker and Partner at Turrentine Brokerage explains how the grape market has been on a roller coaster throughout 2020. At the beginning of the year, most varieties and regions in California were in drastic oversupply. The onset of COVID lead to pantry loading as people increased wine consumption at home. Summer fires reduced fruit supply, skyrocketed bulk wine sales, and leave a lot of questions around what the quality of the 2020 vintage will be. Although many wine brands learned proactive techniques to manage smoke taint over the past few years, the industry still lacks standardization in regards to smoke taint testing. References: 73: Smoke Impact on Wine (Podcast) 65: Winegrape Brokering and Todays Grape Market (Podcast) Audra Cooper SIP Certified Smoke Impact in Grapes and Wine | ETS Laboratories Smoke Taint: How Much Smoke is Too Much? | Craig Macmillan, PhD Turrentine Brokerage Get More Subscribe on Google Play, iHeartRADIO, iTunes, Spotify, Stitcher, TuneIn, or wherever you listen so you never miss an episode on the latest science and research with the Sustainable Winegrowing Podcast. Since 1994, Vineyard Team has been your resource for workshops and field demonstrations, research, and events dedicated to the stewardship of our natural resources. Learn more at www.vineyardteam.org.

Wanna split £100? You get £50 free AND save money on 100% green electricity by moving to Octopus Energy. Plus I get £50 to support this podcast but ONLY if you do it by using my unique referral code. I moved to Octopus recently and had been putting it off for ages,  but I kicked myself for not doing it sooner, as it’s literally a 5 minute job to give them your details.   Click here: https://share.octopus.energy/free-puma-452   On today’s podcast: LG Chem Batteries for Chinese Model Y Rivian CEO eyes smaller EVs for China & Europe GM will launch 30 EVs around the world by 2025 Tesla Opens North China's Largest V3 Supercharger Station Tesla opens world’s northernmost Supercharger station Tesla firmware hints at Model Y range boost Proterra celebrates its 1,000th battery-electric bus EV enquiries soared 500% after Government’s 2030 car sales ruling   Show #933   Good morning, good afternoon and good evening wherever you are in the world, welcome to EV News Daily for Friday 20th November. It’s Martyn Lee here and I go through every EV story so you don't have to.   Thank you to MYEV.com for helping make this show, they’ve built the first marketplace specifically for Electric Vehicles. It’s a totally free marketplace that simplifies the buying and selling process, and help you learn about EVs along the way too.   21st November is the 12 month anniversary of smash-gate!   LG CHEM BATTERIES FOR CHINESE MODEL Y "South Korea’s LG Chem Ltd. will supply batteries to US electric vehicle giant Tesla Inc. for its latest mid-size SUV Model Y, to be manufactured in China next year. LG Chem, the world’s largest EV battery maker, has been chosen as the sole supplier for the luxury SUV model, beating strong contenders such as China’s Contemporary Amperex Technology Co. (CATL) and Japan’s Panasonic Corp., according to industry sources on Nov. 20." says The Korea Economic Daily: "Under the latest deal, LG Chem will supply advanced lithium-ion batteries, known as NCM (nickel cobalt manganese) batteries, for the Model Y to be produced at Tesla’s Gigafactory Shanghai facility in the first quarter of 2021, sources said. CATL, China’s leading battery maker, had been tipped as one of the strongest candidates, but was excluded as a supplier as it focuses on a different, low-cost type of battery, known as LFP (cobalt-free lithium-iron-phosphate). Currently, Tesla uses CATL-made LFP cells for its low-end made-in-China Model 3 sedans, while outsourcing batteries from LG Chem for high-end Model 3 vehicles, also made in China."   2021 could see 360,000 Model Y's produced. 30,000 a month?  Well this year LG Chem will have around 100GWh of capacity, which they're planning on being 260GWh by 2023.   https://www.kedglobal.com/newsView/ked202011200008   RIVIAN CEO EYES SMALLER EVS FOR CHINA & EUROPE "Rivian, which is backed by Amazon and Ford, on Wednesday said it plans to follow up its first two products, a full-size pickup and SUV, with smaller models targeted at China and Europe where it may eventually build some vehicles. While Rivian plans to begin selling the SUV in Europe in 2022 and China soon after, "what will really drive volume in those markets is the follow-on products" that are smaller and tailored for overseas customers, Rivian founder and CEO R.J. Scaringe told Reuters." reports Automotive News Europe: "The company's first plant in Normal, Ilinois, has begun pilot production ahead of next year's launch of three models -- the R1T pickup and R1S SUV, which Scaringe described as "halo products" for Rivian, and a large electric delivery van for Amazon. Scaringe said Rivian has begun setting up service centers and will deploy mobile units to handle maintenance and repair work on Amazon's vans, as well as Rivian vehicles for retail customers."   Scaringe said: "To really scale in those markets as we bring on follow-on products, having a production footprint outside the U.S. is going to be important.  That's a ways off. We wouldn't be serious about building a car company if we weren't thinking about China and Europe as important markets long term."   https://europe.autonews.com/automakers/rivian-ceo-eyes-smaller-evs-china-europe   GM WILL LAUNCH 30 EVS AROUND THE WORLD BY 2025 "General Motors is leaving no room for doubt as to whether or not it’s dedicated to electrification: the Detroit-based automaker announced today at a conference hosted by British bank Barclays that it is increasing its investment in electric and autonomous technology by $7 billion and will have 30 EVs on the market by 2025. That brings GM’s total EV and autonomous tech investment through 2025 to $27 billion as the automaker moves toward a full-electric lineup." writes Car & Driver: "This increase in planned electric vehicles—up from the 20 slated to hit the market by 2023—GM said, is made possible by the flexible Ultium platform which can be adapted to a variety of different vehicles. That platform can also now give vehicles a range of up to 450 miles, up from the 400 miles which GM claimed at an “EV Day” back in March. Alongside the scaling of EV production, GM expects that the cost of its Ultium batteries will drop by 60 percent by the middle of this decade, bringing the batteries “closer to cost parity with gas-powered engines.”"   Cadillac will have the Lyriq which has been moved up by 9 months, Celestiq, GMC's Hummer truck and SUV, new Chevrolet the new Bolt EUV. Interesting fact about the Hummer EV, that will have a development of 26 months down from the usual 50. That means the Chevy Pickup will be moved up 11 months from originally planned and the Chevy Crossover by 21 months. Bearing in mind the Hummer ships late next year - at the moment there is no drivable development vehicle.   At this presentation we also got to see the Hummer SUV in the background. Similar specs to the Hummer Truck - 350 miles of range, 1000hp and 0-60 in 3 seconds   https://www.caranddriver.com/news/a34730248/gm-accelerates-electrification-plans/   TESLA OPENS NORTH CHINA'S LARGEST V3 SUPERCHARGER STATION Tesla tweeted that they opened up the V3 Superchargers station in downtown Beijing."the supercharging station is the largest V3 supercharging station in North China, a total of 21 V3 super charging piles. At present, Tesla has set up a total of 45 super charging stations and 34 destination charging stations in Beijing, covering the urban core and surrounding popular self-driving routes." repotrs SMM News: "Tesla will build nearly 650 super charging stations, more than 5000 super charging piles and more than 2000 destination charging piles in China, covering more than 270major cities and inter-city connections. In addition, in view of the problem that some Tesla super-charging pile parking spaces are occupied by fuel vehicles, Tesla set up intelligent ground locks or property management personnel in the parking spaces, in which Tesla car owners need to scan the QR code above the parking spaces before charging the car to obtain verification information, which can be "unlocked" after entering the verification information into the APP."   https://news.metal.com/newscontent/101322517/Tesla-the-largest-V3-supercharging-station-in-North-China-landed-in-Wangjing-Beijing/   https://twitter.com/teslacn/status/1329059302716235779   https://teslamotorsclub.com/tmc/threads/tesla-china-installed-parking-barrier-to-prevent-ice-occupy-the-superchanger.45088/   TESLA OPENS WORLD’S NORTHERNMOST SUPERCHARGER STATION "Varangerbotn, some 400 kilometers inside the Arctic Circle, is the most faraway location Tesla has turned on the power anywhere on the European continent. The two nearest Supercharger stations are Puoltikasvaara (Sweden), 623 km to the south, and Sørkjosen (Norway) 562 km to the west." says The Barents Observer: "Ten new Supercharger stations inside the Arctic Circle in northern Scandinavia are in the pipe. The network is geographically well distributed throughout the region and the chosen locations are at the main crossroads. As previously reported by The Barents Observer, local power companies in Troms and Finnmark county, with financial support from the Norwegian state, are deploying a network of 17 high-power 175 kW chargers and eight 50 kW fast chargers. By November 20, nine of the stations are opened, while most of the remaining will be connected to the grid before Christmas."   https://thebarentsobserver.com/en/new-energy/2020/11/tesla-opens-worlds-northernmost-supercharger-station   TESLA FIRMWARE HINTS AT MODEL Y RANGE BOOST "Tesla firmware revealed that the Model Y may receive a range boost via an efficiency package in 2021. Resident Tesla hacker @greentheonly found evidence in Tesla’s 2020.44.5 firmware that possibly indicate an increase in the Model Y’s range next year. " says Teslarati: "According to the trusted hacker, Tesla released an efficiency package for the Model 3 already. It could release a similar efficiency package for the Model Y. The Model Y efficiency package would probably compliment the release of the all-electric crossover’s seven-seater variant. In October, Elon Musk revealed that the Fremont Factory would start production on Model Y’s seven-seat version this month. He predicted that initial seven-seater Model Y deliveries could start as early as December, right in time for Christmas and New Year’s."   https://www.teslarati.com/tesla-model-y-range-update-efficiency-package-2021/   PROTERRA CELEBRATES ITS 1,000TH BATTERY-ELECTRIC BUS "Broward County Transit (BCT) has agreed to purchase 12, 40-foot Proterra® ZX5™ battery-electric transit buses with 660 kWh of onboard energy and the DuoPower™ drivetrain. With this purchase, Proterra has now sold more than 1,000 battery-electric transit buses in North America." write Mass Transit website: "introduced in September, the Proterra ZX5 features more energy storage and a longer drive range. Proterra says the DuoPower drivetrain delivers nearly twice the horsepower and five times better fuel efficiency than a standard diesel engine. The DuoPower drivetrain features two electric motors that deliver a 550 horsepower, accelerating a ZX5 bus from zero to 20 mph in under six seconds."   EV ENQUIRIES SOARED 500% AFTER GOVERNMENT’S 2030 CAR SALES RULING "Electric vehicle (EV) enquiries soared by 500% after this week’s UK Government announcement that it plans to ban the sale of cars and vans powered wholly by petrol or diesel engines in 2030." according to AM Online: "As Prime Minister Boris Johnson set the sector on the path to an all-out ban to include hybrids from 2035 car buyers headed online to see what their immediate alternative fuel vehicle (AFV) buying options might be today, according to data from BuyaCar. The online car sales portal said that EV enquiries would normally represent around 300 searches per day, from a stock of more than 60,000 cars, but this week’s announcement saw that figure shoot up to 1,679 in the 24 hours following the Prime Minister’s announcement.   https://www.am-online.com/news/market-insight/2020/11/20/ev-enquiries-soared-500-after-government-s-2030-car-sales-ruling   You can listen to all 933 previous episodes of this this for free, where you get your podcasts from, plus the blog https://www.evnewsdaily.com/ – remember to subscribe, which means you don’t have to think about downloading the show each day, plus you get it first and free and automatically.   It would mean a lot if you could take 2mins to leave a quick review on whichever platform you download the podcast.   And  if you have an Amazon Echo, download our Alexa Skill, search for EV News Daily and add it as a flash briefing.   Come and say hi on Facebook, LinkedIn or Twitter just search EV News Daily, have a wonderful day, I’ll catch you tomorrow and remember…there’s no such thing as a self-charging hybrid.     PHIL ROBERTS / ELECTRIC FUTURE (PREMIUM PARTNER) BRAD CROSBY (PREMIUM PARTNER) AVID TECHNOLOGY (PREMIUM PARTNER) PORSCHE OF THE VILLAGE CINCINNATI (PREMIUM PARTNER) AUDI CINCINNATI EAST (PREMIUM PARTNER) VOLVO CARS CINCINNATI EAST (PREMIUM PARTNER) NATIONALCARCHARGING.COM and ALOHACHARGE.COM  (PREMIUM PARTNER) DEREK REILLY FROM THE EV REVIEW IRELAND YOUTUBE CHANNEL (PREMIUM PARTNER) RICHARD AT RSYMONS.CO.UK – THE ELECTRIC VEHICLE SPECIALIST (PREMIUM PARTNER)   DAVID AND LISA ALLEN (PARTNER) OEM AUDIO OF NEW ZEALAND AND EVPOWER.CO.NZ (PARTNER) GARETH HAMER eMOBILITY NORWAY HTTPS://WWW.EMOBILITYNORWAY.COM/  (PARTNER) BOB BOOTHBY – MILLBROOK COTTAGES AND ELOPEMENT WEDDING VENUE (PARTNER) DARIN MCLESKEY FROM DENOVO REAL ESTATE (PARTNER) JUKKA KUKONEN FROM WWW.SHIFT2ELECTRIC.COM RAJEEV NARAYAN (PARTNER)   ALAN ROBSON (EXECUTIVE PRODUCER) ALAN SHEDD (EXECUTIVE PRODUCER) ALEX BANAHENE (EXECUTIVE PRODUCER) ALEXANDER FRANK @ https://www.youtube.com/c/alexsuniverse42 ANDERS HOVE (EXECUTIVE PRODUCER) ANDREA JEFFERSON (EXECUTIVE PRODUCER) ANDREW GREEN (EXECUTIVE PRODUCER) ASEER KHALID (EXECUTIVE PRODUCER) ASHLEY HILL (EXECUTIVE PRODUCER) BÅRD FJUKSTAD (EXECUTIVE PRODUCER) BRIAN THOMPSON (EXECUTIVE PRODUCER) BRUCE BOHANNAN (EXECUTIVE PRODUCER) CHARLES HALL (EXECUTIVE PRODUCER) CHRIS HOPKINS (EXECUTIVE PRODUCER) CHRISTOPHER BARTH (EXECUTIVE PRODUCER) COLIN HENNESSY AND CAMBSEV (EXECUTIVE PRODUCER) CRAIG COLES (EXECUTIVE PRODUCER) CRAIG ROGERS (EXECUTIVE PRODUCER) DAMIEN DAVIS (EXECUTIVE PRODUCER) DAVE DEWSON (EXECUTIVE PRODUCER) DAVID FINCH (EXECUTIVE PRODUCER) DAVID MOORE (EXECUTIVE PRODUCER) DAVID PARTINGTON (EXECUTIVE PRODUCER) DAVID PRESCOTT (EXECUTIVE PRODUCER) DON MCALLISTER / SCREENCASTSONLINE.COM (EXECUTIVE PRODUCER) ERU KYEYUNE-NYOMBI (EXECUTIVE PRODUCER) FREDRIK ROVIK (EXECUTIVE PRODUCER) GENE RUBIN (EXECUTIVE PRODUCER) GILBERTO ROSADO (EXECUTIVE PRODUCER) GEOFF LOWE (EXECUTIVE PRODUCER) HEDLEY WRIGHT (EXECUTIVE PRODUCER) IAN GRIFFITHS (EXECUTIVE PRODUCER) IAN SEAR (EXECUTIVE PRODUCER) IAN (WATTIE) WATKINS (EXECUTIVE PRODUCER) JACK OAKLEY (EXECUTIVE PRODUCER) JAMES STORR (EXECUTIVE PRODUCER) JIM MORRIS (EXECUTIVE PRODICERS) JON AKA BEARDY MCBEARDFACE FROM KENT EVS (EXECUTIVE PRODUCER) JON MANCHAK (EXECUTIVE PRODUCER) JUAN GONZALEZ (EXECUTIVE PRODUCER) KEN MORRIS (EXECUTIVE PRODUCER) KEVIN MEYERSON (EXECUTIVE PRODUCER) KYLE MAHAN (EXECUTIVE PRODUCER) LARS DAHLAGER (EXECUTIVE PRODUCER) LAURENCE D ALLEN (EXECUTIVE PRODUCER) LEE BROWN (EXECUTIVE PRODUCER) LUKE CULLEY (EXECUTIVE PRODUCER) MARCEL WARD (EXECUTIVE PRODUCER) MARK BOSSERT (EXECUTIVE PRODUCER) MARTY YOUNG  (EXECUTIVE PRODUCER) MATT PISCIONE (EXECUTIVE PRODUCER) MIA OPPELSTRUP (PARTNER) MICHAEL PASTRONE (EXECUTIVE PRODUCER) MIKE WINTER (EXECUTIVE PRODUCER) NATHAN GORE-BROWN (EXECUTIVE PRODUCER) NEIL E ROBERTS FROM SUSSEX EVS (EXECUTIVE PRODUCER) NICHOLAS MILLER (EXECUTIVE PRODUCER) NIGEL MILES (EXECUTIVE PRODUCER) OHAD ASTON (EXECUTIVE PRODUCER) PAUL RIDINGS (EXECUTIVE PRODUCER) PAUL STEPHENSON (EXECUTIVE PRODUCER) PETE GLASS (EXECUTIVE PRODUCER) PETE GORTON (EXECUTIVE PRODUCER) PETER & DEE ROBERTS FROM OXON EVS (EXECUTIVE PRODUCER) PHIL MOUCHET (EXECUTIVE PRODUCER) PHILIP TRAUTMAN (EXECUTIVE PRODUCER) RAJ BADWAL (EXECUTIVE PRODUCER) RENE KEEMIK (EXECUTIVE PRODUCER) RENÉ SCHNEIDER (EXECUTIVE PRODUCER) RICHARD LUPINSKY (EXECUTIVE PRODUCER) ROB HERMANS (EXECUTIVE PRODUCER) ROB FROM THE RSTHINKS EV CHANNEL ON YOUTUBE (EXECUTIVE PRODUCER) RUPERT MITCHELL (EXECUTIVE PRODUCER) SEIKI PAYNE (EXECUTIVE PRODUCER) STEPHEN PENN (EXECUTIVE PRODUCER) STEVE JOHN (EXECUTIVE PRODUCER) THOMAS J. 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I’m so excited to share this episode! I was told by others that Kassandra Dasent, a financial wellness engineer, Certified Financial Education Instructor, and speaker, would be an amazing guest…and she did not disappoint. As she shares in this episode, she is immigrated with her mom from Trinidad to Quebec, Canada as a child, and now lives in Florida, USA. And as immigrants to a new country, money was always tight. This led Kassandra to do, as I see so many financial counselling clients do, to rebel as an adult and spend without a plan and eventually get into debt. But everything changed in 2009 when she realized she was in serious consumer debt. Something needed to change if she wanted to live a more balanced, fulfilled, and financially secure life. So, in June 2009, she created a plan to pay off $55,000 of debt in five years. By November 2012 she became debt-free. And now she is on the show to not only share her journey of becoming debt-free, but to explain how she did it, how she continued to stay diligent with her plan and stay motivated, and what lessons she learned she hopes to pass onto others who may be in a similar situation. For full episode show notes, visit https://jessicamoorhouse.com/252

Welcome to Making the Movement Podcast! Join us as we step in to our 90th birthday celebration. Join us as we sit down and talk to VP of Housing, Ms. Linda Taylor and our VP of Operations Mr. Augustine Cita as they take us down memory lane and share some of their favorite moments at ULMS. We also discussed voter information with our Civic Engagement Coordinator, Maya Manus. With the Election around the corner, we discuss the importance of voting.  We share a lot in our first episode, Step In To It. Here are the things we promised we would share with you all! 90 Day Wrap Up Black Business Directory: https://urbanleague.org/black-business-directory/ VP of Housing Department with Ms. Linda Taylor Rental Assistance -  https://kingcounty.gov/depts/community-human-services/COVID/eviction-prevention-rent-assistance.aspx Safe Lot Location –  https://urbanleague.org/homeless-outreach/ For more information about the services we provide head to our website at www.urbanleague.org Civic Engagement with Maya Manus Text ULMS 528-86 to stay updated with our Civic Engagement VP of Operations Augustine CitaCareer Bridge Program - https://urbanleague.org/careerbridge/ Shelter at New Hope Missionary Baptist Church - 124 21st Ave, Seattle, WA 98122 Day Center – youth from 18-24. Located at 123 21st Ave. 8 AM – 7:30 PM Harder House - a living solution for young men can be found at at https://urbanleague.org/homeless-outreach/ How to with Ru - Donating to ULMSTexting: Text @ULMS to 520-14 Check: payable to the Urban League of Metropolitan Seattle | Mail to 105 14th Ave, Seattle, WA 98122 Website: www.urbanleague.org | hit the donate button at the bottom of any page. Brand New to the Block  Black Voices Project - https://urbanleague.org/black-voices-project/ ULMS Membership - https://urbanleague.org/membership/ Giveaway Follow @MakeTheMovePod  Tag three friends under the first post on Instagram  Answer "What month, date, year was the Urban League of Metropolitan Seattle founded?"- BY November 16 - Announce on the 23rd 

Which candidate do you want your kids to have as a role-model? Get your vote counted BY NOVEMBER 3rd! Need help? https://www.betterknowaballot.com/ ---- What's Biden's character?? Watch this 13 year old...https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3lZbOiktAh4 The Economy: Bush vs Obama Vs Trumphttps://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/9-charts-comparing-trump-economy-to-obama-bush-administrations-2019-9-1028833119# Republicans Rallying Against Trump:https://lincolnproject.us/https://rvat.org/https://43alumniforjoebiden.com/ Political Polls:https://www.realclearpolitics.com/epolls/latest_polls/ Fox News and HOAX:https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/charting-fox-newss-slide-from-serious-news-outlet-to-state-media/2020/08/25/417af504-e555-11ea-bc79-834454439a44_story.html Understanding Wealth Inequality in America:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QPKKQnijnsM Republican 2020 Platform:https://prod-cdn-static.gop.com/docs/Resolution_Platform_2020.pdf Democrat 2020 Platform:https://www.demconvention.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/2020-07-31-Democratic-Party-Platform-For-Distribution.pdf Some links to do your own research: (Seriously, spend 5 minutes... totally worth it!) How to check your facts:https://mediabiasfactcheck.com/https://www.factcheck.org/ Political Polls:https://www.realclearpolitics.com/epolls/latest_polls/

Both sides work to energize their base as we near the home stretch... Get your vote counted BY NOVEMBER 3rd! Need help? https://www.betterknowaballot.com/ ----- Republicans Rallying Against Trump:https://lincolnproject.us/https://rvat.org/https://43alumniforjoebiden.com/ How to check your facts:https://mediabiasfactcheck.com/https://www.factcheck.org/ Political Polls:https://www.realclearpolitics.com/epolls/latest_polls/ Fox News and HOAX:https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/charting-fox-newss-slide-from-serious-news-outlet-to-state-media/2020/08/25/417af504-e555-11ea-bc79-834454439a44_story.html Understanding Wealth Inequality in America:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QPKKQnijnsM Republican Platform:https://prod-cdn-static.gop.com/docs/Resolution_Platform_2020.pdf Democrat Platform:https://www.demconvention.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/2020-07-31-Democratic-Party-Platform-For-Distribution.pdf The Economy: Bush vs Obama Vs Trumphttps://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/9-charts-comparing-trump-economy-to-obama-bush-administrations-2019-9-1028833119# Not sure Biden will make a great president? Watch this 13 year old...https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3lZbOiktAh4Some links to do your own research: (Seriously, spend 5 minutes... totally worth it!) How to check your facts:https://mediabiasfactcheck.com/https://www.factcheck.org/ Political Polls:https://www.realclearpolitics.com/epolls/latest_polls/

By November, 1 million young people in the UK will be unemployed, according to a report out this week from the newly-launched Alliance for Full Employment. It has the backing of the former Prime Minister and Chancellor Gordon Brown, who warned of a “lost Covid generation” of young people with no prospects and nothing to do. The cost, he says, is more than just a financial one: “It destroys self-worth; it hurts family life; it shatters communities”. So what should our moral obligation be to this generation? A parallel has been drawn with the post-war period which saw the birth of the Welfare State. While there is widespread support for short-term financial help, there are those who caution against what they see as writing off an entire generation as ‘lost’, or institutionalising state dependency; they believe that the pandemic has merely accelerated inevitable economic change from which a brighter future can emerge. There are many young people who don’t share that optimism, and point to how the Covid crisis has exposed pre-existing health and wealth inequalities, which, for them, raises bigger questions about the morality of global capitalism. This is the moment, they argue, to change capitalism so that it focuses on what humans really want and need, and to actively promote the things we value beyond financial success and economic usefulness. Capitalism’s supporters, however, see our quality of life as being intrinsically bound up with markets and economic growth. For them the moral response to Covid is to kick start the consumer boom and allow people the freedom to make money unconstrained. Is it time for a radical challenge to unbridled capitalism for sake of the young, or is the ‘invisible hand’ still the best way to get a leg up? With Grace Blakeley, Ian Goldin, Daniel Pryor and Jamie Whyte. Producer: Dan Tierney.

Dueling town halls do little to change minds... Get your vote counted BY NOVEMBER 3rd! Need help? https://www.betterknowaballot.com/ ----- Republicans Rallying Against Trump:https://lincolnproject.us/https://rvat.org/https://43alumniforjoebiden.com/ How to check your facts:https://mediabiasfactcheck.com/https://www.factcheck.org/ Political Polls:https://www.realclearpolitics.com/epolls/latest_polls/ Fox News and HOAX:https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/charting-fox-newss-slide-from-serious-news-outlet-to-state-media/2020/08/25/417af504-e555-11ea-bc79-834454439a44_story.html Understanding Wealth Inequality in America:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QPKKQnijnsM Republican Platform:https://prod-cdn-static.gop.com/docs/Resolution_Platform_2020.pdf Democrat Platform:https://www.demconvention.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/2020-07-31-Democratic-Party-Platform-For-Distribution.pdf The Economy: Bush vs Obama Vs Trumphttps://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/9-charts-comparing-trump-economy-to-obama-bush-administrations-2019-9-1028833119# Not sure Biden will make a great president? Watch this 13 year old...https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3lZbOiktAh4Some links to do your own research: (Seriously, spend 5 minutes... totally worth it!) How to check your facts:https://mediabiasfactcheck.com/https://www.factcheck.org/ Political Polls:https://www.realclearpolitics.com/epolls/latest_polls/

Eggs Up Grill, a breakfast-lunch concept, is slowly adding in adult beverages and tailoring its menu as it continues to expand in the COVID-19 pandemic, according to Ricky Richardson, CEO of the brand. Spartanburg, S.C.-based Eggs Up Grill has 43 units in Florida, Georgia, North Carolina and South Carolina. It plans to have nine new unit open by the end of this year and the company expects to enter Georgia next year and has plans for Alabama and Tennessee. Richardson joined the company in July 2018 after it had been purchased by the Spartanburg-based WJ Partners private-equity firm. Average unit volumes for the brand were just under $1 million before the pandemic, Richardson said, and the brand is 100% franchised generally in shopping areas anchored by supermarkets. “We consider ourselves in the ‘better breakfast category,’” Richardson said, emphasizing that the brand has approachable ingredients. In late February, before the pandemic was declared, a franchisee in Columbia, S.C., proposed adding mimosas to the menu. That started March 4 and will be expanding to eight units soon. By November, Eggs Up Grill expects to have adult beverages in about 30 of its 43 units by the end of November, Richardson said. Those adult beverages make up between 4% to 8% of sales in the seven units, he added, and the brand expects them to make up an average 5% when fully rolled out. Being an entirely franchised brand has been a challenge in the COVID-19 era, Richardson said, “communication has been absolutely critical.”

Charles MansonManson was born to a 15 or 16 year old (depending on the source) girl in Cincinnati Oh. on Nov 12,1934. His Mother, Kathleen Maddox, did not even bother to give him a real name on his birth certificate. On it he is listed as No Name Maddox. There is not 100% surety who his father is, but most likely it is a man named Colonel Scott Sr. When Kathleen told him she was pregnant he told her he'd been called away on army business, which he lied to her about being in, and after several months she realized he was not returning.  It is assumed this is the father as Kathleen brought a paternity suit against Scott and this lead to an agreed judgement in 1937, which is basically a settlement between the two without Scott having to admit to being the father. Within the first few weeks Kathleen decided on the name Charles Milles after her father. Kathleen, then had a short lived marriage to a man named William Eugene Manson. The marriage lasted around three years, during which time Kathleen often went on drinking benders with her brother Luther. She would leave Charles with different babysitters all the time. This obviously caused issues with William and he filed for divorce citing “gross neglect of duty” on the part of Kathleen. Charles would retain the last name of Manson after the divorce as he was born after the two married. During one of her drinking sprees she had taken Charles with her to a cafe. The waitress commented about how cute Charles was and that she wanted kids of her own. Kathleen said to the waitress “ pitcher of beer and he’s yours.” The waitress obviously presumed she was kidding but brought her an extra pitcher of beer anyway to be nice. Well, true to her word, Kathleen finished her pitcher and left, leaving the boy there. Days later Manson's uncle would track him down and bring him home. What. The. Fuck!         When he was 5 years old, his mother and her brother Luther were arrested for robbing a man. Mother of the year, folks! Reportedly, Luther pressed a ketchup bottle filled with salt into The man's back, pretending it was a gun. He then smashed the bottle over The man’s head, and the siblings stole $27 before fleeing. Police caught up to the pair shortly after and arrested the two. Kathkleen received 5 years in prison and Luther 10. Charles was sent to live with his aunt and uncle in west virginia. Biographer Jeff Guinn related a story about Manson's childhood. When Manson was 5 years old and living with his family in West Virginia, his uncle reportedly forced him to wear his cousin Jo Ann's dress to school as punishment for crying in front of his first-grade class. In the biography, Guinn shares his perspective:  “It didn't matter what some teacher had done to make him cry; what was important was to do something drastic that would convince Charlie never to act like a sissy again.”   In first grade, Manson persuaded girls to beat up the boys he didn't like. When the principal questioned him, Manson offered the same defense he would later use after influencing his Family to commit the Tate-LaBianca murders:  “It wasn't me; they were doing what they wanted.” In 1942, the prison released Manson’s mother, Kathleen, on parole after she served three years. When she returned home, she gave Manson a hug. He later described this as his only happy memory from childhood. A few weeks after this homecoming, the family would move to Charleston WV. Here Manson would constantly be truant from school and his mother continued her hard drinking ways. His mother was again arrested for theft but was not convicted. After this the family would move again, this time to Indianapolis. While in Indianapolis his mother met an alcoholic with the last name Lewis while attending AA meetings. The two would marry in 1943. That same year Manson claims to have set his school on fire at the age of 9.  *christmas present story*       At the age of 13 Manson was placed into the Gibault School for Boys in Terre Haute Indiana. The school was for delinquent boys and run by strict catholic priests. There were severe punishments for even minor infractions, obviously. These included beating with a wooden paddle or lashes from a leather strap. Manson escaped the school and slept in the woods, under bridges and pretty much anywhere he could find shelter. He made his way back home and spent Christmas of 1947 with his aunt and uncle back in WV. After this his mother sent him back to the school where he would escape, yet again ten  months later and headed back to Indy. There, in 1948 he would commit his first known crime. He would rob a grocery store looking for something to eat, but came across a box containing around 100 dollars. He would take this and get a hotel room in a shitty part of town and buy food as well.        After this robbery he tried to get on the straight and narrow by getting a job delivering messages for Western Union. The straight path he was on would not last long though, as he started to supplement his income with petty theft. He was caught and in 1949 a judge sent him to Boys Town, a juvenile facility in Omaha, Nebraska. After spending a whopping 4 days at Boys Town, Manson and a fellow student named Blackie Nielson obtained a gun and stole a car. The boys decided to head to Nielson’s uncle's house in Peoria IL. Along the way they would commit two armed robberies. When they got to the uncle’s, who was a professional thief, they were recruited as apprentices in thievery. Manson was arrested a couple weeks  later as part of a raid and during the subsequent investigation was linked to the two earlier armed robberies. He was then sent to the Indiana School For Boys, another very strict reform school.       At the reform school Manson alleged to have been raped by other students at the urging of a staff member. He was also beaten very often and ran away from the school 18..count em...18 times! Manson developed what he called “the insane game” as a form of self defense while at the school.  When he was physically unable to defend himself, he would start screaming and screeching, making faces and grimacing, and waving his arms all over the place in an attempt to make his attackers think he was insane! After all of his failed attempts at running away and escaping, he finally succeeded in escaping with two other boys in february of 1951. The three boys decided to head to california, stealing cars and robbing gas stations along the way. They ended up getting arrested in Utah and Manson was sent to the National Training Center for Boys in  washington dc for the federal crime of driving a stolen car across state lines. When he got to the center he was given a test that determined he was illiterate even though he showed a slightly above average IQ of 109. Average in the US is around 98-100. Hise caseworker also deemed him “aggressively antisocial” When Charlie was being considered for a transfer to Natural Bridge Honor Camp, a minimum security institution, a psychiatric evaluation was required.On October 24 1951, Charlie was transferred to the Natural Bridge Honor Camp in Petersburg, Virginia. His parole hearing was scheduled for February 1952. On October 24, 1951, when his Aunt Joanne visited, she promised Charlie and the authorities that when he was released, she and his Uncle Bill would look after him, provide him with a place to live, and a job.Psychiatrist Dr. Block, explained in a prison and probation report that his life of abuse, rejection, instability, and emotional pain had turned him into a slick but extremely sensitive boy:        "[Manson] Tries to give the impression of trying hard although actually not putting forth any effort ... marked degree of rejection, instability and psychic trauma ... constantly striving for status ... a fairly slick institutionalized youth who has not given up in terms of securing some kind of love and affection from the world ... dangerous ... should not be trusted across the street ... homosexual and assaultative [sic] tendencies ... safe only under supervision ... unpredictable ... in spite of his age he is criminally sophisticated and grossly unsuited for retention in an open reformatory type institution.”In January 1952, less than a month before his parole date, Charlie sodomized a boy with a razor to his throat. He was reclassified him as dangerous and transferred to a tougher, higher security, lock up facility; the Federal Reformatory at Petersburg, Virginia,.By August 1952, he had eight major violations including three sexual assaults. He was classified as a dangerous offender and characterized as "defiantly homosexual, dangerous, and safe only under supervision" and as having "assaultive tendencies."September 22 1952, Charlie was transferred to the Federal Reformatory in Chillicothe, Ohio, a higher security institution. He was a "model prisoner." There was a major improvement in his attitude. He learned to read and understand math. On January 1, 1954, he was honored with a Meritorious Service Award for his scholastic accomplishments and his work in the Transportation Unit for maintenance and repair of institution vehicles.While incarcerated at Chillicothe, Charlie met the notorious American Syndicate gangster, Frank Costello, aka "Prime Minister of the Underworld," a close associate of the powerful underworld boss, Lucky Luciano.In the book, Manson: In His Own Words (1986), by Nuel Emmons, Manson, obviously impressed by with Costello's professional crime background states:"When I walked down the halls with him [Costello] or sat at the same table for meals, I probably experienced the same sensation an honest kid would get out of being with Joe DiMaggio or Mickey Mantel: admiration bordering on worship. To me, if Costello did something, right or wrong, that was the way it was supposed to be... Yeah, I admired Frank Costello, and I listened to and believed everything he said."Charlie's parole on May 8, 1954, stipulated that he live with Aunt Joanne and Uncle Bill in McMechen, West Virginia. Now at nineteen years-old, for the first time since his mother gave him up when he was 12, Charlie was legally free .Soon after Manson gained his freedom, his mother was released from prison. She moved to nearby Wheeling, West Virginia and soon Charlie moved in with her.In January 1955, Manson married a hospital waitress named Rosalie Jean Willis. Around October, about three months after he and his pregnant wife arrived in Los Angeles in a car he had stolen in Ohio, Manson was again charged with a federal crime for taking the vehicle across state lines. After a psychiatric evaluation, he was given five years' probation. Manson's failure to appear at a Los Angeles hearing on an identical charge filed in Florida resulted in his March 1956 arrest in Indianapolis. His probation was revoked; he was sentenced to three years' imprisonment at Terminal Island, San Pedro, California.While Manson was in prison, Rosalie gave birth to their son Charles Manson Jr. During his first year at Terminal Island, Manson received visits from Rosalie and his mother, who were now living together in Los Angeles. In March 1957, when the visits from his wife ceased, his mother informed him Rosalie was living with another man. Less than two weeks before a scheduled parole hearing, Manson tried to escape by stealing a car. He was given five years' probation and his parole was denied.Manson received five years' parole in September 1958, the same year in which Rosalie received a decree of divorce. By November, he was pimping a 16-year-old girl and was receiving additional support from a girl with wealthy parents. In September 1959, he pleaded guilty to a charge of attempting to cash a forged U.S. Treasury check, which he claimed to have stolen from a mailbox; the latter charge was later dropped. He received a 10-year suspended sentence and probation after a young woman named Leona, who had an arrest record for prostitution, made a "tearful plea" before the court that she and Manson were "deeply in love ... and would marry if Charlie were freed".  Before the year's end, the woman did marry Manson, possibly so she would not be required to testify against him.Manson took Leona and another woman to New Mexico for purposes of prostitution, resulting in him being held and questioned for violating the Mann Act. Though he was released, Manson correctly suspected that the investigation had not ended. When he disappeared in violation of his probation, a bench warrant was issued. An indictment for violation of the Mann Act followed in April 1960. Following the arrest of one of the women for prostitution, Manson was arrested in June in Laredo, Texas, and was returned to Los Angeles. For violating his probation on the check-cashing charge, he was ordered to serve his ten-year sentence.Manson spent a year trying unsuccessfully to appeal the revocation of his probation. In July 1961, he was transferred from the Los Angeles County Jail to the United States Penitentiary at McNeil Island, Washington. There, he took guitar lessons from Barker–Karpis gang leader Alvin "Creepy" Karpis, and obtained from another inmate a contact name of someone at Universal Studios in Hollywood, Phil Kaufman.  According to Jeff Guinn's 2013 biography of Manson, his mother moved to Washington State to be closer to him during his McNeil Island incarceration, working nearby as a waitress.Although the Mann Act charge had been dropped, the attempt to cash the Treasury check was still a federal offense. Manson's September 1961 annual review noted he had a "tremendous drive to call attention to himself", an observation echoed in September 1964.  In 1963, Leona was granted a divorce. During the process she alleged that she and Manson had a son, Charles Luther. According to a popular urban legend, Manson auditioned unsuccessfully for the Monkees in late 1965; this is refuted by the fact that Manson was still incarcerated at McNeil Island at that time.In June 1966, Manson was sent for the second time to Terminal Island in preparation for early release. By the time of his release day on March 21, 1967, he had spent more than half of his 32 years in prisons and other institutions. This was mainly because he had broken federal laws. Federal sentences were, and remain, much more severe than state sentences for many of the same offenses. Telling the authorities that prison had become his home, he requested permission to stay. In 1967, 32-year-old Charles Manson was released from prison once again (this time, from a correctional facility in the state of Washington). He then made his way to San Francisco and quickly found a home in the counter-culture movement there.Manson created a cult around himself called the "Family" that he hoped to use to bring about Armageddon through a race war. He named this scenario "Helter Skelter," after the 1968 Beatles song of the same name.Living mostly by begging, Manson soon became acquainted with Mary Brunner, a 23-year-old graduate of the University of Wisconsin–Madison. Brunner was working as a library assistant at the University of California, Berkeley, and Manson moved in with her. According to a second-hand account, he overcame her resistance to his bringing other women in to live with them. Before long, they were sharing Brunner's residence with eighteen other women.Manson established himself as a guru in San Francisco's Haight-Ashbury district, which during 1967's "Summer of Love" was emerging as the signature hippie locale. Manson appeared to have borrowed his philosophy from the Process Church of the Final Judgment, whose members believed Satan would become reconciled to Christ and they would come together at the end of the world to judge humanity. Manson soon had the first of his groups of followers, which have been called the "Manson Family", most of them female. Manson taught his followers that they were the reincarnation of the original Christians, and that the Romans were the establishment. He strongly implied that he was Christ; he often told a story envisioning himself on the cross with the nails in his feet and hands. Sometime around 1967, he began using the alias "Charles Willis Manson." He often said it very slowly ("Charles's Will Is Man's Son")—implying that his will was the same as that of the Son of Man.Before the end of the summer, Manson and eight or nine of his enthusiasts piled into an old school bus they had re-wrought in hippie style, with colored rugs and pillows in place of the many seats they had removed. They roamed as far north as Washington state, then southward through Los Angeles, Mexico, and the American Southwest. Returning to the Los Angeles area, they lived in Topanga Canyon, Malibu, and Venice—western parts of the city and county.Having learned how to play guitar in prison he did his best to wow artists like Neil Young and The Mamas and Papas, his idiosyncratic folk music failed to generate enthusiasm until he was introduced to Dennis Wilson of the Beach Boys, who saw talent in Manson's playing.  Wilson allowed Manson and several of "his girls" — who had by now begun coalescing around him because they believed he was a  guru with prophetic powers — to stay with him at his mansion in June 1968. Wilson eventually kicked them out after they began causing trouble, but Manson later accused the Beach Boys of reworking one of his songs and including it on their 1969 album "20/20" without crediting him. In 1967, Brunner became pregnant by Manson and, on April 15, 1968, gave birth to a son she named Valentine Michael (nicknamed "Pooh Bear") in a condemned house in Topanga Canyon, assisted during the birth by several of the young women from the Family. Brunner (like most members of the group) acquired a number of aliases and nicknames, including: "Marioche", "Och", "Mother Mary", "Mary Manson", "Linda Dee Manson" and "Christine Marie Euchts". Manson established a base for the Family at the Spahn Ranch in August 1968 after Wilson's landlord evicted them. It had been a television and movie set for Westerns, but the buildings had deteriorated by the late 1960s and the ranch's revenue was primarily derived from selling horseback rides. Female Family members did chores around the ranch and, occasionally, had sex on Manson's orders with the nearly blind 80 year-old owner George Spahn. The women also acted as seeing-eye guides for him. In exchange, Spahn allowed Manson and his group to live at the ranch for free.  Lynette Fromme acquired the nickname "Squeaky" because she often squeaked when Spahn pinched her thigh.Charles Watson, a small-town Texan who had quit college and moved to California, soon joined the group at the ranch. He met Manson at Wilson's house; Watson had given Wilson a ride while Wilson was hitchhiking after his car was wrecked. Spahn nicknamed him "Tex" because of his pronounced Texas drawl. Manson follower Dianne Lake (just 14 when she met Manson) detailed long nights of lectures, in which Manson instructed others at the ranch to take LSD and listen to him preach about the past, present and future of humanity.  With his “family” coming together, manson began his work with Helter Skelter. The following excerpt about Helter Skelter is taken from wikipedia, Sources were double check for accuracy and we just figured this would be a quick review. We have added a few things to fill it out...so don't @ us bros ;) In the first days of November 1968, Manson established the Family at alternative headquarters in Death Valley's environs, where they occupied two unused or little-used ranches, Myers and Barker.[20][25] The former, to which the group had initially headed, was owned by the grandmother of a new woman (Catherine Gillies) in the Family. The latter was owned by an elderly local woman (Arlene Barker) to whom Manson presented himself and a male Family member as musicians in need of a place congenial to their work. When the woman agreed to let them stay if they'd fix things up, Manson honored her with one of the Beach Boys' gold records,[25] several of which he had been given by Wilson.[26]While back at Spahn Ranch, no later than December, Manson and Watson visited a Topanga Canyon acquaintance who played them the Beatles' recently released double album, The Beatles (also known as the "White Album").[20][27][28] Manson became obsessed with the group.[29] At McNeil Island prison, Manson had told fellow inmates, including Karpis, that he could surpass the group in fame;[7]:200–202, 265[30] to the Family, he spoke of the group as "the soul" and "part of the hole in the infinite".[28]For some time, Manson had been saying that racial tensions between blacks and whites were about to erupt, predicting that blacks would rise up in rebellion in America's cities.[31][32] On a bitterly cold New Year's Eve at Myers Ranch, as the Family gathered outside around a large fire, Manson explained that the social turmoil he had been predicting had also been predicted by the Beatles.[28] The White Album songs, he declared, foretold it all in code. In fact, he maintained (or would soon maintain), the album was directed at the Family, an elect group that was being instructed to preserve the worthy from the impending disaster.[31][32]In early January 1969, the Family left the desert's cold and moved to a canary-yellow home in Canoga Park, not far from the Spahn Ranch.[7]:244–247[28][33] Because this locale would allow the group to remain "submerged beneath the awareness of the outside world",[7]:244–247[34] Manson called it the Yellow Submarine, another Beatles reference. There, Family members prepared for the impending apocalypse, which around the campfire Manson had termed "Helter Skelter", after the song of that name.By February, Manson's vision was complete. The Family would create an album whose songs, as subtle as those of the Beatles, would trigger the predicted chaos. Ghastly murders of whites by blacks would be met with retaliation, and a split between racist and non-racist whites would yield whites' self-annihilation. The blacks' triumph, as it were, would merely precede their being ruled by the Family, which would ride out the conflict in "the bottomless pit", a secret city beneath Death Valley. At the Canoga Park house, while Family members worked on vehicles and pored over maps to prepare for their desert escape, they also worked on songs for their world-changing album. When they were told Melcher was to come to the house to hear the material, the women prepared a meal and cleaned the place. However, Melcher never arrived.  Crimes of the Family On May 18, 1969, Terry Melcher visited Spahn Ranch to hear Manson and the women sing. Melcher arranged a subsequent visit, not long thereafter, during which he brought a friend who possessed a mobile recording unit, but Melcher did not record the group.By June, Manson was telling the Family they might have to show blacks how to start "Helter Skelter". When Manson tasked Watson with obtaining money, supposedly intended to help the Family prepare for the conflict, Watson defrauded a black drug dealer named Bernard "Lotsapoppa" Crowe. Crowe responded with a threat to wipe out everyone at Spahn Ranch. The family countered on July 1, 1969, by shooting Crowe at Manson's Hollywood apartment.Manson's belief that he had killed Crowe was seemingly confirmed by a news report of the discovery of the dumped body of a Black Panther in Los Angeles. Although Crowe was not a member of the Black Panthers, Manson concluded he had been and expected retaliation from the Panthers. He turned Spahn Ranch into a defensive camp, with night patrols of armed guards.] "If we'd needed any more proof that Helter Skelter was coming down very soon, this was it," Tex Watson would later write. "Blackie was trying to get at the chosen ones." Gary Allen Hinman The murder of Gary Hinman committed by Bobby Beausoleil forever changed the course of the now-infamous cult; at one time sold to followers as the embodiment of free love, the incident set Manson’s cult on a path for the unparalleled brutality and violence that continues to captivate the world nearly 50 years after the fact.New murder minutiaeBeausoleil provided new details about the murder that started it all as part of a two-hour Fox special “Inside the Manson Cult: The Lost Tapes" that aired in 2018. As part of the jailhouse interview, Beausoleil detailed Hinman's relationship to the Family, the circumstances around the 34-year-old musician's death, and why Beausoleil felt he "had no way out" other than going forward with his brutal act."Fear is not a rational emotion and when it sets in. Things get out of control—as they certainly did with Charlie and me," he said during the special.Hinman, a talented piano player who once played at Carnegie Hall, was described by his cousin as a "lost artistic soul,” according to People magazine—one who would wind up falling in with the wrong crowd and befriending the Manson Family. "Gary was a friend. He didn't do anything to deserve what happened to him and I am responsible for that," Beausoleil said from the California Medical Facility, a male prison, where he's serving a life sentence.According to Dianne Lake, who also participated in the TV special to discuss her time as a Manson devotee, Family members had been to Hinman's house several times before his murder. Beausoleil had purchased drugs from Hinman during the summer of 1969. He sold them to another person, who then complained about their quality, causing Beausoleil to need his money back. "Bobby was driven over there to make it right with two girls that knew Gary very well. In fact, I think he had slept with both of them: Susan Atkins and Mary Brunner," former follower Catherine "Gypsy" Share said during the special. But Hinman didn't have the money. After Beausoleil, an aspiring actor and musician, roughed Gary up a bit, they called Manson, who decided to come to the house with a samurai sword. When he arrived, Manson took the sword and made a swipe across Hinman's face from his ear down his cheek. "It was bleeding a lot," John Douglas, a retired FBI agent who later interviewed Manson, said in the special. Beausoleil asked Manson why he had cut the man's face. "He said, 'To show you how to be a man.' His exact words," Beausoleil said. "I will never forget that."According to Beausoleil, who at one time was given the nickname "Cupid" for his good looks, he tried to patch the wound up and "make things right." Hinman, however, insisted on receiving medical attention—which is when things took a fatal turn."I knew if I took him, I'd end up going to prison. Gary would tell on me, for sure, and he would tell on Charlie and everyone else," Beausoleil said in the interview "It was at that point I realized I had no way out."According to the San Diego Union Tribune, Hinman was tortured over three days before he was killed. Beausoleil, for  his part, admitted to stabbing Hinman twice in the chest. The family reportedly used Hinman’s blood to scribble the words “Political Piggy” on the wall after the murder, according to CBS News, and also included a panther paw to try and pin the slaying on the Black Panthers (Manson was known for his desire to incite a race war).Beausoleil, along with Bruce Davis, was later arrested for  the murder.The murder catapulted the Manson family into a new level of violence. Although they had been training and preparing for a supposed race war for some time at Spahn Ranch, they had now become the aggressors and instigators of violence."This is when things start getting really dire, I mean really murderous," Lake said during the Fox program. Several weeks later, Manson Family followers would go on to murder Tate, writer Wojciech Frykowski, coffee heiress Abigail Folger, celebrity hair stylist Jay Sebring, and Steven Parent, who had come to  visit the gardener on Polanski’s property. The next night, the group would break into the home of Leno and Rosemary LaBianca and kill the couple. Beausoleil was sentenced to death for his role in Hinman’s murder, but the sentence was later commuted to life in prison. In January of 2019, he was recommended for parole during his 19th appearance before a parole board, according to CNN. His attorney Jason Campbell argued that he should be released from prison because he hasn't been a danger to society in decades. "He has spent the last 50 years gradually growing and improving himself and in particular, over the last few decades, he's been pretty much a model inmate," he said.However, California Gov. Gavin Newsom later overruled the recommendation, keeping Beusoleil behind bars, the Associated Press reports.As he sat in his cell and reflected on his past crime, Beausoleil told the team behind the Fox special that he is filled with regret over the death of his one-time friend."What I've wished a thousand times is that I had faced the music,” he said. “Instead, I killed him.”Tate- Labianca murdersOn the night of August 8, 1969, Charles "Tex" Watson, Susan Atkins, Patricia Krenwinkel, and Linda Kasabian were sent by Charlie to the old home of Terry Melcher at 10050 Cielo Drive. Their instructions were to kill everyone at the house and make it appear like Hinman's murder, with words and symbols written in blood on the walls. As Charlie Manson had said earlier in the day after choosing the group, "Now is the time for Helter Skelter."What the group did not know was that Terry Melcher was no longer residing in the home and that it was being rented by film director Roman Polanski and his wife, actress Sharon Tate. Tate was two weeks away from giving birth and Polanski was delayed in London while working on his film, The Day of the Dolphin. Because Sharon was so close to giving birth, the couple arranged for friends to stay with her until Polanski could get home.After dining together at the El Coyote restaurant, Sharon Tate, celebrity hairstylist Jay Sebring, Folger coffee heiress Abigail Folger and her lover Wojciech Frykowski, returned to the Polanski's home on Cleo Drive at around 10:30 p.m. Wojciech fell asleep on the living room couch, Abigail Folger went to her bedroom to read, and Sharon Tate and Sebring were in Sharon's bedroom talking.Steve ParentJust after midnight, Watson, Atkins, Krenwinkel, and Kasabian arrived at the house. Watson climbed a telephone pole and cut the phone line going to the Polanski's house. Just as the group entered the estate grounds, they saw a car approaching. Inside the car was 18-year-old Steve Parent who had been visiting the property's caretaker, William Garreston.As Parent approached the driveway's electronic gate, he rolled down the window to reach out and push the gate's button, and Watson descended on him, yelling at him to halt. Seeing that Watson was armed with a revolver and knife, Parent began to plead for his life. Unfazed, Watson slashed at Parent, then shot him four times, killing him instantly.The Rampage InsideAfter murdering Parent, the group headed for the house. Watson told Kasabian to be on the lookout by the front gate. The other three family members entered the Polanski home. Charles "Tex" Watson went to the living room and confronted Frykowski who was asleep. Not fully awake, Frykowski asked what time it was and Watson kicked him in the head. When Frykowski asked who he was, Watson answered, "I'm the devil and I'm here to do the devil's business."Susan Atkins went to Sharon Tate's bedroom with a buck knife and ordered Tate and Sebring to go into the living room. She then went and got Abigail Folger. The four victims were told to sit on the floor. Watson tied a rope around Sebring's neck, flung it over a ceiling beam, then tied the other side around Sharon's neck. Watson then ordered them to lie on their stomachs. When Sebring voiced his concerns that Sharon was too pregnant to lay on her stomach, Watson shot him and then kicked him while he died.Knowing now that the intent of the intruders was murder, the three remaining victims began to struggle for survival. Patricia Krenwinkel attacked Abigail Folger and after being stabbed multiple times, Folger broke free and attempted to run from the house. Krenwinkel followed close behind and managed to tackle Folger out on the lawn and stabbed her repeatedly.Inside, Frykowski struggled with Susan Atkins when she attempted to tie his hands. Atkins stabbed him four times in the leg, then Watson came over and beat Frykowski over the head with his revolver. Frykowski somehow managed to escape out onto the lawn and began screaming for help.While the microbe scene was going on inside the house, all Kasabian could hear was screaming. She ran to the house just as Frykowski was escaping out the front door. According to Kasabian, she looked into the eyes of the mutilated man and horrified at what she saw, she told him that she was sorry. Minutes later, Frykowski was dead on the front lawn.Watson shot him twice, then stabbed him to death.Seeing that Krenwinkel was struggling with Folger, Watson went over and the two continued to stab Abigail mercilessly. According to killer's statements later given to the authorities, Abigail begged them to stop stabbing her saying, "I give up, you've got me", and "I'm already dead". The final victim at 10050 Cielo Drive was Sharon Tate. Knowing that her friends were likely dead, Sharon begged for the life of her baby. Unmoved, Atkins held Sharon Tate down while Watson stabbed her multiple times, killing her. Atkins then used Sharon's blood to write "Pig" on a wall. Atkins later said that Sharon Tate called out for her mother as she was being murdered and that she tasted her blood and found it "warm and sticky."According to the autopsy reports, 102 stab wounds were found on the four victims.The Labianca MurdersThe next day Manson, Tex Watson, Susan Atkins, Patricia Krenwinkel, Steve Grogan, Leslie Van Houten, and Linda Kasabian went to the home of Leno and Rosemary Labianca. Manson and Watson tied up the couple and Manson left. He told Van Houten and Krenwinkel to go in and kill the LaBiancas. The three separated the couple and murdered them, then had dinner and a shower and hitchhiked back to Spahn Ranch. Manson, Atkins, Grogan, and Kasabian drove around looking for other people to kill but failed.Manson and The Family ArrestedAt Spahn Ranch rumors of the group's involvement began to circulate. So did the police helicopters above the ranch, but because of an unrelated investigation. Parts of stolen cars were spotted in and around the ranch by police in the helicopters. On August 16, 1969, Manson and The Family were rounded up by police and taken in on suspicion of auto theft (not an unfamiliar charge for Manson). The search warrant ended up being invalid because of a date error and the group was released.Charlie blamed the arrests on Spahn's ranch hand Donald "Shorty" Shea for snitching on the family. It was no secret that Shorty wanted the family off the ranch. Manson decided it was time for the family to move to Barker Ranch near Death Valley, but before leaving, Manson, Bruce Davis, Tex Watson and Steve Grogan killed Shorty and buried his body behind the ranch.The Barker Ranch RaidThe Family moved onto the Barker Ranch and spent time turning stolen cars into dune buggies. On October 10, 1969, Barker Ranch was raided after investigators spotted stolen cars on the property and traced evidence of an arson back to Manson. Manson was not around during the first Family roundup, but returned on October 12 and was arrested with seven other family members. When police arrived Manson hid under a small bathroom cabinet but was quickly discovered.The Confession of Susan AtkinsOne of the biggest breaks in the case came when Susan Atkins boasted in detail about the murders to her prison cellmates. She gave specific details about Manson and the killings. She also told of other famous people the Family planned on killing. Her cellmate reported the information to the authorities and Atkins was offered a life sentence in return for her testimony. She refused the offer but repeated the prison cell story to the grand jury. Later Atkins recanted her grand jury testimony.Investigation and TrialOn September 1, 1969, a ten-year-old boy in Sherman Oaks discovered a .22 caliber Longhorn revolver under a bush near his home. His parents notified the LAPD, who picked up the gun, but failed to make any connection between it and the Tate murders.In October, Inyo County officers raided Barker Ranch, in a remote area south of Death Valley National Monument. Twenty-four members of the Manson Family were arrested, on charges of arson and grand theft. Cult leader Charles Manson (dressed entirely in buckskins) and Susan Atkins were among those arrested.After her arrest, Atkins was housed at Dormitory 8000 in Los Angeles. On November 6, she told another inmate, Virginia Graham, an almost unbelievable tale. She told of "a beautiful cat" named Charles Manson. She told of murder: of finding Sharon Tate, in bed with her bikini bra and underpants, of her victim's futile cries for help, of tasting Tate's blood. Atkins expressed no remorse at all over the killings. She even told Graham a list of celebrities that she and other Family members planned to kill in the future, including Elizabeth Taylor, Richard Burton, Tom Jones, Steve McQueen, and Frank Sinatra. Through an inmate friend of Graham's, Ronnie Howard, word of Atkins's amazing story soon reached the LAPD.About the same time, detectives on the LaBianca case interviewed Al Springer, a member of the Straight Satan biker's group that Manson had tried to recruit into the Family. Word had leaked to police that the Straight Satans might have some knowledge about who was responsible for another recent murder with several similarities to the LaBianca killings. Springer told detectives that Manson had bragged to him in August at Spahn Ranch--after offering him his pick from among the eighteen or so "naked girls" scattered around the ranch--about "knocking off" five people. When Springer told detectives that Manson had said the Tate killers "wrote something on the...refrigerator in blood"--"something about pigs"--, the detectives knew they might be onto something. Still, it struck them as odd that anyone would confess to several murders to someone that they barely knew. It took another member of the Straight Satans, Danny DeCarlo, to move the focus of the investigation decisively to Charles Manson. DeCarlo told police he heard a Manson Family member brag, "We got five piggies," and that Manson had asked him what to use "to decompose a body."On November 18, 1969, the District Attorney and his staff selected Vincent Bugliosi to be the chief prosecutor in the Tate-LaBianca case. The choice was no doubt influenced by Bugliosi's impressive record of winning 103 convictions in 104 felony trials. The day after getting the Tate-LaBianca assignment, Bugliosi joined in a search of the Spahn Movie Ranch, where police gathered .22 caliber bullets and shell casings from a canyon used by Family members for target practice. The next day, the search party moved on to isolated Barker Ranch, the most recent home of the Family, on the edge of Death Valley. In the small house at Barker Ranch, Bugliosi saw the small cabinet under the sink where Manson was found hiding during the October raid. On an abandoned bus in a gully, investigators discovered magazines from World War II, all containing articles about Hitler.Based on Ronnie Howard's account of Susan Atkin's jailhouse confession and interviews conducted with various Manson Family members, the LAPD eventually identified the five persons who participated in the actual Tate and LaBianca murders. The suspects consisted of four women, all in their early twenties, and one man in his mid-twenties: Susan Atkins, Patricia Krenwinkel, Leslie Van Houten, Linda Kasabian, and Charles "Tex" Watson. Atkins remained in custody at Dormitory 8000. Van Houten was picked up for questioning in California. Watson was arrested by a local sheriff in Texas. Patricia Krenwinkel was apprehended in Mobile, Alabama. Kasabian voluntarily surrendered to local police in Concord, New Hampshire.Knowing that convictions of at least some defendant would require testimony from one of those persons present at the murders, the D. A.'s office first reached a deal with the attorney for Susan Atkins: a promise not to seek the death penalty in return for testimony before the Grand Jury, plus consideration of a further reduction in charges for her continued cooperation during the trial. Atkins appeared before the Grand Jury on December 5. She told the grand jury she was "in love with the reflection" of Charles Manson and that there was "no limit" to what she would do for him. In an emotionless voice, she described the horrific events in the early morning hours of August 9 at the Tate residence. She told of Tate pleading for her life: "Please let me go. All I want to do is have my baby." She described the actual murders, told of returning to the car and stopping along a side street to wash off bloody clothes with a garden house, and of Manson's reaction on their return to Spahn Ranch. Atkins said that on returning to Spahn Ranch she "felt dead." She added, "I feel dead now." After twenty minutes of deliberations, the grand jury returned murder indictments against Manson, Watson, Krenwinkel, Atkins, Kasabian, and Van Houten.THE TRIALProsecutor Vincent Bugliosi talks to the press during trialWhen efforts to extradite Tex Watson from became bogged down in local Texas politics, the District Attorney's Office decided to proceed against the four persons indicted for the Tate-LaBianca murders who were in custody in California. Jury selection began on June 15, 1970 in the eighth floor courtroom of Judge Charles Older in the Hall of Justice in Los Angeles. Manson's request to ask potential jurors "a few simple, childlike questions that are real to me in my reality" was denied. During the voir dire, Manson fixed his penetrating stare for hours, first on Judge Older and then one day on Prosecutor Bugliosi. After getting Manson's stare treatment, Bugliosi took advantage of a recess to slide his chair next to Manson and ask, "What are you trembling about Charlie? Are you afraid of me?" Manson responded, "Bugliosi, you think I'm bad and I'm not." He went on to tell Manson that Atkins was "just a stupid little bitch" who told a story "to get attention." After a month of voir dire, a jury of seven men and five women was selected. The jury knew it would be sequestered for a long time, but it didn't know how long. As it turned out, their sequestration would last 225 days, longer than any previous jury in history.Opening statements began on July 24. Manson entered the courtroom sporting a freshly cut, bloody "X" on his forehead--signifying, he said in a statement, that "I have X'd myself from your world."Bugliosi, in his opening statement for the prosecution, indicated that his "principal witness" would be Linda Kasabian, a Manson Family member who accompanied the killers to both the Tate and LaBianca residences. The prosecution turned to Kasabian, with a promise of prosecutorial immunity for her testimony, when Susan Atkins--probably in response to threats from Manson--announced that she would not testify at the trial. Bugliosi promised the jury that the evidence would show Manson had a motive for the murders that was "perhaps even more bizarre than the murders themselves."On July 27, Bugliosi announced, "The People call Linda Kasabian." Manson's attorney, fabled obstructionist Irving Kanarek, immediately sprung up with an objection, "Object, Your Honor, on the grounds this witness is not competent and is insane!" Calling Kanarek to the bench and telling him his conduct was "outrageous," Judge Older denied the objection and Kasabian was sworn as a witness. She would remain on the stand for an astounding eighteen days, including seven days of cross-examination by Kanarek.Linda KasabianKasabian told the jury that no Family member ever refused an order from Charles Manson: "We always wanted to do anything and everything for him." After describing what she saw of the Tate murders, Kasabian was asked by Bugliosi about the return to Spahn Ranch:"Was there anyone in the parking area at Spahn Ranch as you drove in the Spahn Ranch area?""Yes.""Who was there?""Charlie.""Was there anyone there other than Charlie?""Not that I know of""Where was Charlie when you arrived at the premises?""About the same spot he was in when he first drove away.""What happened after you pulled the car onto the parking area and parked the car?""Sadie said she saw a spot of blood on the outside of the car when we were at the gas station.""Who was present at that time when she said that?""The four of us and Charlie.""What is the next thing that happened?""Well, Charlie told us to go into the kitchen, get a sponge, wipe the blood off, and he also instructed Katie and I to go all through the car and wipe off the blood spots.""What is the next thing that happened after Mr. Manson told you and Katie to check out the car and remove the blood?""He told us to go into the bunk room and wait, which we did."Kasabian also offered her account of the night of the LaBianca murders. She testified that she didn't want to go, but went anyway "because Charlie asked me and I was afraid to say no."Kasabian proved a very credible witness, despite the best efforts during cross-examination of defense attorneys to make her appear a spaced-out hippie. After admitting that she took LSD about fifty times, Kasabian was asked by Kanarek, "Describe what happened on trip number 23." Other defense questions explored her beliefs in ESP and witchcraft or focused on the "vibrations" she claimed to receive from Manson.A major distraction from Kasabian's testimony came on August 3, when Manson stood before the jury and held up a copy of the Los Angeles Times with the headline, "MANSON GUILTY, NIXON DECLARES." The defense moved for a mistrial on the grounds that the headline prejudiced the jury against the defense, but Judge Older denied the motion after each juror stated under oath that he or she would not be influenced by the President's reported declaration of guilt.Testimony corroborating that of Kasabian came from several other prosecution witnesses, most notably the woman Atkins confided in at Dormitory 8000, Virginia Graham. Other witnesses described receiving threats from Manson, evidence of Manson's total control over the lives of Family members, or conversations in which Manson had told of the coming Helter Skelter.Nineteen-year-old Paul Watkins, Manson's foremost recruiter of young women, provided key testimony about the strange motive for the Tate-LaBianca murders--including its link to the Bible's Book of Revelation. Watkins testified that Manson discussed Helter Skelter "constantly." Bugliosi asked Watkins how Helter Skelter would start:"There would be some atrocious murders; that some of the spades from Watts would come up into the Bel-Air and Beverly Hills district and just really wipe some people out, just cut bodies up and smear blood and write things on the wall in blood, and cut little boys up and make parents watch. So, in retaliation-this would scare; in other words, all the other white people would be afraid that this would happen to them, so out of their fear they would go into the ghetto and just start shooting black people like crazy. But all they would shoot would be the garbage man and Uncle Toms, and all the ones that were with Whitey in the first place. And underneath it all, the Black Muslims would-he would know that it was coming down.""Helter Skelter was coming down?""Yes. So, after Whitey goes in the ghettoes and shoots all the Uncle Toms, then the Black Muslims come out and appeal to the people by saying, 'Look what you have done to my people.' And this would split Whitey down the middle, between all the hippies and the liberals and all the up-tight piggies. This would split them in the middle and a big civil war would start and really split them up in all these different factions, and they would just kill each other off in the meantime through their war. And after they killed each other off, then there would be a few of them left who supposedly won.""A few of who left?""A few white people left who supposedly won. Then the Black Muslims would come out of hiding and wipe them all out.""Wipe the white people out?""Yes. By sneaking around and slitting their throats.""Did Charlie say anything about where he and the Family would be during this Helter Skelter?""Yes. When we was [sic] in the desert the first time, Charlie used to walk around in the desert and say-you see, there are places where water would come up to the top of the ground and then it would go down and there wouldn't be no more water, and then it would come up again and go down again. He would look at that and say, 'There has got to be a hole somewhere, somewhere here, a big old lake.' And it just really got far out, that there was a hole underneath there somewhere where you could drive a speedboat across it, a big underground city. Then we started from the 'Revolution 9' song on the Beatles album which was interpreted by Charlie to mean the Revelation 9. So-""The last book of the New Testament?""Just the book of Revelation and the song would be 'Revelations 9: So, in this book it says, there is a part about, in Revelations 9, it talks of the bottomless pit. Then later on, I believe it is in 10.""Revelation 10?""Yes. It talks about there will be a city where there will be no sun and there will be no moon.""Manson spoke about this?""Yes, many times. That there would be a city of gold, but there would be no life, and there would be a tree there that bears twelve different kinds of fruit that changed every month. And this was interpreted to mean-this was the hole down under Death Valley.""Did he talk about the twelve tribes of Israel?""Yes. That was in there, too. It was supposed to get back to the 144,000 people. The Family was to grow to this number.""The twelve tribes of Israel being 144,000 people?""Yes.""And Manson said that the Family would eventually increase to 144,000 people?""Yes.""Did he say when this would take place?""Oh, yes. See, it was all happening simultaneously. In other words, as we are making the music and it is drawing all the young love to the desert, the Family increases in ranks, and at the same time this sets off Helter Skelter. So then the Family finds the hole in the meantime and gets down in the hole and lives there until the whole thing comes down.""Until Helter Skelter comes down?""Yes.""Did he say who would win this Helter Skelter?""The karma would have completely reversed, meaning that the black men would be on top and the white race would be wiped out; there would be none except for the Family.""Except for Manson and the Family?""Yes.""Did he say what the black man would do once he was all by himself?""Well, according to Charlie, he would clean up the mess, just like he always has done. He is supposed to be the servant, see. He will clean up the mess that he made, that the white man made, and build the world back up a little bit, build the cities back up, but then he wouldn't know what to do with it, he couldn't handle it.""Blackie couldn't handle it?""Yes, and this is when the Family would come out of the hole, and being that he would have completed the white man's karma, then he would no longer have this vicious want to kill.""When you say 'he,' you mean Blackie?""Blackie then would come to Charlie and say, you know, 'I did my thing, I killed them all and, you know, I am tired of killing now. It is all over.' And Charlie would scratch his fuzzy head and kick him in the butt and tell him to go pick the cotton and go be a good nigger, and he would live happily ever after."On November 16, 1970, after twenty-two weeks of testimony, the prosecution rested its case.Irving Kanarek, Manson's defense attorneyWhen the trial resumed three days later, the defense startled courtroom spectators and the prosecution by announcing, without calling a single witness, "The defense rests." Suddenly, the three female defendants began shouting that they wanted to testify. In chambers, attorneys for the women explained that although their clients wanted to testify, they were strongly opposed, believing that they would--still under the powerful influence of Manson--testify that they planned and committed the murders without Manson's help. Returning to the courtroom, Judge Older declared that the right to testify took precedence and said that the defendants could testify over the objections of their counsel. Atkins was then sworn as a witness, but her attorney, Daye Shinn, refused to question her. Returning to chambers, one defense attorney complained that questioning their clients on the stand would be like "aiding and abetting a suicide."The next day came another surprise. Charles Manson announced that he, too, wished to testify--before his co-defendants did. He testified first without the jury being present, so that potentially excludable testimony relating to evidence incriminating co-defendants might be identified before it prejudiced the jury. His over one-hour of testimony, full of digressions, fascinated observers:"I never went to school, so I never growed up to read and write too good, so I have stayed in jail and I have stayed stupid, and I have stayed a child while I have watched your world grow up, and then I look at the things that you do and I don't understand. . . ."You eat meat and you kill things that are better than you are, and then you say how bad, and even killers, your children are. You made your children what they are. . . ."These children that come at you with knives. they are your children. You taught them. I didn't teach them. I just tried to help them stand up. . ."Most of the people at the ranch that you call the Family were just people that you did not want, people that were alongside the road, that their parents had kicked out, that did not want to go to Juvenile Hall. So I did the best I could and I took them up on my garbage dump and I told them this: that in love there is no wrong. . . ."I told them that anything they do for their brothers and sisters is good if they do it with a good thought. . . ."I don't understand you, but I don't try. I don't try to judge nobody. I know that the only person I can judge is me . . . But I know this: that in your hearts and your own souls, you are as much responsible for the Vietnam war as I am for killing these people. . . ."I can't judge any of you. I have no malice against you and no ribbons for you. But I think that it is high time that you all start looking at yourselves, and judging the lie that you live in."I can't dislike you, but I will say this to you: you haven't got long before you are all going to kill yourselves, because you are all crazy. And you can project it back at me . . . but I am only what lives inside each and everyone of you."My father is the jailhouse. My father is your system. . . I am only what you made me. I am only a reflection of you."I have ate out of your garbage cans to stay out of jail. I have wore your second-hand clothes. . . I have done my best to get along in your world and now you want to kill me, and I look at you, and then I say to myself, You want to kill me? Ha! I'm already dead, have been all my life. I've spent twenty-three years in tombs that you built."Sometimes I think about giving it back to you; sometimes I think about just jumping on you and letting you shoot me . . . If I could, I would jerk this microphone off and beat your brains out with it, because that is what you deserve, that is what you deserve. . . ."These children [indicating the female defendants] were finding themselves. What they did, if they did whatever they did, is up to them. They will have to explain that to you. . . ."You expect to break me? Impossible! You broke me years ago. You killed me years ago. . . ."Mr. Bugliosi is a hard-driving prosecutor, polished education, a master of words, semantics. He is a genius. He has got everything that every lawyer would want to have except one thing: a case. He doesn't have a case. Were I allowed to defend myself, I could have proven this to you. . .The evidence in this case is a gun. There was a gun that laid around the ranch. It belonged to everybody. Anybody could have picked that gun up and done anything they wanted to do with it. I don't deny having that gun. That gun has been in my possession many times. Like the rope was there because you need rope on a ranch. . . .It is really convenient that Mr. Baggot found those clothes. I imagine he got a little taste of money for that. . . .They put the hideous bodies on [photographic] display and they imply: If he gets out, see what will happen to you. . . .[Helter Skelter] means confusion, literally. It doesn't mean any war with anyone. It doesn't mean that some people are going to kill other people. . . Helter Skelter is confusion. Confusion is coming down around you fast. If you can't see the confusion coming down around you fast, you can call it what you wish. . Is it a conspiracy that the music is telling the youth to rise up against the establishment because the establishment is rapidly destroying things? Is that a conspiracy? The music speaks to you every day, but you are too deaf, dumb, and blind to even listen to the music. . . It is not my conspiracy. It is not my music. I hear what it relates. It says "Rise," it says "Kill." Why blame it on me? I didn't write the music. . . ."I haven't got any guilt about anything because I have never been able to see any wrong. . . I have always said: Do what your love tells you, and I do what my love tells me . . . Is it my fault that your children do what you do? What about your children? You say there are just a few? There are many, many more, coming in the same direction. They are running in the streets-and they are coming right at you!"At the conclusion of Bugliosi's brief cross-examination of Manson, Older asked Manson if he now wished to testify before the jury. He replied, "I have already relieved all the pressure I had." Manson left the stand. As he walked by the counsel table, he told his three co-defendants, "You don't have to testify now."There remained one last frightening surprise of the Tate-LaBianca murder trial. When the trial resumed on November 30 following Manson's testimony, Ronald Hughes, defense attorney for Leslie Van Houten failed to show. A subsequent investigation revealed he had disappeared over the weekend while camping in the remote Sespe Hot Springs area northwest of Los Angeles. It is widely believed that Hughes was ordered murdered by Manson for his determination to pursue a defense strategy at odds with that favored by Manson. Hughes had made clear his hope to show that Van Houten was not acting independently--as Manson suggested--but was completely controlled in her actions by Manson.Manson's defense attorney, Irving Kanarek, argued to the jury that the female defendants committed the Tate and LaBianca murders out of a love of the crimes' true mastermind, the absent Tex Watson. Kanarek suggested that Manson was being persecuted because of his "life style." He argued that the prosecution's theory of a motive was fanciful. His argument lasted seven days, prompting Judge Older to call it "no longer an argument but a filibuster."Bugliosi's powerful summation described Charles Manson as "the Mephistophelean guru" who "sent out from the fires of hell at Spahn Ranch three heartless, bloodthirsty robots and--unfortunately for him--one human being, the little hippie girl Linda Kasabian." Bugliosi ended his summation with "a roll call of the dead": "Ladies and gentlemen of the jury, Sharon Tate...Abigail Folger...Voytek Frykowski...Jay Sebring...Steven Parent...Leno LaBianca...Rosemary LaBianca...are not here with us in this courtroom, but from their graves they cry out for justice."The jury deliberated a week before returning its verdict on January 25, 1971. The jury found all defendants guilty on each count of first-degree murder. After hearing additional evidence in the penalty phase of the trial, the jury completed its work by sentencing each of the four defendants to death on March 29. As the clerk read the verdict, Manson shouted, "You people have no authority over me." Patricia Krenwinkel declared, "You have judged yourselves." Susan Atkins said, "Better lock your doors and watch your own kids." Leslie Van Houten complained, "The whole system is a game." The trial was over. At over nine-months, it had been the longest and and most expensive in American history.TRIAL AFTERMATHManson at his 1992 parole hearingThe death sentences imposed by the Tate-LaBianca jury would never be imposed, thanks to a California Supreme Court ruling in 1972 declaring the state's death penalty law unconstitutional. The death sentences for the four convicted defendants, as well as for Tex Watson who had been convicted and sentenced to death in a separate trial in 1971, were commuted to life in prison. Patricia Krenwinkel, now 72, became California’s longest-serving female inmate. According to state prison officials, Krenwinkel is a model inmate involved in rehabilitative programs at the prison. She will be eligible to apply for parole again in 2022. Patricia Krenwinkel, now 70, is serving her life sentence at the California Institution for Women in Corona, prison officials say, and has been disciplinary-free her entire sentence. She is still considered to present an unreasonable threat to society. Charles “Tex” Watson, now 74, is housed at the RJ Donovan Correctional Facility in San Diego County near the Mexican border, where he walks the track “sharing my faith, relating to many men”, according to the ministry’s website. He has been denied parole 17 times. A state panel in 2016 once again found him unsuitable for release from prison for at least five more years. In prison, Watson married, divorced, fathered four children and became an ordained minister. Susan Atkins, dubbed “the scariest of all the girls” by a former prosecutor, died in prison in 2009 at age 61Charles Manson was incarcerated in a maximum security section of a state penitentiary in Concoran, California. He has been denied parole twelve times, most recently in 2012. His next parole hearing was scheduled for 2027. In prison, he had assaulted prison staff a half dozen times. A search of the prison chapel where Manson took a job in 1980 revealed his hidden cache including marijuana, one hundred feet of nylon rope, and a mail-order catalog for hot air balloons. In 1986, he published his story, Manson in His Own Words. In his book, Manson claims: "My eyes are cameras. My mind is tuned to more television channels than exist in your world. And it suffers no censorship. Through it, I have a world and the universe as my own."All three female defendants have expressed remorse for their crimes, been exemplary inmates, and offered their time for charity work. Yet none has been released by the California Parole Board, even though each of them was young and clearly under Manson's powerful influence at the time of their crimes. There is no question that but for their unfortunate connection with Charles Manson, none would have committed murder. It is sad, but undoubtedly true, that parole boards are political bodies that base decisions as much upon anticipated public reaction to their decisions as on a careful review of a parole applicant's prison record and statements.In November 2014, the California Department of Corrections announced that it had received a request for a marriage license from their famous eighty-year-old prisoner. Manson's bride-to-be was Afton Elaine Burton, nicknamed “Star” a twenty-six-year old woman who had worked for Manson's release. Turns out that the few short years before Manson’s death, “Star” Burton was actually planning to secure the legal rights to his corpse — in order to display it for curious observers in a glass crypt for profit. He never did marry her OR give his consent to display his remains.Instead of tying the knot and while stringing Star along, He was busy “making little dolls, but they were like voodoo dolls of people and he would stick needles in them, hoping to injure the live person the doll was fashioned after,” said former L.A. County prosecutor Stephen Kay who helped convict Manson in 1970. “He said his main activity was making those dolls.” The end came for Charles Manson on Sunday, November 19th, 2017 at 8:13pm, at the age of 83.  The official cause of death was “acute cardiac arrest,” “respiratory failure” and “metastatic colon cancer.” Upon his death newspapers across the country seemed to have cheered over Manson’s passing. For instance, the New York Daily News published a front cover spread that read, “BURN IN HELL, Bloodthirsty cult leader Manson dies at 83.” Others followed suit with brazen titles such as “EVIL DEAD. Make room, Satan, Charles Manson is finally going to hell” – New York Post.Four months after

When you're searching for something new to watch on Netflix, Amazon Prime, Hulu or even Shudder, search no further: subscribe to Man Bites Film. We bring you a comedic conversation about movies streaming on the main services. Our twisted humor is brought to you by William Phoenix, the man that taps his way into your heart one pun at a time, with his obsession of Harry Potter and Marvel; then the film snob of the group, Luis Lacau, that will bleed his film heart out for Kubrick and Lord of the Rings, but nothing else; finally our host with not the most, Branden Lacau. He's the ringmaster to our circus or the driver of the dumpster fire, keeping us on track, but will always stop to weeb out on AnimeThe Sound of Music is a 1965 American musical drama film produced and directed by Robert Wise, and starring Julie Andrews and Christopher Plummer, with Richard Haydn and Eleanor Parker. The film is an adaptation of the 1959 stage musical of the same name, composed by Richard Rodgers with lyrics by Oscar Hammerstein II. The film's screenplay was written by Ernest Lehman, adapted from the stage musical's book by Lindsay and Crouse. Based on the 1949 memoir The Story of the Trapp Family Singers by Maria von Trapp, the film is about a young Austrian postulant in Salzburg, Austria, in 1938 who is sent to the villa of a retired naval officer and widower to be governess to his seven children.[4] After bringing love and music into the lives of the family, she marries the officer and, together with the children, finds a way to survive the loss of their homeland to the Nazis.The film was released on March 2, 1965, in the United States, initially as a limited roadshow theatrical release. Although critical response to the film was mixed, the film was a major commercial success, becoming the number one box office movie after four weeks, and the highest-grossing film of 1965. By November 1966, The Sound of Music had become the highest-grossing film of all-time—surpassing Gone with the Wind—and held that distinction for five years. The film was just as popular throughout the world, breaking previous box-office records in twenty-nine countries. Following an initial theatrical release that lasted four and a half years, and two successful re-releases, the film sold 283 million admissions worldwide and earned a total worldwide gross of $286,000,000.The Sound of Music received five Academy Awards, including Best Picture and Best Director. The film also received two Golden Globe Awards, for Best Motion Picture and Best Actress, the Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directorial Achievement, and the Writers Guild of America Award for Best Written American Musical. In 1998, the American Film Institute (AFI) listed The Sound of Music as the fifty-fifth greatest American movie of all time, and the fourth greatest movie musical. In 2001, the United States Library of Congress selected the film for preservation in the National Film Registry, finding it "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".Movies Discussed:The Sound of Music West Side Story Hedwig and the Angry InchJersey BoysAmistadJoin our Man Bites Media Family every Friday as we bring you 5 films each week and the latest movie news.www.ManBitesFilm.com#Comedy #Horror #Netflixmovies #Amazonprime #Hulumovies #Luislacau #Manbitesmedia #Manbitesfilm #Brandenlacau #williamphoenix #Hulu #Shudder #Netflixoriginal #Hulu #Scifi #Comedies #Dramaseries #mbm #podcast #fandom #nerds #geeks #moviesreview #anime #miamireviews #newyorkmovies #Orlandomovies

The South African Nuclear Energy Corporation (Necsa) expects to formally initiate a year-long rationalisation of the State-owned enterprise in September, while warning of a likely R331-million loss for the current financial year. Addressing lawmakers on Tuesday chairperson David Nicholls confirmed the board’s support for a rationalisation of the group into a single operating company and reported that a streamlined governance structure had already been put in place, with the collapsing of the NTP and Pelchem boards into the Necsa board. Pelchem manufactures fluorochemicals, while NTP is a leading global supplier of radioisotopes, used in nuclear medicine. A corporate and recovery plan had also been delivered to the Department of Mineral Resources and Energy over the past few weeks and a “restructuring board subcommittee” established to oversee the alignment of the group’s structure with the new corporate strategy. The process will involve rationalisation and repurposing of Necsa from its “current incoherent quasi-holding operating model, dependent on a government grant, to a fully-fledged new Necsa business”. The terms of reference for the appointment of an external independent service provider to manage the restructuring process had been approved on July 22 and Nicholls reported that the appointment process was currently under way. The Necsa board was expected to provide its approval for a rationalisation feasibility study in September, with consultation with stakeholders, including organised labour, to begin in October. By November, the board expected to approve a new business and operating model, which would be based on the revised corporate and recovery plan. A board submission would then be made in February next year for Ministerial and Cabinet approval, whereafter the new business and operating model would be implemented with the intention of completing the process in August 2021. “It is estimated that this rationalisation process will take approximately12 months and will be finalised in the 2021/22 financial year,” Nicholls said. The financial outlook for the current financial year, however, was bleak with Nicholls revealing that Necsa would report a loss of R331-million, as opposed to the R239-million loss forecast by the previous board, which was replaced in February. “We believe that Covid-19 has resulted in income losses of close to R400-million [and while] we were hoping, prior to the pandemic, to bring the company into profit this year, we are now looking at a loss of R331-million.” He said that under the revised corporate plan, the board expected that Necsa would report a “slight profit” in the following financial year. Asked by members of the Parliamentary Committee on Mineral Resources and Energy what financial benefits would flow from the rationalisation, acting CEO Ayanda Myoli said the potential savings would be material. The rationalisation, Myoli asserted, would seek to address duplication between Necsa and its subsidiaries, and extract synergies from the rationalisation of functions such as human resources and information technology. He was also convinced that there were savings to be extracted from the group salary bill, which he described as “high”. “As we have developed a long-term turnaround strategy for Necsa, we have to look at the structure that will best deliver on that strategy. We are looking at a new operating model and a new business model that strengthens our business focus across the group,” Myoli said.

Tonight I tell the full story behind the rise and fall of my label Producers I Know, how I quit journalism to the become a full time label owner, A&R and creative consultant in August 2015. By November 2016, everything had gone to shit. By January 2017, I was back in Rap journalism writing Knowledge Darts for Mass Appeal. This is a story of triumph, failure and resiliency in the face of adversity. Much like the train in "Snowpiercer" I will never stop moving forward, no matter what happens. Only 10 more left! --- This episode is sponsored by · Anchor: The easiest way to make a podcast. https://anchor.fm/app

Before we get into this week's episode, I want to give a shout out to another podcast that we’ve recently discovered here at Ages of Conquest! Pax Britannica is a narrative history podcast on the British Empire. Season 1 covered the start of English colonisation in North America and the Caribbean, the first decades of the East India Company, and the ruthless politics of the British Isles. Season 2 has just begun on the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. Civil war and revolution erupt in England, Ireland, and Scotland, pitting the forces of Charles I against his own subjects. By the end, the king will be dead, the monarchy abolished, and Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell will be at the head of a militarised and expansionist Commonwealth. If any of this sounds even remotely appealing, go give Pax Britannica a listen; available where all fine podcasts are downloaded. And now, on with OUR show!   “You are to go with a large army and innumerable force from the borders of Turan to the country of Iran. Observe Chinggis Khan’s customs and yosun and yasa in all matters large and small. From the River Oxus to the farthest reaches of the land of Egypt, treat kindly and affectionately and reward sufficiently whoever obeys and submits to your orders. Grind beneath the feet of your wrath those who resist, along with their wives, children, and kith and kin. Begin with Quhistan and Khurasan, and destroy the fortresses and castles. Rip up GirdKoh and [Lammasar] fortress and turn them upside down! Neither let any bastion remain in the world nor leave a pile of dust standing! When you are finished there, head for Persia and eliminate the Lurs and Kurds who constantly practice brigandage along the highways. If the Caliph of Baghdad comes out to pay homage, harass him in no way whatsoever. If he is prideful and his heart and tongue are not one, let him join the others. In all cases make your clear-sighted intelligence and golden mind your guide and leader, and be awake and sober in all situations. Let the subjects be free of excessive taxes and impositions. Return devastated lands to a flourishing state. Conquer the realm of the rebellious through the might of the great god so that your summer and winter pastures may be many. Consult Doquz Khatun on all matters.”       So were the orders Mongke Khaan, Great Khan of the Mongol Empire, gave to his brother Hulegu on the outset of his campaign in 1253, according to the Ilkhanid vizier Rashid al-Din. Among the most famous of the Mongol campaigns, Hulegu led Mongol armies to destroys the Ismaili Assassins in Iran, the ‘Abbasid Caliph in Baghdad and into Syria, the prelude to the famous clash at Ayn Jalut. As this is perhaps the Mongol campaign with the greatest surviving detail, and one of the most well known, we’re going to take you on a thorough look at Hulegu’s western march, beginning with the destruction of the so-called “Order of Assassin.” I’m your host David, and this is Kings and Generals: Ages of Conquest.       Hulegu, the famed sacker of Baghdad, was the younger brother of Great Khan Mongke and Kublai, the third son of Tolui with Sorqaqtani. As mentioned back in episode 23, Mongke Khaan took the throne in 1251 with a renewed drive to complete the Mongol conquest of the world. He organized administrative reforms, censuses, and new taxes to levy the forces of the empire for this goal. In 1252, he held a meeting in Mongolia to put this next round of conquest in motion, placing his brothers at the head of two great armies. Kublai was sent against the Kingdom of Dali, in China’s modern Yunnan province, as the opening move in the conquest of Song Dynasty. Hulegu meanwhile was to march west and subdue the few independent powers of the Islamic world: specifically, the Nizari Ismailis, popularly known as the Assassins; the Kurds and Lurs of western Iran, who annoyed the Great Khan through their brigandage, and the ‘Abbasid Caliph of Baghdad.       There is discrepancy in the sources as to what precisely Hulegu’s mandate was. A number of later authors of the Ilkhanate- the state which emerged from Hulegu’s conquests- assert that Mongke intended for the area from the Amu Darya River to the Meditteranean to be ruled by Hulegu as another ulus, or Khanate of the empire, a counterbalance to those of Jochi and Chagatai, a sort of Toluid axis across Asia sandwiching the Chagatayids. This is hardly agreed upon however. Other sources present Hulegu’s command as a temporary military one. The Ilkhanid vizier and historian Rashid al-Din wrote that Mongke told Hulegu to return to Mongolia once he had achieved his tasks; Hulegu had to confer with his commanders on all strategic decisions, which included representatives from the houses of Jochi, Chagatai and even Ogedai, a first amongst equals rather than an almighty prince; and when Hulegu began to seize Jochid possessions in Iran, Khurasan and the Caucasus after Mongke’s death, it seems to have taken them quite by surprise, for in the early 1250s Mongke confirmed grants of Caucasian territory to the house of Jochi. It’s likely that Mongke had intended for Iran and much of the Middle East to be dominated by the Central Imperial Government, but did not intend to remove land rights the other branches of the family enjoyed in the region.          So, who was Hulegu? Born in 1217, he was two years younger than Kublai, almost ten years younger than Mongke, and a few years older than their youngest brother, Ariq Boke. His life before the ascension of Mongke is almost totally unknown to us, but he presumably received similar education in both governing and warfare to his brothers.  While Mongke was groomed for the possibility of stepping into the imperial throne, Hulegu, to our knowledge, was not provided any such pretensions. He was well exposed to other religions and cultures; his mother, Sorqaqtani was a Nestorian Christian, as was his most influential wife, Doquz Khatun, who had been a widow of his father Tolui. Despite this, he showed more personal interest in Buddhism, though he took part in shamanistic practices throughout his recorded life. He was interesedt in science, especially astronomy, though for Hulegu this was more so in the form of astrology, which he often consulted for major decisions. He was a heavy drinker, with the lovely combination of often flying into horrific rages. Even reading pro-Ilkhanid sources like Rashid al-Din, who long served the descendants of Hulegu, one is shocked by the regularity in which Hulegu fell into a towering rage, which tended to be quite dangerous for whomever it was targeted at. His final years were marked by ill health, brought on excessive drinking, and at least one source indicates he suffered from epilepsy.       With the quriltai of 1252, the plan to finalize the conquest of western Asia was set, and Hulegu put in motion. A member of Mongke’s keshig was provided for Hulegu’s command, Kitbuqa of the Naiman tribe, also a Nestorian Christian. Kitbuqa departed as Hulegu’s vanguard in August 1252 with 12,000 men, beginning operations against the Ismailis in eastern Iran. Various sources give Hulegu’s own departure from Mongolia as Autumn 1253 or 1254. By the 1250s, the Mongols had an absolutely massive army: some estimates put the nomadic soldiers at their disposal upwards of one million men, and many more among the sedentary peoples across Eurasia to be called upon.  Mongke provided Hulegu with a relatively small contingent of Mongols at the outset: perhaps as low as a tumen, 10,000 men, for Hulegu in addition to the 12,000 Kitbuqa had already set out with. As Hulegu moved west, his army snowballed, as contingents from across the empire met with him. 1,000 Chinese siege engineers and crossbowmen were provided for him. Most of the former warriors of the house of Ogedai were conscripted for Hulegu’s army. He was joined by a contingent of Oirats under Buqa Temur, the brother of Hulegu’s first senior wife, named somewhat amusingly, Guyuk. A grandson of Chagatai, Teguder, headed the perhaps 10,000 Chagatayid troops provided for Hulegu as he marched through their ulus. As many as 30,000 troops under the Jochid princes Balaghai, Quli and Tutar were provided by Batu. Tamma forces stationed in Kashmir and in the Caucasus, under Baiju Noyan, would also link up with Hulegu, and forces were supplied by all the client sultans, maliks, and atabegs of Iran, the Caucasus and Anatolia. By the time Hulegu’s army converged on Baghdad at the start of 1258, he commanded perhaps 150,000 men if not more.        Extensive preparation was necessary for this army’s movement. We are told that roads were cleared of obstructions, bridges built and boats readied to cross rivers. All the pastures and meadows on Hulegu’s route were reserved for the feeding of his army’s horses and livestock. Flour and skins of wine were levied from across the subject populations and stored at depot stations along the way. Thanks to the census launched at the start of Mongke’s reign, the imperial government had a good idea of what could be called upon to provide for Hulegu’s army.        By Autumn 1255 Hulegu was near Samarkand, where he rested for 40 days, feasting with the head of the Secretariat for Central Asia, Mas’ud Beg. Another month was spent at Kish, about 80 kilometres south of Samarkand and the later birthplace of amir Temur, or Tamerlane. There, Hulegu feasted with the head of the Secretariat for Iran and Western Asia, Arghun Aqa. These were not just engagements for drinking (though there certainly was that) but to confer with the regional administrators and line up further provisions, troops and intelligence. At Kish, messengers were sent to vassals across Iran calling upon them to provide troops and assistance against the Ismaili assassins, whose territory Hulegu entered in the spring of 1256.   This takes us to Hulegu’s first target, the Assassins, which we’ll introduce and address some popular myths. Though popularly known as the Order of the Assassins, this is quite the misnomer; more accurately called the Nizari Ismaili state, they controlled a number of fortresses and settlements in three general regions; in Syria, centered around Masyaf; in the rugged eastern Iranian region called Quhistan; and in northwestern Iran’s Alburz mountain, where their  leadership was based across several mountain fortresses, most famously Alamut. Leadership of the branches in Quhistan and Masyaf was generally appointed by Alamut, but were autonomous otherwise. Shi’a Muslims, specifically Ismailis, in the late 1080s and 1090s the Ismaili Fatimid Caliphate in Egypt suffered a succession dispute as to who would succeed the Imam, the rather distant successor to the Prophet Muhammad and ehad of Shi’a Islam. The supporters of one candidate, Nizar, were known as Nizaris, and hence, Nizari Ismailis. For the majority of Muslims, who were Sunnis, the Nizaris were seen as a sect within a sect, and heretics par excellence. At the same time as this succession dispute an Ismaili revolt broke out in Seljuq ruled Iran. In 1090, Hassan-i Sabbah captured the fortress of Alamut, while other adherents seized territory in Quhistan and elsewhere. The last of the Great Seljuqs, Sultan Malik-Shah I, attempted to crush them, but his untimely death, and the ensuing succession risis which splintered the vast Seljuq Empire, allowed the Ismailis to consolidate. Geographically spread out and lacking great economic or military power, they had to rely on other means to protect themselves and convince their neighbours to not attack them.  One tool was assassinations, making a big splash with the murder of the Great Seljuq Vizier Nizam al-Mulk in 1092. Alongside well defended and inaccessible fortresses, it was a useful deterrent for any would-be conqueror. The assassinations were often public and dramatic to make the message as loud as possible. One method was for Ismailis to infiltrate the households of powerful figures as servants: they could then kill the man when he became too great a danger, or leave a warning, such as a knife, on the sleeping man’s pillow. The threat of assassination was as effective as an actual assassination, and soon anyone could be worried he had a secret Nizari Ismaili hiding in his entourage. Because of this, popular myths that the Ismaili imbued copious amounts of hashish before going on assassinations can be ignored. There is no evidence for this, and it’s unlikely considering the patience and planning that went into these missions. However, the appellation of them as heavy users of hashish stuck, hashishiyya, which became “assassin.”   So the Nizaris carried on for over a century. Hassan-i Sabbah and his successors, without any clear imam after Nizar’s death in 1095, basically stepped into the role themselves. The Ismaili leaders -popularly known in the West as ‘the Old Man of the Mountain,’- were generally long reigning without succession disputes, withstanding outside pressures while they mulled over doctrine, all the while being decried as just the worst sort of heretic by Sunni Muslims. In 1210, the ascension of the new imam and Ismaili leader, Hassan III, brought something of a rapprochement. Generally, the Ismailis had poor relations with the head of Sunni Islam, the ‘Abbasid Caliphs in Baghdad. They had after all claimed responsibility for the murders of two Caliphs in the 1130s. Yet Hassan III dramatically declared he followed the Sunni Sharia and fostered better relations with both the Caliph and other neighbouring Sunni rulers, such as Ozebg, the Eldeguzid Atabeg of Azerbaijan, and Muhammad II Khwarezm-shah. According to ‘Ata-Mailk Juvaini, a member of Hulegu’s entourage, Hassan III was also the first monarch west of the Amu Darya to submit to Chinggis Khan. Despite his state being largely surrounded by the Khwarezmian Empire, Ismaili fortresses in the Elburz Mountains and Quhistan were spared Mongol attacks. Indeed, Quhistan was a veritable island of security as the Mongols overran the Khwarezmian Empire. Juzjani, a Sunni Khwarezmian refugee who fled to Quhistan before later finding refuge in Delhi, describes the Ismailis in glowing terms.    Hassan III’s successor, ‘Ala al-Din Muhammad III, abandoned the overtures to the ‘Abbasid Caliph, but maintained the ties with the Mongols. When Jalal al-Din Mingburnu returned to western Iran in the mid 1220s, the Ismailis had no love for him and assassinated at least one of his lieutenants. When major Mongol forces returned to the region under Chormaqun Noyan at the start of the 1230s, the Ismailis provided valuable information on the whereabouts and weaknesses of Jalal al-Din, and within a year the Khwarezmian Prince was driven to his death. The details of the Mongol relationship with the Ismails for the next decade is difficult to discern. In 1246 Ismaili representatives came to the coronation of Guyuk Khaan in Mongolia, where they were insulted and sent off. Precisely what occurred is unclear. A possible reconstruction is offered by historian Timothy May in his article on the “Mongol-Ismaili Alliance.” He suggests the positive Mongol-Ismaili relationship was a case of “the enemy of my enemy is my friend.” No record is made of Mongol demands for troops or tribute from the Ismailis, and it may have been that while powerful Khwarezmian elements were still extant, relative Ismaili independence was permitted as they were useful allies. After Mingburnu’s death in 1231, and especially after the death of Chormaqun in 1241, Mongol demands on the Ismailis may have increased, and in the early 1230s the Mongols annexed Ismaili controlled Damghan. The Ismailis were so concerned that in 1238, the English Monk Matthew Paris recorded that representatives of “the Old Man of the Mountain,” had come to England and France trying to organize a Christian-Muslim alliance against the Mongols, warning the King of England that “if they themselves could not withstand the attacks of such people, nothing remained to prevent their devastating the countries of the west.” Three years later, Mongol armies under Subutai and Batu crossed the Carpathian Mountains into Hungary.   Back in the Middle East, one Mongol commander, Chagatai Noyan “the Lesser,” may have moved to enforce demands on the Ismailis, and was assassinated at some point in the early 1240s. Perhaps intended as just a warning, the Ismailis realised this was a mistake and sent representatives to Guyuk’s coronation in 1246. The Mongols were never forgiving of such things, and the destruction of the Ismailis was added to the agenda. An opportunity to actually do this didn’t present itself until the reign of Mongke Khan. The qadi of Qazwin, a city south of Alamut and quite antagonist to the Ismailis, came to Mongke’s court and revealed, in quite the breach of etiquette, that he had a suit of maille worn underneath his robes, claiming that his fear of the Ismailis was so great even in the Mongol court he needed this protection. When the Franciscan Friar William of Rubruck came to Mongke’s court in 1253, he heard rumours that 400 assassins had been dispatched to kill Mongke, and the Mongols were concerned enough that they were checking and interrogating everyone entering Karakorum. The threat of the assassins was taken seriously, and on Mongke’s directive Hulegu would treat the assassins very seriously   By then, the only independent power within proximity to Alamut was, somewhat ironically, the Caliph in Baghdad. The Ismailis stood alone against the incoming might of Hulegu. In the winter of 1255, as Hulegu stood at the border of Ismaili Quhistan, the imam ‘Ala al-Din Muhammad was murdered, quite likely on the instigation of his young and inexperienced son, Rukn al-Din Khwurshah, who then ascended to the imamate.  ‘Ala al-Din was long on bad terms with his son, and seems to have suffered some sort of mental decline as news of Hulegu’s overwhelming force approached. Rukn al-Din may have thought himself capable of maneuvering them out of the impending disaster, but would have no success in the matter.   In the spring of 1256, Hulegu and his ever growing army entered Quhistan. Kitbuqa had been campaigning throughout the region since 1253, but had had no success in holding settlements like Tun, Ismaili Quhistan’s chief city, taking them only to lose them once he moved on. The Ismaili fortresses, built on imposing mountains and hard to access sites, proved beyond his means to siege. On Hulegu’s arrival, the dynamic was quickly changed. Vague ‘incidents’ mentioned by Juvaini and Rashid al-Din as Hulegu entered the region may refer to Ismaili attacks in some form, but Hulegu’s army was beyond compare. The chief cities of Quhistan fell within days, and by the summer Kitbuqa led the vanguard to Mazandaran and raiding parties probed towards Alamut. Once Quhistan was subdued, Hulegu moved west, skirting around the edge of Iran’s uninhabitable Great Salt Desert, the Dasht-e Kevir, to arrive at the eastern endof the Alburz mountains. Near Damghan stood the Ismaili fortress of Girdkuh; Kitbuqa had first attempted to attack it in May of 1253. Hulegu committed more troops for it, then moved on. The castle, receiving only minor reinforcement from Alamut, held out until 1271. Such was the design of these fortresses when properly defended.   Rukn al-Din Khwurshah was within the fortress of Maymundiz, downstream of Alamut towards the western end of the Alburz mountains. As Hulegu moved westwards along the Alburz, he sent messengers to Rukn al-Din, demanding his submission. He was nervous, and as Hulegu’s second set of messengers arrived at the beginning of September 1256, Rukn al-Din was convinced to offer submission by the captive scholar, polymath, mathematician, astronomer and theologian, Nasir al-Din Tusi. Tusi was a much, much smarter man than Rukn al-Din Khwurshah and well respected. Having lived through Chinggis Khan’s destruction of Khwarezm, Tusi calculated that a lengthy Mongol siege wouldn’t be very healthy for anyone left inside the citadel. Therefore, on Tusi’s urging, Rukn al-Din sent his brother to Hulegu, offering the submission of the Ismailis. Hulegu thought this was nice, and treated Rukn al-Din’s brother well. He then sent another embassy with demands that Rukn al-Din tear down the Ismaili forts. Rukn al-Din was slow to respond; Hulegu was quick to advance. The token attempt by the Ismaili leader to abate Hulegu by abandoning 5 lesser castles and demolishing a few towers on Alamut, Maymundiz and Lammasar did not succeed. Unwittingly, Rukn al-Din was caught in a nerge, a Mongol hunting circle, as multiple armies converged on him from several directions and trapped him. As the armies neared Maymundiz, taking castles and settlements as they went, Rukn al-Din frantically sent a son and another brother to Hulegu, to no avail, hoping to at least stall until the cold of winter set in. By the 7th of November 1256, the three armies had Maymundiz surrounded.   Hulegu needed a quick victory. So many troops and horses needed a vast quantity of feed, the local environment was depleted and winter was forthcoming. Hulegu demanded provisions from across Iran and the Caucasus be delivered and, as if the seasons themselves adhered to the bidding of the Great Khan, the winter was mild and refused to hampher the Mongols as they approached Maymundiz. Once the armies were arrayed outside of the fortresses, Hulegu surveyed the site. Like so many Ismaili fortresses, Maymundiz was perched on a mountaintop, and hard to access. But Hulegu had his plan.    Fighting began on November 12th, 1256. The first weapons Hulegu brought forth were the kaman-i-gav, as they were known in Persian sources, generally taken to refer to the ox-bow, a Chinese siege machine which was essentially a large, mounted crossbow. These were not for destroying walls, but for picking off defenders. The writer ‘Ata-Malik Juvaini, who accompanied Hulegu on his sieges of the Ismaili cities describes “meteoric shafts,”  from these weapons “burning up” the “devil-like heretics” of Maymundiz, in constrast to stones cast by the defenders which could only hurt single persons. Historian Stephen Haw postulates that this is a reference to gunpowder weapons being used by the Mongols, in the form of explosives tied to the shafts fired from the oxbow, perhaps propelling it as an early rocket. A common critique of this argument is that such poetic language is rather typical of Juviani’s writing, and nowhere else in Hulegu’s campaign does he appear to use such dramatic weapons.    By November 17th, Hulegu’s teams had constructed their catapults and hauled them to a nearby hilltop. It’s possible that these were not just traction style Chinese catapults, but those of the counterweight variety- trebuchets. It’s not specified in written sources that Hulegu used them, but we know they were used by the Mongols by the 1270s, in addition to artwork from later in the century depicting them. Some modern authors like Michael S. Fulton believe the speed at which the major fortresses and cities of the region fell to Hulegu, even those of stone as opposed to stamped earth or mud brick, indicate the usage of counterweighted artillery. Far more powerful with greater range than man-powered traction catapults, instead of teams of men hauling on ropes, the counterweight catapult relied on, well, a counterweight instead, using gravity to propel the projectile with much greater force. Some authors also assert that the Chinese had their own counterweight catapult which the Mongols also used, but the matter is contentious, our sources providing no illumination.   The Mongols differed in their usage of artillery by relying on constant barrages. Their access to a large number of knowledgeable engineers, teams of specialists and overseers allowed them to keep up an unceasing rate of fire day and night, often from dozens of machines at once. For the defenders huddled behind the walls, psychologically it was exhausting. Aside from stones, naphtha, a petroleum-based weapon, was hurled into the city to start fires. Gunpowder bombs may have been lobbed as well. Unused to such weapons, especially in the form of the noise and smell they made, the impact must have seemed unearthly. After less than a week of bombardment, Rukn al-Din Khwurshah surrendered, and the Mongols soon demolished Maymundiz.   Hulegu received the Khwurshah kindly, for he needed him. Through his mediation, Rukn al-Din convinced some 40 odd Ismaili strongholds to surrender to Hulegu and tear down their walls. Alamut and Lammasar held out, and both were put under siege. Rukn al-Din was able to get Alamut’s garrison to come to terms, and it surrendered by December 15th. Briefly, Hulegu went sight-seeing around the castle after it surrendered, amazed by the size of the mountain, the many storerooms and indomitable defenses. It certainly saved him some time to not have to storm it! ‘Ata-Malik Juvaini was able to get permission to take some of the rare and useful tomes from Alamut’s library before the fortress was destroyed and its books burnt. Lammasar took a year to fall, but fall it did.   Hulegu kept Rukn al-Din with him until the great majority of the Ismaili fortresses in Iran had submitted or been torn down. He humoured Rukn al-Din, granting him a Mongol wife and watching Rukn al-Din’s favourite sport of camel fighting. Helping the Mongols avoid many lengthy, difficult sieges on the well defended Ismaili strongholds saved Hulegu considerable effort, but personally Hulegu found him repellent. Once his usefulness was over, in early 1257 Hulegu shipped him off to Mongke Khaan to deal with. According to Rashid al-Din, when Mongke learned the Khwurshah was in Karakorum, he was annoyed and said, “why are they bringing him and tiring a horse uselessly?” then ordered Rukn al-Din’s death. Upon learning of this, Hulegu ordered the deaths of the rest of Rukn al-Din’s captive family, sparing only a young son. Some Ismaili traditions attest another son was snuck away and kept safe, raised as the next imam in secret, but such beliefs never found widespread acceptance. As far as we are concerned, the Nizari Ismaili state ceased to exist by the end of 1256, sparing a few holdouts in Iran and their castles in Syria, as yet untouched by the Mongols.    Hulegu had completed the first of his tasks. After wintering near Lammasar and then Qazwin, in the early months of 1257 he set out west for the greatest target of the campaign: Baghdad, and the 500-year-old Abbasid Caliphate. So be sure to subscribe to the Kings and Generals Podcast to pick up with that next week. To help us continue bringing you great content, consider supporting us on Patreon at www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. I’m your host David, and we will catch you on the next one. 

Topic: Minecraft Tutorial   While not as rich a narrative as Sonic, and not as engrossing number of titles as Mario, the undisputed champion of best selling game of all time is currently a game with pixilated boxes and simple, sandbox game play.  A game so simple, my nieces of 6 and 8 play it regularly.  So we need to figure this out, it’s time for Minecraft.    Apologizes that some of the audio was corrupted toward the end of the episode. We left what was salvagable intact for those who want to listen.   What is it? Minecraft is a 3D Sandbox game, using pixilated looking graphics and blocks designed for the world.  Unlike early 8bit and 16bit games of the late 80s - early 90s, Minecraft uses blocks 3d blocks with simple, pixilated graphics to represent various building material and natural resources.  Almost all elements of the game are based off these 3d Blocks, even down to the animals and items you can use.   A Sandbox game is a game in which the player is given creative freedom to progress through the game as they see fit.  Some games will still have stories and additional gameplay elements designed to keep players either on task or offering immediate concerns/gameplay, but players are free to do as they wish to reach those goals.  In the case of Minecraft, there is no true endgame and players have freely created a lot of their own new games from the core game.     Who? / When? The game was created by Markus Persson, online name, “Notch”.  A former game developer for King Games, he primarily worked on browser (phone/website) based video games until early 2009.  In his spare time, he tinkered with making his own prototype games, employing elements of other games he liked and mixing them in to his creation.  When Persson left King in March 2009, he developed his game further, releasing an early version of the game in May 2009, based off a code he developed over a weekend.  This early/Classic version of the game had weekly revisions based off feedback from those who played it.    In June of 2010, he released the Alpha version of the game, and shortly after left his currently game developer job.  By later 2010, The game was moving in to Beta version of the game, looking to fix bugs and progress elements of the game before release.  He also set up his own company to help work on the game, Mojang.  By November 2011, Minecraft was released as a full version, and shortly thereafter, the lead developer was passed on to Jens “Jeb” Bergensten.    In 2014, Mojang was sold for 2.5 Billion dollars to Microsoft, where the game continues to be updated and developed to this date.  The most recent version being Minecraft Windows 10, which supports a number of different features, including VR, multiplayer functions with those playing other versions, and eventually ported to almost every single videogame platform, including Nintendo Switch, Xbox One, Playstation 4, Various mobile devices, and even on Standalone platforms like Amazon Fire Tv and Apple Tv.      How to play? Each game takes place in a procedurally generated world, meaning that the world itself is created at random, so that no two people would ever likely have the game play space.  Local areas, including forests, tundra, water, deserts, and other common elements are the same, but placed in different spots, and of differing sizes, so that no two place space are the same.   Once the game has loaded, players play from a first person perspective, meaning the player can only see what the character would naturally see.  From here, players may scout out the island in search of where they would like to start building their home.  The main feature of the game is the creation aspect, using various materials found through the game world.  Some materials, from dirty, grass, and wood, can be harvested easily by punching the ground and trees, while other material must be cut down or mined with tools.  To develop various tools, players combine the various materials they’ve harvested and create the necessary tools and items from them.  Players can also combine materials to make new items, including beds, doors, windows, and a variety of home furnishing.   The individual materials can also be used to create structures and stand alone objects.  Each material typically takes up to a 1x1x1 block space, and can be placed on the ground or stacked together to create buildings, stairs, or other various structures. Since the main feature of the game is built around creation, players have made just about everything: From famous locations, to entire cities and castles, even to fully functioning games and events.   https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l315VzDcLmI   There are a variety of game modes: Survival Mode: The earliest version included survival elements that kept played progressing beyond just building.  During the day, the played could gather elements, build shelter, and collect items freely.  But once night fell, zombies would come to hunt the player.  The player can protect themselves via homes, or venture out and defeat the monsters.  The player has limited life pool, but can be healed with items.  If the player is defeated, they return to a set point, and must venture out to reclaim their previous collected materials and items.   A variant to this mode is known as Hardcore, where the difficulty is ramped up, and a single death results in loss of all progress and end of game.    Some villains or bad guys you might commonly find are the: Zombie Spiders Wolves Enderman Skeletons Creeper (Unofficial mascot)     Creative Move: Unlike Survival Mode, Creative Mode is designed for players who just want to build stuff.  Players are given access to all elements and building blocks in the game, allowing them to spend their time just building out their world as they see fit.     Adventure Mode: A mixture of Creative and Survival, this mode allows others to play in user created maps and adventures, designed to offer new challenges and customized experiences for players.     Due to the customizable nature of the game, players can download user created content for use in their own worlds, or even download whole worlds to play in.  Various texture packs exist on the market place, allowing people to add various new characters, blocks, and elements in to the game as they please.  Major theme backs include games from Mario Bros, Fallout, Mass Effect, and even other movies and tv show franchises.          Spin Offs? Minecraft: Story Mode This was an Episodic Spin-off game in the vane of various Telltale Games.  Telltale Games present various choices throughout a game, and with each choice comes new dialog, events, and outcomes to the story.  Based on actions taken, some characters will either have new dialog options, differing opinions about the character, or in some cases, may even die.  Minecraft: Story Mode took players through a journey to defeat an Elder Dragon, and was available through various storied episodes.   Minecraft: Classic Release in May 2019 during the 10th anniversary of the game, this version of the game is based off the original 2009 prototype game first released.  It is more limited in what it can do, as it’s a simplified and stripped down version from the version we know today.   Minecraft: Earth A developed in July of 2019, it took the Minecraft gameplay and enabled in a real world setting using Augmented Reality (AR).  Augmented Reality is an interactive experience that maps items and events to real world locations; most of these items and events cannot be seen or interacted with without the use of a device that can see the reality.  In this case, Minecraft: Earth uses iOS and Android devices to allow people to view minecraft structures and items in the real world.  Currently this game in a beta state, but has shown promising advances.       Minecraft: Dungeons Based on the world of Minecraft, Minecraft: Dungeons is a Dungeon Crawler game, released at the end of May 2020.  Played from an Isometric view, players equip armor and weapons and travel through various dungeons.  Unlike Minecraft, there is little creation elements in the game, and the majority of the game is meant to be fighting various bad guys and monsters from the game.     Homework: Minecraft – Of any platform

On this Official Weed and Cliff Podcast: 3. By November, we'll have aliens here. 2. You injured yourself on a riding lawn mower. 1. I know most people are dumb. --- Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/weed-and-cliff-dot-com/support

Welcome to Finance and Fury, the Furious Friday edition. Last Friday, we went through theory versus practical reality of public infrastructure spending  – roads and railroads are needed. In this episode - Look back at an economic crash – in relation to infrastructure – I Know there are differences – but illustration of when too much of a good thing can go bad – especially when economic or development policies create a reliance to the economy on economic growth – especially when there is speculation involved What am I talking about? Crash of 1873 - What was it – To start – US coming out of their Civil War(1861-1865) – in an effort to deal with unemployment and economic fallout- infrastructure was proposed – The US has a long history of government job creation program – Job creation efforts were undertaken at the local level by cities or state by state – During the 1857, 1870s and the 1890s economic crisis and depressions going on New York, Boston, Phili – developed municipal programs to aid the poor or unemployed – But the administration and financing of these programs presented major problems for each city or state – Logistics was one but funding was another major one – Led to the proposal for statement government to take over for cities and for the federal government to take over from the states – assumed the responsibility for these work relief programs So a boom in railroad construction commences - 33,000 miles (53,000 km) of new track were laidacross the country between 1868 and 1873 Back then - the railroad industry was the nation's largest employer outside of agriculture due to the work programs – Most of the boom in railroad investment was being driven by government land grants and subsidies to the railroads - involved large amounts of money and but due to the size started becoming a ticking timebomb of financial risk a large infusion of cash from speculators caused spectacular growth in the industry as well as in construction of docks, factories and ancillary facilities that process the goods needed for construction – timber, etc – But how long does it take for infrastructure like railroads to make a return – years – so the capitalwas involved in projects offering no immediate returns Now enters the Coinage act 1873 In 1871 - the German Empire ceased minting silver thaler coins in 1871 – most countries had gold and silver coins – similar to today but back then they were the actual metal, not just imitations But Germany doing this caused a drop in demand and downward pressure on the value of silver Less demand lower prices But this had affects in the United States One effect was in the mining industry – as the US was where much of the supply of silver was mined But also on their monetary system – United States Congress passed the Coinage Act of 1873 - changed the US silver policy Before this - backed its currency with both gold and silver - minted both types of coins This Act moved them to a de factogold standard – resulting in no longer buying silver at a statutory price or allowing for silver to be converted from the public into silver coins  Statutory price used to be a monetary tool – set the price of metals like gold and silver based around the money supply – So the immediate effect of depressing silver prices and also changing the coinage law reduced the domestic money supply – this resulted in raising interest rates – hurting those who carried heavy debt loads This perception of instability in United States monetary policy caused investors to shy away from long-term obligations, particularly long-term bonds. The problem was compounded by the railroad boom, which was in its later stages at the time – started kicking off company failures One of the biggest failures - In September 1873, Jay Cooke & Company, a major component of the United States banking establishment, found itself unable to market several million dollars in Northern Pacific Railway bonds. Cooke's firm, like many others, had invested heavily in the railroads on both sides – the ownership but also selling bonds (the debt) in the investment to investors Around this time investment banks were anxious for more capital for their enterprises in railroads – easy cash cow and could get government loans – but new monetary policy of contracting the money supply (again, also thereby raising interest rates) made matters worse for those in debt – those who speculated on infrastructure investments – that wouldn’t see returns for years – were no left holding the bag with higher interest repayments In addition – put a halt on more infrastructure spending – there were plans by Cooke and other entrepreneurs to build the second transcontinental railroad, called the Northern Pacific Railway. Cooke's firm provided the financing - ground for the line was all ready to go - But just as he was about to swing a US$300 million government loan reports circulated that his firm's credit had become nearly worthless – loan was ceased and in September 1873, the firm declared bankruptcy. Another flow on effect – was on the insurance industry - Many US insurance companies went out of business as deteriorating financial conditions created solvency problems for life insurers – they invest in a low of what is seen stable investments – like bonds Other effects- The failure of the Jay Cooke bank, followed quickly by that of Henry Clews - set off a chain reaction of bank failures Factories began to lay off workers as the United States slipped into depression. The effects of the panic were quickly felt in New York, and more slowly in Chicago, Virginia City, Nevada (where silver mining was active), and San Francisco. The New York Stock Exchange closed for ten days starting 20 September – first time in history that the market was closed By November 1873 some 55 of the nation's railroads had failed, and another 60 went bankrupt by the first anniversary of the crisis.  Construction of new rail lines plummeted from 7,500 miles (12,070 km) of track in 1872 to just 1,600 miles (2,575 km) in 1875 – remember that this had become one of the backbones of the economy 18,000 businesses failed between 1873 and 1875 – flow on effects of banks failing but also companies providing goods and services to the railroad industry Unemployment peaked in 1878 at 8.25%. Building construction was halted, wages were cut, real estate values fell and corporate profits vanished Further flow on effects created a second business slump by 1877 – example - the market for lumber crashed, leading to several lumber companies going bankrupt With the depression, ambitious railroad building programs crashed across the South, leaving most states deep in debt and burdened with heavy taxes. Retrenchment was a common response of southern states to state debts during the depression. Social unrest and Rioting – In 1877, steep wage cuts led American railroad workers to launch the Great Railroad Strike. Initial protests broke out in Martinsburg, West Virginia when the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (B&O) cut worker's pay for the third time in a year. As the workers began rioting, with reports of looting and attacks on civilians and police - dispatched federal troops. Within the week, similar riots had erupted in Maryland, New York, Pennsylvania, Illinois, and Missouri. Summary of events - Why did it go bad The Panic of 1873 arose from investments in railroads. Railroads had expanded rapidly in the nineteenth century Eventually – as investment in railroads continued, new projects outpaced demand for new capacity - returns on railroad investments declined – remember they were already delayed in nature – You had a share market crash in most major financial centres -USA, EU with Vienna - investors divested their holdings of American securities, particularly railroad bonds This mass selling depressed the market, lowered prices on shares and bonds, and impeded financing for railroad firms - Without cash to finance operations and refinance debts that came due, many railroad firms failed others defaulted on payments due to banks Large banks then failing changed investors expectations. Creditors lost confidence in railroads and in the banks that financed them. Stock markets further collapsed. The panic spread to financial institutions in Washington, DC, Pennsylvania, New York, Virginia, and Georgia, as well as to banks in the Midwest, including Indiana, Illinois, and Ohio. Nationwide, at least one-hundred banks failed.   What is happening today? There is a Push for large infrastructure spending – a lot of speculation surrounding this - Push for spending to help boost economic growth and to provide employment Investment speculation – from Super funds involvements – Government policy as well Also have large investment funds that are looking at this – if you cant beat them join them Not on railroads – but Mostly on the same thing – green infrastructure ROE – is it low or high? ROE is relatively low – it is high cost but thanks to Gov subsidies it can provide a profit – but what if these go away? Or – what if supply outstrips demand? If most of the projects over time have little demand – lower ROE – similar to the railroads – diminishing marginal returns on everything Interest rates are low – so the borrowing costs of any infrastructure will be low for some time and lots of funds will come from Governments or Super funds – so it isn’t their money Either invest the money in the project – or buy bonds in the project (capital notes) to finance them Can the same thing happen as the crash – Not likely – there is a safety net now in the financial system and Central banks – Liquidity issues? More QE or bailouts – Super funds can put a lot of their money into this and have the guarantees of the debt not being too risky Especially in low interest rate world – but if we go through a new monetary system – if it creates higher interest rates then the amount of debt around would create massive issues But is it a good idea? Well time will tell – the debt on the infrastructure projects will be around for a while But may be a similar thing to Chinas WMPs – a shadow banking rolling ponzi scheme – Takes long time to get a return on infrastructure projects from implementation to be in working order – A lot can change in economic conditions over the 5-10 years it may take to see ROE on these projects Taking more debt out and if it isn’t quality investments – where supply outstrips demand – the infrastructure policy could be another trap in the future for another bubble and collapse   Thank you for listening to today's episode. If you want to get in contact you can do so here: http://financeandfury.com.au/contact/ Links - https://resources.saylor.org/wwwresources/archived/site/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/HIST312-10.1.2-Panic-of-1893.pdf https://www.federalreservehistory.org/essays/banking_panics_of_the_gilded_age https://books.google.com.au/books?id=u_6uDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA170&lpg=PA170&dq=infrastructure+crash+1894&source=bl&ots=_OzgH-SsIv&sig=ACfU3U29tw7Dw11WpH2TKUM_HtYmjgBUlg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi55uymnPnpAhUZA3IKHWy3C1wQ6AEwEXoECAgQAQ#v=onepage&q=infrastructure%20crash%201894&f=false

Wear Your Spirit Warehouse’s Ali Banholzer turned her screen printing hobby into her livelihood despite traumatic family hardships. She will speak PrintHustlers Conf 2020 to share with us how she pivoted her business into the viable and successful print shop it is today. Get your tickets to see Ali here: https://www.printavo.com/blog/printhu... Her husband was blessed with success in his career as an Air Force officer. Their family of 4 felt like they were on cloud 9 until 2014 when her husband experienced a grand mal seizure. By November 2016, he passed. After grieving, it was time for Ali to find a way to push her screenprinting business forward after moving back and forth between commercial space and working from home. “I started hustling to grow the business. We rapidly outgrew our space within a year. Before COVID hit, we were on a fast trajectory up,” Ali said. Despite these challenges that life has thrown at her, she’s become stronger as a business owner thanks to her can-do attitude. Instead of shutting down during coronavirus, Ali asked: “What can I do to become an essential business?’” Ali was able to find the key to success for her company. With an emphasis on the foundation (processes and procedures), she built a culture that values her employees first. “If you can look at the intrinsic and non-monetary benefits in hiring, two things happen. You get a different niche of employee who wants to be there because of those intrinsic benefits, not because of money, and you build loyalty,” she said. Ali has repeatedly found ways to flourish in times of distress. She will join us at Printavo’s PrintHustlers Conf 2020 on July 23rd to share how she used her strength and passion to build her business. Try Printavo: https://www.printavo.com Join us at PrintHustlers Conf: https://www.printhustlers.com Check out Printavo Merch: https://www.printavo.com/merch Follow us on Instagram for all of the latest updates: https://www.instagram.com/printavo

A desperate, starving crowd of thousands presses together, smothering each other in the narrow city streets; defenders clad it broken or hastily repaired lamellar armour hurry to and fro, responding to new alerts along the city walls; the constant thundering of stone slamming into the city walls; the loud cracks of bombs exploding, lobbed into houses by the enemy siege weapons and setting them alite. Screams, some ongoing and others cutting off suddenly, marking where a poor defender, foolish enough to stick his head over the ramparts, was struck by arrows. Outside the city, smoke billowed up enemy sieges machines set on fire by the defender. Beyond them, was the whinnying of tens of thousands of Mongol horses, with Chinese subjects and allies sharpening swords and preparing for the assault. Such was life in the nearly year-long siege of Kaifeng, capital of the Jin Empire and now the target of the Mongol war machine. Today, we look at the final collapse of the Jurchen ruled Jin Dynasty, ending the twenty year long Mongol conquest of Northern China. Victory here laid the groundwork for Mongol war with the masters of southern China, the Song Dynasty, setting the stage for a conflict which would eventually leave the Mongols the rulers of the Middle Kingdom. I’m your host David and this is Ages of Conquest: The Mongol Invasions!        We’ve covered the early stages of the Mongol-Jin war in previous episodes but to give a quick recap. Mongol armies under Chinggis Khan had invaded the Jin Empire in 1211. The Jin, ruled by the Jurchen, hailing from Manchuria and ancestors of the later Manchu, controlled China north of the Huai river and had enjoyed a fearsome military reputation, renowned for their heavy cavalry and horse archers. But after nearly a century of their rule, the semi-nomadic Jurchen in China had adopted Chinese culture and language, losing their formidable military edge. Jin armies were routinely swept away in the field by the Mongols, and those Jurchen and Khitans who still lived as nomads or semi-nomads were soon allied with Chinggis Khan. In 1215, the Emperor Xuanzong of Jin fled south of the Yellow River, abandoning the capital of Zhongdu, now modern Beijing, and cutting ties to his Manchurian homeland. Formerly hardy horsemen, the final emperors of the Jin Dynasty, though still ethnically Jurchen, were now little different from the Chinese. Their armies were now made up of Chinese infantry, having lost most of their access to horse producing regions. Defections from the Jin army early on in the war brought the Mongols knowledge of Chinese siege weapons, and soon the fortifications of northern China were reduced one by one.  When Chinggis Khan moved against the Khwarezmian Empire in 1219, the Jin were granted no respite, as the talented commander Mukhali was left to continue pressure on the Jin. Only Mukhali’s death in 1223 granted the Jin a brief rest, with Mongol attacks for the next few years becoming decidedly more limited.       The Jin had been in an unenviable position from 1215-1223. Mongol pressure in the north was unrelenting and of great concern, bringing the losses of hundreds of thousands of soldiers and civilians. In the west, the Tangut ruled Xi Xia, former Jin vassals, had submitted to the Mongols and joined them in attacking the Jin. In the east, the Shandong peninsula and surrounding coastline was lost to a local insurrection known as the Red Coats, an umbrella term for a collection of independent warlords, some of whom declared for the Mongols, some who declared for the Song Dynasty, and all hating the Jin. The Chinese Song Dynasty ruled almost all of China south of the Huai river,  and were a formidable economic power as well as being longtime foes of the Jin. Having lost their northern territories, and two emperors, to the Jurchen in the early 1100s, few tears were shed in the Song court for the Jin’s struggles. In 1217 the Jin invaded the Song- a shocking development considering their ongoing military issues, but one with the intention to essentially provide further room to retreat from the Mongols. Fighting continued until 1221, proving both indecisive and wasteful.       1223-1224 provided an unexpected change of events. Beginning with Mukhali’s death, we have the already noted reduction in Mongol pressure. Though Mukhali’s son and brother continued to campaign, it was without Tangut military support, as their forces had abandoned Mukhali in his final days. Furthermore, Chinggis Khan was still absent in Central Asia, though making his return. This was the first real breathing room northern China had experienced in well over a decade. In the first days of 1224, the Emperor Xuanzong of Jin died, succeeded by his third son Ningjiasu (Ning-ji-asu), known also by his chosen Chinese personal name, Wanyan Shouxi (Wan-yan Shou-shi), Wanyan being the royal clan of the Jurchen Jin.    25 years old on his ascension, Ningjiasu (Ning-ji-asu) was the closest the Jin came to a competent monarch since the death of Shizong of Jin in 1189. More evenhanded and thoughtful than Xuanzong (shuan-zong) of Jin, and more competent than the arrogant and inept Wei Shao Wang, had Ningjiasu taken the throne at any other time, he may have enjoyed a fine reputation. However, he was unable to arrest the collapse of his state, and would die only a few hours before the end of his dynasty. In life, rulers of Chinese-style dynasties are simply known as ‘the Emperor,’ and prior to the Ming Dynasty, would take era titles to delineate certain years of their reign. After their deaths, they are all given posthumous temple names, such as ‘Taizu’ for dynastic founders. Xuanzong of Jin was the posthumous title for Ningjiasa’s father, whose personal name had been Wudubu. Wudubu’s predecessor was so hated he was posthumously demoted from emperor to prince, and hence known as the Prince of Wei, or Wei Shao Wang. The posthumous temple name given to Ningjisau was Aizong, meaning, ‘pitiable ancestor.’ His Chinese personal name, Shouxu (Shou-szhu), was also turned into a pun by the Mongols, as it sounded similar to “little slave.”        Aizong of Jin, as we’ll call him had a promising start to his reign. Both the Tangut and Song emperors died in similar time, and Aizong quickly set about organizing peace between them, though no military cooperation came of this. Able to redistribute troops against the Mongols and Red Coats, the Jin also began to receive horses in trade from the Tangut. Seeking to inprove relations with the Mongols, on Chinggis Khan’s death Aizong even sent envoys bearing formal condolences to the Mongols, though they were turned away. Jin forces were able to reoccupy some territory and strengthen fortifications. As we mentioned earlier, Xuanzong of Jin had moved the capital from Zhongdu to Kaifeng in 1215. Though a foolhardy decision which brought Mongol armies back into China, it wasn’t strategically awful. Kaifeng, in the central Henan province, had been the capital of the Song Dynasty before captured by the Jurchen in the early 12th century. With massive walls, a large population and rich hinterland, the city itself was difficult to siege. Unlike Zhongdu, which was situated comparatively close to Mongolia, Kaifeng was sheltered behind the Yellow River, fordable only at select, and guarded, points. Any passage directly over the river could prove highly costly. The Mongols would thus be more inclined to ford the river further along its great bend towards the Ordos, allowing them to make an approach to the west of the city. This would bring them into mountainous territory in Shaanxi (Shaan-shi) province to Henan’s west, the passage between these provinces guarded by the fortress of Tongguan. Bordered by mountains and possessing a strong garrison, either Tongguan would have to be forced by a costly siege, or bypassed entirely by cutting south through the territory of the now neutral Song Dynasty. Indeed, this was advice Chinggis Khan was said to have given his sons on his deathbed. But since peace had now been reached between Jin and Song, it was impossible to say if they would allow Mongol troops through their country unimpeded.       Such was the problem Ogedai faced when he became Khan in 1229. Ogedai was not the military equal of his father or brothers, and to quiet questions of how fit he was to succeed his famous father, he needed to complete the conquest of the Jin. Growing bolder through the recapture of their cities, defeats of small Mongol parties and absence of any major offensives for some years, the Jin would be a test of worthiness for the new Khan. Weeks after becoming Khan, Ogedai sent an army against the Jin, perhaps to test the waters. A Mongol army of  8,000 under Doqulqu (do-khul-khu) entered Shaanxi (Shaan-shi) at the end of 1229, besieging Qingyangfu (Ching-yang-foo). After a failed Jin peace embassy, a relief force was raised under the commander Pu’a with a vanguard of the “Loyal and Filial Army.” Pu’a was a bit of a rapscallion who had led raids into Mongol occupied territory for several years, looting and carrying off captured horses and provisions, then withdrawing before Mongol forces could catch him. Through his habit of playing up minor skirmishes like they were great victories, he had earned a reputation for skill against the Mongols, though whether it was deserved was another matter. The ‘Loyal and Filial Army,’ which Pu’a had been associated with for years also had an unsavoury, though effective, reputation. Made up of deserters and captives from the Mongols it included northern Chinese, Uighurs, Naiman, Tanguts and the odd Qipchaq, these were mounted units specializing in Mongol tactics. Paid three times that of normal soldiers, to encourage defections from the diverse Mongol armies, by the 1230s this was a crack force of 7,000. Often undisciplined and unruly, they proved effective at plundering and were fine horse archers- one of Pu’a commanders, Chenheshang (Chen-hae-shang) commanded a 1,000 strong vanguard of these men.        At Dachangyuan (da-chang-yuan) in January-February 1230, Pu’a drew Doqulqu’s (Do-hool-hoo’s) force up for battle. Chenheshang led the Loyal and Filial Army as vanguard, and for the first time in the nearly 20 years of war, the Jin defeated the Mongols in open battle. After the battle, Pu’a released a captured Mongol envoy, and sent him to Ogedai with a simple message: “We’ve got all our soldiers and horses ready- come on over and fight!” Soon afterwards, Pu’a, Chanheshang and the general Hada defeated  a Mongol army investing Weizhou on the northern bank of the Yellow River in Henan.        Ogedai was furious and frightened. Doqolqu (do-khul-khu) was removed from command  and possibly poisoned. Pu’a’s boast, followed by actual Jin victories coupled with peace between Jin and Song, made the new Khan very nervous. Naysayers within his own court who whispered how the more militaristic Tolui, Ogedai’s younger brother, should have been Khan, saw this as signs of Heaven’s displeasure. Ogedai tried to quiet these whispers by saying this was like the candle flaring up before it goes out, while at the same time raising a large army to personally lead against the Jin. It should be noted that details of this campaign are often contradictory, with later authors hiding details due to the Mongol defeats suffered in the campaign. The reconstruction which will follow is based on the work of historian Dr. Christopher Atwood, and his fantastic article on Doqulqu’s death.        Ogedai set out in early 1231, praying for nine days to Eternal Blue Heaven for victory. His solution to the described defenses of the Jin- the wide and fast moving Yellow River guarding the north, the neutral Song border to the south and the fortress of Tongguan protecting the west, was to bring the full might of his army against Tongguan, to force it or bypass it.       Up to 100,000 men in Ogedai’s army, including his brother Tolui, the general Subutai freshly recalled from the western steppe, and Mongols, Khitans, Uighurs and subject Chinese, marched into Shaanxi province, already suffering from a severe famine. With such a large army and limited resource available, Ogedai needed to find a way through Tongguan quickly. The Jin commanders, Pu’a and Hada, pulled all their available troops out of Shaanxi before the Mongol advance in order to reinforce Tongguan, and it quickly became apparent that an assault on the fort would be costly and lengthy.    An attempt by Ogedai’s adopted brother Shigi Qutuqu (shi-gi hoo-too-hoo) to draw the Jin defenders into a feigned retreat resulted in heavy Mongol losses, the Jin refusing to leave the safety of their fortifications. Subutai for his part, was able to find a route through the hills south of Tongguan, and seemed likely to outflank the fort. However, his forces became spread too thin during the rough voyage, and a counterattack led by Chenheshang and 1,000 of the Loyal and Filial Troops defeated Subutai at Daohuigu (dao-hui-goo). Subutai and part of his force returned, humbled, to Ogedai, who was so furious he threatened to totally remove him from command, and was only restrained by Tolui. The Mongols withdrew from Tongguan, besieging the large city of Fenxiangfu. The city fell in May 1231, 400 catapults concentrating on one corner of the walls. Despite this victory, Ogedai’s mood was little improved, and lambasted his generals, saying “If Mukhali were alive, I would not have had to come here myself!”       Struggling to support the large army in famine stricken Shaanxi, Ogedai ordered a withdrawal to Inner Mongolia for summer 1231 and replan the assault. There, Tolui suggested a plan which their father had discussed in his final days, bypassing Tongguan by going through Song territory and arriving deep behind Jin defenses. Ogedai agreed, ordering Tolui and Subutai to take their tumens on this flanking maneuver. Meanwhile, Ogedai and the main army would attempt a crossing of the Yellow River, while a smaller force under Ochin Noyan was to try the end of the Yellow River in Shandong, guarding Ogedai from encirclement. The plan was for their armies to act as a giant pincer, striking Kaifeng from the north and southwest simultaneously, Tolui coming up behind enemy lines and preventing the Jin from marshalling all of their forces on a single army.         Nothing started off to plan. While Ogedai’s force was held up by a long siege at Hezhongfu (Hay-zhong-foo) in their effort to cross the Yellow River, early indications were that the Song would not cooperate with Tolui. At the start of 1231 the Song had killed Li Quan, the Mongol’s Red Coat ally in Shandong. Also, the envoy sent at the end of summer to request passage through Song territory had disappeared. Entering into the Song empire without their approval could mean Tolui would face resistance or an army. If Tolui was bogged down fighting Song troops, he would be unable to rendezvous with Ogedai, leaving his brother isolated. Much of Tolui’s army had been in famine stricken Shaanxi, or relocated to the barren Qinling mountains during summer 1231- lacking resources to feed perhaps 20-30,000 men, medieval authors speak of cannibalism occurring here. They could hardly eat the horses they needed for war, afterall. These starving men faced a difficult ride through hostile territory, beyond which  they needed to return to the Jin realm with strength and numbers to fight.            It is testament to Tolui’s military ability that he kept his men together through this hard ride through mountainous territory. Once they reached the Song border in November 1231, Tolui allowed his men a month of pillaging across Sichuan. This Song province was rich, fertile and untouched by the two decades of Mongol-Jin warfare, a chance for Tolui’s men to regain strength, morale and fatten their horses. It also showcased a noted weakness of the Song border defenses- Tolui’s troops travelled over 290 kilometres into Song territory before turning back. This was not the first occasion of Mongol-Song warfare: a brief clash had occurred in 1227 during the destruction of the Tangut Kingdom when Mongol forces attacking the western edge of the Jin empire had gone over the border and raided Song prefectures. The Chief Councillor of the Song Dynasty, Shih Mi-yuan, in power since 1208, was as cautious and pragmatic as he was unpopular in the empire, and he was very unpopular. Neither clash was enough for him to send Song Chinese to die at Mongol hands, and he didn’t let Tolui’s raid escalate into a full military response. Tolui was thus able to enter the southern flank of Jin ruled Henan province in January 1232.       The Jin were panicking now, and Pu’a and Hada rapidly withdrew the garrisons of Tongguan to catch Tolui. At Sanfeng mountain, Tolui and Subutai found themselves surrounded by multiple converging Jin forces under Pu’a and Hada. Pu’a sent a message to Tolui which, in the words of the Ilkhanid vizier Rashid al-Din, the Jin threatened to “do this and that to their women folk.” The actual message was certainly not so polite, and Tolui bristled at this. Surrounded, the Mongols were in a tough position. Aid came from an unexpected direction, as it suddenly began to snow forcefully, a blizzard mixed with hail. Subutai reminded Tolui that they were facing soft men from cities and small villages- the Mongols, used to harsh winters on the open steppe, put on their winter coats and waited on their horses. The Jin troops were unprepared for the early February storm, and for four days they froze and suffered. On the fourth day, deciding their enemy was suitably weakened, Tolui ordered the assault. Racing down the mountain side, the Mongols cut into the Jin and obliterated them, Pu’a and Hada both captured. As punishment for their threat to rape the Mongol women, we are told the Mongols sodomized the captured Jin troops, and made a huge mound of severed ears from the slain.    The defeat at Sanfang mountain and capture of their best generals marked the end of the Jin Dynasty’s offensive capabilities. Ogedai pushed through the northern defenses, and was soon reunited with his brother. Subutai was given overall command of the army while Ogedai and Tolui returned to Mongolia,  possibly because Ogedai had fallen quite ill.  In April 1232, Subutai began the siege of Kaifeng, a noose which took almost a year to tighten.   Ogedai  and Tolui returned to Mongolia. Precisely what occurred is unclear, but by the end of 1232 Tolui was dead. The ‘official’ verison in the Secret History of the Mongols had Ogedai fall deathly ill, and Tolui urges the spirits to take him instead, sacrificing himself for his brother- but mention of him drinking  a ‘special  brew’ prepared for him have fueled rumours that Ogedai in fact had his brother poisoned. The problem with this theory is that it relies too strongly on later antagonism between the heirs of Ogedai and Tolui. By all accounts the two brothers were extremely close, and later editing to what became the Secret History of the Mongols by Tolui’s sons may have chosen to portray their father more heroically, and by villianizing Ogedai, helped justify their eventual ascension to the throne. Other writers like Juvaini say Tolui drank himself to death. Since this was the fate Ogedai, and numerous other Mongolian princes, shared, this is rather likely. Ogedai Khaan lost his closest companion late in 1232, a loss from which he never recovered.   Back at Kaifeng, Subutai led a brutal siege. The city, so flooded with refugees that it held over 1 million people, was totally blockaded, starvation and pandemic setting in over the summer of 1232. Gunpowder weapons were used by both sides in the form of bombs lobbed by catapults, and in fire-lances by the Jin. Essentially a flame thrower, fire-lances shot a jet of fire three metres long, burning men to death horrifically and were used to effectively block breaches in the walls. You can see this in action in episode 10, season 1, of Netflix’s Marco Polo. Subutai tried various means to breach the walls of Kaifeng, but the city was skillfully defended. Sappers would approach the walls under mobile shelters, with the intention to physically dig through them. Jin defenders dropped bombs onto them, destroying both shelter and attackers. Dykes on the Yellow River were broken, flooding the plain and the city.    This resistance was valiant, but ultimately doomed. The Jin leadership was chaotic, with individuals promoted, then demoted and executed within days for perceived slights or on suspicion of treachery. Finally, in February 1233 Aizong of Jin abandoned the city with some loyal guards, leaving it to its fate. One commander left in Kaifeng, Cui Li (Tsui Li),  assassinated those still loyal to Aizong, leaving himself in control. Realizing the only way to spare the population was a voluntary surrender, on 29 May 1233 Cui Li (Tzui Li) opened the gates to Subutai. Ogedai was urged to mercy by the protests of his adviser Yelu Chucai, and Subutai was restricted to plundering, killing only 500 members of the royal Wanyan clan who were still in the city. Cui Li for his efforts was assassinated by another Jin officer, in response for an offense Cui Li had committed to the man’s wife.   By August 1233, Aizong of Jin and his ever decreasing retinue fled to Caizhou (Tsai-zhou), only 64  kilometres from the Song border. Aizong’s messages to the Song for aid, warning them they would be the next target of the Mongols, fell on deaf ears. The Song agreed to cooperate with the Mongols against the Jin, closing off Aizong’s route of escape. By November 1233, a Song army joined Subutai outside Caizhou. Caizhou was reduced to starvation, but its defenders fought tooth and nail, inflicting heavy casualties. But there could be no other end now.   As Mongol-Song forces filled in a nearby lake with bundles of reeds and sticks to gain access to the city in February 1234, Aizong declared he would not be remembered as the last Jin Emperor. He abdicated for a distant relation, a man in better shape who Aizong faintly hoped would escape and continue to resist. Barely had Aizong hanged himself and the new emperor been enthroned when the Mongols had broken through the walls. On the 9th of February, 1234, the final emperor of the Jin Dynasty died fighting in the streets alongside his men, having reigned only a few hours. So ended the Jurchen Jin Dynasty, controlling north China for a little over a century. Despite defections, defeats and numerous other setbacks, both Jurchen and Chinese alike showed loyalty to the Dynasty to the very end. Few other kingdoms had suffered the full might of the Mongols as the Jin had, and it was not an easy conquest. In 400 years, the descendants of the Jurchen, the Manchu, would come to rule both the Mongols and the Chinese, but that’s quite another story.   The Mongol-Song alliance barely outlasted the Jin. Subutai moved north with his armies not long afterwards, eager for discussions on where to take them next. The Song commander in the region, Meng Gung, withdrew as well, the devastated Henan province no place to keep an army fed. Aside from a few sites, most of the area, including Kaifeng, stayed in Mongol hands.    As we’ve noted earlier, Kaifeng had once been a capital of the Song Dynasty before it fell to the Jurchen. Long had voices in the Song clamoured to reclaim the north. Chief Councillor Shih Mi-yuan had kept these hawks in check during his long administration, but his death in late 1233 left a vacuum, one the feeble Emperor Lizong of Song could not fill. Those Song officials and commanders who had firsthand experience of conditions in the north and against the Mongols knew what a foolhardy thought a campaign there would be, and understood the limits of the Song army, an army which had never performed well offensively against either the Khitan Liao or Jurchen Jin. However, Song generals who had won battles against the Red Coats and had been uninvolved with the Caizhou campaign were ecstatic at news of the destruction of the Jin, and immediately urged war.    Assuming the local Chinese would happily rise up and supply them, two Song armies marched into Henan in summer 1234, walking into the undefended Kaifeng and Loyang, the birthplace of the founder of the Song Dynasty- and found a population hardly able to feed itself, let alone an entire army. So expectant of a gracious local population, the Song armies had brought provisions for only two weeks. Their men refused to advance further, and a retreat began… just as Mongol forces returned to deal with the incursion. The Song army at Loyang was ambushed and almost totally destroyed. For a campaign that had lasted barely a month, the Song had unwittingly began what was to be a 40 year long war resulting in the destruction of their own Dynasty.   Rather inconclusive Mongol-Song warfare continued for the rest of Ogedai’s reign- much of the Mongol armies freed up from the fall of the Jin were sent to conquer the far west. This early Mongol-Song conflict did cost the life of one of Ogedai’s sons and designated heir, Kochu, in 1236. This was perhaps the final blow to Ogedai’s interest in anything other than alcoholism, which consumed his final years even as his armies under Subutai blazed into Europe. But we’ll return to those years of Ogedai’s  reign in future episodes. Our next episode will discuss the  continued Mongol expansion into the Middle East in the 1230s, led by Chormaqun Noyan (chor-ma-huun Noyan) against the Khwarezmian prince Jalal al-Din Mingburnu, so be sure to subscribe to the Kings and Generals podcast and to continue helping us bring you more outstanding content, please visit our patreon at www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. Positive reviews on Apple Podcasts, Stitcher or any other podcast catcher of your choice are also greatly appreciated. Thank you for listening, I am your host David and we will catch you on the next one!

We are Ali and Alison Walker, and we used to call Seattle, Washington our home. We met in 2004, married in 2006, and retired in 2018. After reaching Financial Independence we wanted a complete and total change from our career-focused lives. We decided that meant leaving our Seattle life behind and making travel our new lifestyle. By November of 2018 we had sold our home and car, let go of 99% of our belongings, and left Seattle to travel the world indefinitely. From their blog, All Options Considered https://alloptionsconsidered.com

Business around the world that have grown increasingly reliant on big-spending tourists from China are taking a heavy hit, with tens of millions of Chinese residents restricted from leaving their country as the coronavirus spreads.Hotels, airlines, casinos and cruise operators were among the industries suffering the most immediate repercussions, especially with the outbreak occurring during the Lunar New Year, one of the biggest travel season in Asia.What happens in China means a lot more to the world economy than it did when the SARS outbreak struck nearly two decades ago. In 2003, China accounted for 4.3% of world economic output. Last year, it accounted for 16.3%, according to the International Monetary Fund. Tourism from China was already down before the virus hit due in part to the Hong Kong protests and the trade dispute between Beijing and Washington. But about 134 million Chinese travelled abroad in 2019, up 4.5% from a year earlier, according to official figures. Before the outbreak, the China Outbound Tourism Research Institute predicted some 7 million Chinese would travel abroad for the Lunar New Year this year, up from 6.3 million in 2019. Hong Hong, Thailand, Japan and Vietnam were top destinations, but Chinese tourists are big spenders in cities like London, Milan, Paris and New York.Economist and tourism industry officials said the biggest threat so far is to China's closest neighbours, with the U.S. and Europe likely to face major repercussions only if the coronavirus outbreak proves long-lived.In Thailand, a favourite destination for Lunar New Year travel, officials estimate potential lost revenue at 50 billion baht ($1.6 billion). Many drugstores in Bangkok ran out of surgical masks and the number of Chinese tourists appeared to be much smaller than usual for the Lunar New Year. The government announced it was handing out masks, and that the airport rail link would be disinfected. Spillover is also probable in Vietnam, Singapore and the Philippines, said Tommy Wu and Priyanka Kishore, of Oxford Economics. Hong Kong is especially vulnerable because its economy and its appeal to tourists have already been weakened by months of sometimes-violent political protest. By November, inbound tourism to Hong Kong was already down 56% from a year earlier.Visitors from mainland China to the autonomous Chinese gambling capital of Macau was down 80% on Sunday from a year earlier, a threat to a regional government that depends on gaming revenue.Gaming and lodging operators in Macau reported higher-than expected cancellations over the weekend as the death toll from coronavirus rose and the Chinese government extended travel restrictions, according to Instinet analyst Harry Curtis. "Cancellations soared across all of the properties we contacted," Curtis said in a note. "Pessimism rose on how long it could take for business to recover."Shares of Wynn Resorts, Las Vegas Sands and MGM Resorts International — which all have operations in Macau — have declined 18.3%, 14.6% and 12.1% since Jan. 17, respectively. But analysts said it was too soon to tell how deeply their finances would be affected. Adding to the uncertainty was the possibility that Macau's government could shut down all casinos. Jefferies, an equities research firm, predicted the virus outbreak would have affect first quarter results for the companies "but how large and will it linger onward remain the questions."Wynn Resorts said it had scaled back Lunar New Year events in Macau, begun screening the temperature of all guests and taken other steps to comply with the directives of the Macau government. MGM and Las Vegas Sands also said they were following government guidelines. The companies declined to provide any cancellation figures in Macau.At least 80 people have died and 2,744 people have fallen ill since the coronavirus was first found in the central Chinese city of Wuhan. China extended the week-long Lunar New Year holiday by an extra...

On October 30, 1872, the wife of Presidential candidate Horace Greeley died. On November 6, Greeley lost in a landslide to President Ulysses S. Grant, winning only six out of 37 states in the electoral college. By November 13, he entered into an asylum for the treating of “mental and nervous disorders”, where he died … Episode 143: Horace Greeley, American Editor, or, the Method in His Madness Read More » The post Episode 143: Horace Greeley, American Editor, or, the Method in His Madness first appeared on Historically Thinking.

  On October 30, 1872, the wife of Presidential candidate Horace Greeley died. On November 6, Greeley lost in a landslide to President Ulysses S. Grant, winning only six out of 37 states in the electoral college. By November 13, he entered into an asylum for the treating of “mental and nervous disorders”, where he […]

Asa Winstanley, an investigative journalist for the Electronic Intifada who has covered Labour Party leader Jeremy Corbyn since 2015, joins Rania Khalek and Kevin Gosztola to talk about the result of the UK election. Conservative Party Prime Minister Boris Johnson and conservatives won a resounding victory. Corbyn announced his resignation as Labour Party leader after a harsh defeat. Much of the outcome is owed to Brexit and how it divided the working class. There were many working people upset that the Labour Party supported a second referendum on Brexit, which seemed anti-democratic to them. Asa addresses this in the interview. But as Asa , from the very beginning, Corbyn failed—or refused—to forcefully reject the "Labour anti-Semitism" lying smear campaign directed at him. Propaganda pushed by the Israel lobby, the UK military and intelligence agencies, neoliberals, and right-wing conservatives was initially rejected by voters. But as the smears continued, it soon became accepted—Labour has an anti-Semitism problem and isn't doing enough to address it. By November, the campaign fully escalated to Corbyn is an anti-Semite. Asa discusses many aspects of this smear campaign and warns supporters of Bernie Sanders: don't let the same smears that sank Corbyn tank the Sanders campaign.

In January 1989, East German leader Erich Honecker declared that the Berlin Wall would still be standing in 50 or even 100 years. By November that same year the Wall was down and the Cold War was over. 1989 was a year that no-one saw coming. Head back to 1989 and learn about the luck that led to the collapse of the Soviet empire.

1980 was the year that everything changed. In the second of two parts, Steven and Jason look at how the rest of 1980 unfolded. In May, John Lennon is listening to the radio, semi-retired and without a contract. By November he’s written, recorded and released a brand new album with Yoko. Paul, George, and Ringo are also busy. Live on tape from Dublin, it’s Nothing Is Real. Follow us on Twitter: @BeatlesPod Facebook Group: http://tiny.cc/NIRFBG See acast.com/privacy for privacy and opt-out information.

Chivington Massacre (Sand Creek Massacre)Setting the Stage* 1849 at the discovery of gold in California* Drove mass settlers across the great plains in search for riches and a better life.* When the US government realized the mass of settlers moving through the great plains and traveling through territory occupied by native American tribes, the government decided it would be in their best interest and the interests of the settlers to cut a deal with the native tribes to ensure that they would limit or prevent harassment of new settlers traveling through and allow safe passage for settlers through high risk lands.* The government held a gathering and Fort Laramie, Wyoming1. To this day, you can visit the historic Fort Laramie. It was an important stop on the Oregon, California and Mormon trails, as well as a staging point for various military excursions and treaty signings.* In 1851 many of the great plains tribal chiefs were convinced by the government to sign a treaty to protect the settlers and allow for safe passage through tribal lands.* The agreement allowed safe passage through the lands with the conditions that the settlers would not stop and attempt to seize tribal lands.* The Problems Begin:1. Although the intention of the treaty signing was good, a vast number or tribes did not sign the treaty and therefore did not agree to such terms and conditions.2. The settlers were driving away migratory animals and buffalo which was a staple for many of the great plains tribes.3. The settlers were disturbing the lands and using up natural resources and contaminating water sources4. They brought new diseases from the East which ended up killing large swaths of native population through contact with settlers5. Gold was discovered in the winter of 1858-1859 in Colorado which lay upon a portion of the tribal lands acknowledged as a no go area for settlers due to the treaty agreement; however, settlers began flooding the area in search for gold, all the while unregulated and therefore breaking the treaty conditions set forth by not settling on tribal lands.6. The lands given to them expanse between modern day most of Eastern Colorado, to Western Kansas, South Eastern Wyoming, and South Western Nebraska* These lands were designated as Cheyenne and Arapaho lands7. Modern cities like Boulder and Denver, Colorado began as mining camps because of the gold that was found in the surrounding area* The root of the problem began as the taking of tribal lands by the increasing amount of settlers in the area, breaching the original treaty the US government insisted upon.1. Thus began a systematic problem of retaliation between settlers and tribal people. They began as small isolated incidents but over time the frequency and aggressive nature of the retaliation started the slow boil which would eventually reach a critical point.2. The US government was aware of this settling of the tribal lands and yet there was no plan prepared to alleviate problems and equip the people on both sides to coexist with one another* In 1861 this new influx of settlers in Colorado put pressure on the government to find a way to extract more tribal lands thus providing more safety for the settlers; as well as, increase their likelihood of finding more natural resources through the settlers who were essentially on the front lines of excavating what the government was not able to do.1. In a sense, there was a unspoken agreement between the settlers and the government for the settlers to act as contracted prospectors. Once the natural resources were discovered it provided incentive for the government to increase the lands acquisitions in those areas.* In 1861, the Commissioner of Indian Affairs which was the government office overseeing the relationship with the Indian tribes1. Was sent to negotiate a revised treaty2. The treaty was signed at Fort Wise in 1861 was a treaty entered into between the United States and six chiefs of the Southern Cheyenne and four of the Southern Arapaho Indian tribes.3. These chiefs were convinced to give up most of their lands that had now been taken over by settlers4. This was over 90% of their lands they were relinquishing and were accepting terms to settle on a reserve in Eastern Colorado.5. Most of them understood that they were signing a treaty for peace but they didn’t know that the condition of peace was to giving up their lands.6. Many of the other tribes who did not sign the treaty were out of their minds that the few tribes had made a blanket agreement with the US government giving up their lands.7. The treaty was never approved by the Council of 44, Traditional Cheyenne society was organized into 10 major bands governed by a council of 44 chiefs and 7 military societies; the Dog Soldiers were the most powerful and aggressive of the military groups. There were also social, dance, medicine, and shamanistic societies; a given society was generally open to either male or female members but not to both.* So as a Cheyenne and Arapaho Nation refused to abide by the terms of the new treaty because of how slanted and sacrificial it was.* The settlers and US government said that because the treaty was signed and completed that the government now had legal ability to take the lands from the tribes and allow settlers to established wherever they pleased.* Now you might be wandering what else was happening during this time between 1859 and 1861:1. James Buchanan (D-Pennsylvania) was the president until March 4th, 18612. Abraham Lincoln (R-Illinois) is elected president March 4th, 1861* January 3 – American Civil War: Delaware votes not to secede from the Union.* January 9 – Mississippi becomes the second state to secede from the Union, preceding the American Civil War.* January 10 – American Civil War: Florida secedes from the Union.* January 11 – American Civil War: Alabama secedes from the Union.* January 12 – American Civil War: Florida state troops demand surrender of Fort Pickens.[1]* January 18 – American Civil War: Georgia secedes from the Union.* January 21 – American Civil War: Jefferson Davis resigns from the United States Senate. Ordinance of Secession is ratified.* January 26 – American Civil War: Louisiana secedes from the Union.* January 29 – Kansas is admitted as the 34th U.S. state (see History of Kansas).* February 1 – American Civil War: Texas secedes from the Union.* February 4 – American Civil War: Delegates from six seceded states meet at the Montgomery Convention in Montgomery, Alabama.* February 8 – American Civil War: The Confederate States of America adopts the Provisional Confederate States Constitution.* February 9 – American Civil War: Jefferson Davis is elected the Provisional President of the Confederate States of America by the Weed Convention at Montgomery, Alabama.* February 11 – American Civil War: The U.S. House unanimously passes a resolution guaranteeing non-interference with slavery in any state.* February 18 – American Civil War: In Montgomery, Alabama, Jefferson Davis is inaugurated as the provisional president of the Confederate States of America.* February 23 – President-elect Abraham Lincoln arrives secretly in Washington, D.C. after an assassination attempt in Baltimore.* February 28 – Colorado Territory is organized.* March 2 – Nevada Territory and Dakota Territory are organized.* March 4* Abraham Lincoln is sworn in as the 16th President of the United States.* American Civil War: The Stars and Bars is adopted as the flag of the Confederate States of America.* March 11 – American Civil War: The Confederate States Constitution is adopted.* All of these things are taking place in the East and what happens, the politicians in Washington, especially James Buchanan, takes advantage of the chaos that is ensuing between the war effort, states leaving the union, slavery, and an assassination on president Lincoln’s life to acquire 90% of the Great Plains territories before he is removed from office.1. And as we read prior both the Colorado, Nevada and Dakota territories are organized into the American territories in the beginning of 1861.2. The right hand doesn’t know what the left hand is doing before it’s too late and by then what’s done is done.* The tension began increasing in 1863 because not enough provisions were given to the Indian tribes when all the best lands were taken and the settlers were butted up against the tribes.1. The rubbing and the friction began to turn into a slow burn and sparks especially exacerbated by starvation and being taken advantage by new settlers.2. If tribal members were found outside of the reservation boundaries they were freely allowed to be attacked or ransacked thus placing additional fuel to a potential explosion if the friction continued at such a frequent and alarming rte.* In 1864, government contractors contracted to provide beef to the United States military for the civil war effort, claimed that unidentified Indians attacked and stole their cattle.1. The local tribes denied the alleged accusation2. Some historians believe that it’s possible that some of the herders lost the heads of cattle and decided to blame the shortage on the local Indian tribes to be made whole by the government for their carelessness3. This was not an uncommon tactic for settlers or government contractors to claim knowing they had a high likelihood to be made whole or salvage potential losses from occurring throughout the territories.4. The reality is that no one really knows what happened.* What we know:1. We do know that this was the event which triggers the first of two major hostilities against the settlers and Indian tribes living in the territories.2. Some historians point to the skirmish at Freemont’s Orchard as the beginning of the 1864 Indian War in the Colorado Territory. While the incident was foreshadowing things to come, hostilities between Union Soldiers and the Native tribes had in reality been brewing ever since the 1862 Sioux uprising in Minnesota.3. By April 1864, a full scale war was inevitable and many peaceful tribes and settlers would soon pay with their deaths.4. The incident at Fremont’s Orchard in April 12, 1864 remains a subject of controversy, for both the Union Soldiers and tribes involved as to who initiated the fighting.5. Fremont’s orchard was located a few miles north of Denver, Colorado mining camp and South East of Camp Collins in the Colorado Territory.* Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies:1. “The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, Series I, Vol. XXXIV, Part I.Page 883 Chapter XLVI. SKIRMISH NEAR FREMONT'S ORCHARD, COLO.APRIL 12, 1864. - Skirmish near Fremont's Orchard, Colo.REPORTS.Numbers 1. - Captain George L. Sanborn, First Colorado Cavalry.Numbers 2. - Lieutenant Clark Dunn, First Colorado Cavalry.Numbers 1. Reports of Captain George L. Sanborn, First Colorado Cavalry.CAMP SANBORN, April 12, 1864.SIR: Receiving information from W. D. Ripley, of the Bijou, that the Indians had been taking stock and committing depredations on theranchmen on that creek, I this morning sent Lieutenant Dunn, with 40 men of Companies H and C, to recover the stock, also to takefrom them their fire-arms and bring the depredators to this camp. This evening an expressman arrived from Lieutenant Dunn, whostates that after a hard ride they came up with a party of some 15 or 20 Indians, who, on seeing the soldiers approach, drew up in lineof battle and made all preparations for a fight, but finally sent forward one of their party to shake hands, and at the same time began todrive their stock back into the bluffs. They soon all came up and wished to shake hands. Lieutenant Dunn then demanded the stockand commenced disarming the Indians, when they turned and ran, turning and firing, wounding 4 of Lieutenant Dunn's party, 2mortally and 2 severely. Lieutenant Dunn had previously divided his party, sending a part of them across the country to intercept theIndians, and at the time of the skirmish had with him but 15 men. This much I have learned from the messenger verbally.The skirmish occurred on the north side of the Platte, 3 miles below Fremont's Orchard. The Indians were going north. It will be well totelegraph to Laramie that they may be ready, for this may be the signal of the uprising. Excuse my suggestion; will send anexpressman with further news as soon as we get it.Lieutenant Dunn has just arrived and reports that none of the men were killed; several of the Indians were seen to fall from theirhorses, but being freshly mounted, succeeded in getting them away, as the horses ridden by Lieutenant Dunn's men were tired bytheir long hunt after the Indians, having traveled nearly 80 miles. Lieutenants Dunn and Chase will proceed in the morning on theirtrail. I have sent for Gerry to act as guide, also to McWade to hurry forward our arms. These Indians were armed with a riffle, a Coltrevolver, and bows and arrows each, and were evidently on the war-path, as they did not talk anything but fight. Send down at least8,000 more cartridges for the carbines for this command.Major Downing was here when the information was received and fully concurs in the action taken.I am, sir, in haste, yours, respectfully,GEO. L. SANBORN,Captain, First Colorado Cavalry, Commanding.Colonel JOHN M. CHIVINGTON,Commanding District of Colorado.P. S. - Lieutenant Dunn says they represented themselves (the Indians) to be Cheyennes; they also had carbine pistols.G. L. S.2. Numbers 2. Report of Lieutenant Clark Dunn, First Colorado Cavalry.CAMP SANBORN, Colo. Ten., April 18, 1864.In pursuance of Special Orders, Numbers 9, dated headquarters Camp Sanborn, April 12, 1864, to take from the Indians stockconsisting of horses stolen by them from ranchmen in the vicinity of Camp Sanborn, & c., started at daylight, crossing the Platte,dividing my command, and searching the bluffs on the south side a greater part of the day, till about 3 p. m. I discovered their trailrunning in northwesterly direction toward the Platte River, when, about 4 p. m., on coming out of the sand hills, I discovered the Indianson the north side of the river, evidently intending to steal a herd of horses and mules grazing near Fremont's Orchard, which belongedto the quartermaster at Denver. Though during the day my command had marched about 75 miles over sandy hills, deep ravines, andmost of the time without water, the whole country being an arid waste, I immediately ordered the gallop and soon intercepted themfrom the herd, when, upon approaching them, I discovered a herd of horses, which they detached men to drive into the sand hillstoward the north, and placed themselves in a threatening attitude. When near enough to speak to them, Mr. Ripley, a ranchman, whohad lost all the stock he had, and who had informed us of their depredations, said that they were the Indians, and pointing to the herdsaid there was his stock. Feeling the great responsibility that was resting upon me, and not desiring to bring about an Indian was bybeing the first aggressor, I dismounted, walked forward to meet their chief, and tried to obtain the stock without any resort to violence.After requesting the chief to return the stock, who replied only by a scornPage 885 Chapter XLVI. EXPEDITION UP MATAGORDA BAY, TEX.full laugh, I told him I would be compelled to disarm his party, at the same time reaching forward as if to take the arms from one of theIndians, when they immediately commenced firing. I ordered my men to return the fire, and after a short time they fled, and I pursuedthem about 15 miles, when, finding that my horses would soon be worthless in the pursuit, I started toward Camp Sanborn, which Ireached toward midnight, when, obtaining fresh horses and Mr. Gerry for a guide, whose experience for twenty-five years with theIndians we deemed invaluable, I started again at daylight, following the trail till about noon, when it commenced storming violently,snowing and blowing, till the hills appeared to be wrapped in one volume of dust; still I pursued the trail. Though before the storm ithad become almost obliterated, it now soon became totally so, when, being unable to discover any further indication of their course, bythe advice of my guide I turned toward, about sunset, and reached camp before daylight the next morning.My command with me and engaged in the skirmish with the Indians numbered only 15 men, of whom 4 men were wounded, 2mortally and 2 severely. My men were armed with the Whitney pistol, caliber.36, and sabers. The Indians were about 25 strong whenthe skirmish commenced and were re-enforce by about 20 more. They were all well armed with rifles, navy and dragoon pistols, andthe carbine pistol, carrying an ounce ball, besides their bows and arrows. My men during the engagement behaved with greatcoolness, and evinced a degree of courage deserving more than ordinary credit. If my horses had been fresh, I am confident that thisband would never again have troubled the settlers in this vicinity.I have not yet been able to learn to what tribe these Indians belong, though their lances, shields, bows, and arrows which were leftupon the field are said by those most intimate with the Indians' character to be such as are used by the Cheyennes, though theirpeculiar method of traveling is not at all like them. We omitted to mention that we killed some 8 or 10 of the Indians and woundedabout 12 or 15 more.Very respectfully, your obedient servant,CLARK DUNN,Second Lieutenant, First Colorado Cavalry, Commanding Detach.* The perspective of the Tribal Leaders of the Cheyenne1. A group of Cheyenne warrior tribes, The Dog Soldiers, were on their way to raide their tribal enemy, The Crow Tribe, and on their way they found four stray mules.2. That night a white settler approached the Dog Soldiers camp and said that those were his mules. They Cheyenne said they would return them but that they required a gift for having found them for him.3. The settler refuses to give them a gift and upon not being able to acquire his alleged stolen mules, the settler approached his grievance to the Union soldiers stationed at Camp Collins.4. Dunn demanded that the mules be given back5. Dunn’s biggest mistake was trying to disarm the tribes by taking their rifles, pistols and native weapons away.* This, from the tribes perspective was interpreted as an act of aggression.6. There were rumors and fake reports being circulated by telegraph and print media outlets around the territory and throughout the Americas that these same Dog Soldiers attacked and killed the rancher who alleged had his mules stolen but under investigation there was no evidence to support this allegation.7. These news outlets and rumor spreading was created to stir up excitement and hysteria to eventually gain enough political and popular public opinion to eventually pave the way for the Chivington Massacre.* Enter John Evans1. John Evans, (born March 9, 1814, Waynesville, Ohio, governor of Colorado Territory, 1862–65, founder of Northwestern University(Evanston, Ill.), physician, and railroad promoter.2. A graduate of Lynn Medical College, Cincinnati, Ohio (1838), Evans practiced medicine in Indiana, where he helped establish a state hospital for the insane and served as its first superintendent (Indianapolis, 1845–48). While serving as professor of obstetrics at Rush Medical College, Chicago (from 1848), he and Orrington Lunt founded Northwestern University (1851). He went to the Colorado Territory as its second governor in 1862. In 1864 he founded the Colorado Seminary (Methodist), which later became the University of Denver. The Denver Pacific, South Park, and Denver and New Orleans railways were organized and partly financed by Evans.* Colorado Governor John Evans warns that all peaceful Indians in the region must report to the Sand Creek reservation or risk being attacked, creating the conditions that will lead to the infamous Sand Creek Massacre.* Evans’ offer of sanctuary was at best halfhearted. His primary goal in 1864 was to eliminate all Native American activity in eastern Colorado Territory, an accomplishment he hoped would increase his popularity and eventually win him a U.S. Senate seat. Immediately after ordering the peaceful Indians to the reservation, Evans issued a second proclamation that invited white settlers to indiscriminately “kill and destroy all…hostile Indians.” At the same time, Evans began creating a temporary 100-day militia force to wage war on the Indians. He placed the new regiment under the command of Colonel John Chivington, another ambitious man who hoped to gain high political office by fighting Indians.* The Sioux, Cheyenne, and Arapahoe Indians of eastern Colorado were unaware of these duplicitous political maneuverings. Although some bands had violently resisted white settlers in years past, by the autumn of 1864 many Indians were becoming more receptive to Cheyenne Chief Black Kettle’s argument that they must make peace. Black Kettle had recently returned from a visit to Washington, D.C., where President Abraham Lincoln had given him a huge American flag of which Black Kettle was very proud. He had seen the vast numbers of the white people and their powerful machines. The Indians, Black Kettle argued, must make peace or be crushed.1. When word of Governor Evans’ June 24 offer of sanctuary reached the Indians, however, most of the Indians remained distrustful and were unwilling to give up the fight. Only Black Kettle and a few lesser chiefs took Evans up on his offer of amnesty. In truth, Evans and Chivington were reluctant to see hostilities further abate before they had won a glorious victory, but they grudgingly promised Black Kettle his people would be safe if they came to Fort Lyon in eastern Colorado. In November 1864, the Indians reported to the fort as requested. Major Edward Wynkoop, the commanding federal officer, told Black Kettle to settle his band about 40 miles away on Sand Creek, where he promised they would be safe.2. Wynkoop, however, could not control John Chivington. By November, the 100-day enlistment of the soldiers in his Colorado militia was nearly up, and Chivington had seen no action. His political stock was rapidly falling, and he seems to have become almost insane in his desire to kill Indians. “I long to be wading in gore!” he is said to have proclaimed at a dinner party. In this demented state, Chivington apparently concluded that it did not matter whether he killed peaceful or hostile Indians. In his mind, Black Kettle’s village on Sand Creek became a legitimate and easy target.3. At daybreak on November 29, 1864, Chivington led 700 men, many of them drunk, in a savage assault on Black Kettle’s peaceful village. Most of the Cheyenne warriors were away hunting. In the awful hours that followed, Chivington and his men brutally slaughtered 105 women and children and killed 28 men. The soldiers scalped and mutilated the corpses, carrying body parts back to display in Denver as trophies. Amazingly, Black Kettle and a number of other Cheyenne managed to escape.4. In the following months, the nation learned of Chivington’s treachery at Sand Creek, and many Americans reacted with horror and disgust. By then, Chivington and his soldiers had left the military and were beyond reach of a court-martial. Chivington’s political ambitions, however, were ruined, and he spent the rest of his inconsequential life wandering the West. The scandal over Sand Creek also forced Evans to resign and dashed his hopes of holding political office. Evans did, however, go on to a successful and lucrative career building and operating Colorado railroads.So what does all this have to do with the price of tea in China, you might be asking?* Fear and Hysteria lead to life-changing decisions* We are witnessing this similar sort of hysteria and cultural public opinion being shoved down our throats by the mainstream media and radical political parties and politicians.* The push for gun control in America is being fueled by fear, hatred, shootings in public places* And ultimately, it is my view that these same tactics used by individuals like John Evans to strip and exterminate the Cheyenne and Arapaho tribes during the Sand Creek Massacre will be the same tactics used to disarm law abiding citizens across the country and ultimately strip Americans of their individual freedoms and freedom of religion.Mark my words:* If the weapons we have now are successfully stripped from us just like they were stripped from the Cheyenne and the Arapaho tribes the next phase of the plan will, in fact be, stripping people of their freedoms of speech and religion for the sake of a more peaceful society with the promise of protection. The very same promise made to these tribes of the Sand Creek Massacre.* And because of Sand Creek we can now be aware of how something within a culture can generate increasing friction among differing people groups, rumors can be spread to increase popular opinion of events, and percolate individuals seeking to better their political aims to the point where they are actively seeking the appropriate opportunity to assimilate their version of a world view to the ret of society and actively engage in stripping the land and rights away from individuals who have come into that people groups crosshairs.* We have reached a point in our American society that has friction at every edge. Whether is be the right to keep and bare arms, freedom of speech, freedom of assembly, the right for our viewpoints to be heard, and the right to worship Jesus Christ.* Just by publishing this podcast I’m putting a target on my back by those who have a differing viewpoint.* We have to realize that we are seeing first-hand the effects of fake news, outrage culture, gender and sexual identification and qualification and the right to have a differing viewpoint in social media but if you decide to share that viewpoint openly you are attacked; verbally or sometimes physically and in most cases labeled as a bigot, a racist, homophobic , a conspiracy theorist, or a radical.

In August of 2010, just weeks after her ex-husband was found brutally murdered, his body left rotting in a field near southeast Memphis, Sherra Wright packed up and moved out of her Collierville home. But on her way, out, Sherra gave law enforcement somewhat of a trail of evidence to follow in Lorenzen’s murder investigation.By November of 2010, another NBA basketball season had started, Lorenzen would have celebrated his 35th birthday. and as the days turned to weeks, and weeks to months, many wondered if police would ever find out who killed Lorenzen Wright.Despite the time that passed, Deborah Marion was relentless in her quest to find out who killed her first-born son. There was no question, or day of the week that was off limits.But for all the information provided to, or gathered by investigators, we’ve learned police might have missed other, crucial evidence along the way, because of people they reportedly didn’t talk to.So there were those who said they wanted to talk to police and didn’t. And then there was Sherra, who eventually stopped talking to police — but she did decide to sit down with us.

Veteran public relations consultant, author and professor Fraser Seitel joins Tim to talk about a horrendous moment in American business history and how that spurred the need for the public relations profession and PR practitioners to serve as the “conscience of the organization.” This story centers on John D. Rockefeller, Jr., the striking workers of the Ludlow Camp in 1914, and one of the fathers of the PR profession, Ivy Lee. https://traffic.libsyn.com/shapingopinion/89_-_The_Ludlow_Massacre_-_The_Birth_of_PR.mp3   During the summer of 1913, the united Mine Workers labor union started to try to organize the 11,000 coal miners at John D. Rockefeller’s Colorado Fuel & Iron Company. Most of these workers were immigrants from Italy, Greece and Serbia. They had been brought in to replace other workers who had gone on strike 10 years earlier. Their grievances centered on low pay, long hours and allegations of corruption. In short order, these 8,000 employees went on strike. They wanted a 10 percent pay raise, an eight-hour work day, and the right to live and trade outside of the company-owned town. Everything they wanted was already required by Colorado law, but enforcement of the law was another issue. Not long after they went on strike, the workers were evicted from their company-owned homes. That’s when they decided to set up make-shift tent cities surrounding the mines in which they had worked. The largest of the tent cities was known as the Ludlow Camp. John D. Rockefeller decided to hire a detective agency, which was staffed by a group of roughnecks out of Texas. The detectives would periodically raid the striking workers’ camps. Sometimes they’d fire off their weapons, rifles and shotguns, to intimidate the striking workers and their families. By November, the Colorado governor called in the Colorado National guard at the request of the company. The Guard formed militias, and their members carried out more raids and shootings in the tent cities. The strike went on through the winter and in the Spring, Rockefeller appeared before Congress. He described the standoff as a “national issue, whether workers shall be allowed to work under such conditions as they may choose.” He said the workers were satisfied with their labor conditions. On April 20th, 1914, four militiamen brandished a machine gun at some of the striking workers. At some point, someone fired the first shot. It is not known who. But one thing that everyone agreed on is that a full day of gunfighting followed. That night, the National Guard set fire to the Ludlow camp. Thirteen residents who tried to run away, were shot and killed as the camp burned, and where many others burned to death. In the Ludlow camp, there was a hospital tent called the women’s infirmary for sick women and their children. The day after the Ludlow raid, four women and 11 children were found. All of the children and two of the women were killed. Mary Petrucci was one of the survivors. She lost three of her children in that infirmary fire. Fire wasn’t the only weapon of choice. The National Guard had sprayed the Ludlow camp with machine gun fire. At least 66 were killed, including those women and children. News of the Ludlow Massacre, as it would quickly be known, spread. It filled newspapers across the country and brought government and public pressure down on John D. Rockefeller in ways he never anticipated. Fraser Seitel is one of the senior statesmen in the PR field today, and over the years, he himself had served as a spokesperson for the Rockefeller Family. By the time he took on his role, both the PR profession and the Rockefeller Family had evolved. In this episode we talk about the role Ivy Lee played after the event in changing the way Rockefeller thought about his role in the tragedy, the workers themselves and the responsibility he and his business interests had to the community.

  The Battle of Gettysburg can trace its origins back to September of 1862 when Robert E Lee audaciously lead his Army of Northern Virginia on an invasion of the North.   Since taking command in June of 1862, Lee had beaten back Major General George B McClellan’s Army of the Potomac and secured the Confederate capital of Richmond during the peninsula campaign. He then moved to Northern Virginia where he thrashed Major General John Pope’s Union Army of Virginia in August at the battle of Second Manassas.   After this victory, Lee strategically chose to keep his aggressive momentum going rather than settle into a defensive posture around Richmond. So he turned his attention to Northern Territory; specifically, Pennsylvania, probably, Harrisburg. This, Lee knew, would draw the Union Army out of Virginia.   By September 16, Harpers Ferry had fallen and Jackson’s Corps, save A.P. Hill’s Division, which was en route from Harpers Ferry, had been reunited with Longstreet and Lee on the bluffs along the Antietam Creek outside of Sharpsburg, Maryland. Early that misty morning, Confederate guns opened fire from the high ground northwest of town.   The bloodiest 12 hour period in American history was underway. When it was all over, 23,000 Americans would be killed, wounded or missing.   The battle of Antietam is considered a draw and Lee withdrew his Army back into Virginia.   General George McClellan sat on his laurels and failed to pursue and crush Lee’s army. Lincoln had had enough. By November, Lincoln fired McClellan. Taking his place was Ambrose E Burnside, a General who is best described as “a modest man with much to be  modest about”. This description betrays his flamboyant and unique facial hair styling, which may have given birth to the term sideburns. Upon taking command, Burnside planned an aggressive offensive against Richmond, Virginia by way of Fredericksburg. But this boldness was immediately met with troubles crossing the Rappahannock River, mainly because of delayed pontoon bridges. This gave Robert E Lee time to entrench his army on Marye’s Heights behind the town of Fredericksburg.   On December 13, Burnside ordered the battle begin. Orders from Burnside were to “send a division or more” in an effort to seize the high ground west of Fredericksburg. The approach was fraught with difficulties: fences, gardens, a canal, narrow bridges over the canal and scattered homes, barns and, eventually, the fallen, all promised to break up and slow the Federal advance over the open plain.   Longstreet’s men were hidden behind a stone wall that ran along a sunken road at the base of the heights, known at that time as the Telegraph Road. Major General Lafayette McLaws had about 2000 men on the front line and an additional 7000 reserves on the crest of and behind Marye’s Heights. Batteries pointing in every possible direction had very few target-deficient spots on the Union approaches. As soon as Union troops came out of the city, they came under artillery fire. Next Major General Winfield Scott Hancock’s Division’s emerged to suffer the same fate as French’s. The Irish Brigade, commanded by Brigadier General Thomas Francis Meagher, was first to go up.   Before going into battle, Meagher addressed his men, saying, “This may be my last speech to you, but I will be with you when the battle is the fiercest; and, if I fall, I can say I did my duty, and fell fighting in the most glorious of causes.” His men gave him three cheers. Meagher remained behind, naming a bum knee as the cause.   On the order: “Shoulder arms, right face, forward, double quick, march!” The Irishmen raced toward the enemy.   Immediately they came under artillery fire.   One well-placed Confederate shell exploded among the 88th NY, taking out 18 men. The Confederate line opened fire with a galling sheet of flame.   MULHOLLAND: "Officers and men fell in rapid succession," wrote Lt. Col. St. Clair Mulholland of the 116th Pennsylvania Volunteers. "Lieutenant Garrett Nowlen fell with a ball through the thigh. Major Bardwell fell badly wounded; and a ball whistled through Lieutenant Bob McGuire's lungs. Lieutenant Christian Foltz fell dead, with a ball through the brain. The orderly sergeant of Company H wheeled around, gazed upon Lieutenant Quinlan, and a great stream of blood poured from a hole in his forehead."   By day’s end, Burnside sent Seven Union divisions against Marye’s Heights, one brigade at a time, making a total of fourteen individual charges, each of which failed, costing the United States Army around 7500 casualties. The total Union casualties is the Battle of Fredericksburg were well over 12,000   Confederate losses at Marye's Heights totaled around 1,200 and their total losses in the battle were just over 5000. _______________________________   Major General Joseph Hooker came to command the Army of the Potomac by undermining Ambrose Burnside in any way he could while politicking and forming a band of Hooker-loyalists within the high command of the army. Being fully aware of this and in spite of it, Lincoln gave Hooker the command.   For all his bombast, “Fighting Joe” Hooker played a crucial role in the evolution and condition of the Army of the Potomac. Upon taking command, Hooker implemented changes that made the army easier to manage and that improved the health and morale of its troops.   “I have the finest army on the planet,” Hooker boasted. “I have the finest army the sun ever shone on. ... If the enemy does not run, God help them. May God have mercy on General Lee, for I will have none.”   Joe Hooker was plotting and planning a great campaign that would take his army across the Rappahannock yet again, but this time, not straight at the city of Fredericksburg like his predecessor did.   Instead, Hooker would hold a portion of his army, under Major General John Sedgwick, at Falmouth, across from the city, while marching the remainder north to swing down on Lee’s flank.   Lee, on the other hand, had sent almost half of his army away on a foraging mission under the command of Lieutenant General James Longstreet. This had to be done because the Confederate army was always plagued by shortages in food, clothing and other supplies and equipment. Remaining with Lee were the men of Stonewall Jackson’s corps and two of Longstreet’s divisions. Hooker had Lee outnumbered two to one. Moreover, Hooker had gotten his army safely across the Rappahannock and Rapidan rivers and on Lee’s flank. All that was left to do was crush Lee’s smaller Army of Northern Virginia and march on down to Richmond.   If only it were that easy.   On the night of May 1, Lee and Jackson held a council of war to decide on what to do next. Something needed to be done. They were badly outnumbered. Jackson told Lee that Hooker’s right flank was “in the air”- a term meaning that it wasn’t anchored by a topographical feature like a hill or a river-- and that he knew of a road that could conceal his troops as he moved them on a flanking march of the Army of the Potomac.   When Lee asked which of his troops Jackson would require for the operation, Jackson’s reply was simply: “All of them.”   And so the next day, Jackson lead his men, some 30,000 strong, on a dozen-mile march around the Union right.   Holding the Union right, for now, was the pious Major General Oliver Otis Howard’s XI Corps, made up mostly of German immigrants.   By afternoon, reports filtered in to Howard’s headquarters  and to Hooker’s about Confederate troops being spotted to the west of Howard’s position, which was facing south.   Three colonels in Howards corps reported personally to headquarters. All three reported being laughed at and sent away. Late in the afternoon, as Howard’s men were preparing coffee and food, a massive wave of deer, turkeys, rabbits and the like came charging out of the woods. At first, the Union troops laughed and jeered, some probably thought of what a nice meal some of the animals might provide. But their amusement wouldn’t last long, for, hot on the heels [BEGIN FADE IN OF REBEL YELL, MUSKETRY, MEN RUNNING] of the wildlife came the wild-eyed troops of  Robert Rodes’ Confederate division. Howard’s XI Corps was caught totally off-guard.   Rode’s rebels swept through the Yankee camps as eleventh corps soldiers fled for safety.   Just five Union regiments offered resistance...until they, too, caved to the massive gray wave.   Nightfall brought an end to Jackson’s attack. Jackson, however, wasn’t ready for it to end and took to taking a personal reconnaissance of the enemy positions in hopes of making a rare night attack. Upon returning to his lines, Jackson and his staff were mistaken for enemy cavalry by Confederate pickets and were fired upon. Two of his aides were killed. Jackson was hit twice in the left arm and once in the right hand. While carrying him off on a littler, the litter-bearers tripped and fell, dumping Jackson off the litter on his left side. AP Hill was now in command, but he would soon be wounded through the calves and command of Jackson’s Corps went to Lee’s Cavalry commander, General James Ewell Brown “JEB” Stuart. Outnumbered over two to one, Robert E. Lee won his “perfect battle”. Casualties for the Army of Northern Virginia were more than it had taken at Antietam. Of the roughly 60,000 men engaged, over 13,000 were casualties.But that was 21 and a half percent.   Arguably the costliest casualty of the battle of Chancellorsville was that of Stonewall Jackson. Upon learning of Jackson’s loss of his arm, Lee famously said that Jackson “has lost his left arm, but I have lost my right.”   Stonewall Jackson’s wounds resulted in the amputation of his left arm. By May 9th, he was in repose at the office of Thomas Chandler’s Fairfield Plantation in Guinea Station, Virginia. His wounds were healing much to the satisfaction of his young surgeon, Doctor Hunter McGuire, but, along his road to recovery, Jackson had developed pneumonia. Doctor McGuire had consulted other doctors and Jackson’s prognosis was grim: he would die within the day.   “Presently a smile of ineffable sweetness spread itself over his pale face, and he cried quietly and with an expression as if of relief, ‘Let us cross over the river and rest under the shade of the trees’; and then, without pain or the least struggle, his spirit passed from earth to the God who gave it.”-- Dr. Hunter McGuire ____________________________________________________________________ SPONSORS GettysBike Tours- www.gettysbike.com Rick Garland- http://www.obejoyfull.com/ ______________________________________________________________________ CREDITS: Written, narrated and edited by Matt Callery Historical consultation by Licensed Battlefield Guide Bob Steenstra.   Music by Dusty Lee Elmer, Pearle Shannon and Kelley Shannon, O Be Joyful, and the California Consolidated Drum Band   Recorded in Studio A at the GettysBike Tours studios   Copyright 2019   _____________________________________________________________________   REFERENCES:   The National Park Service http://www.battlefields.org/learn/civil-war/battles/fredericksburg Battle of Fredericksburg in Encyclopedia Virginia Official Records Mackowski, Chris, and Kristopher D. White. Simply Murder: The Battle of Fredericksburg, December 13, 1862 Wert, Jeffry D. The Sword of Lincoln: The Army of the Potomac.   For recommended reading about the battles of Antietam, Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville, please go to www.addressinggettysburg.com/books and follow us on Instagram and Facebook @addressinggettysburg    

By November 1967, the number of American troops in Vietnam was approaching 500,000, and U.S. casualties had reached 15,058 killed and 109,527 wounded. As the war stretched on, some soldiers came to mistrust the government’s reasons for keeping them there, as well as Washington’s repeated claims that the war was being won. Bombarded by horrific images of the war on their televisions, Americans on the home front turned against the war as well. In October 1967, some 35,000 demonstrators staged a massive Vietnam War protests outside the Pentagon. Opponents of the war argued that civilians, not enemy combatants, were the primary victims and that the United States was supporting a corrupt dictatorship in Saigon. Amid this turbulent time, a counterculture of flower power was also emerging, giving way to sex, drugs, and scores of unforgettable music.

Join Tim Ray as he interviews Judy Anne Mikovits PhD. Judy Anne Mikovits is an American researcher. She was involved in controversies regarding her research in the area of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). Mikovits was the research director of the Whittemore Peterson Institute (WPI), a chronic fatigue syndrome research organization and clinic in Reno, Nevada in the United States from 2006 to 2011. Mikovits led a research effort that reported in 2009 that a retrovirus known as xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus (XMRV) was associated with CFS and may have had a causal role, however the research came under fire, leading to an eventual retraction on December 22, 2011 by the journal Science. In October 2011, Mikovits was terminated by WPI for refusing to turn over a cell line that was delivered her laboratory by mistake, and subsequently came under investigation for alleged manipulation of data in her publications related to XMRV.[1] On November 18, 2011, Judy Mikovits was arrested in her Ventura County, California home. Her lawyer said she was arrested on charges of theft brought by the WPI, but that the charges had no merit.[2] By November 28, after negotiations with the WPI, 18 missing notebooks were returned. Later, the criminal charges against her were dismissed by the Reno, NV District Attorney's office. http://www.plaguethebook.com/

On Episode 1 of "Sing It, Sister!" Clare and Ellen discuss The Sound of Music. One of them did a little TOO much research before the show.    Show Notes: -  Wikepedia: "Although critical response to the film was widely mixed, the film was a major commercial success, becoming the number one box office movie after four weeks, and the highest-grossing film of 1965. By November 1966, The Sound of Music had become the highest-grossing film of all-time—surpassing Gone with the Wind—and held that distinction for five years."  - According to IMDB, The Sound of Music is currently the 19th highest grossing musical of all time.  - Production Credits (according to IMDB): Robert Wise Productions (as A Robert Wise Production of Rodgers and Hammerstein's) Argyle Enterprises (produced by) (as Argyle Enterprises, Inc.) - Movie vs. Reality: The Real Story of the Von Trapp Family from Archives.gov - “The Sound of Music” Wedding Dress is Historically Inaccurate from FlipBrew.com - 14 Facts About The Sound of Music from Mentalfloss.com

In 2017, it was recorded that Dayton, OH had one of the highest rates of overdoses in the entire country. By November of last year, Montgomery County Ohio, which is anchored by Dayton had already seen 548 overdose deaths. However, in 2018 there have only been 250 total deaths which is a reduction of 54% from last year. To determine what caused these numbers to drop so drastically, the New York Times spent several days investigating Dayton. They conducted interviews with public health officials, police, doctors, nurses and other treatment providers to see what Dayton has done to cut their overdose rate in half. The New York Times profiled many of these success stories in their article. Today’s episode features some of these programs that have made a difference in Dayton. Greg spoke with Dr. Mary Huber who helped found Conversations for Change. This is an event held every other month which provides people with a meal and an opportunity to meet with treatment providers. Hear more of this and other game-changing programs are doing for Dayton and how they can help save lives today.

Location, location, location. It's the cry of any good businessman. In 1825, the Federal wrecking act prescribed that all property record in US waters be taken to a US port of entry. It was in 1828, that Key West was designated one of these us ports of entries. POS grew from a desolate Island into a bustling city within just a few years. Eventually Congress acknowledge Simonton as the owner of the island and Key West incorporated twice, once as a city, and then as a town, Congress created the Superior Court of the Southern District with Admiralty power. Judge James Webb was its first judge, but his successor William Marvin will probably be most remembered. He was the one that authored the Law of Wreck and Salvage and later it was a provisional governor of Florida. At the close of the Civil War. In 1832, Key West reverted to a charter type city government. It was during this time that John Whitehead's brother William surveyed this city in 1929, Southern was the Secretary of the Navy hints Southern Street and eaten was the Secretary of the Army hints eaten Street. William Duvall was the first territorial governor of florida hence we have the famous Duval street. Wrecking could provide quick monetary rewards. One of the early Charleston settlers in Key West was Richard Fitzpatrick. Fitzpatrick was a 30 year old when he arrived in Key West and he became the only authorized auctioneer for wrecking property before the 1928 wrecking bill. Reportedly, in one year, he made around $10,000 thousand dollars and auction hearing fees alone that would be equivalent to $280,000 today.   Two years after the aforementioned 1928 events, the Census of 1830revealed Key West population was 517; the year before 150 acres were mapped out as a town with 64 blocks these early settlers to Key West or primarily from the New England states, not from the Bahamas. Key West grew as a maritime military and County community. Five years after Monroe County was established Key West was incorporated and became the county seat. The population at that time was less than 600 people, and the main industries by 1830 were salvaging the shipwrecks on the reef and fishing. By 1845, Florida was granted state it was during the American Civil War, while Florida succeeded enjoying the Confederate States of America. That Key West remained in the Union hands because of the naval base. Fort Zachary Taylor, which is still standing today was constructed between 1845 and 1866, and it was an important Key West outpost during the Civil War. But as a result of the wartime population increase, Key West just continued to grow. Monroe County's population by 1870 was 5657 and only 641 with outside of Key West. During the late 1800s, the economy of Key West was changing from ship salvaging to cigar production. Construction of the lighthouses along the reef made the waterway more navigable and contributed to the decline in the number of ships. During this time, there was a large number of refugees that had escaped from Cuba. These refugees brought over with them their skills enhance rolling cigars. By November 26, 1890, the population of Key West had soared to nearly 18,800 residents, and it claimed to be the biggest and the richest city in the state of Florida. At the height of the cigar industry. in Key West. There was approximately 200 cigar factories producing 100 million hand rolled cigars annually. However, manufacturing competition from Tampa and Ybor City put an end to Key West hand rolled cigar industry. By 1930 today, you can still visit one of these cigar factories, but now it's actually home to the county offices Fort Monroe County. It's the gado building. If you come to Key West You can also visit for Zachary Taylor and enjoy the beautiful area and some snorkeling and all the outdoor activities that a normal state park would have. And that is what happened today in Key West history. Today in Key West History is brought to you by 43 keys media. If you want to know more about our glorious past and even what's going on currently in the beautiful Florida Keys, please visit http://43keys.com.  

Dan was born and raised in Montana, grew up on a horse ranch and learned early on the importance of taking proper care of livestock, part of that care centered around the feeding and health of the animals.Early on in 1974, Dan witnessed the inability of modern medicine to provide real lasting solutions to his grandfathers Parkinson’s Disease. This failure prompted Dan’s father Sam to pursue a much less invasive approach to personal health in the family which lead him to becoming a master herbalist and Naturopathic Doctor. Later in 1983, we watched as my other grandfather succumbed to Liver failure in a VA hospital in Oregon. These experiences shaped Dan’s father’s pursuit even further into natural, safe, effective, non-invasive ways to handle chronic illness.In 1998 the Country Doctor Nutritional Center was established in Torrington, WY. By November, 2001 Dan was asked to join Sam in this endeavor. At the time, Dan was the Assistant Director of Elk Creek Academy, an 86 acre campus tucked away in the mountains of Northwestern Montana. This academy catered to at risk teens and is where Dan began to develop his unique and captivating style for education, communication and truly changing lives with words followed by action.Today, some 17 years later, Dan’s approach to guiding people along their personal wellness path is unparalleled, educating over 6000 people per year in the family practice in Cheyenne, WY.People travel from all over the country to have the Country Doctor Experience.Dan Young’s Philosophy of WellnessHave you ever met someone that always seems to feel good, look good, have lots of energy and never gets ill? They are for the most part up beat, happy and full of life. Ever find that you ask yourself, “Why?” Why is it that this person is experiencing good health on, what seems to be, an all time basis and you are not?There are several reasons for this…genetics, diet, exercise. However there is one thing the people described have in common. They believe in and apply certain principles to their daily lives. Its called “Wellness Philosophy” and it has a major impact on how we feel and how well we avoid illness.We have all heard for decades the importance of cleansing the body, transporting the waste products and giving the body proper nutrition. We could list dozens of procedures to achieve good health under each of these areas. So, if we know all this, why are we not achieving and maintaining good health? I feel the answer lies in the following explanation.One of my earliest mentors in business and a super successful individual by the name of Jim Rohn gave me this simple formula years ago, shedding light on the difference between success and failure and I wish to pass it on to you.Success is “a few simple disciplines practiced every day.”Failure is “a few errors in judgment repeated every day.”This may sound simple, but take a close look at how knowing this can help you amend your philosophy on wellness. We don’t experience poor health overnight. It takes decades of doing the wrong things day in and day out to place us at ailments door. Because there is no catastrophe at the end of the first day, we unfortunately think that it doesn’t matter and we continue to make the same errors over and over.“An apple a day”…Lets put it another way. We have all heard the old saying, “An apple a day keeps the doctor away.” If that is true you might say, “Wow, that sounds like it would be easy to do, an apple a day to keep the doctor away, sure I could do that because it would be easy.”Now here is were we get tripped up. Not only is an apple a day easy to do, it is easy not to do, and because there were no major problems over the short term when I didn’t eat the apple, why should I amend my philosophy on wellness?Mr. Rohn also told me to look for the half dozen things that make the majority of the difference in our lives. Usually just a half dozen, simple disciplines practiced everyday make 80% or more of the difference in our good health.Ask yourself these 3 simple questions:What do I do on a daily basis that helps my body cleanse itself, i.e. diet, exercise, supplementation, rest, etc.?What do I do on a daily basis that will assist my body to get rid of toxins and waste products?What do I do on a daily basis that nourishes and helps the body rebuild itself?By answering these simple questions honestly and using the experience of others as a guide, you can determine what disciplines you need to amend for your good health. Remember…it is not difficult to achieve good health…however, it does take daily disciplines.

WAS THE CIA INVOLVED IN THE JONESTOWN MASSACRE? Plus 3 More Terrifying True Stories! #WeirdDarknessEveryone was welcome at the People’s Temple. Young and old, black and white, over 900 of them lived together at an idealistic socialist commune in the jungles of Guyana called Jonestown. By November 1978, they were all dead.That at least some of the deaths were murder is obvious, but was something even more sinister at work? Dark suspicions that the events of Jonestown were some kind of CIA mind control experiment began to circulate.BATTLE THE DARKNESS: http://www.WeirdDarkness.com/BATTLE WEIRD DARKNESS *LIVE* ON HALLOWEEN: http://weirddarkness.com/weirdweb/1600/ IN THIS EPISODE: Was the Unidentified Cape Cod Murder Victim an Extra in Jaws? Horror author Joe Hill thinks so. (Murder On The Set of Jaws) *** Of the many mysterious and ominous places on earth, many bodies of water are said to be cursed, haunted, or both. For whatever reason these lakes have drawn about them tales of misfortune, terror, and death, and they continue to elude rational answers. I’ll share some of the strangest. (Cursed Lakes) *** At the dawn of the 20th Century Ambrose Bierce was one of the most famous writers in America. And then he mysteriously vanished. (The Disappearance of Ambrose Bierce) *** Was the mass suicide at Jim Jones' commune in Guyana in 1978 a CIA mind control experiment? (Welcome to Jonestown)If you like what you hear, please share a link to this post on your social media, tell your friends about the podcast, and please leave a rating and review in Apple Podcasts; I might read your review here in a future episode!  SUPPORT THE PODCAST...*Advertise your product/service on Weird Darkness; visit http://www.bgadgroup.com or call 770-874-3200.*WHAT WAS THAT COMMERCIAL I HEARD?: http://www.WeirdDarkness.com/sponsors WEIRD DARKNESS STORE at http://www.WeirdDarkness.com/store AUDIOBOOKS NARRATED BY DARREN at http://www.WeirdDarkness.com/audiobooks BECOME A PATRON at http://www.patreon.com/marlarhouse JOIN THE FACEBOOK GROUP at https://www.facebook.com/groups/MarlarHouse/  STORY CREDITS AND/OR SOURCES…“Welcome to Jonestown”: https://theunredacted.com/the-peoples-temple-massacre-welcome-to-jonestown/ “Cursed Lakes” by Brent Swancer: https://mysteriousuniverse.org/2018/06/some-of-the-most-bizarre-cursed-lakes-of-the-world/ “Murder On The Set Of Jaws” by Orrin Grey for The Line Up: http://ow.ly/gz3P30mbj8F “The Disappearance of Ambrose Bierce” by John Davis: http://mysteriouswritings.com/unsolved-mystery-the-disappearance-of-ambrose-bierce/ WEIRD DARKNESS MUSIC PROVIDED BY Midnight Syndicate http://amzn.to/2BYCoXZ and Shadow’s Symphony http://www.facebook.com/shadowssymphony/ - all music used with permission. All rights reserved.  All other music provided by AudioBlocks.com with paid license.  1 Peter 5:8 = “Be careful – watch out for attacks from Satan, your great enemy. He prowls around like a hungry, roaring lion, looking for some victim to tear apart.” ** “How can I be saved?” http://ow.ly/gaE730lTme9

Kikkan Randall is the United States’ most decorated cross-country skier. With three World Championship medals, one in each color, 33 World Cup podium finishes, 13 of those for gold, Randall has repeatedly pushed her body to its limit in order to compete with the world’s elite in her sport. Despite cross-country’s niche status in the U.S., in Europe, Kikkan Randall is a household name, where she commands superstar status. After her 2014-15 season, the physical and mental grind of the cross-country tour had taken its toll on the Alaska resident. Wanting to start a family with her husband, retired Canadian cross-country skier Jeff Ellis, the couple decided the time was right so Randall took a season off from competition. They welcomed their first born, a son they named Breck, in April 2016. By November, Kikkan was back on the World Cup race circuit. In February 2017, she solidified her return, winning her first world championship medal since 2013 in Lahti, Finland, a bronze, in her signature event, the sprint. No U.S. woman has ever won an Olympic cross-country medal. As the only constant on each of the past three U.S. women’s Olympic relay teams, Randall believes PyeongChang represents the best chance for the U.S. women to end their medal drought. Racing to a fourth place finish at the 2017 World Championships, the lineup consisting of Randall, Jessie Diggins, Liz Stephen and Sadie Bjornsen will likely ski in their second consecutive Olympic relay as medal threats.   Learn more: https://www.kikkan.com/

Fresh off their impressive showing at the Copa America tournament, the U.S. team was feeling ready to take on the world. Or, more specifically, the World Cup. That was coming up in 1998 and the players were primed to begin the qualification run. “We were a confident team,” remembers defender Marcelo Balboa. “When we walked out on the field, we knew that we could beat anybody in the world.” But exactly who would walk out on that field was the question nagging at every player. Even if the team qualified for the World Cup, not every player would make the final 22-man roster. Even fewer would get starting roles. The yearlong qualification process, thus, became a kind of ongoing audition for the World Cup roster, with Steve Sampson serving as casting director. And with his interim-coach days now behind him, he felt confident about making decisions, even bold ones that would not make everyone happy.   His first big move was to take the title of team captain away from the calm-under-pressure veteran Balboa and give it to the scrappy, tenacious Jersey boy, John Harkes. And this title didn’t come with “interim” before it. In fact, Harkes was known as “Captain for Life.” The change didn’t put Balboa in the best frame of mind for the march toward the World Cup. To make it, the U.S. would have to survive an initial round of six games and qualify for a second round of 10 games, dubbed the “Hex.” For players, this test is both physical and psychological. Stifling heat, waterlogged fields and in every city they traveled to — a stadium filled with people who truly hated them. Balboa remembers a dummy dressed in a U.S. national team uniform that was swung from the top tier of a stadium with a noose around its neck. Jeff Agoos says a bag of urine was probably the worst thing thrown at him — though the C batteries hurt, too. It was an added degree of difficulty for players who were battling other teams and trying to outshine one another for playing time. The next big move by Sampson as he started to whittle the team down was to bench the team’s highest-profile player, the closest thing it had to a star, Alexi Lalas. “It sucked,” says Lalas. “Because I felt that you dance with the ones that brung you.” But the players weren’t the only ones with jobs on the line. U.S. Soccer was already courting the Portuguese coach Carlos Queiroz as a replacement for Sampson.   By November 1997, there were just three games to go in the “Hex” and the American position was tenuous. With doubt setting in, the team arrived in Mexico City for a crucial game, knowing the U.S. had never beaten or even tied Mexico on their home turf. Once inside The Estadio Azteca, the team would battle the triple threat of altitude, smog and the noise of 105,000 frenzied Mexican fans. The Americans played shorthanded after Jeff Agoos was sent off the field with an early red card. Yet, somehow, they tied, 0-0. Their performance was so impressive that the Mexican fans gave the American team a standing ovation as they left the field. That game proved to the team they could win anywhere in the world. Just one week after Mexico, the U.S. qualified for the 1998 World Cup in a shutout game against Canada. Cue: the celebration. The flowing champagne, giddy embraces and heartfelt speeches were all captured for posterity, including that moment Sampson threw an arm around his Captain for Life, John Harkes, and said to him, “Your third World Cup. Can you believe it?” But not all the players celebrating in the locker room that day would actually get to play at the 1998 World Cup. Some of the team’s most experienced veterans would go to France, but never set foot on the field. Others wouldn’t make it there at all, including, of all people, John Harkes. Just two months before the World Cup, the Captain for Life was captain no more.  

Barbara Weibel is the owner of HoleInTheDonut.com travel blog. Barbara is a travel blogger with an incredibly inspiring reinvention story. Marc felt inspired after listening to her story and hopes you will, too. Listen in to see how her career works. Key Takeaways: [:44] Marc welcomes you to Episode 70 and invites you to share this episode with like-minded souls. Please subscribe wherever you listen to this podcast, share it on social media, and tell your neighbors and colleagues. [1:16] Marc gives an overview of the podcast series. The first in the series is an interview with an expert. Two weeks ago, Marc interviewed Marcia LaReau and Neil Patrick, co-authors of Careermageddon: Cracking the 21st Century Career Code.[1:42] Last week, Marc interviewed Kelsey and Matt Moore, owners of Coolworks.com, the Mecca of seasonal jobs at places like the U.S. National Park Service. This week, Marc interviews interview Barbara Weibel, owner of HoleInTheDonut.com travel blog. Barbara is a travel blogger with an incredibly inspiring reinvention story. [2:06] March and April episodes may vary a bit, as Marc and his wife leave for Mexico on March 14 for four weeks as they are exploring the possibilities and working on all of the uncertainties. Marc will record several episodes in Ajijic, Mexico. [2:30] The last week in the series is a Q&A episode. [2:33] Marc introduces Barbara Weibel. [3:06] Barbara owns and publishes Hole in the Donut Cultural Travel, generally ranked among the top 100 travel blogs in the world. Barbara worked in corporate jobs for 36 years and can honestly say that she hated that life. She was never comfortable with the politics and the stresses. She put her nose to the grindstone preparing for retirement. [4:05] Barbara has about a 10-year attention span. She needs a new challenge all the time. She was a great problem-solver. She would take a company that was not doing very well and restructure it to be successful. About five years in, she was stressed out but stayed because of the money. Eventually, she would leave, until the next job. [5:51] Barbara shares her career path, starting in sales, moving into management, owning a PR firm, marketing major malls, marketing a chemical recycling company. When the chemical company went bankrupt, Barbara moved to the Caribbean and opened a couple of small businesses there. She has done a lot of different things. [7:13] Nothing she had done had brought her happiness. Then she got Lyme Disease. It took five years before a definitive diagnosis when it was chronic Lyme Disease. She developed neurological deficits. She took antibiotics for six weeks and was very ill. She examined her life and found it lacking. She wished for something to do with passion. [9:37] In this six-week period, she recalled childhood joys of photography, reading National Geographic, and writing and editing for her school newspaper. She has taken adventurous travels from the time she was old enough to go on her own. She realized photography, writing, and travel are her true passions. [11:02] She promised herself that if she could get better, she would walk away from everything. At the time, she was managing broker for a group of real estate offices. She told her boss if she could get well in a year, she would give up her job and go traveling. She found a naturopath for her Lyme Disease and in a year, she was well. [13:03] With multiple properties she owned, she had about $14K mortgage payments every month. She was tempted to go back to work but realized she would not be happy. [13:26] Barbara closed up her house and bought a six-month around-the-world ticket. She made a list of the 17 countries she had always wanted to visit. People discouraged her. This was in 2006, before blogs were known. She actually did the blog primarily so her father and family could keep up with her adventures. He was scared for her. [14:22] After the six-month trip, Barbara came back for her niece’s wedding. At that time only about 1,200 people were reading the blog. She spent the next two-and-a-half years building up the traffic on the blog. She was supporting herself by freelance writing. She also managed to sell her home, so there was some money from that. [15:30] By November 2009, Barbara was traveling so much that having a permanent base no longer made sense. She went on the road full-time, up until December 2017. [16:00] Blogging was emerging as an important vehicle. People start their travel investigation on the internet. Barbara had started early, positioning herself to become one of the top travel bloggers in the world. She was selling text-link ads, making enough to stay in dorms and hostels around the world. Google, by the way, put an end to that. [18:20] Barbara needed a new income stream. She had 25-to-30 thousand people a month reading her blog. 85% of them are new every month. That was not a big enough audience to attract advertisers to the site. The next big thing was sponsored content or native advertising. Barbara didn’t want that. Her writing is engaging storytelling. [20:37] Barbara made the decision to stay true to herself, and stick with the literate first-person narrative writing. Over the years, Google has come to like her style. In the eyes of Google, her blog has gained great authority, which means it is highly ranked. [21:15] Marc points out that this was not an overnight success. Barbara recognizes her writing has improved over the years. It’s continually evolving. [22:28] The new model of sponsored blogging is to accept brokered ads on their sites. Barbara refuses to accept ads and popups. She will will not lessen the quality and integrity of her blog. She is free to pick and choose what she does, as she took Social Security at age 62. She is 66, now. [25:31] Barbara has been spending months in Thailand each year. She fell in love with the country on her first visit. She has visited 94 countries and she can’t find anything better than Thailand. She no longer feels physically fit to travel full-time. [27:17] Barbara says she is doing more at 66 than a lot of people she knows who are in their 40s. But she needed to have a base again. She rents a one-bedroom apartment on the sixth floor of a condo in Chiang Mai, Thailand. She has a mountain view with beautiful sunsets. She’ll travel five months and stay in the apartment for seven months. [28:41] Barbara talks about living on Social Security and what the cost of living is in Thailand. She can afford it. [29:39] Because Barbara doesn’t sell ads, her income stream is minimal. She gets offers for press trips, sponsored by cities and countries. Most travel writers and publications accept these, with the notable exception of Condé Nast. [31:15] Barbara is taking a two-week land-and-sea trip in Greece with Collette Tours later in May. At the first part of May she will work with Ethio Travel and Tours on a two-week tour around Ethiopia. She doesn’t do a lot of press tours, unless it’s to a place she really wants to visit, from a reputable company. She’ll do two or three a year. [32:06] Barbara has done this all throughout her 11 years of blogging. This is one of the tricks to maximize money coming in. The blogger is paid to travel. Barbara puts it in writing that the travel agency does not have any right to review or change her writing. They don’t get to see it before it’s published. She will write the truth about the trip. [34:36] Barbara will not accept a per diem because it is a conflict of interest to write something negative after she has been paid to write. When something falls apart, she will write about it. Most of the time, things go very well. [35:00] Barbara talks about other content bloggers provide. [35:35] Barbara talks about how things turned out, compared to what she planned. It’s about the same, except for how much work it is! Tweets, Instagram come after culling a day’s worth of photos. Then there is the email to answer, blog updates, and finally, research and writing. On average, Barbara sleeps four-to-five hours a night touring. [37:57] Barbara tells people it’s never too late. If you can visualize, down to the smallest detail, what you want your life to be, then you can create that life. She is proof of that. She reinvents herself as many times as needed. [38:40] Barbara talks about her mission, discovered during her year of recovery. We are one human family. [41:47] Marc hopes you are inspired to follow your dreams! [42:50] Check back next week, when Marc will answer your questions! Mentioned in This Episode: Careerpivot.com Careermageddon: Cracking the 21st Century Career Code, by Marcia LaReau and‎ Neil Patrick CoolWorks.com HoleInTheDonut.com Named for when she felt empty inside before finding her calling. National Geographic Condé Nast Collette Tours Viking River Cruises Barbara@HoleInTheDonut.com Please pick up a copy of Repurpose Your Career: A Practical Guide for the 2nd Half of Life, by Marc Miller and Susan Lahey. The paperback, ebook, and audiobook formats are available now. When you have completed reading the book, Marc would very much appreciate your leaving an honest review on Amazon.com. The audio version of the book is available on iTunes app, Audible, and Amazon. Marc has the paid membership community running on the CareerPivot.com website. The website is alive and in production. Marc is contacting people on the waitlist. Sign up for the waitlist at CareerPivot.com/Community. Marc has two initial cohorts of 10 members in the second half of life and they are guiding him on what to build. He is looking for individuals for the third cohort who are motivated to take action and give Marc input on what he should produce next. He’s currently working on LinkedIn, blogging, and book publishing training. Marc is bringing someone in to guide members on how to write a book. The next topic will be business formation and there will be lots of other things. Beta groups will be brought in 10 at a time. This is a unique paid membership community where Marc will offer group coaching, special content, and a community where you can seek help. CareerPivot.com/Episode-70 Show Notes for this episode. Please subscribe at CareerPivot.com to get updates on all the other happenings at Career Pivot. Marc publishes a blog with Show Notes every Tuesday morning. If you subscribe to the Career Pivots blog, every Sunday you will receive the Career Pivot Insights email, which includes a link to this podcast. Please take a moment — go to iTunes, Stitcher, Google Play, or Spotify through the Spotify app. Give this podcast an honest review and subscribe! If you’re not sure how to leave a review, please go to CareerPivot.com/review, and read the detailed instructions there. Email Marc at Podcast@CareerPivot.com. Contact Marc, and ask questions at Careerpivot.com/contact-me You can find Show Notes at Careerpivot.com/repurpose-career-podcast. To subscribe from an iPhone: CareerPivot.com/iTunes To subscribe from an Android: CareerPivot.com/Android Careerpivot.com

This episode of the WizardCast we're joined by Jessica Murphy. Jessica shares her Trailblazer story. She's and Admin/Developer that started 2017 with no certifications. By November she's gotten 5 certs! She's also a Trailhead Ranger with 125 badges. Did I mention she also has a Master's in Education? We talk about how someone with a Master's in Education became a Salesforce Admin & Developer. Jessica shares her incredible story of going from no certs and no badges to a Trailhead Ranger with 5 certifications. We also discuss the visibility of Women in Technology, How the Salesforce community is special, and Jessica reveals evil secrets of using her Master's in Education in her Salesforce career. Show Overview 00:01 A squirrel's ransom 01:28 Intro Music 01:53 Setting the Atmosphere Joke 03:02 We got Nothing 03:56 Affiliate Libsyn, Free month with promocode podmagic 04:43 Jessica Murphy Introduction 05:40 Jessica corrects Brian 06:41 How far a master's with education gets you 08:50 User Group Meeting, Chris Duarte, and a hoodie act as the hand of fate 09:40 SouthEast Dreamin' and Mary Scotton continue the push 10:14 2016 starts Trailhead Badges, 2017 Certifications with Destination Success 12:20 The power and uniqueness of the Salesforce community 13:40 Visibility of Women in Tech 15:10 Not just helping out, it's community of lifting each other up 15:45 Brian Admits he has a problem with Trailhead 16:40 Credit to Salesforce Saturday 18:00 Rob Alexander encourages certifications 19:50 Certifcation Celebration Dance 20:50 Jessica reveals her evil secrets with her Master's in Education 23:40 More evil secrets 25:05 Brian requests to learn how to use education principles in our jobs 31:10 Jessica's recommendations on how you too can excel with Salesforce 34:30 Finding a Mentor 37:00 Close Out & Rachel Watson intern 37:51 What 1 question would you ask to Parker Harris? Submit http://bit.ly/parkerquestions 38:00 What idea from IdeaExchange should we highlight? Submit http://bit.ly/ideahighlight 39:45 Jessica confirms that Mark was wrong about Dreamforce HELP US SPREAD THE WORD! We’d love it if you could please share #WizardCast with your twitter followers. Click here to post a tweet! https://ctt.ec/23f7u Ways to subscribe to The WizardCast Click to Subscribe via iTunes/Apple Podcasts Click to Subscribe via Stitcher Subscribe via RSS FEEDBACK You can ask your questions, make comments, bad jokes, and your requests!  Contact Us via Website Leave of Voicemail 608 492 0321 Email wizardcast@thewizardnews.com Audio and Music provided by: Cherry (Instrumental Version) (Josh Woodward) / CC BY 4.0 http://www.freesfx.co.uk sounds come from http://www.freesfx.co.uk/sfx/squirrel and http://soundbible.com/1283-Angry-Squirrel.html  

In today's episode we have Aniesa Knapp who shares her 20 week pregnancy loss story of daughter Ava and her personal blog My Hope Floats.  Aniesa is the mom to Angel Ava who was born into heaven at 20 weeks and has been married to her husband Don for 3 years.  They live in Hartford County, Maryland with their fur baby Piper.  Aniesa is a nurse and works as a home care nurse liaison.   She created the My Hope Floats blog to continue to heal and to hopefully connect with others who have experienced pregnancy loss. Aniesa and her husband Don became pregnant without even "trying" in July 2014, but didn't find out until August.  They had just gotten married.  Happiness, joy, a touch of anxiety.  It was the "perfect" pregnancy.  All bloodwork and vitals, both her and the babies, were good. No sickness, concerns or complications.  At our 20 week anatomy scan, they found out they were having a girl. That was a Tuesday. They had our gender reveal that Saturday, November 1, 2014. Aniesa didn't know it at the time but her water broke.  She thought it was her bladder.  She did not have any pain,  cramps or bleeding.  Aniesa didn't think anything of it. The following Tuesday, she felt like she needed to hear her heartbeat. Aniesa went to her GYN. There was no heartbeat.  She was then induced, dialated and delivered her baby girl.  They started trying again 3 months later.  By November 2016, they saw an RE for fertility testing and treatments. They did our first of 3 unsuccessful IUI's in November. They still are continuing to try naturally and ask God for a baby either naturally or by adoption.    Alesia's Social Links/Recommendations Website Instagram Book: Grieving the Child I Never Knew Book: Anxious for Nothing You can follow Erica on Social Join the Sister's in Loss Facebook Group Erica's Website Erica's Instagram Erica's Facebook Erica's Twitter

As you head into December and draw near to the looming college application deadlines that follow in the first two weeks of January, we are sure you have a lot on your minds, parents.  Almost all of you are worried about how you are going to pay for whatever college your teenager eventually enrolls in. Most of you are worried about whether your teenager is going to get into his or her first choice.  Many of you are worried about whether your teenager will get into any of his or her top several choices.  Some of you are worried about whether your teenager will get into any of the colleges that are your top choices for him or her.  And a few of you, undoubtedly, are worried about whether your teenager will get into any college at all. But, here is something you already know:  Parents, you have no control over what colleges choose to admit your teenager, so you might as well stop worrying about that.  On the other hand, here is something else you already know, but rarely think as hard about as that first thing:  Parents, you have plenty of control over the number of applications your teenager submits.  And that is the subject of this episode on the biggest college application mistake you are about to make. 1. What Is the Mistake? This mistake that you and your teenager are about to make could be the biggest mistake of the whole college application process that has been going on in your family perhaps for the past six months--or longer.  And the mistake couldn’t be simpler to recognize or easier to correct.  Quite simply, make sure that your teenager applies to enough colleges.  If there are a few colleges that you aren’t quite sure about even at this point in December, our advice would be to go ahead and have your teenager apply to them.  One might be a reach school that your teenager hasn’t quite gotten out of his or her system.  Another might be a target school that you thought your teenager didn’t need because he or she had enough of those on the list.  Another might be a safety school that was an interesting idea, but a bit outside your comfort zone.  Frankly, it doesn’t matter what those additional colleges might be.  Just go ahead and have your teenager apply.  Why?  Because having colleges to choose from next April is priceless, as they say.  2. Looking at the Numbers When we took up this topic about 18 months ago (way back in Episode 77), we quoted from an article by Mike McPhate in The New York Times on April 11, 2016, which explained that students were applying to more colleges than they used to: In 1990, just 9 percent of students applied to seven or more schools, according to the National Association for College Admission Counseling.  By 2013, that group had grown to 32 percent. (quoted from the article) And, if I had to guess, based on all the articles we read and chatter we hear, I would say that the 32 percent is likely still higher now in the 2017-2018 round of applications. You already know all of the reasons for that rise in the number of applications--from the fact that The Common Application now makes it so easy to apply to additional colleges with just the click of a button--at least when those additional colleges don’t have supplementary application questions and essays to complete--to lots of talk about how certain colleges are receiving record numbers of applications and, therefore, lowering their acceptance rates.  According to a U.S. News & World Report article by Delece Smith-Barrow last September, California placed eight public institutions on the list of the 10 U.S. colleges that received the most applications for fall, 2016.  Great for public California higher education institutions, maybe not so great for California kids!  As we mentioned a couple of weeks ago, UCLA had over 102,000 freshman applicants for this past fall, up another approximately 5,000 applications from the 2016 number in this news article.  Joining UCLA on the list are five other University of California campuses (including the flagship UC Berkeley campus, with about 82,000 applications), two California State University campuses, and two private universities whose names make them sound public:  New York University and Boston University.  Each of these institutions received more than 57,000 applications almost two years ago now. Of course, as more students apply to more colleges for fear they won’t get into any, more applications are received by each college, and the whole thing becomes a vicious cycle.  You might recall that we have talked recently about the fact that high school graduates are shrinking in number and, consequently, that college enrollment is also shrinking.  Experts say that the worst of the admissions crunch might be over for high school seniors and their parents.  Nonetheless, we have also noted that the great colleges and the most selective colleges (which might or might not always be the same thing) are not really hurting for applicants.  And, I don’t think ever will be in my lifetime.  So, getting into top colleges and getting into popular colleges (again, which might or might not be the same thing) will still be a concern for lots of you out there, for sure. By the way, according to The Common Application website, the “total number of applications submitted through November 1[of this year] was 1,518,131 (+20% over 2016) from 510,912 unique applicants (+13.3% over 2016).”  By November 15, that number was up to almost 2 million applications and another 100,000 unique applicants.  So, it’s not just that more applications are being made; it’s that more are being made under Early Decision and Early Action plans.  And we have said that before, too. According to a Common Application spokeswoman about 18 months ago, about 4 or 5 applications is what the typical student submitted for admission in fall, 2017.  Of course, in addition, this typical student could have submitted applications to colleges that do not use The Common App, but my guess is that would perhaps just add one or two colleges to the list. 3. What Is the Magic Number?  So, what is the magic number of applications to submit?  The first thing to say is that, according to The College Board’s website, there is no magic number.  I am sorry to hear that because I was hoping there was a magic number that we could just tell all of you and you could quit worrying about it!  But The College Board’s website goes on to say that 5 to 8 applications are usually sufficient to get a good match for a student. In a more recent July article also by Delece Smith-Barrow at U.S. News & World Report, Ms. Smith-Barrow quotes Matthew Proto, vice president and dean of admissions and financial aid at Colby College, a lovely liberal arts college in Waterville, Maine, as saying, “I don’t know if there is an actual best number.” But she goes on to note: While there may not be a specific number applicants should aim for, experts say, there is a specific range. Prospective students should have between four and eight schools on their list, experts say. (quoted from the article) Interesting, because I don’t think that we actually agree with this advice, generally speaking.  The article also says this:  Applicants should carefully weigh the number of schools where they’ll submit applications to maximize their chances of being a strong candidate, and to avoid the drawbacks that can come with applying to too many or too few schools, admissions experts say. Applying takes work, experts say, and submitting applications to a large number of schools may ruin the quality of the prospective student’s applications. (quoted from the article) Really?  A drawback to applying to too many colleges is that you will have to work hard on each application so that each one is of high quality?  I would say this to students: “Get over it.  If you can’t work hard enough to do a bunch of applications over perhaps four months (when most of them are maybe 80 percent the same), then I am worried about your chances of succeeding in any college.  Really.” While we have talked in plenty of other episodes about the variety of colleges we think your teenager should have on the list of colleges he or she will actually apply to (different sizes, different locations, both public and private institutions), we are not going to go into that here.  Today is just a numbers game. So, what is the right number?  Every expert (you just heard from a couple of them) and every college counselor has a number.  Some of these numbers--like the 4 to 8 or the 5 to 8 we just heard--seem low to me, but maybe that’s because I like teenagers to have plenty of good options available to them next April.  In our first book (How To Find the Right College: A Workbook for Parents of High School Students, still available through Amazon), Marie and I offered a recommendation of applying to 8 to 12 colleges.  We do know that most--though not all--applications cost money.  We also know that, if you are eligible, you can get fee waivers for many of them.  And, since those of you who listen often already know that I am not very cost sensitive about a decision this important to your teenager’s future, I am going to suggest that several hundred dollars (to even $1,000) spent now on application fees might save your family a lot of heartache next spring.  Now, I am going to say, like the late great Jerry Orbach said in Dirty Dancing, “When I’m wrong, I say I’m wrong.”  When Marie and I did our most recent book How To Explore Your College Options: A Workbook for High School Students (also available at Amazon), we said that 15 college applications is probably a sensible average, plus or minus 5.  So, that’s a bit more than our earlier advice.  We are pretty sure that we are right this time, and we trust that you can keep your teenager working through this month to produce high-quality applications until the very last one is submitted.  Good luck! Find our books on Amazon! How To Find the Right College: A Workbook for Parents of High School Students (available as a Kindle ebook and in paperback) How To Explore Your College Options: A Workbook for High School Students (available in paperback) Ask your questions or share your feedback by... Leaving a comment on the show notes for this episode at http://usacollegechat.org/episode146 Calling us at (516) 900-6922 to record a question on our USACollegeChat voicemail if you want us to answer your question live on our podcast Connect with us through... Subscribing to our podcast on Google Play Music, iTunes, Stitcher, or TuneIn Liking us on Facebook or following us on Twitter Reviewing parent materials we have available at www.policystudies.org Inquiring about our consulting services if you need individualized help Reading Regina's blog, Parent Chat with Regina

Successful business planning comes when we develop the habits to utilize them. There are three guests joining Monica on the show today, to talk about how they’ve been successful with their business planning. Misty Woodford has been in real estate for about 10 years and formerly owned her own brokerage. She no longer owns her firm and now works with Benchmark Realty and is actively selling. Trish Myatt has been in real estate for nearly 14 years, and right from the start got into a good system and long-term planning. Barry Owen was in the Army for 12 years and has been in real estate for 24 years. He owns his own firm and teaches and still does some selling but mostly runs the company. Why is business planning so important? For Misty, the motto that stuck with her is “failing to plan is planning to fail.” Having a plan allows her to continue to move forward with tasks, following the plan like a roadmap. It is a stress reliever for Trish, and having a plan allows her to have something to come back to when things start getting crazy. Barry uses business planning because it gives him a place to go — it boils down to whether what he’s doing right this minute is contributing to where he wants to go. When making her business plan, Trish reflects on what worked for the past year and what she wants to carry over and tries to look ahead to see where the market is going, to see if there are any proactive changes that need to be made. Barry starts business planning for the next year on the first day of the fourth quarter. He tries to think of three big priorities to hit in the next year and uses the remaining time in the quarter before the new year to figure out how he’s going to turn those goals into practical steps he can achieve. Misty sets aside three days towards the end of the calendar and sets three business, personal, and spiritual goals. By November she likes to have what the plan will look like for the next year. It’s important to schedule in family time and time away from the business as well, as well as any marketing events you want to do for your clients. Trish talks about her “pumpkin run” and how she uses time to show appreciation to her clients. Making time can be difficult, but you just have to do it. Planning it as part of your day and guaranteeing you will do it is vital for making sure the business is supporting the clients. Barry does this first thing in the morning each day, so he doesn’t have to think twice about anything during the day. This makes it easier to deal with obstacles as well. Clients often understand that you need time away from them to best help serve them when you are helping them. Misty turns her phone off at a certain time each night. When working on your plans, it’s important to consider how much business you want to do, your finances, and take a look at what systems you have that help you focus forward. Misty lays out what she has to have, what would be nice to have, and what is the dream level. Knowing what is enough in all those areas is an important start. Also understanding what you can delegate or refer to other people can help redefine success for you and your business plan. Barry’s plan is about moving forward every single day towards a better quality of life. Financial planning is incredibly important as part of your business plan. Trish focuses on the synergy between business purchases and how they come back to reward her. Sometimes investing in something personally can help you focus on making smart business decisions. Misty talks about giving yourself permission to know what you thrive on and allocating resources for the other things. Spending your money on the right things is also important to make sure your business is sustainable. Barry ended up outsourcing for some positions he needed to be filled and it’s been a huge help to his business. Barry, Trish, and Misty talk about some of the software and technology they are using in their businesses. Some of the things they are using are Commissions Inc, Brokerment, Top Producer, QuickBooks, and Wise Agent. The panel shares some tips for keeping up with their businesses. Trish uses the checklists in Top Producer to follow up with clients and maintain to-do lists for each day. Misty also utilizes checklists but she uses the Wise Agent program to help manage transactions. Members of the panel also still use paper planners, as well as Gmail and Barry uses Google Drive as a backup. Having these systems is beneficial, but only if you have the right habits to utilize them! Having an accountability partner is very useful for getting the most out of systems and making sure you’re getting done what you’ve said you’re going to do. Barry’s final closing thoughts are about the idea of 80/20 — 20% is the vital few or the stuff that must be done and 80% is everything else. If someone wants to succeed, they have to know who and what the 20% are. This can help prioritize your projects and organize your day. Trish has brought some of her customer service background to her real estate business. She uses her systems to manage customer information so she can recognize their house anniversaries, birthdays, and annual reviews. For people who aren’t too high tech, you can still grow a big and healthy business. For Misty, the key to making business planning and time management work was knowing who she was as a person and knowing what she needed the systems to do for her. Finding what worked for her is what made her do it. Education is a huge help to stay focused on your business and provide creative ideas. It doesn’t have to be real estate-centric. You can also learn from peers that you admire — don’t be afraid to ask them for tips! Monica shares three final tips for successful business planning. The first is setting an appointment: set an appointment with yourself to do your planning, then actually go to the appointment — make it a priority! After you have met with yourself and done your planning, meet with a friend who can hold you accountable to stick to do you plan. The second tip is to choose one new system that can help you improve your business next year. Her third tip is to find or pick a new source of education for yourself. Is there an area of your business where you are weak? Find a source of education that will help you grow in that area. Additional Links: Center for REALTOR® Development – OnlineLearning.REALTOR Live Designation Classes – Training4RE.com Guest Links: Misty’s Links: MistyWoodford.com Facebook.com/mistywoodfordrealtor Facebook.com/MistyDWoodford Trish’s Links: NashvilleOnlineRealEstate.com Barry’s Links: BarryOwensBlog.com ParetoRealty.com Guest Bios: Misty Woodford Misty Woodford is a 3rd generation REALTOR®, currently serving as a REALTOR®, trainer, teacher, and coach in the Middle Tennessee real estate market. Misty’s primary focus is residential resales and buyers working with new construction in the Williamson County and immediate surrounding areas. Licensed in TN for 10 years, Misty owned her own brokerage for the first 8.5 years of her career. Needing a life focus change, she closed up shop and joined Benchmark Realty in February 2016. When Misty isn’t selling or teaching, you can find her chasing her two young children around Franklin as they pursue their wildest dreams. Trish Myatt Trish Myatt is a Broker with Benchmark Realty in the Greater Nashville area. A native of the region, Trish has a wide knowledge of where the market has been and pays attention to where it is heading. With 13 years in the business, she holds the ABR, CRS, SRES, and ASP designations and serves as a Director for both her local and state associations. She is excited to serve on her first NAR committee in 2018. A long-time supporter of RPAC at the Golden R level, Trish understands the importance of staying on top of local, state, and national legislation that impacts her clients. Ask her about the annual “Pumpkin Run” and you'll learn how she cultivates her strictly repeat and referral business. Barry Owen Barry Owen is a Broker/Owner of the firm Pareto Realty in Nashville, TN. The Pareto Principle is the 80/20 rule — The Vital Few — and Barry models his life and business after this model, focusing on what he considers to be the most important items every day first. His career started in the Army as an Engineer. He went on to be a consultant in the field of Organizational Development and Transformation. In 1993, he started his career in Residential Real Estate. During that time he has been a founding member of several real estate offices, Principal Broker, and Career Development Coach. He has served on the Greater Nashville REALTORS® Board as a Board Member, Committee Member, and Ombudsman. He loves to blog, coach and train. His program to help agents live High-Performance Lives is called, “The Life Rhythm Way.” Host Information: Monica Neubauer Speaker/Podcaster/Realtor Monica@MonicaNeubauer.com FuntentionalLiving.com FranklinTNBlog.com

Welcome to Episode 50 of the Mountain Nature and Culture Podcast. I'm your host, Ward Cameron and I'm recording this on November 25, 2017. I can't believe this is actually episode 50. When I started this project almost a year and a half ago, I'm not sure I believed I would actually ever get 50 shows recorded. All I could do was focus on the next episode. Each new episode triggered a new round of research, reading, scripting, recording, editing, and uploading. For me, it's been about the process. Those of you that know me, know that I will always talk about finding the story in the science. Stories are everything to me and I'm lucky enough to be surrounded by an endless number of very talented scientists, historians, park managers, conservation officers, and other lovers of the mountain west. Stories help us to learn, understand, and care for the amazing landscape and culture that surrounds us. Before I started this project, I considered myself a naturalist and guide, and never really got involved in controversial issues. When I really began to do the research though, there were many things that simply needed to be called out. Some of these included: • ill-advised bike trails in Canmore and Jasper National Park • free park passes in National Parks already bursting at the seams • the loss of Bear 148 in Canmore due to flagrant violations of bear closures • and Canmore's wildlife corridor challenges. At the same time, I was amazed by some of the incredible science that is taking place that sheds new light on our landscape and the plants and animals that call it home. A few highlights include: • amazing research on Columbian ground squirrels taking place in Kananaskis Country • revelations on the importance of gravel river ecosystems • a new climate change research centre in Canmore • the reintroduction of bison after 130 years in Banff National Park • new discoveries on dinosaurs across parts of Alberta and British Columbia • the dismantling of the concept of an "ice free corridor" migration to the new world for our earliest indigenous ancestors • a study showing grizzlies will choose berries over salmon if given the opportunity • New insights into ancient Neanderthal medicine and most recently, • A study showing that cougars are not as solitary as scientists once thought. I've also had the opportunity to share a number of historic stories as well including: • The story of outfitter and guide Bill Peyto who's image graced the town entrance for years • The story of the search and discovery of the lost Franklin Expedition ships • The history of snowshoeing • The story of the man behind Waterton Lakes National Park's name • The building of the Canadian Pacific Railway, including the stories of surveyors Walter Moberly and A.B. Rogers, and railroad chief William Cornelius Van Horne. • The trials and tribulations of gold seekers during the Caribou goldrush and in this episode • The history of scurvy and its impact on Canadian exploration. I'm going to keep looking for new discoveries to keep you up to date on all of the great stories behind the scenery. I hope you'll be with me to celebrate 100 episodes in another year or so. What stories would you like to hear? You can send your suggestions by visiting the show page at www.MountainNaturePodcast.com/ep050 and enter your suggestion in the comment field at the bottom of the show notes. I love hearing from listeners and this is your opportunity to influence the direction of future episodes. Thanks for being a part of the story…and with that said, let's get to it. New Directions for Wildlife Crossing Structures Back in episode 34, I talked about the great success that Banff National Park has had with its highway mitigation program of wildlife fences, over and underpasses, and highway twinning. The park has pioneered the use of these structures to both reduce the number of animals being killed along our highways while also improving connectivity across the Bow River valley. If you'd like to check out that episode, you can hear it at www.MountainNaturePodcast.com/ep034. I also mentioned that new designs were being investigated to help the program evolve as it expands to new locations across North America. A design contest was held by Arc Solutions and it invited companies to submit new designs using a wide diversity of materials and construction methods. As more and more destinations adopt similar methods of protecting connectivity and wildlife, it's important that the structures evolve to fit the location, the species being protected, and in some cases, the available budget. We need to avoid looking at a wildlife overpass as if it was a bridge. While they are both structures designed to span some form of crossing, the similarities end there. Bridges are usually narrower and usually much longer. This means they need to be engineered in a very different way. Wildlife overpasses are usually wider and span much shorter distances, such as a few lanes of highway. The more squat design of wildlife overpasses provides more opportunities to alter the design to solve unique challenges. Since they don't have to be over-engineered like a long span bridge, they can incorporate more innovative designs and use lighter materials. In addition to the ability to vary the materials, they could also use more flexible or modular components. While Banff gets a lot of credit for its extensive work on expanding the use of connecting structures in North America, the first wildlife overpass was built in France in the 1950s. A number of European countries have followed that lead, in particular the Netherlands, where they have more than 600 crossing structures. They also boast the longest overpass, the Natuurbrug Zanderij Crailo, which spans 800 metres and crosses a canal, a highway, and a rail line. In Europe, wildlife overpasses are generally referred to as Ecoducts. The goal for the future is to avoid one-size fits all solutions and to be able to take better advantage of material design and landscape contours. New highways, and upgrades to older roads with a history of animal-vehicle impacts are all candidates for considering connectivity as a key component of the planning process. According to Arc Solutions, crossing structures should be: • "considered as early as possible in the transportation planning process so as to avoid the more costly problem of retrofitting or rebuilding; • cost-effective in terms of materials, construction and maintenance; • ecologically responsive to current and anticipated conditions; • safe for humans and wildlife alike; • flexible or modular for possible use in other locations; • adaptive, to facilitate mobility of wildlife under dynamic ecosystem conditions; • sustainable in terms of materials and energy use, and responsive to climate change; • educational, revelatory and communicative to the public; and • beautiful, engaging and remarkable." One of the other benefits of the crossing structures in Banff National Park has been their ability to continue to teach us about how wildlife use the landscape. By constant monitoring of their usage over decades, we begin to understand our wildlife populations, and in some cases, how individual animals move through their territory. Banff is also unique in its focus on making sure the structures are also effective for large carnivores. While elk and deer were quick to adapt the underpasses, it took years for our more wary carnivores to begin to regularly use them. It was largely for this reason that the decision was made to build the first two overpasses when Banff began its second phase of highway twinning in 1996. In order to spur innovation in overpass construction, Arc Solutions sponsored a design competition in 2010. It brought together landscape architects, engineers, ecologists and an array of other professionals to focus on new ideas on how to improve connectivity across landscapes. The goal was to design a structure in Colorado's West Vail Pass along I-70. The competition spurred designers to look beyond a simple function only focus, and to try to push the envelope to create something entirely new. The competition attracted more than 100 firms on 36 teams. The judges narrowed down the entries to 5 finalists. The teams created some incredibly beautiful, yet innovative designs that were functional in achieving the goals of wildlife connectivity. There was a wide variety of materials used, varying from laminate timber, steel, glass-reinforced plastic, and wood-core fiberglass, amongst others. They all took modularity into account in order to create scalable designs that can vary with the landscape and either be extended or have components that can snap together. Also critical is how they all incorporate real-time opportunities for monitoring for both research and educational purposes. Cameras integrated into the structures can connect with phone apps, websites, schools, or kiosks. Unfortunately, the winning design has yet to be built on West Vail Pass. The wildlife still die in large numbers on the pass. Unfortunately, this section of highway has the reputation for killing every species of wildlife in Colorado save three. Whitetail deer, elk, grizzly and black bear, bighorn sheep, wolf, and even wolverine are regularly lost. Locally, it's referred to as the "Berlin Wall" for wildlife. Hopefully, like Banff, funds can be found to build this and many more structures across the mountain west in Canada and the U.S. Vail Pass may be called the "Berlin Wall" today, but just 30 years ago the Trans Canada between Banff and Lake Louise was referred to as the "meat grinder" for the same reason. Today it's a source of inspiration for destinations across North America dealing with challenges of animal impacts and connectivity. Hopefully new designs help to reduce the costs associated with building more and more crossing structures. In a related story, a recent study has found that female grizzlies with cubs have a definite preference for wildlife overpasses as opposed to underpasses when crossing the Trans-Canada Highway through Banff. The study showed that while male grizzlies seem to use both kinds of structures, females with cubs have a definite preference. The study looked at 17 years of crossing data over 5 of the 44 structures within Banff National Park. All of the bears preferred the more open structures like open-span bridges and overpasses as opposed to the more narrow box culverts and tunnels. Males would use the more confined structures, but definitely preferred a bit more space. Despite their preference for open structures, males still made many crossings on the box culvert style underpasses. It may be possible to create crossings focused on male bears which would help reduce the likelihood of females with cubs encountering males while using the crossings. In Canmore, a long underutilized underpass at Stewart Creek is seeing some renewed interest by both grizzly bears and wolves. This underpass is on one of the previously approved wildlife corridors in Canmore. While the corridor is used by a variety of animals, the underpass under the Trans-Canada Highway has not seen a great deal of wildlife traffic. Part of this may be the high level of human use in the corridor, with many of those people being accompanied by off-leash dogs. In recent months though, wildlife cameras have revealed a significant uptick in wolves and bears crossing through the underpass. In the period between Sept 24 and Nov 23, there were 8 wolf crossings - the first evidence of wolves using the underpass in the 20 years since it was first built. 2017 has also seen 8 separate crossings by grizzly bears so far as compared to 22 crossings in total since 2009. This year represents 36% of the total crossings in that timeframe. Banff also saw a slow adoption of underpasses by carnivores when they were first built, but in time, they became comfortable traversing them. Of the 8 wolf crossings, several were repeat visitors. It's believed that there are at least 3 wolves that have been counted more than once. In particular, collared wolf 1501, the former alpha male of the now disbanded Bow Valley Wolf Pack. With repeated use, the underpasses can become a typical part of their natural travel patterns. In Banff, the historic movement of wildlife determined the location of the 44 over and underpasses built through the park. In Canmore, the wildlife corridors are being designed by people and not the by the animals that have traversed the valley for centuries. We build house after house in the traditional movement corridors and then pull out crayons on a map and say "let's put the corridor here!". Wildlife don't read maps. They read landscapes. In Banff, the crossing zones are often terrain traps, places where habitat and landscape naturally funnel animals to potential highway crossings. Years of winter track surveys of carnivores helped park managers to locate the most important crossing areas for wildlife. They didn't try to force them to go anywhere, rather they let the animals tell them where they wanted to cross. Wildlife corridors and the crossing structures associated with them are critical to the long-term success of the Yellowstone to Yukon corridor. Canmore still has a lot of battles to help ensure the safety of the corridors within its town boundaries. An uptick in use at one underpass does not signal a win for what companies like Three Sisters and Silvertip would like the community to think is due to their efforts. We all need to keep the pressure on to make sure that Canmore doesn't turn into a cul-de-sac in the greater north-south movement corridors for wildlife. Let's celebrate the increased interest by some of our iconic animals, while continuing to push to make sure that it is a trend and not an anomaly. Next up - the scourge of scurvy Scurvy through the Ages In the 21st century, it seems almost inconceivable that someone could contract scurvy, a debilitating disease caused by a lack of vitamin C. With today's modern medicine, scurvy seems to have joined diseases like polio and smallpox in the dustbin of history. That being said, a story in the Canadian Press dated June 9, 2016 talked about an abused teen in Calgary that was likely suffering from scurvy at the time of his death at the age of 15. It was a horrific story of abuse and shows that even ancient, almost forgotten diseases can reappear if basic nutritional needs are not met. When we turn back the pages of time, scurvy really was one of the most devastating scourges affecting travelers throughout history. It seems to strike people when they were far away from home, and correspondingly, away from good nutrition. The cause of scurvy was not proven until 1747 when a Scottish doctor named James Lind showed through a controlled experiment that the use of citrus fruits would cure the disease. This could have, should have, ended the story of scurvy, but alas, history is often not so forgiving. The cause of scurvy has been repeatedly discovered, forgotten, and rediscovered time and time again over the ages. Even the Greek Physician Hippocrates who died in 370 BCE talked about the disease, as did Egyptians more than 1,000 years earlier. Move the clock forward to the 13th century and Crusaders were regularly plagued by scurvy. However by 1497, Vasco de Gama's crew were well aware of the benefits of citrus fruits. Alas, had the Internet existed so long ago, maybe the local discoveries of cures might have been more widely known. The common denominator seemed to be soldiers, explorers, or mariners traveling far from their homes and lacking the fresh fruits and meats that would have been part of their normal diets. The longer they relied on stored, preserved foods, the more likely that the symptoms of scurvy would strike them. Even Canadian history is riddled with tales of scurvy. One of the earliest explorations in Canada was that of Jacques Cartier in 1535-36 (the same man responsible for giving Canada its name). By November of 1535 Cartier's crew, along with a large group of Iroquois were suffering terribly from the disease. By February, 50 of his 110 member party were beyond all hope of recovery and 8 had already died from the disease. According to his journal, the disease: "spread itselfe amongst us after the strangest sort that ever was eyther heard of or seene, insomuch as some did lose all their strength, and could not stand on their feete, then did their legges swel, their sinnowes shrinke as blacke as any cole. Others also had all their skins spotted with spots of blood of a purple colour: then did it ascend up to their ankels, knees, thighes, shoulders, armes and necke: their mouth became stincking, their gummes so rotten, that all the flesh did fall off, even to the rootes of teeth, which did also almost fall out". The crew was losing hope, and it seemed that only prayer could help. Cartier had one of the recently deceased crew autopsied to see if a cause might be determined. His heart appeared rotten and when cut into, issued a great deal more rotten blood. His lungs were black. There was no answers in the autopsy, only more questions. The crew continued to dwindle until only three healthy men were left on the ships. When all seemed lost, Cartier encountered a native by the name of Domagaia who: "not passing ten or twelve dayes afore, had bene very sike with that disease, and had his knees swolne as bigge as a childe of two yeres old, all his sinews shrunke together, his teeth spoyled, his gummes rotten, and stinking. Our Captaine seeing him whole and sound, was therat marvelous glad, hoping to understand and know of him how he had healed himselfe...He answered, that he had taken the juice and sappe of the leaves of a certain Tree, and therewith had healed himselfe: For it is a singular remedy against that disease." Domagaia immediately: "sent two women to fetch some of it, which brought ten or twelve branches of it, and therewithall shewed the way how to use it... to take the barke and leaves of the sayd tree, and boile them togither, then to drinke of the sayd decoction every other day, and to put the dregs of it upon his legs that is sicke: moreover, they told us, that the vertue of that tree was, to heale any other disease: the tree in their language called Ameda or Hanneda..." "The Captain at once ordered a drink to be prepared for the sick men but none of them would taste it. At length one or two thought they would risk a trial. As soon as they had drunk it they felt better, which must clearly be ascribed to miraculous causes; for after drinking it two or three times they recovered health and strength and were cured of all the diseases they had ever had. And some of the sailors who had been suffering for five or six years from the French pox [syphilis] were by this medicine cured completely. When this became known, there was such a press for the medicine that they almost killed each other to have it first; so that in less than eight days a whole tree as large and as tall as any I ever saw was used up, and produced such a result that had all the doctors of Louvain and Montpellier been there, with all the drugs of Alexandria, they could not have done so much in a year as did this tree in eight days; for it benefitted us so much that all who were willing to use it recovered health and strength, thanks be to God." Other translations refer to the tree as Annedda. Unfortunately, Cartier did not list a careful description or proper name of the tree in his Journal. More recent research suggests that it might be the eastern white cedar, white spruce, or the white pine. All are very high in vitamin C and can make a rejuvenating tea for those suffering from scurvy. The lack of a proper identification, meant that scurvy would continue to plague future explorers. In 1609, Marc Lescarbot's History of New France talks about another expedition: "Briefly, the unknown sicknesses like to those described unto us by James Cartier, in his relations assailed us. Fore remedies there was none to be found. In the meanwhile the poor sick creatures did languish, pining away by little and little, for want of sweet meats, as milk or spoon-meat for to sustain their stomachs, which could not receive the hard meats by reason of let proceeding from a rotten flesh, which grew and overabounded within their mouths; when one thought to root it out, it did grow again in one night's space more abundantly than before. As for the tree called annedda, mentioned by the said Cartier, the savages of these lands know it not… There died of the sickness 36 and 36 or 40 more that were stricken with it recovered themselves by the help of the spring". Soon after, the voyages of Samuel de Champlaine were also ravaged by the disease. In 1613 he wrote: "During the winter there was a certain sickness amongst several of our men, called sickness of the country, or scurvy…There died 35…We could not find any remedy to cure this sickness… "We passed by a bay where there are a quantity of islands and saw large mountains in the west, where is the home of a savage captain called Aneda; which I think is near the Quinibequy River. I was persuaded by this name that here was one of the race who found the herb called Aneda, that Jacque Cartier said had so much power against the sickness called scurvy…which torments these men, savages as well as our own, when they arrive in Canada. The savages knew nothing about this herb, nor know what it is, even though their language contains the name." Had Cartier only taken a little more time to describe the plant so that future explorers could benefit from his good fortune at finding a cure. It was 1747 when James Lind finally issued a cure in his publication A Treatise of Scurvy, where he described the cure. Unfortunately, the book attracted little attention. As a result, scurvy continued to kill. During the Seven Years War which lasted from 1756 until 1763, the Royal Navy records showed 134,708 men listed as either missing or died from disease. Of that number, the vast majority succumbed to scurvy. Scurvy continued to plague explorers as they expanded across Canada. Even during the building of the Canadian Pacific Railway. In Pierre Burton's book, The National Dream, he writes: "No life was harsher than that suffered by members of the Canadian Pacific Survey crews and none was less rewarding, underpaid, overworked, exiled from their families, deprived of their mail, sleeping in slime and snowdrifts, suffering from sunstroke, frostbite, scurvy, fatigue and the tensions that always rise to the surface when weary dispirited men are thrown together for long periods of isolation, the surveyors kept on, year after year" In one of my favourite books detailing the surveys of Walter Moberly's party, one of his men, R.M. Rylatt kept a journal for his mother. It was published under the title Surveying the Canadian Pacific. I highly recommend it if you can find a copy. At one point Rylatt wrote: "My mouth is in a dreadful state, the gums being black, the teeth loose, and when pressed against any substance they prick at the roots like needles. At times the gums swell, almost covering the teeth. To chew food is out of the question and so have to bolt it without mastication. My legs also becoming black below the knee...My breath is somewhat offensive and I am troubled with a dry cough. In fact I feel like an old man" Rylatt was lucky. He survived the ordeal, but scurvy would continue to afflict other surveyors stranded for long periods in the wilderness with little access to modern medicines. Ironically, Rylatt was also surrounded by a myriad of coniferous trees that would have solved his problems with just a simple tea. If only Cartier had been a little more clear with his journal descriptions. In 1867, England's Merchant Shipping Act required every ship in the British Navy to serve daily rations of lime juice. As news spread, the Brits became known by the ubiquitous term "Limeys". Today, scurvy still persists, in particular amongst impoverished nations and within homeless populations. It constantly amazes me how a simple vitamin deficiency was responsible for the deaths of so many thousands of people over the centuries…all for the want of a little vitamin C. And with that, it's time to wrap this episode up. As I begin to work towards the next 50 episodes, I'm happy to have you along on the journey. For me, I'm always looking to find the stories in the science, the history and the culture. If you know of a good story, drop me a line in the show notes at www.mountainnaturepodcast.com/ep050. You can also send me an email by using the contact page on the site. If you're looking for a snowshoe, hiking, step-on, or photography guide for your mountain adventure, look no further than Ward Cameron Enterprises. We have been sharing the stories behind the scenery for the past 35 years and would love to help you make the most of your mountain adventure. If you'd like to connect personally, you can hit me up on Twitter @ Ward Cameron. I'm excited to say, that's a wrap for the first 50 episodes, and the Chinook has melted a lot of the snow from the mountain valleys so it's time to go hiking. I'll talk to you next week.

November 2017 This month, it’s all about women. A century ago, the Women’s Royal Naval Service - aka Wrens - were founded. They went on to play a crucial part in the codebreaking effort during World War Two. By November 1917, Britain was three years into a bloody, devastating war. In this episode, we explore what kind of work women did during both wars and what they - and the men - thought of it. A new pop up exhibition is now open in the Visitor Centre at Bletchley Park, celebrating the contribution of Wrens to the codebreaking effort during WW2. We delve into a few of the many the stories behind it, with Exhibitions Manager, Erica Munro. Award winning author Clare Mulley tells us about The Women Who Flew for Hitler, among others who did incredibly daring and dangerous war work - on both sides. We also find out what Hush WAACs were. They were stationed in France, and their work was top secret. Some kept journals but - unsurprisingly - they don’t divulge much about what they were doing. Dr Jim Beach from the University of Northampton talks to podcast producer, Mark Cotton. Also in this episode, Bletchley Park has been urging people to knit one, post one. People have been creating authentic wartime knitwear, for display in the dressed rooms. We discover some of the treasures that have been sent in, with Exhibitions Assistant, Emma Treleaven. Image: ©GCHQ #BPark, #Bletchleypark, #Enigma, #WW1, #WW2

Five weeks after the Battle for Bloody Ridge on Guadalcanal in the South Pacific, the Marines defeated an all-out offensive launched by the Japanese. By November, the war had become one of attrition.

Transgendered actor, Ian Harvie opens up about transitioning from female to male at age 40, Ian opens up about transphobia, Margaret Cho, stand-up comedy and his work on the Amazon Prime's Transparent.  Touching, spirited and funny! Ian Harvie was born May 28, 1968, in Portland, Maine. Harvie knew he was transgender at a very early age, but didn't have a language for his gender identity at the time. Harvie came out as queer at nineteen and as transgender at age thirty-two. Harvie began his stand-up comedy career in January 2002 at a small comedy club in Portland, Maine. Three months later he began performing at a sister club in Boston, Massachusetts. Harvie moved to Los Angeles, California, in June 2006. By November 2006 he began touring with iconic comedienne Margaret Cho as her opening act. In November 2009, Harvie began his solo headlining career. In September 2010, Harvie and fellow sober comedians Felon O'Reilly and Amy Dresner began a three-person comedy group. They traveled around the US with their collective recovery-based standup comedy show, Laughs Without Liquor: the We Are Not Saints tour. http://ianharvie.com/ twitter @ianharvie Have a listen and visit the show’s website at http://secondchances.tv/. Please rate us on iTunes and check out our Facebook page https://www.facebook.com/secondchancespodcast/  You can Tweet at us at @2ndChancesPod or visit our Instagram at @secondchancespodcast.

Tom Tolman teaches leadership to future military officers as the director of the Army ROTC program at James Madison University. He has served in two branch presidencies, as an elders quorum president and as a missionary in Japan. During his military career he has led and served in a variety of units including the 82nd Airborne Division, U.S. Special Operations Command, British Army Headquarters and the United States Military Academy at West Point.  He has deployed to Iraq and Afghanistan. Tom lives in Harrisonburg, VA with his wife Erin and four kids - Emma, Mary, Bennett, and Connor. Be sure to listen to the attached interview where Tom and Kurt talk in detail about what led up to Tom giving this talk in sacrament meeting.  Enter Tom... I like to run.  A few years ago I was training for a marathon.  Every Saturday I’d go for a long run - sometimes as long as 20 miles.  After the run, I had a particular craving for and would usually eat a large bowl of ramen soup.  After one run, a friend pointed out that the raman soup I was eating was terrible and contained high levels of sodium increasing my risk of high blood pressure and other problems.  I stopped eating the soup. As it turns out, because of the long runs and the physical activity, my body actually needed the extra salt. Thomas McConkie, author of Navigating a Mormon Faith Crisis, used a similar metaphor to talk about our spiritual needs.  He wrote: We have similar cravings spiritually. They feel counter-intuitive because in our mind, we know what we need for spiritual nourishment. Our culture has taught us what a proper diet looks like: read scriptures, go to church, pray, lose yourself in service to others. Repeat. Of course there is true sustenance in this formula. In Mormonism, it’s a bit like the spiritual food pyramid. And yet, we know more about developmental nutrition now than ever before. There are modifications in our diet that can lead to exhilarating growth spurts. There are different kinds of nutrients that we crave during different phases of our spiritual becoming. There are foods we need that we might not realize just how much we need. We all need different food. We all know members of the Church who aren’t attending regularly.  Or at all.  A close friend.  A family member.  Well over half the members of our branch don’t attend and that’s pretty normal across the Church.  Why is this?  Sometimes we are quick to propose reasons - perhaps they were offended; maybe they wanted to sin; maybe they were misled by some anti-mormon material or they just weren’t diligent enough in their scripture study and prayer. Perhaps, in some cases, despite our best efforts, everyone doesn’t find the spiritual nourishment they need at church.  When we, in well-meaning ways, attempt to force others to follow the diet that has always worked for us sometimes the consequences aren’t what we hoped. Now, I’m not speaking in some hypothetical or theoretical sense.   I’m going to be very candid.  About two years ago I had what we often call a crisis of faith.  Many of the things that I had regarded with great certainty I was no longer able to view the same way.  I had questions about seer stones and polygamy.  And dozens of others.  Nothing seemed to quite make sense. In the midst of my questioning, I felt alone and like I was suffocating.  Although I sat on the stand each week and was surrounded by loving and well-meaning friends and family I felt like my questions weren’t appropriate.  That my questions might be contagious and cause others to doubt - an outcome I didn’t want to inflict on anyone.  That my questions, if verbalized, would cause others to question my dedication or worthiness.  That my questions would be viewed as a threat.  So, I remained silent. By November last year my questions were getting in the way of my service and I asked to be released from my calling.  Although I loved everything about serving in the branch presidency,

By November, 1964, detective Phil DiNatale was closing in on a prime suspect, Albert DeSalvo, who had a long record of sexual assaults. DeSalvo was already in custody, in fact, at Bridgewater State Hospital for the Criminally Insane, where he was undergoing psychiatric evaluation. But while the police were gathering evidence, DeSalvo was confessing to a fellow inmate, George Nassar, that HE was the Boston Strangler. In this episode, host Portland Helmich visits George Nassar in prison to learn more about DeSalvo’s confession. She also meets DeSalvo’s attorney, F. Lee Bailey, who rose to prominence in his defense of DeSalvo, and who changed the course of the Boston Strangler investigation by getting to Bridgewater and DeSalvo one day ahead of the police.

One hundred years ago this past June, British and French forces unleashed an unprecedented offensive during the First World War, against German forces along the Western Front. Although Britain and her allies won the “Great War,” the Battle of the Somme became, to many, a testimony to the futility of fighting a “War to End All Wars.” By November 1916, the Allies had advanced just 11 kilometers, and over 1,200,000 men had been lost from all armies, making the Somme one of the bloodiest battles in history. Full text here: http://www.tomorrowsworld.org/commentary/testimony-to-the-battle-of-the-somme

"In my 15 years living in Nashville, I have been fortunate to watch a lot of friends like Kip Moore, Brett Eldredge, Florida Georgia Line, A Thousand Horses, Michael Ray and more, start their journeys with a back pack and a dream and end up being a huge success in country music. Yet the most frustrating part about being a friend and a fan to not just artist, but writers like Corey Crowder, Justin Weaver, Rick Huckaby, Westin Davis and many more, has been hearing amazing songs that will never leave the Nashville city limits.Rob Blackledge was tired, uninspired and most of all unsure of himself. Newly engaged to the redhead of his dreams, his most recent record deal ended abruptly when the label closed down. With no label, no job and no money, he prepared to walk down the aisle. And then the phone rang.On the other end of the line was Rob’s friend Stephen Barker Liles of country music’s duo Love and Theft. He was calling to tell Rob that a song they had written over a year ago was going to be released as Love and Theft’s first single to country radio. The song, “Runaway”, spent 47 weeks on the Billboard Country charts topping out at #9 and opening the door to Rob’s next adventure.In 2011 Rob helped start the country band Blackjack Billy. For four years, they toured the States, Australia and Canada with their hit song, “The Booze Cruise”.But the story wasn’t over. By November 2015 Rob knew it was time to get back to his roots. Back to a single mic on an empty stage, where the only thing that matters is the voice and the song and the story. A story that changes and inspires and got him here in the first place.

New Story is disrupting community development. They are doing that through a story-driven crowdfunding process for building homes. But, they’re not just building houses, they’re creating communities. And, in the process, they are changing the donor experience. To explain all of this, we’re joined today by Alexandria Lafci, a cofounder and the head of operations for New Story. There’s so much to love about Alexandria and New Story. First, they are targeting communities one at a time. For example, they started in Leveque, Haiti where they moved 152 families from living under blue tarps, to living in lovely homes. And, by building that many homes, they were able to create a community. I also love that Alexandria is the head of operations. If you think about it, after a social enterprise defines a problem, comes up with a solution, and funds the idea, the most important priority is execution. Alexandria plays a unique role in seeing to it that New Story disrupts community development. Alexandria is familiar with the need for housing security. Her mother grew up in the foster home system. As a Teach for America volunteer in a southeast Washington DC neighborhood, Alexandria could observe first-hand the impact that housing instability had on her students. After Teach for America, Alexandria took a role in supply chain logistics for a company in Atlanta. This role taught her many of the skills that she uses today at New Story. Alexandria met her cofounders while at a gathering of social entrepreneurs in October 2014. By November of 2014, they put together a minimally viable product (MVP) version of New Story, and by December they were bringing in thousands of donor dollars. By June of 2015, they were in a batch of startups at Y Combinator. Social Entrepreneurship Quotes from Alexandria Lafci “Just this one thing, housing stability, having it had such far-reaching implications that many of us take for granted, and then not having it had all of these detrimental side effects.” “All we did was we put the image of one family, we put up their story and we had the ability to take payments.” “We started with wanting to help individual families, but when you build homes at a critical mass, you actually create entire communities.”   “We use local material and we use local labor.” “Operations is an umbrella term for all of the components necessary to execute our vision in the physical realm.” “What we are doing is creating sustainable communities, places where people want to live.” “The biggest benefit of Y Combinator for us was, just having audacious goals.” “In setting that huge goal, our entire mindset shifted.” “We called it a 100 homes in 100 days campaign.” “When you’re focused on growth almost exclusively, it really jam-packs a lot of lessons that would have taken us years to learn.” “Sometimes the scariest part is starting.” “Another thing that helped was speaking.” “Find someone who shares that passion and who can do that with you.” “Make sure the problem is not already being solved.” Social Entrepreneurship Resources: New Story: https://www.newstorycharity.org Culture Shift Learning Academy waiting list: http://tonyloyd.com/assessment Culture Shift Learning Academy We’re moving closer to the launch of Culture Shift Learning Academy, a comprehensive system to help you flesh out your social impact idea and start achieving it. Enrollment isn’t open yet, but you can join the waiting list with other changemakers. Just go to http://tonyloyd.com/assessment and enter your email address. As a thank you, I’ll send you the Social Entrepreneur Startup Readiness Assessment. This useful tool is designed to help you to determine where you are on your startup journey and to successfully focus your development efforts.

HRC has about 12 million votes so far. Bernie, including the unreported popular caucus totals has a bit more than 10, closer to 11. We have about a fourth of the voters to go in the primary process. Obama won in 2012 with about 66 million in the popular vote. Trump is perhaps the most popular primary candidate among Republicans ever, with about 10 million votes so far. Obama won 2012 by 5 million, 2008 by 10, Bush 2004 by 3, and Gore 2000 by .6. The links at the end of this piece show current primary totals, historical general results and a statistical estimate of what the caucus results would mean if the popular votes were reported. Points: ONE Before we're done, Bernie will have gotten more than 14 million people to vote for him, in all likelihood, more than twice the number needed to win an election this century and more than needed to win any election this century (I mean more than the margin or difference in every election). We are an important demographic already, not considering the millions more who were motivated to vote could not vote because of closed primary rules who are every bit feeling the Bern... maybe another 4 or 5 million already down. So, the current Bernie constituency represents about 18 million active voters or more than 25% of what you need to win. I know there is a lot more potential support out there, I mean who already know Bernie now and are supporters now. TWO You can't predict a general election based on a primary. You may need at least 5 times as many votes as you get in the general as you get in the primary. Even if you add all the votes in your party's primary for yourself and your opposition, you will need to way more than double the total. The procedure for adding these two columns of voters is called unifying the party and is a prerequisite for victory. To say your candidate is electable because he/she won a primary is obviously nonsense (as if looking at the candidates ahead in the process were not sufficient to confirm that bad general election candidates can win primaries). Poltifact says that 25% of us won't support HRC in the general, or more than 4 million people. Then the article below compares 2008 to 2016 and concludes that in the end we will all move over to vote for HRC and she is right that she doesn't need to worry about us very much. But, did her supporters have a Facebook page like this in 2008 to support our organized resistance? CONCLUSION We are a huge constituency, well organized, with clear leadership, a massive fundraising capacity, and very clear policy goals. In fact, we are the only constituency with these characteristics. And that is how we are NOW. By November, with the nomination, there is no telling where we'd be. http://www.politifact.com/…/hillary-clinton-history-shows-…/ https://en.wikipedia.org/…/List_of_United_States_presidenti… http://www.realclearpolitics.com/…/democratic_vote_count.ht… https://www.reddit.com/…/sanders_and_clintons_popular_vote…/

Fourteen years ago, Robin Roberts moved from Michigan to Castle Rock Colorado. As a child, she lived a few years in the state of Washington where she went to the movies and saw a small clip about Bigfoot setting the stage for the life she would lead one day. Busy raising her three children and life, it was not until 4 years ago that she revisited that interest again. When she researched the internet, she was surprised to find that the illusive Bigfoot had been sighted in every American state except Hawaii. Further researching, she discovered with great excitement that she lived a mere 30-40 miles from an extremely active area, Pike National Forest in Colorado. By November 2011, Robin became a field investigator for Sasquatch Investigations of the Rockies (SIR). Robin has several sightings, the most recent this May 2015. Robin loves God, her husband Jon and family, her loyal dog Manny, and Bigfoot experiences. Friend Robin Roberts on Facebook and discover she is also an amazing photographer. Join us as we continue the North American Sasquatch Researcher Series and welcome Colorado researcher Robin Roberts.

  There will be new episode october 8th New episoi       go to the site FIVEOFTHEBEST@PODOMATIC.COM   The HP-35 was Hewlett-Packard's first pocket calculator and the world's first scientificpocket calculator[1] (a calculator with trigonometric and exponential functions). Like some of HP's desktop calculators, it used reverse Polish notation. Introduced at US$395,[2] the HP-35 was available from 1972 to 1975.       The HP-35 was Hewlett-Packard's first pocket calculator and the world's first scientificpocket calculator[1] (a calculator with trigonometric and exponential functions). Like some of HP's desktop calculators, it used reverse Polish notation. Introduced at US$395,[2] the HP-35 was available from 1972 to 1975.       Uruguayan Air Force Flight 571, also known as the Andes flight disaster and, in South America, as the Miracle of the Andes (El Milagro de los Andes) was a chartered flight carrying 45 people, including a rugby team, their friends, family and associates that crashed in the Andes on 13 October 1972.     Nando Parrado and Roberto Canessa (sitting) with Chilean arriero Sergio Catalán       The survivors had a small amount of food: a few chocolate bars, assorted snacks and several bottles of wine. During the days following the crash they divided out this food in very small amounts so as not to exhaust their meager supply. Fito Strauch also devised a way to melt snow into water by using metal from the seats and placing snow on it. The snow then melted in the sun and dripped into empty wine bottles. Even with this strict rationing, their food stock dwindled quickly.     In 1966, Nolan Bushnell saw Spacewar! for the first time at the University of Utah. Deciding there was commercial potential in a coin-op version, several years later he and Ted Dabney worked on a hand-wired custom computer capable of playing it on a black and white television   By November 1972, the first Pong was completed. It consisted of a black and white television from Walgreens, the special game hardware, and a coin mechanism from a laundromat on the side which featured a milk carton inside to catch coins. Placed in aSunnyvale tavern by the name of Andy Capp's to test its viability, it took only a few days to realize they had a hit[9]     30 sec video on how games were http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GdjE4Yywmpc   The 968.9-carat (193.8 g) Star of Sierra Leone diamond was discovered by miners on February 14, 1972 in the Diminco alluvial mines in the Koidu area of Sierra Leone. It ranks as the third-largest gem-quality diamond and the largest alluvial diamond ever discovered.[1]    

Lance: "We’re building a global movement, and we’re going to win.” Is Lance Armstrong on the Roadto Rocking a ‘Stache? He will be if Lance Armstrong Foundation CEO Doug Ulman has any say in the matter. On today’s debut of the LiveStrong Global Cancer Campaign Series, Doug chats with Adam Garone about cancer-awareness efforts in Adam’s home nation of Australia – where Lance is making his return to pro cycling. In 2003, Adam co-founded Movember, a charity event to help raise money and awareness for prostate cancer. As an emblem of his efforts, he grew a bushy mustache. By November 2008, the annual event had grown to include blokes around the globe. “I’ll make you a deal: Since I’m a cancer survivor and since my dad had prostate cancer, I’ll [grow a mustache],” Doug tells Adam. “I’ve never rocked a mustache, so I’ll do it in ’09.”“And we need to get Lance on as well,” says Adam.“Exactly. I figure if I can do it, I can convince him. It’s the off-season, so that’s a good time,” says Doug. Adam is the first is a series of cancer-awareness bloggers who will be interviewed on the show. Next month, Lance himself – to kick off the U.S. leg of his campaign – will chat with American bloggers here on BlogTalkRadio. After that, the world’s greatest bicycle racer is off to Belgium for the Tour of Flanders (April 5), then onto France for the Tour de France (July 4-26). All the while, Lance will be bringing his cancer-awareness-raising conversations with local bloggers to BlogTalkRadio.

Lance: "We’re building a global movement, and we’re going to win.” Is Lance Armstrong on the Roadto Rocking a ‘Stache? He will be if Lance Armstrong Foundation CEO Doug Ulman has any say in the matter. On today’s debut of the LiveStrong Global Cancer Campaign Series, Doug chats with Adam Garone about cancer-awareness efforts in Adam’s home nation of Australia – where Lance is making his return to pro cycling. In 2003, Adam co-founded Movember, a charity event to help raise money and awareness for prostate cancer. As an emblem of his efforts, he grew a bushy mustache. By November 2008, the annual event had grown to include blokes around the globe. “I’ll make you a deal: Since I’m a cancer survivor and since my dad had prostate cancer, I’ll [grow a mustache],” Doug tells Adam. “I’ve never rocked a mustache, so I’ll do it in ’09.”“And we need to get Lance on as well,” says Adam.“Exactly. I figure if I can do it, I can convince him. It’s the off-season, so that’s a good time,” says Doug. Adam is the first is a series of cancer-awareness bloggers who will be interviewed on the show. Next month, Lance himself – to kick off the U.S. leg of his campaign – will chat with American bloggers here on BlogTalkRadio. After that, the world’s greatest bicycle racer is off to Belgium for the Tour of Flanders (April 5), then onto France for the Tour de France (July 4-26). All the while, Lance will be bringing his cancer-awareness-raising conversations with local bloggers to BlogTalkRadio.

News, a Celebrity Interview, we tweak the Stupid Knob and Viewer Mail! Shawn PeltonNews: Open Source DAW: Ardour Shawn Pelton, The Saturday Night Live Drummer http://www.SellABand.com http://www.RecordingTheBeatles.com Grand Theft Auto Celebrity Interview: When it comes to making music, most of us take access to computers and software for granted. But, what if you were to lose your sight? How would you continue to pursue your passion? One man who is making sure this is possible, and will continue to improve, is Tim Burgess. He's quit his day job to pursue improved access for the blind in the music industry. We sat down to talk with Tim and get more information on this important issue. The Online Petition: http://www.RaisedBar.net/petition.htm The Stupid Knob: Kevin Federline - aka KFed - aka Mr. Britney Spears aka Cletus - has just released his rap album Playing With Fire. His album is available on Amazon.com, which allows customers to post comments Read the Amazon comments Viewer Mail: 1) Andrew from Ottawa http://www.PlatinumBlueInc.com 2) Arif Hodzic 3) Tim Burgess 4) Tommy from Form & Fracture Records W1 Limiter: http://yohng.com/w1limit.html 5) Caleb Hawkins' Lava Lamp Links LInk #1 LInk #2 LInk #3 LInk #4 LInk #5 Answer To Last Week's Trivia Question: Q: What was the first song to achieve diamond download status? (That's one million digital downloads.) A: Gwen Stefani's Hollaback Girl. By November 2005, it had sold over one million downloads. Dennis McFall was the first one with the correct answer, as well as a very cleverly Photoshopped picture that has Gwen whispering into Al's ear. However, Dennis has already won a copy of Guitar and Drum Trainer, so this week's prize goes to the second person to answer correctly, and that's Trevor Brooks! Congratulations Trevor! Also coming in on the heels of Trevor with the right answer was Andy Bullock and Tony Butterworth, from the Homemade Hit Show. See you next week! Tags: music recording studio home studio project studio mixing protools plugin digidesign frappr creative commons digidesign guitar and drum trainer ssl solid state logic vst lava lamp Ardour Shawn Pelton Saturday Night Live Recording The Beatles Grand Theft Auto Kevin Federline KFed Britney Spears Gwen Stefani Hollaback Girl Tony Butterworth Homemade Hit Show