Podcasts about Diurnal

Catherine Johnson, MD, MPH, recaps her article, “Impact of Selective Laser Trabeculoplasty on Diurnal IOP Fluctuation,” which was written with Barbara Wirostko, MD, FARVO, and featured in the November/December issue of Glaucoma Today. Home tonometry data are shedding light on SLT's effect on IOP spikes in the months following laser treatment. This article reviews diurnal IOP fluctuation before and after SLT and discusses the implications of home tonometry in research.

Psychologist Maria Ruberto is back to talk about one of the most important parts of our day: sleep. Starting off with the biology of sleep, Maria takes us through how we get to sleep, what happens when we sleep, and why we desperately need to sleep for good health and longevity. With metaphors galore to make the science as relatable as possible, we discuss the role of melatonin, the impact of screens on our suprachiasmatic nucleus and whether it’s worth cutting your sleep short to exercise? In more practical terms, Maria shares what sleep hygiene actually looks like, and, to Hugh and Josh’s relief, how hormones released during parenthood act to buffer against sleep deprivation. So set your sleep alarms, get comfy, and tuck yourself in for a BIG episode! Sweet dreams x If you would like to watch this full video on YouTub, follow this link: https://bit.ly/4htdJLj If you’d like to subscribe to our Patreon, A Little More Imperfects, sign up here: Patreon.com/theimperfects

In the face of climate uncertainty, growers wonder which grape varieties will flourish in their regions in the future, or if any will grow there at all. Joel Harms, Ph.D. student in the Department of Bioresource Engineering at McGill University in Australia is using artificial intelligence to simulate the potential to grow pinot noire in different regions of the world that are currently considered too cool. The project mapped 1,300 varieties to 16 different points of climate data including temperature, precipitation, and growing degree days. The findings could play a crucial role in identifying the winegrowing regions of tomorrow. Resources:         207: Managing Catastrophic Loss in Vineyards: Lessons from Cyclone Gabrielle in New Zealand Cal-Adapt Development of a generative AI-based model for guiding grape variety selection under contemporary climate dynamics Generative AI for Climate-Adaptive Viticulture Development Joel Harms Google Scholar Page Mapping Global of the Potential for Pinot Noir Cultivation under Climate Uncertainty using Generative AI University of Adelaide Wine Economics Research Center Vineyard Team Programs: Juan Nevarez Memorial Scholarship - Donate SIP Certified – Show your care for the people and planet   Sustainable Ag Expo – The premiere winegrowing event of the year Vineyard Team – Become a Member Get More Subscribe wherever you listen so you never miss an episode on the latest science and research with the Sustainable Winegrowing Podcast. Since 1994, Vineyard Team has been your resource for workshops and field demonstrations, research, and events dedicated to the stewardship of our natural resources. Learn more at www.vineyardteam.org.   Transcript [00:00:00] Beth Vukmanic: In the face of climate uncertainty, growers wonder which grape varieties will flourish in their regions in the future, or if any, will grow there at all. [00:00:13] Welcome to Sustainable Wine Growing with the Vineyard Team, where we bring you the latest in science and research for the wine industry. I'm Beth Vukmanic, Executive Director. [00:00:23] In today's podcast, Craig McMillan, Critical Resource Manager at Niner Wine Estates, with longtime SIP certified vineyard and the first ever SIP certified winery. Speaks with Joel Harms, PhD student in the Department of Bioresource Engineering at McGill University in Australia. [00:00:42] Joel is using artificial intelligence to simulate the potential to grow Pinot Noir in different regions of the world that are currently considered too cool. [00:00:52] The project mapped 1, 300 varieties to 16 different points of climate data. including temperature, precipitation, and growing degree days. The findings could play a critical role in identifying the wine growing regions of tomorrow. [00:01:07] Want to be more connected with the viticulture industry but don't know where to start? Become a member of the Vineyard Team. Get access to the latest science based practices, experts, growers, and wine industry tools through both infield and online education so that you can grow your business. Visit vineyardteam. org and choose grower or business to join the community today. Now let's listen in. [00:01:34] Craig Macmillan: Our guest today is Joel Harms. He's a PhD student in the Department of Bioresources Engineering at McGill University. And today we're going to talk about mapping global future potential for Pinot Noir cultivation under climate uncertainty using generative AI. [00:01:51] Bye. Bye. This is a really interesting topic. I came across an abstract from a recent ASEV meeting and I was like, I just have to know more about this. This just sounds too interesting. But welcome to the podcast, Joel. [00:02:04] Joel Harms: Okay. Thank you very much. Thank you for having me. [00:02:06] Craig Macmillan: What got you interested in this topic in terms of this wine grape region? Stuff. [00:02:12] Joel Harms: I think it was more about I wanted to build models that are useful, I guess, broadly useful in vineyard management and like establishing new vineyards and like kind of covering some of the base problems. Initially, my thought was, how can we. see which grape varieties are alike. [00:02:32] How can we like make a representation of them in like a latent space. But then I found out , if I do that, that's, you know, somewhat useful, but if I take that just a step further, I could just connect it with climate data already. And then we would have a model that could, be used for prediction and it would be so I guess. How do I say like broad or general enough so that you could apply it in any environment. So like any climate can be used to predict any grape suitability matrix, which is quite nice. And so then I thought, no, let's do it. Let's try that. [00:03:11] Craig Macmillan: So your colleagues and yourself did some simulations, as we just mentioned specifically around Pinot Noir and the potential to grow it in different parts of the world that currently are considered too cool. Tell us exactly how you went about this. [00:03:25] Joel Harms: The abstract is kind of a case study on one application of, These models that we built. So we built very general grape variety recommender systems based on climate. And so we wanted to show a cool application globally. This can be applied to find regions that will be too hot in the future. [00:03:43] So we built the AI models first starting from looking at where grapes are grown and tying that together with what climate is there regionally. Unfortunately, you know, we can't use like very precise climate data because we don't have the exact location of each grape variety in each region. [00:04:02] Craig Macmillan: hmm. Yep. [00:04:03] Joel Harms: Yeah. So therefore, we use larger climate data. So like at 50 kilometer resolution, which is still helpful to, I think, gather overall trends, not so much, you know, to plan an individual vineyard probably, but just to see like in which areas maybe there would be. in the future interesting vineyard sites. [00:04:23] Just like kind of as like a pre guidance sort of model. And then we, tested it. We tried to validate this model and then we presented a first case study with Pinot Noir because we were presenting in Oregon at the ASEV conference. So I figured, you know, might as well do Pinot Noir if we're already in Oregon. [00:04:43] Craig Macmillan: Can you explain to me the artificial intelligence piece of this? I mean, you hear about it and you know, kind of what different types of AI do. I don't think a lot of people realize that, you know, that's a very general concept and people have designed particular tools for particular reasons. [00:05:01] So, in this case, what exactly was the AI component? What's inside the box, basically? How does it work? [00:05:07] Joel Harms: First off, I guess to explain for listeners , cause AI does get thrown around a lot and it's hard to know what that actually means. So when we're talking about AI, it's usually we're tying some sort of input data to some sort of output data. And we're teaching a very complicated mathematical function to map one to the other. [00:05:25] So like kind of a correlation. But it's not a simple correlation. That's why we need these models and that's why they're pretty fancy. [00:05:31] So in our case, we're using an AI that was inspired from the community of medical science, where similar models were used to connect, for example, the ECG measurements of a heart with like scans of the heart. [00:05:50] And then Trying to tie both of those datas together and to reconstruct them again to see if, like, you could find correlations between those and maybe if one of them is missing, you could, , predict what it would look like. And so, since this is a very similar problem, , and we have similar input data in the sense of, we have grapes, which grapes are grown where, and we have what is the climate there, roughly. [00:06:13] So we can tie that together and try to connect both of those types of data and then get an output of both of those types of data so that we can go from grapes to climate and climate to grapes in the same model. So we have these , you could say like four models. that are tied together at the center. So input grapes, input climate, then in the center where they get tied together and then output grapes, output climate. And so we train it to, reconstruct it from this combined space where we like, Scrunch it down, which is what the autoencoder does. [00:06:48] Craig Macmillan: So if, if I understand correctly, what we're talking about is , we know that we have the data and we know where wine grapes are grown, different types for different climates. Then we have the climate data in terms of how things may change over time. And then we're creating a prediction of. How those climates change, and then translate that into what we already know about wine grapes. [00:07:09] Joel Harms: Sort of. Yeah. But in our model for training, we just use the existing ones. So historical climate data and historical grape variety data. Once we have that model trained, we just apply it for new climates that come from like other climate models. So we don't do the climate modeling ourselves, but we extract that information and feed that into it and get the grape varieties output. [00:07:31] Craig Macmillan: So you look specifically, at least reported on areas that currently are considered too cold for growing a high quality pinot noir or growing wine grapes in general. What did you find out? What Parts of the world might be the new leading Pinot Noir regions. [00:07:46] Joel Harms: . So that depends a little bit on the exact scenario and how much the climate is supposed to warm. We have like two scenarios is what we looked at. We looked at a 8. 5 scenario and a 2. 6 scenario and going by the 8. 5 scenario, some of the regions that are improving are for example, Western China. And also Southern California, actually, and Quebec, , like Southern California is in Santa Barbara. I guess that's technically Central Coast, [00:08:17] Craig Macmillan: Yeah, well, that's interesting There's a lot of Pinot Noir in Santa Barbara County in the in the coastal zones Any other regions that popped up? [00:08:26] Joel Harms: Yeah, a lot of Australia seems to be doing better and like Northern France, [00:08:31] Craig Macmillan: Yeah pushing it to the north. Did England pop up? [00:08:35] Joel Harms: England, yes, but England seems to like stay the same in compared to historical. So not like as if it's improving, at least like from this, like rough map that we made. What we want to do is do it a bit more finely. The, this prediction, because we currently just used regions where wine is already grown, but then try to like interpolate just for calculation efficiency. Outward. So like our maps are created not only by the model itself, because that would be too calculation intensive. So for the, for the sake of simplicity, we did it like this, but we're still writing the final paper. So, you know, don't invest just yet, wait a little bit and then, [00:09:17] Craig Macmillan: I was gonna bring that up. Where should I put my money? [00:09:19] Joel Harms: Exactly. So don't do that yet. Wait for the final paper and then we will double check everything over. Oh yeah. Arkansas was one that was improving too. Very interestingly. Yeah. [00:09:28] Craig Macmillan: I was kind of surprised because having talked to guests, many guests from, you know, New York, from Texas, from people who consult in the Southwest Northern California, which can get quite warm. What we've talked about is the question of it getting too hot to grow quality wine grapes. [00:09:49] You know, wine grapes will grow to tolerate quite high temperatures. So, for instance, the San Joaquin Valley in California, produces a lot of wine grapes. They're not considered to be very high quality compared to coastal zones. So the vines do great and produce good crops and all of that. So there's concern that areas that have been kind of in the sweet spot, kind of in the, we call it the Goldilocks phenomenon where climate, soil, time, everything just all kind of fits together. [00:10:12] It sounds like this idea would be applicable to predicting what areas might become too warm for high quality wine [00:10:19] Joel Harms: Yes. Yes. It's definitely the case. Yes. And in our maps. You can see both at the same time because it sees like relative change, positive, relative change to, to negative. Some areas that look like they're not going to do so well in the future or less good in the future, even though they're like really good right now is like Oregon, unfortunately. [00:10:39] And the Azores or Northern Spain, even in Eastern Europe, a lot of areas. Seem to be warming up like in Romania at the coast. Not necessarily just the warming up part, but also because we consider 16 different climate variables, it could be the warming up part, but it could also be, you know, like the precipitation changing things like that, you know. [00:10:59] Craig Macmillan: You said 16 variables, we talked, you got temperature, you got precipitation, what, what are some of the others? [00:11:04] Joel Harms: Yeah, we got the growing degree days, the winter index, we got the Huggins index, we have radiation. Diurnal temperature range, the annual average temperature, for the precipitation, we have it like a three different scales, in the harvest month over the growing season and also throughout the whole year same for the temperature. And then we have the, growing indexes [00:11:26] Craig Macmillan: do you have plans to do this kind of thing again? Or publish additional papers from the work you've already done, because I think, it sounds like you've got a lot of interesting findings, [00:11:35] Joel Harms: Oh yeah. Yeah. The results only came in like right before the conference. We're still analyzing everything, writing everything. So the first thing that's coming up is a paper just on , how did we build the model and like all the validations and does it make sense with like expert classifications of how experts classify suitability for grapevines and things like that in the past to see if. That lines up as it should yeah, and then after that we'll publish some of these predictions and what we can learn from these and more detailed than how we did it right now where, most of it's like interpolated because we couldn't predict for every location, so like we predicted for some locations and interpolated. Just for computational efficiency, I guess, but you know, we're, we're getting there. Unfortunately, academia is quite you know, a slow profession. takes a lot of time. [00:12:24] Craig Macmillan: Yes, yes it does. And then getting it published takes a lot of time with reviews and whatnot. And so I just want to put a time stamp on this. This is being recorded in October of 2024. So, Give it some months, at least several, several, several, several. But it's exciting. This stuff's coming out. It'll be in, be in the literature. That's really, really great. [00:12:43] Joel Harms: And soon what we're trying to do is also release like a tool or something that, you know, where people can input their location and we can, our climate data, like call out the climate data and see what, what some of the predictions would be. Yeah. [00:12:57] Craig Macmillan: Oh, that's neat. [00:12:59] Joel Harms: I might've done that for Niner Vineyards just now to see, to see what, what's a suitable there, but only the current ones. [00:13:08] So I mean, it's kind of is exactly what you're growing. [00:13:10] Craig Macmillan: Funny. You should mention that. There is a a website called CalAdapt that allows you to put in some ranges and some variables specific to your location, you put your location in, and then there's a number of different models that you can run. Some are very conservative, some are not in terms of what the predictions are for climate change globally. [00:13:31] And then gives you a nice report on what the average temperature change might be in degrees Fahrenheit or Celsius also takes a stab at precipitation, although I talked to somebody who was connected to that and they said the precipitation is always kind of questionable. And also looks at things like heat waves, how many heat waves days over 100 or days over 95, you might expect because those can be quite fluctuating. [00:13:55] damaging. Even, even though vines can tolerate heat, if they're not acclimated, getting these big stretches of over a hundred, for instance, can be kind of stressful. I did that and kind of looked at it myself and thought, huh, I wonder if we had better, more, um, detailed information, what that might look like. [00:14:12] Another tool that was mentioned that you used was a deep coupled auto incoder networks. What are those? [00:14:18] Joel Harms: So that was what I described earlier, like these component models , where we have a. The encoder and decoder part, the input part is the , encoder and the output part is the decoder. And in the middle of these we have a latent space and then the coupled part means that we're having multiple of these that share their latent space. [00:14:38] So that's , where we're tying them together so that we can input either climate or grapes and get as outputs either climates or grapes. So it's like very, very flexible in that way and so I quite like that. And it turns out it does better than even some more traditional approaches where you just feed in climate and get out grapes like from a neural network or something like that. [00:14:59] Just like a neural network, because we have technically like four neural networks and all of them have three layers. So that's three layers or more. And so that's what makes them deep. [00:15:08] Craig Macmillan: Got it. [00:15:09] Is this your primary work as a PhD student? [00:15:13] Joel Harms: Well, as a PhD student, I'm still working on modeling. But not so much with grapevines, unfortunately. I'm looking at still climate models. How can we adapt for example, now we're looking more at the Caribbean. There's flooding issues. Particularly in Guyana. And so we're trying to, you know, help maybe the government to plan land use better in order to avoid, you know, critical areas being flooded, agricultural land being flooded and these type of things. [00:15:41] So it's more looking at flooding modeling, there's definitely some overlap in that sort of work, it's definitely still like in the area of using data science to help decision making which is the overall theme of this work. [00:15:55] Craig Macmillan: Yeah, and that was something that also came up in my little mini project was the potential for massive storms and also the potential for drought. Which, wasn't part of your work at this stage. Is that something that you would be able to find a way of including in your modeling that might give you some idea of how things might change? [00:16:15] And it's specifically what I'm thinking of is Cyclone Gabriel, I believe it was called, Gabriella just devastated parts of New Zealand. And raised a lot of concern about how, you know, when we were in these coastal zones, we go, Oh, yes, it's mild. It's great. But we're right near the ocean. [00:16:33] Right. And in October between 24, we've seen a very active hurricane season in the Caribbean and on the East coast and the Gulf. Do you think there's potential for this kind of thing to give us more of a heads up about what might be coming our way in terms of massive storm events? Cause that might affect how and what I do. [00:16:52] Joel Harms: I guess this wouldn't depend really on the grape variety itself. That would be more like a citing issue, right? Like where do you plant? [00:16:58] That's what we're looking at now with the like flooding mapping if there is a storm, where does the water collect? Which roads are cut off? Or, I mean, I guess in the case of vineyards, you could look at like, what would be the likely damage would there be now saltwater maybe even if you're depending on where you are. That's definitely something to look at. [00:17:17] All you need is sufficient, like past data points. So you can calibrate your models and then. You know, look at different future scenarios and what will be important to for the future is to look at what's kind of the certainty of these predictions, right? Like, what are your error margins? What's your confidence interval? [00:17:33] Because that might drastically alter your decisions. If it says, oh, it's probably not going to be too bad, but you're very uncertain about that, then you're probably going to take some more precautions than, you know, not because usually now we have A lot of models where their prediction is very, like is deterministic. [00:17:50] So they say, this is how it will be. And it's hard to tell where, you know, where those margins are of error, which is something to look at in the future for sure. [00:18:01] Craig Macmillan: Yeah, that is a challenge in the the model that I did for a Paso Robles vineyard Precipitation didn't really change very much which I was surprised by so it wasn't gonna become like a drought area completely but the potential ranged from five inches of rain a year to 60 inches of rain a year, which is why I was asking about these massive storms. [00:18:21] Maybe our averages, continuous to what we have now, but it may be a bunch of craziness year to year around that. And I think that is interesting and useful to know. So you prepare for it. [00:18:34] Joel Harms: that's something people are looking at, I think cause you can use some models to calculate sort of new climate indices. To see like from daily data train, like new climate indices to see these big storm events and things like that, and maybe incorporate that. That could help, , maybe with that sort of analysis of where even if it's the same average, the index is different because it measures something else. [00:18:59] Yes, I wouldn't know what they're called, but yes, I believe this already exists and is being improved. . [00:19:05] Craig Macmillan: Yeah. Yeah. With your experience so far, what do you see? Because everybody's talking about this. It's like the future in a world of artificial intelligence and this and that. In this particular area where you're, you're tying one set of variables to climate variables and also to historical weather. [00:19:23] In the big picture, beyond just wine grapes, but in the big picture, any topic, where do you see this kind of work going? You touched on it a little bit, when you close your eyes and open your mind what does the future look like? What, kind of tools are we going to have and what kind of things are we going to be able to find out? [00:19:38] Joel Harms: Yeah, that's interesting. I think it, it really depends on the data we have available and it looks like we'll have more and more data available. [00:19:47] So better disease models, location specific disease models to plan spray schedules better and things like that, they seem to be coming. I think I've seen parts of that already from some companies rolling out. [00:20:00] It's all about kind of the creatively using the data that you have available, because a lot of like my data, for example, that I used for this. This isn't necessarily new data, right? This comes from the University of Adelaide who collects where, which grape varieties are grown all over the world. [00:20:17] And then just historical, climate data. It's not very new, but just to put these together in a meaningful way with AI, that's going to be the challenge. And then also to test, is this reliable or not? Because you could theoretically predict almost anything, but then you need to check, is it just correlation? [00:20:39] Am I taking all the important variables into account? And we're developing AI very, very fast. But maybe we need to spend a bit more time, you know, trying to validate it, trying to see how robust it is, which is a major challenge, especially with these complicated models, because, I heard about this example. [00:20:57] Where in the past, for some self driving cars, their AI that recognized stop signs could be tricked if there was a sticker on the stop sign, and it would ignore the stop sign. Even though there's not a big difference, but you can't test for, you know, all of these cases, what might happen. And that's kind of the same for, , what we are doing. [00:21:17] So improving the testing, that would be, I think, a major A major goal to make sure it's robust and reliable or that it tells you how, how certain it is, you know, then at least you can deal with it, you know, and not just make a decision off of that. Yeah, [00:21:29] Craig Macmillan: Yeah. What the level of uncertainty is. That's always the getcha. [00:21:33] Joel Harms: yes, [00:21:34] Craig Macmillan: That's always the hard part. If you had one thing that you would tell growers on this topic, what would it be? Mm [00:21:43] Joel Harms: Specifically for my models, it would be to take the current results with a grain of salt. And then to sort of use this to, narrow down like a selection of grapes and to still run tests and things like that. Cause it's regional data, right? It's not going to tell you exactly what you should grow in your location. [00:22:02] Cause it's, you know, the weather data is based on four to 50 kilometers around you. You know, that's where we're like assembling the data from. [00:22:10] Craig Macmillan: that a 50 kilometer quadrant? [00:22:12] Joel Harms: yes. Yeah. [00:22:13] Craig Macmillan: Yep. Okay. Gotcha. [00:22:14] Joel Harms: Yes, exactly. So this tool is mainly used or useful if you use it to like pre select some varieties so you can see what might be good, you know, and then decide for yourself what you want. [00:22:27] The take home message is like, it's not supposed to take away grape growing experts and things like that, or replace them in any way, but it's supposed to like support it because. There's so many grape varieties and if climate regions or like regions where we're growing grapes are changing, where the climate is changing, we want to get the best choice. [00:22:47] And so we should probably look at all of them, all of our available options and see what we can do. It will narrow it down for you. And then, you know, you'll still have to see what works exactly for you. What wine do you want to produce? I mean, it doesn't take that into account, right? It just gives you what probably would grow well here. [00:23:03] Craig Macmillan: . [00:23:03] Yeah, then I think that there's going to be a future also in bringing in some either hybrid varieties or varieties that are not terribly well known. I've talked to people from Texas and from Michigan Pennsylvania, where the traditional vinifera only varieties don't do pretty well. Terribly well, often because of cold hardiness because of cold winters, they don't handle it, but there's hybrids that do great and make interesting wine. [00:23:27] And I think that would be an interesting thing to include in a model or if it came out kind of like the winner was something we don't normally [00:23:33] Joel Harms: Right. Usually we have a lot of hybrids in this because we have 1, 300 varieties. [00:23:39] Craig Macmillan: wow. Oh, I didn't realize that. [00:23:41] Joel Harms: so I think we have most of the. commercially used grape varieties, like in all aspects. [00:23:48] Craig Macmillan: yeah, probably, probably. [00:23:49] Joel Harms: Yeah. So it's quite, quite far ranging. We only excluded some where it was never more than 1 percent of any region, because then like our model couldn't really learn what this grape variety needs. [00:24:00] Right. Because it's like too small, even in the largest region where it we cut those out. So, cause else we would have 1700. But then like the 1300 that actually get used commercially at a significant scale. Those we have. The model is actually built like we have a suitability index. [00:24:18] But we're still trying to, , fine adjust so that we can rank not just what's popular and like how much will grow. Cause then you'll always get, you know, the top, the top 10 will look very similar for any region. But then through the suitability index, we actually get a lot of these smaller varieties that would fit very well also ranked in the top 10 or in the top 50 of varieties. [00:24:41] Craig Macmillan: They've mentioned fine tuning the model at this point. Is this particular project or this particular model, is this gonna continue on into the future? It sounds you have ideas for improvements. Is this number one gonna continue on into the future and is there gonna come a point when This will be available for the industry, industries internationally to do their own trials. [00:25:03] Joel Harms: Yes, I think so. So I think when we're publishing the paper latest at that point, we'll have the tool set up where people can try it out, put in, in their location. And I guess we're publishing the methodology. So you could build like a version of this yourself. It's not too crazy. Probably code will be published too. [00:25:24] So, you know, you could build this yourself if you wanted to, or you could just use the models we have trained already. Okay. And just apply them to your case. That's what the tool is for. . Right now it's like all code based. So like, it's not, not so easy where you just, drop your pin, like where you're at and then it gives you some predictions, , that's what we're aiming for. [00:25:44] Craig Macmillan: Fantastic. So our guest today has been Joel Harms. He is a PhD student in the Department of Bioresource Engineering at McGill. University. Thanks so much for being on the podcast. This is really fascinating. I'm really looking forward to how this work progresses. And I think it's very eyeopening for us. [00:26:01] Again, you know, one of the things I thought was fascinating is I've had all these conversations about areas that would no longer be suitable, but a flip on it and say, well, areas that might be suitable in the future. I hadn't thought of that. [00:26:12] Joel Harms: Why not? You [00:26:13] Craig Macmillan: why not? You know, that's, that's, that's a very interesting question, and it applies to other crops as well. [00:26:18] I just had never really thought about it like that. You know, maybe you can grow oranges in Iowa at some point. [00:26:23] Joel Harms: That, that would be nice. I guess. [00:26:25] Craig Macmillan: maybe [00:26:26] Joel Harms: maybe see. [00:26:28] Craig Macmillan: we'll see. We'll see. You never know. Anyway, Joel, thanks for being on the podcast. I appreciate it. [00:26:33] Beth Vukmanic: Thank you for listening. Today's podcast was brought to you by Cal West Rain. Since 1989, Cal West Rain has served growers on California's Central Coast and the San Joaquin Valley. As a locally owned, full line irrigation and pump company, they offer design and construction experience in all types of low volume irrigation systems, whether they're for vines, trees, or row crops. [00:27:03] In addition, CalWestRain offers a full range of pumps and pump services, plus expertise in automation systems, filtration systems, electrical service, maintenance and repairs, equipment rental, and a fully stocked parts department. Learn more at CalWestRain. com. [00:27:23] Make sure you check out the show notes for links to Joel, his research articles, plus sustainable wine growing podcast episode 207. Managing Catastrophic Loss in Vineyards, Lessons from Cyclone Gabriel in New Zealand. If you liked this show, do us a big favor by sharing it with a friend, subscribing, and leaving us a review. [00:27:44] You can find all of the podcasts at vineyardteam.org/podcast, and you can reach us at podcast at vineyardteam.org. Until next time, this is Sustainable Wine Growing with the Vineyard Team.   Nearly perfect transcription by Descript

Die Menstruation ist nicht nur ein körperlicher Prozess – sie verändert auch das Gehirn. In dieser Folge erklärt Bent Freiwald, was dazu bekannt ist und warum wir bislang viel zu wenig darüber wissen. Hier geht's zum gleichnamigen Newsletter: Das Leben des BrainLinks zu Quellen und verwendeten Studien:1. Lifetime cumulative number of menstrual cycles and serum sex hormone levels in postmenopausal women2. The weird, bad history of tampon testing3. The Normal Menstrual Cycle and the Control of Ovulation4. The science of menstruation in 10 minutes5. Circadian rhythm of testosterone level in plasma. I. Physiologic 24-hour oscillations of the testosterone level in plasma6. Diurnal fluctuations in steroid hormones tied to variation in intrinsic functional connectivity in a densely sampled male7. Gonadal steroids regulate dendritic spine density in hippocampal pyramidal cells in adulthood8. Progesterone shapes medial temporal lobe volume across the human menstrual cycle9. Ultra-high-field 7T MRI reveals changes in human medial temporal lobe volume in female adults during menstrual cycle10. Menstrual cycle-driven hormone concentrations co-fluctuate with white and gray matter architecture changes across the whole brain Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

Bill hosts the Light Pollution News Podcast. Some might see that as competition to the Restoring Darkness Podcast. We don't see it that way. The more awareness brought to the issue of light pollution, the better. Let's ALL make podcasts about the subject! Bill McGeeney is the host of the Light Pollution News podcast. He's a dark sky advocate, member of the Pennsylvania chapter of Dark Sky International, a master watershed steward, and a Mid-East Region of the Astronomical League Representative. McGeeney started Light Pollution News to further explore topics associated with the environmental and ecological plight. The show aims to present an open and fair platform to discuss and evaluate topics in the news each month as they pertain to light pollution. The goal is to further build conversation, education, and awareness of light pollution. 

PROG ROCK GROUP ‘NINE STONES CLOSE' RELEASING NEW ALBUM ‘ADVENTURES IN ANHEDONIA' EXCLUSIVE ZOOM SPECIAL EVENT WITH BAND LEADER ADRIAN JONES LIVE FROM SWITZERLAND ON INTERVIEWING THE LEGENDS WITH RAY SHASHO Hello everyone and welcome to another edition of Interviewing the Legends I'm your host Ray Shasho. International Progressive Rock band Nine Stones Close, with members from the UK, Ireland, Switzerland and the Netherlands, will release their second album of the year, “Adventures in Anhedonia,” on November 07, 2024, via  FREIA Music. This new release follows “Diurnal,” which garnered critical acclaim upon its release in June. “Adventures in Anhedonia” is a deeply personal album, lyrically reflecting on the mental health and well-being of individuals, based on the personal experiences and traumas of guitarist Adrian Jones. Adrian shares: “It really reflects what's been happening to me over the past years, the effect it's had on me, and how I have tried to deal with some of it.” Musically, the album takes a distinct direction from “Diurnal,” capturing the emotional weight of the lyrical themes while still maintaining the signature Nine Stones Close sound. The band has also revealed the album's cover artwork, another stunning piece by long-time visual collaborator  Antonios Seijas. PLEASE WELCOME ADRIAN JONES OF PROG ROCK GROUP NINE STONES CLOSE TO INTERVIEWING THE LEGENDS … PREORDER THE BRAND-NEW ALBUM BY NINE STONES CLOSE entitled Adventures in Anhedonia Officially release date November 07th Pre-orders for the album are open at https://9stonesclose.com/shop/ and digital at https://ninestonesclose.bandcamp.com/.../adventures-in ALSO PURCHASE DIURNAL BY NINE STONES CLOSE available at amazon.com   FOR MORE INFORMATION ABOUT NINE STONES CLOSE VISIT https://9stonesclose.com/ Official website https://www.facebook.com/ninestonescloseband/ Facebook https://www.instagram.com/ninestonesclosemusic/ Instagram https://ninestonesclose.bandcamp.com/ Bandcamp https://www.youtube.com/@ninestonesclose/featured YouTube https://www.youtube.com/@ninestonesclose/featured Twitter   NINE STONES CLOSE DISCOGRAPHY     2008 : St Lo4     2010 : Traces 2011 Falling to Pieces EP     2012 : One Eye on the Sunrise     2015 : Leaves 2024 Diurnal 2024  Adventures in Anhedonia Support us on PayPal!

Time Artist Title Duration Album Year 0:00:00 ProgPhonic 158 Intro 0:43 0:00:40 The Pineapple Thief The Frost 5:36 It Leads to This 2024 0:07:37 Also Eden Skimming Stones 6:51 It's Kind Of You To Ask 2008 0:14:28 Delusion Squared The Very Day 3:55 Delusion Squared 2010 0:18:22 Frequency Drift Electricity 4:45 Letters To Maro 2018 […]

About Tom Shula: • Academic training in theoretical physics. Disillusioned with the community and left with a M.S. to work in tech industry. • Primary work in semiconductor and disk drive component and system development and manufacturing. • Brief diversions into other industries including steel mills, refining, food processing, and waste treatment. • Exposed to a broad range of fluid dynamic systems with pressures ranging from kpsi to 10-12 Torr, and temperatures from 77K (liquid nitrogen) to >1000C • I have been extremely curious from an early age, and was considered a top problem solver in my professional technical career • I've been following the “climate change issue since the “global cooling” scare of the 1970s. More intently since 2009. Markus Ott, a chemist with a PhD, has been working as a researcher and developer in the chemical and pharmaceutical industry since 1994. He has mainly worked on the development of photolithographic methods for the production of biochips and on the development of light-curing plastics. In addition to the theoretical basics, he has the necessary practical experience to assess the interaction of light with matter. As an enthusiastic aviator, he is deeply interested in the processes in the atmosphere since his youth. The present text "Dismantling The CO2-Hoax" or the German version "Demomtage des CO2-Betruges" were written from the practitioner ́s perspective who has to deliver reliable products and cannot hide behind computer models. 00:00 Introduction and Background 00:39 Defining the Greenhouse Effect 02:27 Thermal Radiation and Energy Transport 03:34 Absorption and Emission Processes 04:56 Non-Radiative Processes 06:17 Radiative Transfer Theory 07:11 Behavior of Greenhouse Gases 12:57 Thermalization and Its Implications 19:09 Heat Transport in the Atmosphere 29:13 Historical Context and Radiative Transfer Models 35:03 Critique of Radiative Transfer Models 41:15 Heat Transport from Surface to Space 45:14 Role of Water Vapor and Other Gases 52:54 Summary and Key Findings 01:00:49 Debunking Greenhouse Gas Myths 01:02:06 Water Vapor's Role in Heat Transport 01:04:14 CO2 and Ozone Emissions 01:07:28 Engineering Perspective on Earth's Climate 01:08:21 Diurnal and Seasonal Cycles 01:10:59 Critique of One-Dimensional Climate Models 01:12:54 Thought Experiments on Earth's Rotation 01:15:13 Energy Dynamics of Earth 01:20:44 Global Climate Models and Their Flaws 01:29:44 Summary and Conclusions 01:39:21 Final Thoughts and Call to Action Slides and related paper (PDF): https://tomn.substack.com/p/tom-shula-and-markus-ott-the-missing —— AI summaries of all of my podcasts: https://tomn.substack.com/p/podcast-summaries My Linktree: https://linktr.ee/tomanelson1 YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL89cj_OtPeenLkWMmdwcT8Dt0DGMb8RGR X: https://x.com/TomANelson Substack: https://tomn.substack.com/ About Tom: https://tomn.substack.com/about

Nine Stones Close In Remembrance 1:43 Diurnal 2024 Nine Stones Close Ghosted 4:08 Diurnal 2024 Nine Stones Close The Veil 1:21 Diurnal 2024 Nine Stones Close Birds Insects & Kites 3:30 Diurnal 2024 Nine Stones Close Angel of Flies 7:33 Diurnal 2024 Nine Stones Close Frustration-Sedation 11:54 Diurnal 2024 Nine Stones Close Golden Hour 1:18 […]

Text Light Pollution News!Host Bill McGeeney is joined by Ken Walczak of Dark Sky International, Lya Osborn of Light Justice, and the award winning landscape astrophotographer, Josh Dury.See Full Show Notes, Lighting Tips and more at LightPollutionNews.com. Like this episode, share it with a friend!Bill's Picks:Florida won't light bridges in rainbow colors. So Jacksonville's LGBTQ community did., David Bauerlein, Jacksonville Florida Times-Union. Giant, mysterious laser beam appears over San Francisco, Ariana Bindman, SFGate. Scientists Say Light Pollution Could Interfere with Coral Spawning, TaiwanPlus News. Diurnal predators in dim light: the ability of mantids to prey for supper, Environmental Entomology. A LIGHT FOR TOMORROW, Chris Herring, Portland Winter Light Festival.  Support the Show.Like what we're doing? For the cost of coffee, you can become a Monthly Supporter? Your assistance will help cover server and production costs.

Episode SummaryTiming is everything! In this episode of the 80/20 Productivity Podcast, we delve deep into the science and art of aligning your activities with your body's natural rhythms to amplify your productivity, health, and overall well-being. Discover how timing isn't just a concept but a fundamental aspect of enhancing your life's quality and efficiency.Get an extra 20% off a 30-day supply of Magic Mind productivity shots. Go to https://magicmind.com/8020productivity and use CODE: PRD20 So, let's get into the details:The Vital Few (TVF) Timestamps: [00:00:00] - The Power of TimingExplore why timing is critical in maximizing the benefits and performance of your actions. A brief overview of what's to come in the episode.[00:00:40] - Working With Your Natural RhythmsUnveil the secrets to boosting your activity performance by syncing with your body's rhythms.[00:01:40] - Biological Rhythms ExplainedDive into what biological rhythms are, why they exist, and how they impact our daily lives.[00:02:27] - The Best Times for Daily ActivitiesA caveat about finding the perfect time for activities that matter and how it's more important to just do them.[00:03:30] - Timing, Chronos, and KairosUnderstanding the difference between Chronos (quantitative time) and Kairos (opportune time) in the context of productivity.[00:05:12] - Evolution and Our Biological ClocksHow evolution on Earth influenced the development of our internal clocks.[00:07:38] - Different Types of RhythmsIntroduction to circadian, diurnal, ultradian, and circa-annual rhythms.[00:12:14] - Circadian, Diurnal, and Ultradian Rhythms in Daily LifeHow these rhythms specifically influence our day-to-day activities and productivity.[00:18:29] - The Impact of Light and TemperatureThe role of light and temperature as key factors in syncing with our natural rhythms.[00:22:32] - Crafting an Ideal Daily RoutineStep-by-step guide through an optimal daily routine from morning till night based on scientific insights.[00:38:02] - Time-Restricted Eating and Its BenefitsDiscussion on how aligning eating times with your body's clock can enhance health and productivity.[00:47:18] - Evening Routines and Preparing for SleepTips for winding down effectively, aligning evening activities with natural rhythms for better sleep quality.[01:08:50] - Conclusion and Key TakeawaysWrapping up the insights shared in the episode and encouraging listeners to experiment with aligning their routines with their biological rhythms.Get an extra 20% off a 30-day supply of Magic Mind productivity shots. Go to https://magicmind.com/8020productivity and use CODE: PRD20 My favourite digital productivity tool (get double the trial period for free! No credit card required: https://try.sunsama.com/anthony Notes and References Biological Rhythms, Clock, Zeitgebers and Light's Influence on Biological Clocks: Merrow M (2023) Circadian clocks: It's time for chronobiology. PLoS Biol 21(11): e3002426. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3002426Circadian Rhythms Affect Metabolism: Circadian rhythms significantly impact human metabolism, suggesting optimal meal timing can improve health.Brown Adipose Tissue Activity: Maaike E. Straat, Rick Hogenboom, Mariëtte R. Boon, Patrick C.N. Rensen, Sander Kooijman, Circadian control of brown adipose tissue, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, Volume 1866, Issue 8, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbalip.2021.158961 Benefits of Early Time-Restricted Eating: L.S. Chow, E.N.C. Manoogian, A. Alvear, J.G. Fleischer, H. Thor, K. Dietsche, et al.Time-restricted eating effects on body composition and metabolic measures in humans who are overweight: a feasibility studyObesity (Silver Spring), 28 (5) (2020), pp. 860-869Optimal Exercise Timing for Performance: Exercise performance can vary by time of day, influenced by body temperature and hormone levels.Caffeine Consumption Timing for better sleep: Carissa Gardiner, Jonathon Weakley, Louise M. Burke, Gregory D. Roach, Charli Sargent, Nirav Maniar, Andrew Townshend, Shona L. Halson, The effect of caffeine on subsequent sleep: A systematic review and meta-analysis, Sleep Medicine Reviews, Volume 69, 2023, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2023.101764 .Mental Performance Varies Throughout the Day: Schmidt C, Collette F, Cajochen C, Peigneux P. A time to think: circadian rhythms in human cognition. Cogn Neuropsychol. 2007 Oct;24(7):755-89. doi: 10.1080/02643290701754158. PMID: 18066734.L-Theanine and Caffeine cognitive effects: Anas Sohail A, Ortiz F, Varghese T, Fabara SP, Batth AS, Sandesara DP, Sabir A, Khurana M, Datta S, Patel UK. The Cognitive-Enhancing Outcomes of Caffeine and L-theanine: A Systematic Review. Cureus. 2021 Dec 30;13(12):e20828. doi: 10.7759/cureus.20828. PMID: 35111479; PMCID: PMC8794723Work/Break Ratio for Productivity: This is an updated article. But it still maintains the benefits of working in cycles of work and rest. https://desktime.com/blog/52-17-updated-people-are-now-working-and-breaking-longer-than-before Anthony's Book: The Law of The Vital Few

The Spring tides are here and with them begins the semi diurnal pattern.  Let's discuss how to fish those!

Tonight's show is all about fire warnings and wildfire forecasting. Our first Guest WeatherBrain is the Science and Operations Officer with the NWS Norman.  He's previously worked in Amarillo, Lubbock, Midland and Tulsa NWS.  He recently received the Charles L Mitchell Award for his years of work in fire weather forecasting.  Todd Lindley, thanks for joining us tonight. Second Guest WeatherBrain is the Deputy Fire Management Chief of the Oklahoma Forestry Services.  He's responsible for both fighting fires on the ground as well as prescribed fire management.  He's also part of the Northern Rockies Incident Management Team One.  Drew Daily, thanks for being a part of the show. Our email officer Jen is continuing to handle the incoming messages from our listeners. Reach us here: email@weatherbrains.com. What is a Deputy Fire Management Chief?  (09:10) NWS Fire Weather Program (13:30)  Current state of fire prediction (17:45) What are fuels and how do we acquire that information and account for it?  (23:00) Red Flag Thread Index (27:00) Role of media in wildfire preparation and awareness (36:00) Invasive species/Red Cedar and fire threat (40:00) Outside variables for controlled burns (45:30) Diurnal range of energy release component (58:00) Satellites and wildfire detection (01:02:00) What is column collapse?  (01:30:00) The Astronomy Outlook with Tony Rice (01:41:27) This Week in Tornado History With Jen (01:43:30) National Weather Round-Up (01:49:30) E-Mail Segment (01:45:30)

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.18.549465v1?rss=1 Authors: Alfonsa, H., Vyazovskiy, V. V., Akerman, C. Abstract: Neural plasticity varies depending on the time of day and preceding sleep-wake history. It is unclear however, how diurnal changes in cellular physiology modulate a neuron's propensity to exhibit synaptic plasticity. Recently it has been shown that cortical pyramidal neurons exhibit diurnal changes in their transmembrane chloride gradients, which shift the equilibrium potential for GABAA receptors (EGABAA). Here we demonstrate that diurnal EGABAA affects membrane potential dynamics and glutamatergic long-term potentiation (LTP) elicited by high-frequency spiking activity in pyramidal neurons of mouse cortex. More depolarized EGABAA values associated with the active period facilitate LTP induction by promoting residual depolarization during synaptically-evoked spiking. Diurnal differences in LTP can be reversed by switching the EGABAA-dependent effects on membrane potential dynamics, either by direct current injection or pharmacologically altering EGABAA. These findings identify EGABAA as a metaplastic regulator of glutamatergic synaptic potentiation, which has implications for understanding synaptic plasticity during waking and sleep. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.10.548316v1?rss=1 Authors: Oka, S., Ogawa, A., Osada, T., Tanaka, M., Nakajima, K., Kamagata, K., Aoki, S., Oshima, Y., Tanaka, S., Kirino, E., Nakamura, T. J., Konishi, S. Abstract: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is the central clock for circadian rhythms. Animal studies have revealed daily rhythms in the neuronal activity in the SCN. However, the circadian activity of the human SCN has remained elusive. In this study, to reveal the diurnal variation of the SCN activity in humans, the SCN was localized, and its activity was investigated using perfusion imaging. We scanned each participant four times a day, every six hours, and higher activity was observed at noon while lower activity was recorded in the early morning. The SCN activity was then measured every thirty minutes for six hours from midnight to dawn and showed a decreasing trend and was comparable with the rodent SCN activity after switching off the lights. These results suggest that the diurnal variation of the human SCN follows the zeitgeber cycles of mammals and is modulated by physical lights rather than the local time. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.22.546020v1?rss=1 Authors: Beale, A. D., Rzechorzek, N. M., Mihut, A., Zeng, A., Smyllie, N. J., Pilorz, V., Richardson, R., Bertlesen, M. F., James, N. R., Fazal, S. V., Voysey, Z., Pelletier, J., Crosby, P., Peak-Chew, S. Y., Lancaster, M. A., Hut, R. A., O'Neill, J. S. Abstract: Early mammals were nocturnal until the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction facilitated their rapid expansion into daytime niches. Diurnality subsequently evolved multiple times, independently, but the mechanisms facilitating this switch are unknown. We found that physiological daily temperature shifts oppositely affect circadian clock rhythms in nocturnal versus diurnal mammals. This occurs through a cell-intrinsic signal inverter, mediated by global differences in protein phosphorylation, and effected at the level of bulk protein synthesis rates, with diurnal translation rate being less thermosensitive than nocturnal. Perturbations that reduce translational initiation or mTOR activity are sufficient to trigger the nocturnal-to-diurnal switch at the cellular, tissue, and organismal scale. Our results suggest a convergent selection pressure to attain diurnality by reducing the effect of temperature-dependent changes in protein synthesis on circadian clocks. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC

Welcome to this edition of Aphasia Access Aphasia Conversations Podcast. My name is Janet Patterson. I am a Research Speech-Language Pathologist at the VA Northern California Healthcare System in Martinez, California, and a member of the Aphasia Access Podcast Working Group. Aphasia Access strives to provide members with information, inspiration, and ideas that support their efforts in engaging with persons with aphasia and their families through a variety of educational materials and resources. I am today's host for today's episode that will feature Dr. Jacqueline Laures-Gore. These Show Notes accompany the conversation with Dr. Laures-Gore but are not a verbatim transcript.     Dr. Jacqueline Laures-Gore     Dr. Laures-Gore is a professor in the Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders at Georgia State University in Atlanta, where she directs the Aphasia and Motor Speech Disorders Laboratory. Jacqueline's work spans topics in aphasia and motor speech disorders. For the past several years she has investigated the relationship between integrative health practices and aphasia rehabilitation.     In today's episode with Dr. Laures-Gore you will hear about: the relationship among stress, resilience, and coping skills, recognizing and measuring physiological stress and perceived, self-reported stress, the interaction of stress, anxiety, and fear, and the role integrative health practices can have in daily life and in aphasia rehabilitation.     Dr. Janet Patterson: Welcome to this edition of Aphasia Access Conversations. Today I am delighted to be speaking with my friend and colleague, Dr. Jacqueline Laures-Gore. Jacqueline is a professor in the Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders at Georgia State University in Atlanta, where she directs the Aphasia and Motor Speech Disorders Laboratory. Jacqueline's work spans topics in aphasia and motor speech disorders, including investigating working memory in persons with aphasia. In motor speech disorders, she and colleagues examined topics such as intelligibility in people who have dysarthria, and speaker and listener perceptions of speech in persons with dysarthria. She is a co-creator of the Atlanta Motor Speech Disorders Corpus, which is a comprehensive spoken language dataset from speakers with motor speech disorders in Atlanta, Georgia. This collaborative project gathered speech samples from non-mainstream, American English speakers residing in the southeastern United States in order to provide a more diverse perspective of motor speech disorders.   For over two decades, Jacqueline has been interested in how personal, physiological, and psychological factors affect people with aphasia, and aphasia rehabilitation. She has investigated topics such as stress, depression, mental health concerns, and how to assess their presence and influence. With her colleague, Ken Rice, she recently published the Simple Aphasia Stress Scale in the Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research. The SASS is a single item self-report measure of acute stress in adults with aphasia.   Dr. Laures-Gore's work also investigated the power of laughter, mindfulness, meditation, spirituality, yoga, and integrative health practices for persons with aphasia. I am pleased to welcome Jacqueline to Aphasia Access Conversations today and look forward to talking with her about her clinical and research experience considering how integrative medicine can influence a person with aphasia and their rehabilitation, and the powerful effects that mindfulness, laughter, and yoga can have on life outlook, participation, and rehabilitation.   Welcome, Jacqueline. I appreciate your time today in talking with me about these fascinating and important topics.   Dr. Jaqueline Laures-Gore: I am very happy to be here, Janet, and very honored. I look forward to a very lively and fun conversation with you today.   Janet: Jacqueline I would like to start by asking you about the aspect of your aphasia research interests that includes important topics such as depression in persons with aphasia, stress, laughter, and spirituality. In fact, I believe you are among the first to write about the value of integrated health practice in aphasia. How did your career path and learning curve about aphasia take you to this line of inquiry?   Jacqueline: There's quite a bit of time that I spent with people with aphasia through my clinical work, and even early on before I became a speech-language pathologist and worked in a geriatric setting. There was a gentleman there who had aphasia and we did not really know how to communicate with him. He was very isolated. He sat by himself most of the time, was very alone. That image of him and what he must have been experiencing, and our inability to really know how to communicate with him, stuck with me over the years and definitely drove me toward a career in speech-language pathology, and specifically working with people with aphasia. Then, after becoming a speech-language pathologist, and working full time in rehab settings, it became very obvious that people with aphasia were more than the problems with phonology and semantics, and so forth. There was a bigger picture here, and there was oftentimes frustration. I watched and tried to provide some help to reduce frustration during some of the language tasks that people would be doing in clinic. But as I tried to look in the literature about well, what do we know about this frustration? What do we know about stress and the language system? What do we know about ways to facilitate language through the stress mechanism? What do we know about relaxation, and its effect on language, and so forth. All of those things really seem very under-explored in our aphasia literature. My curiosity definitely drove me to looking then, into a Ph.D., and having some great mentors who encouraged me to continue down this path of the fringe group. There weren't a lot of people who were very interested at the time in stress and thinking about what happens with the language system, or of mindfulness, meditation, and so forth. By far, I'm not the first to consider these things. McNeil and Prescott had a meditation paper, I think it was back in the 1970s. Cynthia Thompson had a paper on hypnosis, I think it was in the 1980s. There have been others, too.   Janet: I'm listening to you and thinking, we probably all had some sort of thoughts about this, as we see patients. I'm envisioning the patient that you saw in the geriatric center, we probably all have had patients like that. I'm impressed that you didn't forget, that you kept that in your mind as you moved forward. I think many of us didn't know what to do with it, didn't know how to think about this. Other things present themselves and we get busy with our worlds and our learning about phonology, or semantics, or syntax. It's hard to remember. I'm glad that you remembered and also, that you were brave enough to stay out there on that fringe, because not everybody is that brave.   Jacqueline: Oh, it's hard! It has been hard. It's gotten easier now, and hopefully, it will be easier for the next generation of researchers on this topic. Definitely my longtime collaborator, Rebecca Shisler Marshall, and I had difficulty getting things published. Thinking too, about research design, and approaching the topic with this particular group of individuals with communication disorders, it's a unique population. There's still a lot of growth regarding research design and establishing clinical trials, and we're just at the early phase of really investigating this.   I love that you were pointing out that oftentimes people forget that first person that they encounter with a specific communication disorder, and in this case with aphasia. I was 17, and I'm a few years older than 17 now, but I think, though, that for some individuals, there's a catalyst. It could be a personal experience, I hear lots of times when we have students coming through our program, “Oh, I had a family member who (fill in the blank) and had to have speech therapy”, or “I myself had to have some kind of speech therapy, and that's why I want to do this”. For me, at least, it was this individual that I was tasked to care for, and not really knowing how to care for that person. Definitely an emotional component there, and a feeling of responsibility.   Janet: I have visions of some of my patients when I was first starting out, boy do I wish I could have a do over!   Jacqueline: Oh yeah, obviously, I hear you.   Janet: This leads me to my next question. Your research has investigated some of the challenges that all of us, including persons with aphasia, experience such as depression or stress or mental health concerns, or coping with life's challenges, whether they're small challenges or large challenges. These words and concepts, I think they appear commonly in our conversations, and while people may believe they understand their definitions at a broad level, I believe that that may not be the case when we consider them in the context of treating our clients who have aphasia. How do you think about these concepts as they relate to persons with aphasia and their family members? And to our treatment programs? Could you give us some sort of guidance about how we might define and use these terms in our clinical work?   Jacqueline: Let's start with stress. Something that I have been talking a lot about lately, and especially with my doctoral student right now, is defining stress, defining anxiety, defining fear, and the differences between those three. When we think about stress, stress is really that threat in the moment. There are different ways in which we respond to that in-the-moment threat. One way is physiologic, and we have two biological arms of the physiologic stress response. One is the sympathetic adrenal medullary system, and the other is the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis. The first one, the sympathetic one, or the SAM, shows up with our heart rate and sweating, changes in our digestive system, and pupil dilation. The other one, the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis, that one will show up more with the changes in ACTH [adrenocorticotropic hormone] and downstream cortisol. All of those, though, have different effects on our body, and we can measure them with different techniques.   The physiologic stress response is adaptive, and stress is not always a bad thing. From an evolutionary perspective, having that stress response has been very beneficial for us, as humans. Now, when that stress response is consistently engaged, then it becomes problematic and oftentimes can become some type of illness or disease. In the short term in helps us to adapt to a potentially negative situation.   The other stress is more of a perceived stress. Perceived stress is the perception that there is a stressor, there is something in my environment that is creating this feeling of dis-ease. That perception of stress is reliant also on whether you feel you have, or you have coping resources. Do you have the support around you to help you deal with this stressor? For instance, do you have the financial means to help yourself, and some people rely on religious practices or spiritual practices to help them cope.   Anyway, so we have that self-perception of stress, and then we also have the physiologic stress, and the two do not have to match. Oftentimes, we can have somebody who reports themselves as perceiving stress and having a high level of perceived stress, but physiologically, it's not showing up. That makes it always a little bit tougher to study stress, and clinically to even assess stress. I'm not sure which is more important. Is it more important to not be perceiving stress? Or is it more important not to be feeling stress physiologically? I don't have the answer to that.   One of the things that's very exciting clinically though, is that there are more wearables now that can detect changes in heart rate, changes in skin conductance or skin response. I think that is going to be helpful eventually for clinicians who are trying to determine how stressful a certain situation is as far as a language task or a communication task.   We're also seeing more self-report measures of stress. We have the SASS, as you had mentioned, which is an acute measure. It's just one question and it's on a scale. Rebecca Hunting Pompon and colleagues created the Modified Perceived Stress Scale, which looks at stress over the last month, more of a chronic stress assessment.   You'd mentioned depression. We're seeing a lot more work in post stroke depression in people with aphasia in the last ten years or so. With that attention to the mental health of people with aphasia, we're seeing more scales that are at least being looked at, to help measure depression in people with aphasia, whether it be modifications of stroke depression scales that are already there but for the general population, or specific to people with aphasia. I see those as becoming more accessible clinically and us figuring out more about what we can be using in the clinic to look at depression.   Janet: This is fascinating, and I would love to spend hours talking with you in more detail about some of these measures.   In preparing to talk with you, I did a literature search of some of these terms like stress or depression, as they are linked with aphasia. I noticed that there were a few papers on the topic 30 or more years ago, but not many. In the last decade or so, as you mentioned, there has been an increasing number of papers that describe something about stress or depression, or how to measure it, or what to do about it. I think that this is a good trend, and it's certainly consistent with LPAA principles that seek to maximize the life experience of persons with aphasia. That said, I was challenged to draw consistent conclusions from the evidence that I saw. I'm wondering if you could summarize some of the findings from your research and experience and help us place this work in the greater context of evidence informed practice for aphasia.   Jacqueline: We know more about depression and functional outcomes, how post stroke depression can have a negative effect on functional outcomes in persons with aphasia. The problem is that the amount of literature is fairly small. Primarily, it's because that in the past, people with aphasia have been excluded from some of those studies. I see that changing now, where there is more inclusion of persons with aphasia. Then when it comes to stress, that literature is really, really just beginning, as far as empirical data to direct clinical care. In my work, what I've been able to show is that there are definitely some correlations, some associations between self-reported stress, and some aspects of discourse. I've been setting, at least most recently, picture description, for instance, or some type of narrative, and then looking at the discourse production to see if there's any kind of association with different aspects of self-reported stress. We found some things but nothing necessarily consistent. There's been some association with pausing, such as filled pause and unfilled pauses. We've seen that perceived stress can be either negatively or positively associated with those aspects of discourse. I think that right now, the evidence is a little unclear about what the effect of stress is on language.   I also always want to tell people that we really need to not always think about stress negatively. We need to think too about stress as an adaptive process. It may be that sometimes stress and language work together very nicely, and stress may give language a little boost. There was a 2019 paper that we had out looking at cortisol awakening response and diurnal variation, and we saw some differences between people with aphasia, and people without stroke and aphasia. The people who did not have a stroke and aphasia had a cortisol awakening response, which is that when we first wake up, the cortisol which is always in our body and is that very endpoint of hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis, it releases glucose in our system and gives us sugar which gives us energy. For the most part, when people wake up, they have a lower level of cortisol. Then about 30 minutes later it starts peaking and then it continues to climb throughout the day. It's thought that that energy at the early onset of the day gives us a little bit of energy to get us going. In that 2019 paper, we didn't see that people with aphasia were following that pattern. That made us wonder if maybe there's an energy source that isn't fully functioning for people with aphasia, or at least isn't fully engaged in people with aphasia, and that could be contributing to language. There are a lot of things with that paper, too, that left us with more questions than answers. I think that's where we're at as a whole, with stress, with depression, with integrative health practices, is a lot more questions than answers still.   I do think that there's a sweet spot that maybe I won't, it will probably be maybe the next generation, I don't know if it'll stick around with my generation, or with me at least, but I'm trying to figure out what that sweet spot is for individuals. How much stress is too much stress, how much stress is just enough stress. Also, there's probably a big component of just inter- and intra-individual variability. What works for me, Janet, may not work for you. I think that's when clinical care really takes on that art piece, too, tuning into the person that you're helping and finding out what works for them.   Janet: I think you've said that so, so well. One of my fears is that this larger idea of the work that you're doing, people may see it as a bandwagon to jump on without really understanding the work behind it, the data behind it. So hearing you say, yes, we think there are some effects, but there's not enough evidence yet for us to say exactly what, in what way, for whom, all the time, under what conditions. Also bringing the ideas back into the art of the clinical work to pay attention to your patient, not just the responses that they're making linguistically, but also nonverbally, what they're showing you or telling you. Maybe take a step back to talk about, are they having a moment of stress? Or is something going on in their life that can be affecting their performance today? I think that's a good thing.   Let me turn a little bit in a different direction, because in addition to talking about and measuring stress and depression, your work is also focused on behaviors that can benefit all of us. Behaviors or activities such as mindfulness, yogic breathing, meditation, yoga. How did you become convinced that these activities can have a positive effect on a person with aphasia?   Jacqueline: Well, I don't know if I'm convinced. I am exploring.   Janet: Good point.   Jacqueline: It is yeah. I'm not convinced. I think, again, that there are differences between people and so that not everybody has a good experience with yogic breathing,  or is it maybe not appropriate for some individuals. Mindfulness can be very beneficial for people who are not necessarily aware of a certain behavior. But at the same time, when one becomes more mindful, there may be other emotions that come up. When you're introducing mindfulness into therapy you have to be aware that there may be some negative parts to introducing that and be prepared for some other emotions that may come up.   Stacy Silverman McGuire is a student of mine, and she did a thesis on laughter, yogic laughter. In that paper, we give a little qualitative piece to some of what she had studied and there were some people who just really enjoyed laughing and wanted to have more laughter in therapy. One person specifically commented that there's just not enough laughing that goes on in aphasia therapy. Another comment was that it was just weird; their experience was that this was kind of weird. People have different things that work for them, and some people don't like them. I think what we'll continue to find in this line of work is, again, that individual piece of what may work for some may not work for others.   When we look at some of these integrative health practices, many of them have roots in ancient medicines, whether it be ayurvedic medicine, traditional Chinese medicine, indigenous medicines, there's a long, long history. Some of the practices have become more secularized. Some of the practices have, I should say, religious roots to them, and in the western world have become a bit more secularized. For some people that we may be caring for, they may not be comfortable with some of these integrative health practices because of religious beliefs, or they may prefer more conventional medicine. So how's that, clear as mud?   Janet: It is more clear than mud, actually. Because it's what you said earlier. I don't think this is a fringe topic any longer, but it certainly is an unexplored topic. It's messy, it's difficult to examine. You talked about your challenges in thinking about research design, for example. And then, of course, there's the personal comfort with any aspect of this. It's not just the person with aphasia, but I'm thinking about if you're a clinician, how do you get to a comfort level where you can talk about mindfulness, or talk about spirituality? If you're not comfortable, then it's probably not a good thing for you to do, because your level of discomfort will spill over onto the client, who will certainly be aware that you're not comfortable talking about this. That may affect the interaction.   Do you have any thoughts or any advice or guidance you might give to clinicians as we think about this large, messy topic, if you will, and how we might be thinking about incorporating any of these things into our worlds?   Jacqueline: Yeah, I think a really good aspect of all of this is clinician comfort, and thinking about clinician comfort, even getting away from just the standard, traditional model of therapy, where we show a picture, and then we work on naming that picture. When there's been the movement since the late 1990s of the Life Participation Approach to Aphasia, and getting outside of just the impairment focus, and looking at life participation, and so forth. That goes along with A-FROM and all of that wonderful work that people before me have done. Clinicians had to feel comfortable with that, too, of looking at the bigger, broader picture. Now this adds another dimension as well, that I think feeds in very nicely to LPAA, and A-FROM and so forth.   When we think about things like meditation, awareness, even just doing something, not necessarily labeling it as meditation, but labeling it, as “Let's just focus on your breath for a moment. Slow down, and just breathe.” You can have a few deep breaths, and help that person get back into a state where maybe they are not over aroused with their stress system.   As far as the religion and spiritual aspect, it's part of one's culture. As we work with people who are culturally diverse, we are as speech-language pathologists, really responsible for becoming more comfortable with acknowledging all of the aspects of culture, which includes religion and spirituality. One's religious practices can have an immense effect on their perspective about therapy, about aphasia, about recovery. That is an area that we're learning more about specifically with aphasia. When we look at religious practices and healthcare in general, and there's a much larger literature out there than looking here, just within aphasia rehabilitation. So, again, I think we're going to be learning a lot more in the coming years about that aspect. But again, it is recognizing an important piece of one's culture.   I feel like I'm kind of just like rambling on.   Janet: Well, first of all, you're not rambling on. It's a winding road topic, if you will, it's not a straight-line topic. There are perspectives from all over that we have to consider. As you were talking, part of what I began to think was that there's a difference between acknowledging and respecting someone else's beliefs or spirituality or their culture, even if you don't understand it, or perhaps you don't personally practice it or personally agree with it. But you acknowledge it, you accept it, and put yourself in a comfortable position so that you can have a clinical relationship with the patient, and then achieve the goals that you want. That's what it seems to me like you're saying, or you're advocating for?   Jacqueline: Yeah, I think the hit the nail on the head.   Janet: Let me ask you a little bit more about your work on stress. You talked about two terms, self-reported perceived stress, and then stress, or maybe physiological stress. Could you define these terms a little bit more deeply, and give us some examples of how they appear in the lives of persons with aphasia, and without aphasia?   Jacqueline: Well, physiologic stress, again, can manifest differently throughout the body, because of the two different biological arms of the stress response. There is such a huge literature now on all of the stress-related illnesses that we have here and globally, and of course, stressors are different. They can be related to family situations, they can be related to income level, they can be related to health, political issues, wars. There can be the big things. Then that physiologic stress may be engaged with the smaller day to day things, such as a coworker, that is really hard to deal with, or a situation with a spouse or a sibling, or so forth.   And then there's the perception of stress, which I think is so incredibly important. Sometimes you may, Janet, have met somebody, or maybe you yourself are that person, who doesn't seem to get too worried about things. They seem to have a perspective that, “I can handle this, I got this, It'll turn out just fine”. They can kind of roll along with life. Then there are individuals where the cup of water spills and it's the end of the world. There's concern about little things. How we perceive stress is based on, I think, early life experiences. It's based on what we come into this world with and the modifiers in the environment, and then from there, form those who perceive stress and those who don't perceive a lot of stress. It gets back to coping. Some individuals have the ability to cope much better than other individuals and have a lot more to rely on in times of stressful events than others?   Janet: I think the coping that you mentioned is so important. A big part of our job is probably supporting that throughout our treatment, the rehabilitation program, so the patient can continue to cope with the challenges of aphasia.   Jacqueline: I agree, finding out how an individual's coping. We've been working on trying to develop a coping questionnaire for people with aphasia for a few years now. We're data collecting with that and hoping to have that available to clinicians. Right now, we don't have one that's aphasia friendly. We don't have a coping questionnaire to find out how are people coping? What are they relying on? Are they relying on maladaptive behaviors to cope? Are they drinking a lot? Are they abusing other substances? Or, are they reaching out to friends? Are they getting some exercise. There are some very positive ways of coping, and there are some natural, healthy ways of coping. Finding that out is very important clinically, and how do we do that? My answer is we need to develop a good questionnaire that's psychometrically valid, and so forth. Until then, clinicians can definitely ask, and use supported communication techniques, I should say, in order to get those answers to, “What do you do when you get really frustrated?”, and then have some pictures to point to perhaps, or words to point to whatever that person is able to best communicate with?   Janet: That's a great idea.   Jacqueline: Yeah. First of all, understand what their coping mechanisms are and strategies, and then help them to develop more or, through the Life Participation Approach, how do we help them to have access to those things that might help them to cope? If they were really engaged in group activities prior to their stroke and living with aphasia, then how can they get back to that? How can we have them engage again?   Janet: Well, you've just actually given a partial answer to the next question I want to ask you, which is how we can, as clinicians, incorporate some of these positive experiences or helpful experiences into our clinical activities. The thing is, like many of us, we may not be experienced at, say, incorporating mindfulness or yoga into our own lives, not to mention putting them into treatment. And so we likely have no idea how to start. Based on your research, and again, on your clinical experience, what advice can you give our listeners who may wish to add some of these ideas or some of these activities to our practice? Where do we start?   Jacqueline: I think getting back to that comfort level. What is the clinician comfortable with? And as you had pointed out, that if you're don't have that internal self-comfort of “I can have the person that I'm working with, kind of slow down, take a deep breath, maybe take four breaths in and out slowly”. If I don't feel comfortable doing that, then don't do it, because it's going to come off kind of odd. Having some comfort, whether it be practicing with oneself, or practicing with others before you get into therapy, I think that's really important.   Janet: There are practices such as yoga, for example. I think if you're going to incorporate yoga, you have to know what you're doing. You have to understand yoga, or you have to be able to do it or to instruct it. If you're not at that instructor level, there can be problems in the therapy session. So you wouldn't want to incorporate yoga, unless you are really skilled at it and know what you're doing. But there have to be some positive practices that are relatively easy to incorporate, maybe laughter or even a discussion of spirituality. I'm thinking about, sort of, the term Monday morning practice. What can clinicians do on Monday morning, without having to do a lot of learning about yoga or practicing yoga? What can they do on Monday morning, when they see clients that might help them begin on this path of integrative health practices or thinking about the other aspects of our aphasia rehabilitation? Does that makes sense?   Jacqueline: Yeah, yeah. Yeah. It is the “rubber hitting the road” sort of thing to all of this?   Janet: Exactly.   Jacqueline: There is adaptive yoga that Amy Dietz and Laura Bislick and colleagues had published in AJSLP, a couple of years ago. There are some postures that are presented that are accessible to clinicians. So they could look at those. There are some adaptive yoga techniques that are clinically accessible. Some very simple breathing activities. These are not complicated. It is just a matter of “Close your eyes; and for a moment, go ahead and take a nice deep breath in and out.” Recognizing that the breath really anchors everyone to the moment. When you have an individual that you're working with that seems to be over stressed and it's working against them in what you're trying to have accomplished in your therapy session, taking a moment, closing the eyes, and breathing will bring them back to that moment, moment of relaxation or to the present where they can approach the task with a different perspective.   Janet: It makes so much sense to me and even just doing it with you - for those few seconds, closing my eyes taking a deep breath, I felt a difference in my own self, just in the in the course of this conversation. I can imagine that it will produce a similar effect, resetting, if you will, the clinical environment, resetting the goals, and reducing perhaps any negative perceived stress that the patient might have. If they're thinking that they're not doing what they're supposed to, or they're not meeting goals, or they're having troubles. It's great idea.   As we bring this conversation to a close Jacqueline, are there any other pearls of wisdom or lessons learned in thinking about the influences of integrative health behaviors on language and communication, rehabilitation, not just for the people with aphasia, but also for their families, their friends, and for clinicians,   Jacqueline: I think lessons learned is keeping an open mind and really approaching aphasia, with the perspective that there is the language impairment, but there's also a bigger picture here. There are different approaches to recovery that can stem from traditional ancient medical beliefs that may help us during this modern time that we're in. I think keeping an open mind, but yet, maintaining some skepticism, too. We do want to continue to have science guide our therapies, as well as our clinical experience. It can be hard to have a convergence of the two at times. But I think that we can't ignore that there is more than just the language impairment going on.   Janet: We cannot ignore it. You're right, especially if we are proponents of the LPAA model, which incorporates the whole individual in living their life. I agree with everything that you've said and I'm finding myself thinking of that balance, too, between there is some stress that can be good, but don't have too much stress, because you don't want it to be a bad thing, and keep an open mind but have healthy skepticism. All of that's a good thing for all of us to practice.   Jacqueline: Not easy, it's hard to do, but it's a good thing.   Janet: Today's conversation has been, for me at least, thought provoking and enlightening and I hope it has been for our listeners as well. Realizing that additional work is necessary to provide an evidence informed foundation for incorporating many of the activities such as yoga practice, or mindfulness into aphasia rehabilitation, I believe that this is an avenue well worth pursuing in both clinical and research activities. I would like to thank my guest, Dr. Jacqueline Laures-Gore for sharing her thoughts and experience in this important area of clinical research and practice, Jacqueline, I greatly appreciate you taking the time to speak with me today, and for providing our listeners with the foundation and how to think about integrative medicine.   Jacqueline: You are very welcome. This was very fun. Thank you, Janet, for asking me.   Janet: Oh, you're welcome.   I would also like to thank our listeners for supporting Aphasia Access Conversations by listening to our podcasts. For references and resources mentioned in today's show, please see our Show Notes. They are available on our website, www.aphasia.access.org. There you can also become a member of our organization, browse our growing library of materials and find out about the Aphasia Access Academy. If you have an idea for a future podcast episode, email us at info@aphasiaaccess.org. For Aphasia Access Conversations, I am Janet Patterson and again, I thank you for your ongoing support of aphasia access                       References Aphasia Access Conversations Episode #98: An Aphasia Journey Through Linguistics, Neuroplasticity, Language Treatment, Counseling, and Quality of Life: A Conversation with Chaleece Sandberg Episode #95: Supporting Psychological Well-Being: A Conversation with Jasvinder Sekhon Episode #89: Aphasia is a Complex Disorder: Mental Health, Language, and More – A Conversation with Sameer Ashaie Episode #69: Motivation and Engagement in Aphasia Rehabilitation: In Conversation with Michael Biel Episode #67: Considering Depression In People Who Have Aphasia and Their Care Partners: In Conversation with Rebecca Hunting Pompon   Scholarly papers Bislick, L., Dietz, A., Duncan, E. S., Garza, P., Gleason, R., Harley, D., ... & Van Allan, S. (2022). Finding “Zen” in Aphasia: The benefits of yoga as described by key stakeholders. American journal of speech-language pathology, 31(1), 133-147. https://doi.org/10.1044/2021_AJSLP-20-00330 Hunting Pompon, R, Amtmann, D., Bombardier, C., & Kendall, D. (2018). Modifying and validating a measure of chronic stress for people with aphasia. Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research, 61(12):2934-2949. https://doi.org/10.1044/2018_JSLHR-L-18-0173  Kagan, A., Simmons‐Mackie, N., Rowland, A., Huijbregts, M., Shumway, E., McEwen, Threats, T., & Sharp, S. (2008) Counting what counts: A framework for capturing real‐life outcomes of aphasia intervention, Aphasiology, 22(3), 258-280. https://doi.org/10.1080/02687030701282595 Laures-Gore, J., Cahana-Amitay, D., & Buchanan, T. (2019). Diurnal cortisol dynamics, perceived stress, and language production in aphasia. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 62, 1416-1426. https://doi.org/10.1044/2018_JSLHR-L-18-0276 Laures-Gore, J., & Rice, K. (2019). The Simple Aphasia Stress Scale. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 62, 2855–2859. https://doi.org/10.1044/2019_JSLHR-L-19-0053 Laures-Gore, J., Russell, S., Patel, R., & Frankel, M. (2016). The Atlanta Motor Speech Disorders Corpus: Motivation, Development, and Utility. Folia-Phoniatrica-et-Logopaedica 68(2):99-105. https://doi.org/10.1159/000448891 McGuire, S.S., Laures-Gore, J., Freestone, E.J., & van Leer, E. (2021). Simulated laughter, perceived stress, and discourse in adults with aphasia, Aphasiology, 35:9, 1207-1226. https://doi.org/10.1080/02687038.2020.1787944  McNeil, M., Prescott, T., & Lemme, M. (1976). An application of electromyographic feedback to aphasia/apraxia treatment. Proceedings of the Clinical Aphasiology Conference, 151-171. http://aphasiology.pitt.edu/21/1/06-11.pdf Thompson, C.K., Hall, H.R., & Sison, C.E. (1986). Effects of hypnosis and imagery training on naming behavior in aphasia. Brain and Language, 28(1), 141-153. https://doi.org/10.1016/0093-934x(86)90097-0   urls Aphasia & Motor Speech Disorders Lab, Georgia State University  https://education.gsu.edu/csd/csdresearchoutreach/aphasia/?fbclid=IwAR1x5-CQxmiXkV4ZVcDbbt5oZmYw5VhZLKsmmw62xmh9XyC6O9sEzqV0mvU#stress-and-aphasia and https://www.facebook.com/gsuaphasia

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.28.538592v1?rss=1 Authors: Carlucci, M., Lett, T., Chavez, S., Malinowski, A., Lobaugh, N. J., Petronis, A. Abstract: Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.01.530696v1?rss=1 Authors: Becker-Krail, D., Ketchesin, K. D. D., Xue, X., Wilson, R., Lam, T. T., Williams, K., Nairn, A., Tseng, G., Logan, R. W. Abstract: Substance use disorders (SUDs) are associated with disruptions in sleep and circadian rhythms that persist during abstinence and may contribute to relapse risk. Repeated use of substances such as psychostimulants and opioids may lead to significant alterations in molecular rhythms in the nucleus accumbens (NAc), a brain region central to reward and motivation. Previous studies have identified rhythm alterations in the transcriptome of the NAc and other brain regions following the administration of psychostimulants or opioids. However, little is known about the impact of substance use on the diurnal rhythms of the proteome in the NAc. We used liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry-based (LC-MS/MS) quantitative proteomics, along with a data-independent acquisition (DIA) analysis pipeline, to investigate the effects of cocaine or morphine administration on diurnal rhythms of proteome in the mouse NAc. Overall, our data reveals cocaine and morphine differentially alters diurnal rhythms of the proteome in the NAc, with largely independent differentially expressed proteins dependent on time-of-day. Pathways enriched from cocaine altered protein rhythms were primarily associated with glucocorticoid signaling and metabolism, whereas morphine was associated with neuroinflammation. Collectively, these findings are the first to characterize the diurnal regulation of the NAc proteome and demonstrate a novel relationship between phase-dependent regulation of protein expression and the differential effects of cocaine and morphine on the NAc proteome. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC

The vulturineguinea fowl lives in the continent of Africa, specifically Ethiopia,Somalia, Kenya and Tanzania. Its habitat is deserts and grasslands, with talltrees for it to nest in. they make their nests out of grass and twigs. Sinceit lives in deserts, it has adapted to be able to go a long timewithout water. These birds eat Small mammals, insects, lizards, seeds androots. Its diet makes it an Omnivore. Most of their activity is during the dayso it is Diurnal. It's quite a populous animal, and is not close toendangerment. Their predators are Birds of prey, monkeys, and small mammals whosteal their eggs.The vulturineguinea fowl is related to Pheasants, partridges and turkeys. It is closeto 70 cm long, around the size of a small turkey. The difference between themale and female of this species is the Male is bigger and has a larger crest.It has Bluefeathers, with spiky white feathers protruding from it. Their lifespan is 15years, and they can start mating at 2. Each time they lay eggs they have up to8 eggs. Its scientific name is Acryllium vulturinum, another name it hasis the royal guineafowl. When these birds travel, they will be with a group ofbirds, around 20-50.For wild SuzhouI'm palmtree and thanks for listening.

Gary Marcus is a diurnal who has appeared on The Lexman Artificial Podcast and discussed the importance of sleep. He touches on the impacts sleeplessness has on our cognition and mood, as well as how to overcome it.

Summary: Did you know that Arizona is home to 13 different species of owls? Join Cheryl and Kiersten as they talk about these amazing feathered residents.   For our hearing impaired listeners, a transcript of this podcast follows the show notes.   Show Notes: www.avibirds.com/owls-of-arizona/ www.a-z-animals.com/blog/true-owls-vs-barn-owls-what-are-the-diffrences/ Owling: Enter the World of the Mysterious Birds of the Night, by Mark Wilson   Liberty Wildlife: (480)998-5550 2600 E Elmwood St. Phoenix, AZ 85040 https://Libertywildlife.org Background bird song:  Naturescapes Backyard Birds www.naturescapes.com Our email address, please reach out with comments, questions, or suggestions: thefeathereddesert@gmail.com   Transcript   Host Voice: Welcome to The Feathered Desert a podcast all about desert bird feeding in the Southwest region of the United States. (Various bird calls play)   Cheryl-Intro:  Welcome to The Feathered Desert! Arizona is a haven for birdlife.  It is a state with a multitude of diverse landscapes that range from deserts to conifer forests, to incredibly very different types of landscaped mountain ranges.  It has breathtaking canyons, riparian areas with cottonwoods and willows very much untouched by man.  This landscape diversity supports a very diverse selection of birdlife including (are you ready) thirteen different owls. I was floored! I thought maybe six species but no it's thirteen. That's why it's in two parts.   Kiersten: Few general facts: Owls live in a variety of habitats.  For every type of bird habitat there is an owl that fits into it. Owls are nocturnal raptors, specialized for hunting in the dark, and are equipped with excellent night vision; but there are a few owls that are active during the day. There is always an exception to the rule! To be more specific: Diurnal-by definition diurnal means happening or active during the daytime.  Animals that are diurnal are usually awake and active during the daytime. Burrowing Owls, Short-eared Owls, Snowy Owls Crepuscular-cre-pus-cu-lar: means relating to twilight, referring to animals that are active in the twilight—active at dawn and dusk.  A few of our owls that do that are Northern Pygmy Owl and Ferrugious Pygmy Owl Nocturnal-done, occurring, or active at night. Northern Saw-whet Owl, Barn Owl, Boreal Owl One of my favorite things about owl is that they all have specialized feathers for silent flight.  That mean you will not hear them ehThat being said: the tiny Elf owl is the nosiest when in flight.  That is saying quite a lot. You'll probably just barely hear him as he flies overhead. Which is interesting because it hunts insects, and some insects can hear. It begs the question of why this owl evolved to be a little bit louder than other owls but is so small.   Cheryl: I don't know but I thought it was interesting!   Kiersten: Like most birds, owls have 4 toes on each foot.  2 toes point forward and 2 toes point backward.  However, owls have a special ability -they can swing one of their back toes to the front.  Helps it to grip wiggling prey.  Ospreys, woodpeckers, and parrots can do this as well. Owls have good spatial memory, probably better than us, for sure better than me!   (Cheryl and Kiersten both laugh)   Kiersten:   Owls carry detailed mental maps of their surroundings.  This helps an owl remember where things are and where they left things. Which is super important!   Cheryl: It is because they store food! Who knew?   Kiersten: Yeah! There are 19 species of owls that breed and nest in the United States and Canada.  13 of these species may be found in Arizona!   Cheryl:  So, Owls are split into two family groups. Every time I do research for a podcast I learn so much that I didn't know! The first group is Strigidae-which are true owls and the Tytonidae-the Barn Owls. True Owls VS Barn Owls some of the differences are Physical Appearance:  Many true owl species have ear tufts on their heads covered in feathers.  They have large heads, round facial discs around their eyes.  They have yellow or orange eyes. Barn Owls have a great heart-shaped facial disc.  Presence of long strong legs with powerful talons. Dark eyes and the absence of ear tufts. They have ears but not tufts. Calls:  True owls make hooting calls.  Barn owls don't hoot, rather they make eerie-sounding screams. Habitats:  True owls are found worldwide except in Antarctica. Barn Owls occur everywhere except in the cold temperate, and Arctic regions.  They prefer open places and live away from humans. Kiersten: They are found on every continent!   Cheryl: Behavior:  True owls exhibit nocturnal behaviors and have specialized morphology for their wings. Barn Owls are nocturnal birds. Color:  they have brown or gray vertical markings, and their underbellies are usually white. Barn owls are usually an orange-black color.  Their breasts are white. Hunting Styles:  True Owls are mostly seen by people as tame since they show no movement unless you  are very close to them.  They are ambush predators. Although they are elusive they are relatively not shy towards people.   Kiersten: Yes, but were not saying for you to go up to one because they are not tame! They are just good at their jobs which is to be calm and still and ambush prey or fly away.   Cheryl: Right! Barn Owls are opportunistic hunters.  They fly in open areas gliding across the low grasses locating prey by sound. Lifespan: Ture Owls lifespans very depending on the species, on average these owls have longer lifespans than Barn Owls.  Barn Owls live 5-10 years and that is being generous. They can live longer in captivity.   Kiersten:  The Great Horned Owl- Great Horned Owl is Arizona's largest and most widespread owl.  Known as the “Tiger of the Sky”, the Great Horned Owl is probably the most familiar to our listeners of all the Arizona owls.  We both have them in our yards. This owl has mottled grayish-brown feathers on its wings, head, and body. It has pale cream to white underneath with brown barring, and it has a reddish-brown to gray facial feathers, and a white throat patch. This will all be hard to see in the dark but if you catch them in a flashlight or see them in a tree during the day you might get to see the colors better. Great Horned Owls have long feathers covering their legs and feet. Great horned owls are 17-25 inches in height.   Average weight of an adult is 2.6 – 3.5 lbs.  The females will be larger and heavier. The wingspan of this raptor is on average 3-5 feet across. That's a nice wingspan!   Cheryl: That's also pretty heavy for an owl!   Kiersten: Yep! Great Horned Owls are highly adaptable birds with an incredibly diverse diet comprising of over 200 species of mammals, and 300 species of birds, invertebrates, reptiles, amphibians and fish.   Why pick just one thing when you have all this stuff to eat? Why not just eat it all   Cheryl: (laughs) I don't think we missed anything on that list!   Kiersten: The favorite meal of these birds are skunks.  I mean…yeah?   (Both co-hosts laugh)   Cheryl: Well skunks are cute.   Kiersten: They are cute! And the owls keep their population in check. The Great Horned Owl is the only owl to regularly eat skunk. I think they may not have to best sense of smell, if they don't mind eating skunk!   Cheryl: (laughs)   Kiersten: Great Horned Owls do migrate.  They live in their territory their whole lives.  Historically, they were once intensively hunted.  Their feathers a really beautiful and there is always the myth that they eat your sheep, which is completely false. They are not s bog enough bird to do that. But now the biggest threat is indirect poisoning by harmful rodenticides. Which is a terrible shame! For more information on that, please, reference our Rodenticide: A Deadly Decision podcast. Fun Fact:  Great Horned Owls will defend their nests fiercely by hooting, hissing, grunting, and screaming. It is quite terrifying to see! You don't want to encounter this!   Cheryl: They really do impress me. Every time I encounter one or watch them on a webcam.   Kiersten: They really are impressive. These are the ones that have that wise look on theor faces. The one that the phrase wise old owl comes from but…they are not wise. They're great at being owls bt not great problem solvers!   Cheryl: (laughs)   Kiersten: One other thing about the Great Horned Owl. They are definitely one of the owl that have ear tufts. We are not exactly sure why they have ear tufts. Some scientists say it's for checking the changing wind, or they are used to make decisions on the wing but we not entirely sure what they are for. But the tufts are just feathers not ears. They have ears but the feathers that stick up are not their ears.   Cheryl: Sometime I think it's for communication between owls because they can flatten them or hold them up straight. They do things with them if you ever have the opportunity to watch them.   Kiersten: That's a good thought! Owls are solitary hunters, so they could potentially hurt another owl. I don't necessary want to cozy up to my neighbor that might kill me! So maybe they are used to communicate from a distance.   Cheryl :  And with eye color. All 19 different owl species have a different eye color and scientist don't know why! Mabe it's for communication as well.   Kiersten: Maybe!   Cheryl: Barn Owl The Barn Owl is an unusual beauty.  It is a medium sized owl with a heart-shaped face and a characteristic pale speckled plumage.  The upperparts are rusty brown with dark patches.  The face and underparts range from cream to white.  It has slender, feathered legs and long broad wings that enable sharp, agile movements.  This owl is 13-15 inches in height.  It weighs about 1 -1.5 lbs.    Kiersten: The female is definitely a bit bigger. The females need more weight to incubate eggs and more skeletal width to lay eggs, but of all the raptors they have the least difference between male and female.   Cheryl:  Barn Owls wingspan is 31-37 inches across.  Barn Owls occur in the open grasslands, farmlands, open meadows in woodlands and woodland edges. They are nocturnal.  Barn Owls roost or nest in old buildings, barns, silos, steeples, sheds, mine and well shafts, tree cavities, caves and stacks of baled hay.   It is an unmissable bird.  Look out for a flash of white in the open country at night.  Barn Owls has an undulating flight pattern.  They hunt by gliding low above the ground using sight and sound to locate prey.  Barn Owls have asymmetric ears which means one ear is a little higher than the eyes while the opposite one sits a little lower than the eyes.  This helps Barn owls to quickly and accurately locate faint sounds.  The sounds strike each ear at slightly different times. One Barn Owl will eat 8 mice/voles a night.   That's 2,920 rodents a year.     Kiersten: That's good rodent control, right there!   Cheryl: Barn owls have been known to stockpile prey animals, especially, during nesting season.  Barn Owls are typically solitary birds but will live in pairs.  Barn owls are non-violent, altruistic and family-oriented birds.  Barn Owl siblings care for one another while they are together. Barn owls often are the victims of vehicle collisions, but their greatest threat is indirect poisoning by harmful rodenticides. Kiersten:  This is the Flammulated Owl   Cheryl: I'm gla you said that word!   Kiersten: It's not a pretty word. (laughs)   Cheryl: I don't know who names these birds!   Kiersten: they could have picked a prettier word, for sure! This little owl has flame-like markings on its wings, for which it is named.  However, grayer variants lack this feature.  Its plumage is a mix of dark brown, gray, buff, and white providing the perfect camouflage.  It has large, dark eyes, and small ear tufts that are often held flat against the head.  It is 6-7 inches in height.  Weighs about 1.5-2 ounces and has a wingspan of 14-16 inches across.  Flammulated Owls are migratory.  Wintering here in Arizona from September-March.  Flammulated Owls can be found in Arizona's old Ponderosa Pine forests, Douglas Fir, and mixed conifer forests, and in amongst the Aspen trees at higher elevations.   Flammulated owls are considered the most abundant of the forest dwelling owls in Arizona.   These owls are heavily dependent on mature forests.  Habitat loss and rodenticides are the greatest threats to these owls.it vocalizes with twittery noises, mews, and in hoots.  Smaller than the Western Screech Owl this little owl often roosts in old woodpecker or sapsucker holes.  Flammulated owl eats insect like grasshoppers, crickets, beetles, spiders, ants I can't believe they eat ants, that seems like a lot of work for such a small reward, dragonflies, and moths. Probably one of their favorite is those big, fat moths in the silk moth family. That would tide you or for days.   Cheryl: I was surprised at what insects they eat because they are nocturnal. The dragonflies.   Kiersten: Dragonflies might be easier to catch at night though because they'll be stationary.   Cheryl: I don't know how they do it!   Kiersten: Me neither but they always seem to know what they are doing!   Cheryl:  Whiskered Screech Owl I think this one is so cute. I remember watching a video of one and thinking how cute he was and then it snatched a hummingbird! Then I thought he's not so cute anyone!   Kiersten: (laughs) Predators always do that to us!   Cheryl: (laughs) The Whiskered Screech Owl is named for the wispy bristles at the base of their beak.  It is a small owl with streaked plumage and a rounded head with short ear tufts.  There is a gray morph and rufous colored morph.  It has golden- yellow eyes and a yellow-green bill.   I also found it interesting that owl beaks can be different colors! Its height is 6-8 inches, and it weighs 2.4-4.2 ounces.  This owl's wingspan is 16-20 inches across. These owls inhabit southeastern Arizona in the dense oak woodlands and mountains forests of the Madrean Sky Island Mountain Range.  The very southeastern tip of Arizona.  They are active from dusk through the night.  They mainly prey on arthropods, including locusts, grasshoppers, crickets, beetles, moths, caterpillars, centipedes, spiders and scorpions. I always like a bird that can catch a scorpion! They occasionally hunt small mammals and small birds.  Your best chance to look for Whiskered Screech owl is in the Sycamore groves alongside canyons in the popular birding area of Madera Canyon.  Listen for the evenly spaced boo-hoots of the small owls.   That's just four of the thirteen owls we have in Arizona. Part two is coming soon! Please I would just like to remind everyone that the Phoenix Valley is home to a great raptor rehab facility.  Liberty Wildlife offers rehabilitation to injured raptors such as the owls here in Arizona.  So, if you would like a close -up with an owl you may visit their education center for a tour.  If you find an injured owl please keep visual contact with the injured bird, and call Liberty Wildlife.  A volunteer will come out and rescue the bird.  We will include Liberty Wildlife's contact information in our show notes. Stay tuned for part two coming in the near future!

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.10.11.511798v1?rss=1 Authors: Bellfy, L., Smies, C. W., Bernhardt, A. R., Bodinayake, K. K., Sebastian, A., Stuart, E. M., Wright, D. S., Lo, C.-Y., Murakami, S., Boyd, H. M., von Abo, M. J., Albert, I., Kwapis, J. L. Abstract: The circadian system influences many different biological processes, including memory performance. While the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) functions as the central pacemaker of the brain, satellite clocks have also been identified in other brain regions, such as the memory-relevant dorsal hippocampus. Although it is unclear how these satellite clocks contribute to brain function, one possibility is that they may serve to exert diurnal control over local processes. Within the hippocampus, for example, the local clock may contribute to time-of-day effects on memory. Here, we used the hippocampus-dependent Object Location Memory task to determine how memory is regulated across the day/night cycle in mice. First, we systematically determined which phase of memory (acquisition, consolidation, or retrieval) is modulated across the 24h day. We found that mice show better long-term memory performance during the day than at night, an effect that was specifically attributed to diurnal changes in memory consolidation, as neither memory acquisition nor memory retrieval fluctuated across the day/night cycle. Using RNA-sequencing we identified the circadian clock gene Period1 (Per1) as a key mechanism capable of supporting this diurnal fluctuation in memory consolidation, as Per1 oscillates in tandem with memory performance. We then show that local knockdown of Per1 within the dorsal hippocampus has no effect on either the circadian rhythm or sleep behavior, although previous work has shown this manipulation impairs memory. Thus, Per1 may independently function within the dorsal hippocampus to regulate memory in addition to its known role in regulating the circadian rhythm within the SCN. Per1 may therefore exert local diurnal control over memory consolidation within the dorsal hippocampus. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by PaperPlayer

Toilet training is a natural milestone that many children master by the age of 3. Although accidents are bound to happen from time to time, consistent day time wetting may be linked to a more serious medical condition. On average, daytime wetting, or Diurnal enuresis, happens in about 3-4% of children and is commonly associated with dysfunctional voiding. Today, we are going to unpack some of the common reasons kids experience daytime wetting and what primary care providers can do to treat this in the medical home. Today I am happy to be speaking with Brian Miller. Brian Miller is PA-C Lead Advanced Practice Provider for Pediatric Urology here at Children's hospital Colorado.

For Fuchs's sake, taking out the stingHyperosmolar Eye Drops for Diurnal Corneal Edema in Fuchs' Endothelial DystrophyProfessor Stephanie Watson talks taking the sting out of Hyperosmolar Eye Drops for Diurnal Corneal Edema in Fuchs' Endothelial Dystrophy. Do the clinical outcomes support their use, and how robust was this Double-Masked, Randomized Controlled Trial?View article hereStephanie Watson is the Head of the Corneal Research Group at the Save Sight Institute at the University of Sydney. She is the co-Deputy Director of Industry, Innovation and Commercialisation at Sydney Nano, the Head of the Corneal Unit at Sydney Eye Hospital and Chair of Australian Vision Research (formerly Ophthalmic Research Institute of Australia).

This week: Triage accuracy of symptoms checkers low, why the Bee Gees are popular with biotech investors, and llongyfarchiadau i Diurnal.

Vadim Alexandre, Head of Healthcare at SP Angel discusses whether the markets are near a bottom and covers Diurnal #DNL which according to their interim results had more cash, than their current market capitalisation.

Intro- Big yavo-geeked Outro- Vic mensa- wraith *We do not own the rights to this music   Question: Nocturnal or Diurnal lifestyle? Music -News Flash (drops from pop artist) News Flash: August 08 - Towards The Sun, Dreezy - HITGIRL, Babyface Ray - FACE (Deluxe), Mahalia - Letter To Ur Ex, Stunna 4 Vegas - Rae Rae's Son   Wake up mfers: Quincy - Q Side B Side, Ravyn Lenae- HYPNOS, J. Brown - Chapter & Verse   New artist of the week (Lemme put you on)Kweisi: Allyn- Signal Chef: Ceeza Milli - Shayo Outstanding song (weekly) (New and Popular artist)Young ArtistKwe: Quincy- Mosaic; Trapland Pat- Buffering Chef: Zinadelphia - Mirrorball, Sosamann - Monday Night Raw Popular ArtistsChef : Quavo, Takeoff - Hotel Lobby, Dreezy - Balance My Lows Kwe: John Legend- Dope; Moneybagg Yo- Rocky road 

Nicola Barclay, PhD, is a Sleep Scientist and Psychologist, with extensive experience of sleep research, research design, big data and education.  She was a Lecturer in Sleep Medicine at the Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute, University of Oxford from 2016 to 2021, training clinicians in the assessment, diagnosis and treatment of sleep and circadian disorders. Prior to this appointment, Nicola was Associate Director of the Northumbria Centre for Sleep Research at Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK from 2011 to 2016. In 2011, she completed her PhD at the University of London, focussing on Quantitative and Molecular Genetic Approaches to Understanding Sleep Quality and Diurnal Preference, where she was awarded the 'Rising Researcher' award, 2011. She received a first-class honours degree in Psychology from the University of Sussex. She has more recently worked as a Data Scientist in industry, exploring the use of big data to understand trajectories of health and disease. Nicola has published over 50 peer-reviewed publications on sleep, and has extensive experience of educating clinical professionals in sleep medicine and research, as well as expertise in statistical methodologies and research study design   In this episode, we discuss Phenotypes, chronotypes and diurnal preferences   Associations between diurnal preference, sleep quality and externalizing behaviours: a behavioural genetic analysis https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20836908/   Quantitative genetic research on sleep: a review of normal sleep, sleep disturbances and associated emotional, behavioural, and health-related difficulties https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22560641/   Genetic and environmental influences on different components of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and their overlap https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20469808/   Diurnal preference and sleep quality: same genes? A study of young adult twins https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20370470/   Sustained wakefulness and visual attention: moderation by chronotype https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27624836/   Follow Nicola over at Sleep Universal https://www.sleep-universal.com/   Connect on LinkedIn https://www.linkedin.com/in/nicola-barclay-72930227/   Twitter@NicolaBarclay   Contact me at iandunican@sleep4performance.com.au or www.sleep4performance.com.au and check out the YouTube channel

Vadim Alexandre, Head of Healthcare at SP Angel discusses the opportunities that may arise from Omega Diagnostics #ODX & Diurnal Group #DNL should they secure funding as suggested by the companies in their recent updates.

Hour 1 - It''s Friday and the vivacity is high as Thunder Hockey Legend Jason Duda takes over the co-host chair with Jeff taking the afternoon off!  Vype Magazine's Joanna Chadwick checks in to talk all things Kansas High School Basketball.

Our guest this week is David DeFazio, co-founder of Wyoming Whiskey. We discuss building a distillery on a ranch and making whiskey in Wyoming. David is a former lawyer turned whiskey maker and has a wealth of experience in working hard, solving problems, and crafting whiskey. We also want to give a huge shoutout to Bob Cutler of Novio's Bistro in Bangor Maine for connecting us with Wyoming Whiskey.  He's a long-time supporter of the show and of Wyoming Whiskey and we are so excited that we were able to collaborate for an episode.  We hope you enjoy this week's episode and if you have a chance to try Wyoming Whiskey, let us know what you think! We are thankful for everyone who has supported us. A huge shoutout to our growing Patreon Community as well! We'd appreciate it if you can take the time to give us feedback on our podcast. If you enjoy our content, consider giving us a 5 star rating on your favorite podcast app, leave us a review, and tell a fellow bourbon lover about our show. Follow  us @BourbonLens on Instagram, Facebook, & Twitter.  And please check out our Patreon to learn how you can support our endeavors, earn Bourbon Lens swag, be part of future barrel picks, and more. If you have any comments, questions, or suggestions, please email us at TheBourbonLens@Gmail.com. Visit our website BourbonLens.com to check out our blog posts, or even purchase your own Bourbon Lens tasting glass or t-shirt. Cheers,Scott, Jake, & MichaelBourbon Lens   About Wyoming Whiskey Based in Kirby, Wyoming, Wyoming Whiskey has a simple goal: to create America's next great bourbon. The company and product is a collaboration between its partners and 97,818 square miles of Wyoming. The Mead family first came to Wyoming as ranchers in 1890 and the state defines them, and their whiskey.  They use the finest corn, wheat, barley, and water from the Big Horn Basin and promote Wyoming's natural and human resources.  Every drop of this bourbon is 100% Wyoming. When was WW founded? 2006 Who are it's founders? Brad & Kate Mead, 4th generation Wyoming cattle ranchers, and David DeFazio. All of the founders currently reside in Jackson, but the distillery is at the Mead Ranch in Kirby, WY. How many styles does Wyoming have? 6 in the main lineup Small Batch (flagship, highest quantity produced and sold) Outryder (Straight American Whiskey - WW's take on a rye) Single Barrel (top 1% of their liquid) Double Cask  Barrel Strength National Parks Limited Edition Other limited release offerings they've done: Wide Open Spaces collection and some Wyoming-only releases in limited batches such as Stargazer, Thunder Basin and Wilderness. What are some unique factors that set Wyoming Whiskey apart in the industry?  #1: WW uses non-GMO grains, including corn, wheat, barley, and rye, all sourced from a local WY farmer named Brent Rageth. Part of WW's culture is to draw upon the natural environment in making their product. Genetically modified grains are, to an extent, unnatural. And for that reason, they will only use natural seed when raising their crops in Byron, Wyoming. An experienced farmer easily works around the challenges presented by non-genetically modified crops.  #2: Wyoming Whiskey does not source any alcohol. Every drop in our bottle comes from grains grown in Wyoming, which are cooked, fermented, distilled, barreled and bottled in Kirby, Wyoming. All of our grains come from Rageth Farms in Byron, Wyoming. WW's water comes from a mile-deep limestone aquifer 40 miles to the north of our distillery. This makes their product 100% Wyoming. In an age where a vast number of brands are taking the easier, cheaper and faster route of sourcing bulk whiskey, WW prefers to put in the extra time and effort to do things the right way.  #3: Our environment: Wyoming is a special place. And as mentioned previously, our maturation environment is the most unique in the industry. On the hottest of days in the summer, the top of our warehouse can reach 132 degrees and in the depth of winter it will hit 0 degrees. Where else is a whiskey exposed to such extreme temperatures without moving an inch? WW Barrels experience the extreme temperature variations of the high basin between the Absaroka and Bighorn Mountains. Temperatures reach 135° at the height of the warehouse during the summer and fall precipitously to 5° degrees in the depths of Winter. In the summertime, warehouse temperatures can swing 20 – 30 degrees and facilitate greater whiskey and wood interaction.  How does the unique terroir of Kirby, WY and its temperature fluctuations impact the development of WW?  WW does not use temperature controlled warehouses. As a result, they are at the mercy of the environment. Their maturation environment is arguably the most unique in the whiskey industry because of it's violent temperature swings. Diurnal temperature swings can be over 50 degrees in a day, which results in a more dynamic maturation environment in every barrel. Given the thermal mass in each warehouse, barrel temperatures will not change to this profound of a degree, however, even a 1 degree change in a barrel will cause the alcohol to push into the oak and later withdraw to a greater extent than maturation environments that do not share this cycle. The result is a more meaningful and effective maturation period during the summer months. To the contrary, our barrels go into hibernation during Wyoming's harsh winters. At about 40 degrees, alcohol activity in the barrel ceases and maturation stops. Whatever magic happens in the winter months is a mystery to us, but what we do know is that our maturation process produces an outstanding line of whiskies. Years ago, we used to rotate barrels in an attempt to balance the warehouses' effect on each barrel, however Nancy taught us that it was unnecessary given the complexity of her batching protocol and the precision with which each barrel is selected. In short, we batch around this issue.  To learn more, visit http://www.wyomingwhiskey.com and sign up to become a Whiskey Baron to receive the latest news and special offers from Wyoming Whiskey. For daily updates, follow Wyoming Whiskey on Instagram, Facebook and Twitter. Show Links: Wyoming Whiskey: The Best American Made Whiskey & Bourbon  The Legacy of Wyoming Whiskey's Outryder Lives On — Verde Brand Communications Lawyer becomes whiskey connoisseur | Biz Quiz | jhnewsandguide.com Wyoming Whiskey Releases Fifth Outryder Expression

Hour 1 - As the earth swings into the holiday season, another festive week kicks off from Bob's secret basement studio lair featuring a visit from the voice of "How I Met Your Mother", star of "Full House," and stand up comedian Bob Saget. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Right smack in the middle, Bob & Thunder Hockey Legend  Jason Duda break on through to the opposite side. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Continuing with our theme of Wilderness Medicine in Ultra-Endurance Events, we are joined by Steph Gaskell, Sports Dietician and Researcher at Monash University, to focus on the sports science and self- management / practicalities of fueling for the long run. Steph takes Doc and Goose through fueling for an Ultra, characterizing the event (the goal) and common pitfalls, importance of “training the gut”. She also takes a deep dive into her area of research; Exercise Induced Gastrointestinal Syndrome “Runner's gut”, and the current thinking around mechanistic pathways, and how to work out for the individual athlete strategies to mitigate common problems. You can find Steph Gaskell at: www.nutritionstrategies.com.au Instagram: @nutritionstrategies Twitter: @NutStrategies As mentioned, we highly recommend her podcast “The Long Munch” with Alan McCubbin: Instagram: @thelongmunch Twitter: @TheLongMunch Articles mentioned: Aspetar Sports Medicine Journal - GASTROINTESTINAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT PROCEDURES FOR EXERCISE-ASSOCIATED GASTROINTESTINAL SYMPTOMS Full article: Exertional-heat stress-associated gastrointestinal perturbations during Olympic sports: Management strategies for athletes preparing and competing in the 2020 Tokyo Olympic Games (tandfonline.com) Full article: Exertional-heat stress-associated gastrointestinal perturbations during Olympic sports: Management strategies for athletes preparing and competing in the 2020 Tokyo Olympic Games (tandfonline.com) Gaskell SK, Rauch CE, Parr A, Costa RJS. Diurnal versus Nocturnal Exercise-Impact on the Gastrointestinal Tract. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2020; (In press). Gaskell SK, Taylor B, Muir J, Costa RJS. Impact of 24-hour low and high fermentable oligo- di- mono- saccharide polyol diets on markers of exercise-induced gastrointestinal syndrome in response to exertional-heat stress. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2020; 45: 569-580. The BrowShow presents “Doc, Doc, Goose”. Exploring the intersection of Sports Science, Medicine and Athlete Management with Insights, Interviews, and Information from the world of Performance Sport. Follow our Facebook page for show notes and links https://www.facebook.com/BRowShowPodcast Dr Rod Siegel is the National Physiology Network Lead at the AIS, National Physiology Lead at Australian Sailing and a Sport Scientist at the VIS Twitter @RodSiegel https://twitter.com/RodSiegel Dr Alice McNamara is Sports Medicine Registrar (ACSEP), Vertical athlete, & dual World Champion Rower Twitter @alice_mac6 https://twitter.com/alice_mac6 Insta @_alice_mac https://www.instagram.com/_alice_mac/?hl=en Bill Tait is the Performance Manager at the VIS, former Australian Olympic coach and National representative rower Twitter @rowtait https://twitter.com/rowtait Insta @rehabbillytait https://www.instagram.com/rehabbillytait/?hl=en

OnlyFans Double-Cross, Raccoons, why the show is never uploaded at 3AM, and Nocturnal Farming.NSFW kinda

Mike Matthews talks about what to remember about food in these interesting times and the diurnal thinking that affects us all. Plus it's Madame Rootabega, Valentino, and Bison Bentley. Next show it's Chely Shoehart, Floyd the Floorman, and John Deer the Engineer. --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/mikesdailypodcast/message Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/mikesdailypodcast/support

Mike Matthews talks about what to remember about food in these interesting times and the diurnal thinking that affects us all. Plus it's Madame Rootabega, Valentino, and Bison Bentley. Next show it's Chely Shoehart, Floyd the Floorman, and John Deer the Engineer.

Ten Points I look at in the chart:  Ascendent/Rising Sign: is your social personality. It is how you dawn on people as it relates to the zodiac sign that was on the Eastern horizon when you were born. Your rising sign represents your physical body and outward style. Chart Ruler: the placement of the ruling planet of your rising sign. So if you're a Sagittarius rising, your ruling planet will be Jupiter. What sign and house Jupiter is in the chart will have a lot to do with the personality of the native. The Sun is my chart ruler which is in the 6th house at 0 degrees of Capricorn.  Night or Day Chart: Determine if the native has a Night Chart or a Day chart: Where is the sun in the chart? If the Sun is in houses: 12, 11, 10, 9, 8, or 7 this is a day chart. If the Sun is in houses: 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, or 1, this is a night chart. Diurnal is associated with masculinity, and linear, logical thinking. This is associated with the father and the sun. The Nocturnal is associated with femininity, circular thinking, spiritual, and the emotional world. Day is more active, night is more active. I am a night chart.  Determine the Sect Ruler: if they are a night chart look at the primary luminary first which is the moon. If they have a sun chart look at the primary luminary of the sun first. My moon is my sect ruler and is my primary luminary. My moon is at 22 degrees of Libra in the 3rd house. The moon has it's joy in the third house. My Libra moon makes me very social and concerned with aesthetics. It squares my Mercury which makes very chatty and gives me the gift of writing and communicating. Often air moons like to think through their feeling rather than feel them.  Secondary Luminary: The opposite of the sect ruler. If the moon is the primary luminary (sect ruler) then the sun is the secondary luminary. My sun is at zero degrees of Capricorn and is forming a conjunction with Uranus. I often have bust of creativity and insights into healing and practical ways to make life easier. This also makes me very clumsy.  Angular Houses: 1st, 4th, 7th, & 10th: This is true for every chart. These houses are the pillars of the chart and what hold it together. In my first house I have my south node and in my seventh house I have my north node. Because of this I'm comfortable with having a lot of alone time.  North Node/South Node: The north node My north node being in my seventh house shows me I'm here to learn a lot by being in partnership. I also have Venus in my 7th house opposing my ascendent.  Midheaven/IC: The Midheaven (MC) is the highest point of your potential in the chart. My MC  is at 24 degrees of Aries, and my IC is at 24 degrees of Libra which is conjuncting my moon in the third house.  Malefic: In astrology, a malefic planet, or simply malefic, is a planet thought to bring bad luck and misfortune to those born within its radius. Saturn in a night chart is considered more malefic, while Mars is considered more malefic in a day chart. For my chart, Saturn is the malefic to watch out for since I'm a night chart. My Saturn is at fourteen degrees of Capricorn.  Benefic: Jupiter and Venus, which are said to grant good fortune by contrast to malefic planets. Jupiter is the main benefic for the day chart, and Venus is the main benefic for a night chart. Venus is the benefic that brings me the most good since I have a night chart. It is at 5 degrees of Aquarius in my 7th house.  VOCAB LIST:  Cardinal: Initiates the start of a season.  Fixed: maintains the season.  Mutable: transitions us into a new seasons.  Sextile: In astrology, the sextile planetary aspect represents a special 60° angle between two planets in the natal chart. The energy created between these two planets with a sextile aspect is one that is very cooperative. This means that each of the planet's energies inspire and encourage each other instead of holding each other back. Because of this, new ideas and opportunities can flow smoothly between different aspects of one person's life. Trine: A trine is an angle of 120° an orb of somewhere between 5° and 10° depending on the planets involved. The trine relates to what is natural and indicates harmony and ease. Conjunct/Conjunction: In astrology, a conjunction is formed when two or more planets line up exactly. When they line up, their vibrations blend and work together. Domicile: A planetary ruler is given to each sign, over which the planet has a more powerful influence when positioned therein. A planet is considered to be in domicile when it is positioned in the sign it rules. Example: Both Libra and Taurus is ruled by Venus. So if you have Venus in Libra or Taurus, you have your Venus it's Domicile.  Detriment: Refers to the sign of the zodiac that is opposite to a planet's domicile.When a planet is in the sign that is opposite to its own domicile, it is said to be in its detriment. A planet being in its detriment to be a debilitating factor to planet. Example: Since Venus rules Libra, & Taurus, Venus is in detriment in those opposing signs Aries, & Scorpio. If you have your Venus in Scorpio or Aries, your Venus is in detriment. Don't worry that's not a bad thing! It just means you have an intensity to Venusian themes: money, relationships, fashion, values, and your overall taste.  Exaltation: When a planet is exalted it is a place of awareness for the planet, whereas the fall is a position of weakness concerning the function of the planet. The sign position directly opposite a planet's sign of exaltation is considered to be its fall. Example: Venus is exalted in Pisces. If you have your Venus in Pisces your Venus is Exalted.  Cazimi: Any planet whose center is within 17 mins of the arc of the center of the Sun.  Ingress: When a planet or luminary moves from one sign to another.      Ready to book your astrology reading? Whether this is your 1st reading or your 100th, you can book your reading at the link below: https://victoriagreerstephens.as.me/BIRTHCHART For other astrological services such as mini readings and compatibility readings, use the link below:  https://victoriagreerstephens.as.me/ASTROLOGY   MY CONTACT INFO: WEBSITE victoriagreerstephens.com  THE GRAM @victoriagstephens YOUTUBE CHANNEL https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC3CBv2R-8MZawQL6YHUnkrA WORK WITH ME ASTROLOGY READINGS https://victoriagreerstephens.as.me/ASTROLOGY AKASHIC RECORD READING victoriagreerstephens.as.me/AKASHIC INTUITIVE BRANDING SESSION victoriagreerstephens.as.me/INTUITIVEBRANDING    

Stage manger, tour manager and new friend Liam "Mad Dog" Murray and I sit down while on tour somewhere along the road in Regional Western Australian to talk about being "behind the scenes", why facts are important and how we can make the world better using the word Diurnal.

Kraits! These banded and venomous beasts are still shrouded in mystery, but we cover some of the things we DO know about them in this Patreon special. Become a Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/herphighlights FULL REFERENCE LIST AVAILABLE AT: herphighlights.podbean.com Main Paper References: Hodges, C. W., Barnes, C. H., Patungtaro, P., & Strine, C. T. (2021). Deadly dormmate: A case study on Bungarus candidus living among a student dormitory with implications for human safety. Ecological Solutions and Evidence, 2(e12047), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1002/2688-8319.12047 Hodges, C. W., D’souza, A., & Jintapirom, S. (2020). Diurnal observation of a Malayan Krait Bungarus candidus (Reptilia: Elapidae) feeding inside a building in Thailand. Journal of Threatened Taxa, 12(8), 15947–15950. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.5746.12.8.15947-15950 Crane, M., Oliver, K., Silva, I., Aksornneam, A., Artchawakom, T., Suwanwaree, P., & Strine, C. T. (2016). A report of a Malayan Krait snake Bungarus candidus mortality as by-catch in a local fish trap from Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand. Tropical Conservation Science, 9(1), 313–320. https://doi.org/10.1177/194008291600900116 Knierim, T. K., Strine, C. T., Suwanwaree, P., & Hill, J. G. (2019). Spatial ecology study reveals nest attendance and habitat preference of banded kraits (Bungarus fasciatus). Herpetological Bulletin, 150, 6–13. https://doi.org/10.33256/hb150.613 Knierim, T. K., Marshall, B. M., Hayes, L., Waengsothorn, S., Suwanwaree, P., & Strine, C. T. (2018). The movements and habitat preferences of a Malayan krait (Bungarus candidus) in an agrarian landscape. Herpetological Bulletin, 143, 30–33. Other Mentioned Papers/Studies: Gaynor KM, Hojnowski CE, Carter NH, Brashares JS. 2018. The influence of human disturbance on wildlife nocturnality. Science 360:1232–1235. DOI: 10.1126/science.aar7121. Karraker NE, Fischer S, Aowphol A, Sheridan J, Poo S. 2018. Signals of forest degradation in the demography of common Asian amphibians. PeerJ 6:e4220. DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4220. Mohammadi S, Kluever BM, Tamashiro T, Amano Y, Hill Iii JG. 2014. Spatial and Thermal Observations of a Malayan Krait (Bungarus candidus) From Thailand. Tropical Natural History 14:21–26. Tucker MA, et al. 2018. Moving in the Anthropocene: Global reductions in terrestrial mammalian movements. Science 359:466–469. DOI: 10.1126/science.aam9712. Other Links/Mentions: “Does ocean acidification alter fish behavior? Fraud allegations create a sea of doubt” By Martin Enserink - https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2021/05/does-ocean-acidification-alter-fish-behavior-fraud-allegations-create-sea-doubt Music: Intro/outro – Treehouse by Ed Nelson Species Bi-week theme – Mike Mooney Other Music – The Passion HiFi, www.thepassionhifi.com

Are you suffering from zoom fatigue, meeting migraines or the occasional shark bite? Have a listen to our next episode and find out more about office diary sweet spots, biochronology, meeting categorizations and how to deal with sharks in conflict resolution. As always, we bring in the expert advice of an academic and we’ll discuss the added value of the Quaker peace testimony with a workplace mediator. In the analysis, we’re heading for the deep waters of the notorious Handforth parish council meeting. There will be blood. For more info and a transcript head over to www.wordsandactions.blog. Episode 18 is on meetings and conflicts, so for the academically minded among our listeners, here are three sources of linguistic and conversation analytical research into meetings: Handford, M. (2010). The language of business meetings. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [Incidentally, Michael Handford was our first ever interview guest, way back in episode 1.] Handford, M., & Koester, A. (2019). The construction of conflict talk across workplace contexts: (Towards) a theory of conflictual compact. Language Awareness, 28(3), 186-206. Holmes, J., & Marra, M. (2004). Leadership and managing conflict in meetings. Pragmatics, 14(4), 439-462. The study about “collaboration overload” that Bernard cites at the beginning of the episode is reported on here. The second study he refers to, by online scheduling service When Is Good, is reported on here. (Note that the article also mentions the Quaker practice of starting a meeting with silence, which anticipates our first interview later in the episode.) Erika follows up on this with a study that demonstrates how the time of day when an earnings conference call is scheduled can influence the positivity (or lack thereof) of analysts’ and managers’ tone: Chen, J., Demers, E., & Lev, B. (2018). Oh what a beautiful morning! Diurnal influences on executives and analysts: Evidence from conference calls. Management Science, 64(12), 5461-5959. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2017.2888 It’s important to note that meetings take very different forms, involve different people and have different purposes. We describe a diagram which can be found on our website www.wordsandactions.blog. Moving on to conflicts, Erika and Veronika have written about types and stages of conflicts, and about people’s conflict styles, in chapter 9 of their textbook: Darics, E., & Koller, V. (2018). Language in Business, Language at Work. London: Palgrave Macmillan Education. You can test your own conflict resolution style with the Thomas-Kilmann questionnaire. In the first interview, with coach and workplace mediator Allegra Stone, we talk about how her Quaker beliefs influence her work. Quakers in Britain have published a toolkit about engaging with conflict that is based on their peace testimony. Our second interview guest, Bernadette Vine, is a member of the Language in the Workplace project at Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand (Te Herenga Waka, Aotearoa). A few of her recent publications are: Lazzaro-Salazar, M., Marra, M., Holmes, J., & Vine, B. (2015). Doing power and negotiating through disagreement in public meetings. Pragmatics and Society, 6(3), 444-464. Vine, B. (ed.) (2018). The Routledge Handbook of Language in the Workplace. Abingdon: Routledge. Vine, B. (2020). Introducing Language in the Workplace. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. In the last part of the episode, we analyse the now infamous Handforth parish council meeting from February 2021. In the next episode, we’ll be looking at the related topic of negotiations.

On the Vox Markets Podcast Today: 1st April 2021 John Meyer, Mining analyst and partner at SP Angel talks about Joe Biden's Multi Trillion $ Stimulus Plan and the following companies: Bushveld Minerals #BMN Scotgold Resources #SGZ & Savannah Resources #SAV Vadim Alexandre, Head of Healthcare at SP Angel discusses how to deal with missing out on a big winner and Diurnal #DNL (Interview starts 18 minutes 35 seconds) Vox Markets is revolutionising the way companies engage with shareholders and the stock market at large. By aggregating IR and digital content onto one secure and compliant platform, Vox Markets has established itself as the go-to resource for the investment community. #VoxMarkets #StockMarket #LivePrices #StockMarketNews #Money #Investing #Investments #Finance #Business #Podcast https://www.voxmarkets.co.uk/

Can plants produce magnetic fields? By studying Venus Fly Traps, scientists can figure out if plants can make their own magnetic fields. Do pulse of plants produce magnetic fields like those we see in animal muscles? Can you give a plant an MRI? The iconic Venus Fly trap can help us understand how to study the health of plants without harming them. Is there a way to measure the metabolism of a plant directly? By studying the sugar inside plant cells, scientists can understand their growth and response to stress. Anne Fabricant, Geoffrey Z. Iwata, Sönke Scherzer, Lykourgos Bougas, Katharina Rolfs, Anna Jodko-Władzińska, Jens Voigt, Rainer Hedrich, Dmitry Budker. Action potentials induce biomagnetic fields in carnivorous Venus flytrap plants. Scientific Reports, 2021; 11 (1) DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81114-w Chiara Diacci, Tayebeh Abedi, Jee Woong Lee, Erik O. Gabrielsson, Magnus Berggren, Daniel T. Simon, Totte Niittylä, Eleni Stavrinidou. Diurnal in vivo xylem sap glucose and sucrose monitoring using implantable organic electrochemical transistor sensors. iScience, 2021; 24 (1): 101966 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101966

On the Vox Markets Podcast Today: 12th January 2021Vadim Alexandre, Head of Healthcare at SP Angel discusses catching the coronavirus and Diurnal #DNLGlen Goodman, former ITV News Business correspondent and now author of, "The Crypto Trader", covers this week's moves in Bitcoin and also discusses whether it's a real asset.(Interview starts at 16 minutes 27 seconds) Plus the Top 5 Most Followed Companies & the Top 5 Most read RNS's on Vox Markets in the last 24 hours.Vox Markets is revolutionising the way companies engage with shareholders and the stock market at large. By aggregating IR and digital content onto one secure and compliant platform, Vox Markets has established itself as the go-to resource for the investment community.#VoxMarkets #StockMarket #LivePrices #StockMarketNews #Money #Investing #Investments #Finance #Business #Podcasthttps://www.voxmarkets.co.uk/

Diurnal is an adjective that means happening durning the daylight hours. Our word of the day comes from the Latin word dies (DYE ess) which simply means ‘day.’ Diurnal usually refers to the ‘the daytime’ as opposed to night. The older I get, the more diurnal my lifestyle becomes. I have most of my fun when the sun is out shining, but the minute night falls, I’m drowsy and ready for bed.

Most of us are familiar with air pollution, water pollution, soil pollution, and noise pollution.  But it turns out that light can also be a pollutant as well.  Light pollution is a consequence of industrial civilization.  Sources of light pollution include building interior and exterior lighting, advertising billboards, factories, commercial properties, streetlights, and sporting venues.       […]

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.10.25.354134v1?rss=1 Authors: Harkness, J. H., Gonzalez, A. E., Bushana, P. N., Jorgensen, E. T., Hegarty, D. M., Di Nardo, A. A., Prochiantz, A., Wisor, J. P., Aicher, S. A., Brown, T. E., Sorg, B. A. Abstract: Perineuronal nets (PNNs) surrounding fast-spiking, parvalbumin (PV) inhibitory interneurons are vital for providing excitatory:inhibitory balance within cortical circuits, and this balance is impaired in disorders such as schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorder, and substance use disorders. These disorders are also associated with altered diurnal rhythms, yet few studies have examined the diurnal rhythms of PNNs or PV cells. We measured the intensity and number of PV cells and PNNs labeled with Wisteria floribunda agglutinin (WFA) in the rat prelimbic medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) at Zeitgeber times (ZT) ZT0, 6, 12, and 18. We also measured the oxidative stress marker 8-oxo-deoxyguanosine (8-oxo-dG). Relative to ZT0, the intensities of PNN and PV staining were increased in the dark (active) phase compared with the light (inactive) phase. The intensity of 8-oxo-dG was decreased from ZT0 at all time points (ZT6,12,18), in both PV cells and non-PV cells. To examine corresponding changes in inhibitory and excitatory inputs, we measured GAD 65/67 and vGlut1 puncta apposed to PV cells with and without PNNs. Relative to ZT6, there were more excitatory puncta on PV cells surrounded by PNNs at ZT18, but no changes in PV cells devoid of PNNs. No changes in inhibitory puncta were observed. Whole-cell slice recordings in fast-spiking (PV) cells with PNNs showed an increased ratio of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor:N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (AMPA:NMDA) at ZT18 vs. ZT6. The number of PV cells and co-labeled PV/PNN cells containing the transcription factor orthodenticle homeobox 2 (OTX2), which maintains PNNs, showed a strong trend toward an increase from ZT6 to ZT18. These diurnal fluctuations in PNNs and PV cells are expected to alter cortical excitatory:inhibitory balance and provide new insights into treatment approaches for diseases impacted by imbalances in sleep and circadian rhythms. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info

On the Vox Markets Podcast Today: 13th October 2020Clive Beattie, Acting Chief Executive Officer of OnTheMarket #OTMP discusses some of the highlights from their interim results and future outlook.Mike Ralston, Chief Executive Officer of Blencowe Resources #BRES provides an operational update on their graphite project.(Interview starts at 14 minutes 37 seconds)Vadim Alexandre, Head of Healthcare at SP Angel discusses Novacyt #NCYT Polarean Imaging #POLX Diurnal Group #DNL Feedback #FDBK(Interview starts at 23 minutes 55 seconds)Plus the Top 5 Most Followed Companies & the Top 5 Most liked RNS's on Vox Markets in the last 24 hours.Vox Markets is revolutionising the way companies engage with shareholders and the stock market at large. By aggregating IR and digital content onto one secure and compliant platform, Vox Markets has established itself as the go-to resource for the investment community.#VoxMarkets #StockMarket #LivePrices #StockMarketNews #Money #Investing #Investments #Finance #Business #Podcasthttps://www.voxmarkets.co.uk/

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.09.04.283226v1?rss=1 Authors: Held, N. M., Buijink, R., Elfrink, H. L., Kooijman, S., Janssens, G. E., Vaz, F. M., Michel, S., Houtkooper, R. H., Weeghel van, M. Abstract: Lipid metabolism is under the control of the circadian system and circadian dysregulation has been linked to obesity and dyslipidemia. These factors and outcomes have also been associated to, or affected by, the process of aging. Here, we investigated whether murine white (WAT) and brown (BAT) adipose tissue lipids exhibit rhythmicity and if this is affected by aging. To this end, we have measured the 24 hour lipid profiles of WAT and BAT using a global lipidomics analysis of >1100 lipids. We observed rhythmicity in nearly all lipid classes including glycerolipids, glycerophospholipids, sterol lipids and sphingolipids. Overall, ~22% of the analyzed lipids were considered rhythmic in WAT and BAT. Despite a general accumulation of lipids upon aging the fraction of oscillating lipids decreased in both tissues to 14% and 18%, respectively. Diurnal profiles of lipids in BAT appeared to depend on the lipid acyl chain length and this specific regulation was lost in aged mice. Our study revealed how aging affects the rhythmicity of lipid metabolism and could contribute to the quest for targets that improve diurnal lipid homeostasis to maintain cardiometabolic health during aging. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info

Cerro Azul is one of the Mierisch family’s newer coffee projects in Honduras. The name 'Mierisch' might sound familiar; they have brought us Limoncillo, Escondida, San Jose and Mama Mina, to name just a few of their amazing farms. The Mierisch family have been growing coffee for four generations, going on five, in Nicaragua. They have achieved great results with their special way of farming, and more importantly by reaching out to specialty buyers and being at the forefront of coffee development. This farm started life as an experiment for the Mierisch family. To farm here, they went across the border of their mother country and drove six hours from their home to neighbouring Honduras. I've spoken with Erwin a lot about why the family made this decision, and it came down to his experiences as one of the Head Judges for the Cup of Excellence competitions in Honduras. He had seen amazing potential, but he'd also seen a lack of care and attention to detail during the processing stage. This detail is vital to truly special coffee, and Erwin and his family are some of the best-qualified processing technicians I have ever met. This opportunity was a match made in heaven. In 2011 they started the project of revitalising Finca Cerro Azul in the region of the national park, Azul Meambar. It's in Siguatepeque, Comayagua, Honduras, and is across from Finca El Cielito, Santa Barbara. The farm lies on the other side of Lake Yojoa, and is blessed with micro-climates and conditions that are familiar to the family because those conditions are similar to the ones they experience on their lands in Nicaragua. But the soil is something else, as is the plant stock they have inherited. We were some of the first to taste the fruits of their hard work and long drives to their new farm. You'll get a refreshing white grape at the start of this, but it's quickly backed up by milk chocolate. On the finish I get pear, for a well balanced cup which is easy drinking. Country: Honduras Department: Comayagua Municipality: Siguatepeque Community: Rio Bonito Farm: Finca Cerro Azul Farm managers: Francisco Escobar and Lidia Zeledon Farm owners: The Mierisch family Area: 135 hectares Elevation: 1,450–1,900 m.a.s.l. Diurnal temperature cycle: average high: 26 C, average low: 16 C Varietal: Catuai Shade: Inga and Liquidambar Processing method: Washed CUPPING NOTES White grape, milk chocolate, pear Clean cup: (1–8): 6.5 Sweetness: (1–8): 6 Acidity: (1–8): 6 Mouthfeel: (1–8): 6 Flavour: (1–8): 7 Aftertaste: (1–8): 6 Balance: (1–8): 7 Overall: (1–8): 6.5 Correction:(+36): +36 Total (max. 100): 87 Roast Information Medium-dark – take it through first and give it a little time to develop in the gap, dropping just as it hits second.

Cerro Azul is one of the Mierisch family's newer coffee projects in Honduras. The name 'Mierisch' might sound familiar; they have brought us Limoncillo, Escondida, San Jose and Mama Mina, to name just a few of their amazing farms. The Mierisch family have been growing coffee for four generations, going on five, in Nicaragua. They have achieved great results with their special way of farming, and more importantly by reaching out to specialty buyers and being at the forefront of coffee development. This farm started life as an experiment for the Mierisch family. To farm here, they went across the border of their mother country and drove six hours from their home to neighbouring Honduras. I've spoken with Erwin a lot about why the family made this decision, and it came down to his experiences as one of the Head Judges for the Cup of Excellence competitions in Honduras. He had seen amazing potential, but he'd also seen a lack of care and attention to detail during the processing stage. This detail is vital to truly special coffee, and Erwin and his family are some of the best-qualified processing technicians I have ever met. This opportunity was a match made in heaven. In 2011 they started the project of revitalising Finca Cerro Azul in the region of the national park, Azul Meambar. It's in Siguatepeque, Comayagua, Honduras, and is across from Finca El Cielito, Santa Barbara. The farm lies on the other side of Lake Yojoa, and is blessed with micro-climates and conditions that are familiar to the family because those conditions are similar to the ones they experience on their lands in Nicaragua. But the soil is something else, as is the plant stock they have inherited. We were some of the first to taste the fruits of their hard work and long drives to their new farm. You'll get a refreshing white grape at the start of this, but it's quickly backed up by milk chocolate. On the finish I get pear, for a well-balanced cup which is easy drinking. Country: Honduras Department: Comayagua Municipality: Siguatepeque Community: Rio Bonito Farm: Finca Cerro Azul Farm managers: Francisco Escobar and Lidia Zeledon Farm owners: The Mierisch family Area: 135 hectares Elevation: 1,450–1,900 m.a.s.l. Diurnal temperature cycle: average high: 26 C, average low: 16 C Varietal: Catuai Shade: Inga and Liquidambar Processing method: Washed CUPPING NOTES White grape, milk chocolate, pear Clean cup: (1–8): 6.5 Sweetness: (1–8): 6 Acidity: (1–8): 6 Mouthfeel: (1–8): 6 Flavour: (1–8): 7 Aftertaste: (1–8): 6 Balance: (1–8): 7 Overall: (1–8): 6.5 Correction:(+36): +36 Total (max. 100): 87 Roast Information Medium-dark – take it through first and give it a little time to develop in the gap, dropping just as it hits second.

George McDonaugh, CEO of digital asset investment firm, KR1, discusses the Polkadot project, the Company's biggest investment to date as well as this morning's $199m investment into the MetaCartel Ventures Decentralised Autonomous Organisation.KR1 seeks opportunities in the blockchain space by performing due diligence on projects in relation to their team, the project's traction and the underlying technology. KR1 manages its assets as the project matures, adopting rigorous ‘City' discipline when it comes to liquidating its positions.Vadim Alexandre, Head of Healthcare at SP Angel talks pharmaceutical stock Diurnal Group as it sets its sights on winning US regulatory drug approval.(Interview starts at 13 minutes 01 seconds)Plus the Top 5 Most Followed Companies & the Top 5 Most liked RNS's on Vox Markets in the last 24 hours. Vox Markets is revolutionising the way companies engage with shareholders and the stock market at large. By aggregating IR and digital content onto one secure and compliant platform, Vox Markets has established itself as the go-to resource for the investment community. #VoxMarkets #StockMarket #LivePrices #StockMarketNews #Money #Investing #Investments #Finance #Business #Podcast https://www.voxmarkets.co.uk/

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.06.22.164194v1?rss=1 Authors: Bano-Otalora, B., Martial, F., Harding, C., Bechtold, D. A., Allen, A. E., Brown, T. M., Belle, M. D. C., Lucas, R. J. Abstract: Mammalian circadian rhythms are orchestrated by a master pacemaker in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), which receives information about the 24 h light:dark cycle from the retina. The accepted function of this light signal is to reset circadian phase in order to ensure appropriate synchronisation with the celestial day. Here, we ask whether light also impacts another key property of the circadian oscillation, its amplitude. To this end, we measured rhythms in behavioural activity and body temperature, and SCN electrophysiological activity in the diurnal murid rodent Rhabdomys pumilio following stable entrainment to 12:12 light:dark cycles at 4 different daytime intensities (ranging from 12.77 to 14.80 log melanopsin effective photons/cm2/s). Rhabdomys showed strongly diurnal activity and body temperature rhythms in all conditions, but measures of rhythm robustness were positively correlated with daytime irradiance under both entrainment and subsequent free run. Whole-cell and extracellular recordings of electrophysiological activity in ex vivo SCN revealed substantial differences in electrophysiological activity between dim and bright light conditions. At lower daytime irradiance, daytime peaks in SCN spontaneous firing rate and membrane depolarisation were substantially depressed, leading to an overall marked reduction in the amplitude of circadian rhythms in spontaneous activity. Our data reveal a previously unappreciated impact of daytime light intensity on SCN physiology and the amplitude of circadian rhythms, and highlight the potential importance of daytime light exposure for circadian health. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info

SHOW NOTESAustralian Bushfire Donations:WiresRed CrossCFAFood Bank OnCore Intermittent Fasting Guides - https://store.oncorenutrition.com/collections/all Physiological benefitshttp://oncorenutrition.com/to-fast-or-not-to-fast/Coffee https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28177691 Practicalities / sustainability / contraindicationshttp://oncorenutrition.com/the-fast-and-the-furious/Guides: http://oncorenutrition.com/intermittent-fasting/https://store.oncorenutrition.com/collections/allIF and calorie deficit similar weight loss outcomesSome find IF mentally challenging than consistent cal deficit, others find the oppositeScience currently unclear if IF vs CR is responsible for the body composition changes and good health.Why the evidence is unclear is that many studies have been conducted in animal based models which we know has limitationsHuman studies have been relatively poor (e.g. short duration) and mainly focused around weight loss (in the short term) rather than aging and disease risk.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28459931100 obese participants - 6 women and 14 men, aged between 18–64 (the mean age was 44). Note they did not have metabolic conditions (e.g. T2DM).Looked at different dieting patternsAlternate-day fasting - consumed 25% of their daily energy requirements on fast days and 125% of their daily requirements on alternate days.Calorie restriction diet plan where the subjects consumed slightly less than their energy need (~75%) each day.Another group with no dietary intervention.Results: With regard to the two dieting groups, they both lost a similar amount of weight and showed no significant difference regarding, blood pressure, heart rate, triglycerides, fasting glucose, fasting insulin, insulin resistance & inflammatory markers at month 6 or 12.Of note there was a higher drop out rate within the alternate fasting day group, which may indicate adherence and consistency may be a challenge with this method,Our recommendation: No real difference between the fasting vs calorie restriction group. There is no magic pill when it comes to weight loss. Do what works best for you and work with a professional who understands your needs.https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1467-789X.2011.00873.xIntermittent CR and daily CR diets appear to be equally as effective in decreasing body weight, fat mass, and potentially, visceral fat mass. However, intermittent calorie restriction protocols may be superior in that they help conserve lean mass at the expense of fat mass. More research + longer term studies are required. Circadian rhythmsAccording to your circadian rhythm, nighttime is for resting, not eating.On average - we eat every 3hrs and 6 minutes and for a duration of approx 15hrs per dayMice that eat in opposition to their circadian rhythm gain significantly more weight than mice that only eat during waking hours, even if they eat the same amount of food. Not all studies in humans support this notion.At night, you may be more likely to choose unhealthy, calorie-dense foods.AccessConvenienceHigh risk time for high fat, calorie dense foodsEmotional / non-hungry eatingAppetite changes when tired - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20357041 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3763921/Restriction/insufficient intake during the day → compensationThe first RCT in humans was published half way through 2019 to determine how meal timing affects 24-hour energy metabolism when food intake and meal frequency are matchedSmall n= 11 men + women aged 25-45two groups of people who ate the same three meals per day for 4 days but with different timings: the early time-restricted feeding (eTRF) schedule and the control schedule.8am - 2pm (18hr fast) vs 8am - 8pm (12hr fast)On the fourth day, 24‐hour energy expenditure and substrate oxidation were measured by whole‐room indirect calorimetry, in conjunction with appetite and metabolic hormonesNo effect on 24hr energy expenditureMay enhance fatty acid oxidation - i.e. using fat for fuel rather than carbohydratesTRF Decreased ghrelin levels, enhanced fullness, decreased desire to eatMeal‐timing interventions facilitate weight loss primarily by decreasing appetite rather than by increasing energy expenditure. eTRF may also increase fat loss by increasing fat oxidation.https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/oby.22518Another study 6am-7pmNothing unless than the hrs to adhere to - no type, amt of food, no record keepingAte fewer calories and lost weightAnother studySame kJ at BF vs dinner - when given at BF = less weight gainhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23512957Another study3 meals vs 1 meal - same caloriesNormal-weight subjects are able to comply with a 1 meal/d diet. When meal frequency is decreased without a reduction in overall calorie intake, modest changes occur in body composition, some cardiovascular disease risk factors, and hematologic variables. Diurnal variations may affect outcomes.Both late eatingImprovement in weight loss, but blood pressure and chol levels suffered!https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17413096Early TFReTRF (6-hr feeding period, with dinner before 3 p.m.) or a control schedule (12-hr feeding period) for 5 weeks and later crossed over to the other schedule.eTRF improved insulin sensitivity, β cell responsiveness, blood pressure, oxidative stress, and appetite.We demonstrate for the first time in humans that eTRF improves some aspects of cardiometabolic health and that IF's effects are not solely due to weight loss.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29754952Even 10-11hrs TRF beneficial - weight loss, improved energy levels, improved sleephttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31808043https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26693661IF and breast cancer riskhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26305095These findings suggest that eating more frequently, reducing evening energy intake, and fasting for longer nightly intervals may lower systemic inflammation and subsequently reduce breast cancer risk. Randomized trials are needed to validate these associations.Breast cancer prognosis- 2413 women (mean [SD] age, 52.4 [8.9] years)- mean (SD) fasting duration of 12.5 (1.7) hours per night.- fasting less than 13 hours per night was associated with an increase in the risk of breast cancer recurrence compared with fasting 13 or more hours per night but wasn’t associated with mortality ratesNO RCTs YET!https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27032109 DiabetesVery small study n = 3 men who had had type 2 diabetes for 10-25 years.Medical supervisionFasted every other day or 3 days a week.Within a month, all of the men were able to stop taking insulin. And in less than a year, they were able to cut down on or stop other diabetes medications.Another small study, 10 obese men with type 2 diabetes followed a time-restricted eating plan. They improved their fasting glucose and lost weight over 6 weeks.Bigger studies are needed to confirm those findings and to see how long the results lastThe American Diabetes Association notes that if you’re overweight or obese, weight loss can help lower your HbA1c level (a gauge of your blood sugar control over the last 2-3 months) and lower your risk for heart disease.Important to:Talk to Dr/endocrinologist firstAdjust your insulinMonitor for lower BGLBeware of large carbohydrate load on first mealCell Metabolism: “Early Time-Restricted Feeding Improves Insulin Sensitivity, Blood Pressure, and Oxidative Stress Even without Weight Loss in Men with Prediabetes."BMJ Case Reports: “Therapeutic use of intermittent fasting for people with type 2 diabetes as an alternative to insulin."Joslin Diabetes Center: “Yom Kippur and Diabetes.”BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care: “Recommendations for management of diabetes during Ramadan: update 2015."

Simon Carley, Associate Editor of EMJ, talks through his highlights of the October 2019 edition of the Emergency Medicine Journal. Patients don’t have language barriers; the healthcare system does - https://emj.bmj.com/content/36/10/580 Observational study to understand interpreter service use in emergency medicine: why the key may lie outside of the initial provider assessment - Editor's Choice - https://emj.bmj.com/content/36/10/582 Framing of clinical information affects physicians’ diagnostic accuracy - https://emj.bmj.com/content/36/10/589 Impact of the caller’s emotional state and cooperation on out-of-hospital cardiac arrest recognition and dispatcher-assisted cardiopulmonary resuscitation - https://emj.bmj.com/content/36/10/595 Diurnal, weekly and seasonal variations of chest pain in patients transported by emergency medical services - https://emj.bmj.com/content/36/10/601 Pulmonary embolism following complex trauma: UK MTC observational study - https://emj.bmj.com/content/36/10/608 Adapting the Canadian CT head rule age criteria for mild traumatic brain injury - https://emj.bmj.com/content/36/10/617 Read the full October issue here - emj.bmj.com/content/36/10.

Gibbons are incredible tree swingers, thanks to their long forearms, mobile joints and wrists that enhance fluid movement. The latest in science, culture, and history from Smithsonian Channel.

No, it's not a typo: Martinborough is a quality enclave in the larger Wellington Wine Country of New Zealand, which we discuss in depth in this episode. Simone Madden-Grey returns to tell us about the stunning Pinot Noir, citrusy Sauvignon Blanc and Riesling, up and coming Syrah, and other excellent Wellington wines that must be on your radar!   Here are the show notes: Wellington Wine Country Overview In 2016 three wine regions of the Wairarapa Valley in the lower north island formally launched Wellington Wine Country: Masterton, Gladstone, and Martinborough The area is small -- just 3% of national plantings and 1% of national production, but represents 10% of producers   Location The southern part of New Zealand's North Island 35 miles (55km) north-east of Wellington (1 hr drive), New Zealand's capital city, in a wide river valley between Rimutaka mountain range and eastern Wairarapa hills  Climate/Terroir Semi-maritime, dry climate – rain shadow of the Tararua Ranges with blustery winds Cool spring and autumn seasons, hot summer days with cool nights - long growing season Martinborough Terrace: a crescent shaped area on the edge of a river terrace formed by the Ruamahunga and Huangarua rivers with gravel soils that drain well and stress the vines (in a good way) Mountain ranges and hills Remutaka and Tararua Ranges to the west protect from winds off Tasman Sea Aorangi Ranges, western mountain ranges protect area from cold southerly winds coming in off the Cook Strait and together with the western moutnain ranges, also funnel cool breezes up from the Cook Strait Soil River terraces in Martinborough with pockets of clay and quartz-threaded greywacke (type of coloured sedimentary sandstone formed by river deposits) and volcanic basalt. Alluvial soils can be up to 15m deep in Martinborough Climate Semi-maritime climate with high sunshine hours, cool Springs and Autumns, warm Summers Warm, low rainfall, relatively long, dry growing season, low humidity and low disease pressure Diurnal variation: Summer temps during the day 30˚C (86˚F) to 10˚C (50˚F) at night Frost is an issue, very windy at times throughout the year, particularly in spring   Sub Regions: North to south Masterton: Largest town in Wairarapa,first area grapes were planted in the region. Known for Sauvignon Blanc, Pinot Noir   Gladstone: Just south of Masterton, free-draining river terraces - Shallower terraces than of Martinborough and nearby. Clay pockets – planted Pinot Noir, Sauvignon Blanc with high aromatics.   Martinborough – about 30 wineries: Colonial village is surrounded by small vineyards, family-owned producers – highly respected boutique wineries. Lowest rainfall of any area in the North Island and reliably cool climate for Pinot Noir, Sauvignon Blanc and Riesling and other aromatic whites.   Te Muna: Southeast of the township with stonier alluvial gravel soils, windier growing conditions and a slightly cooler climate than Martinborough. Escarpment and Craggy Range are here. Wine Style: Red, white, sparkling (usually Methode Traditionnelle), rosé and sweet wines are all produced in the region Pinot Noir: Thicker skins and smaller yields contribute an aromatic, savory, dark fruited profile with good acidity and potential for age. Sauvignon Blanc: leading white grape variety, very important for export. More herbaceous and citrus driven, with mineral notes -- less of the big fruit style of Marlborough Pinot Gris: Trying to coax a spicier, more complex style with pear and white stone fruit characters  Chardonnay: For the last decade growers pick earlier to attain lower alcohol, more natural acidity -- lighter less tropical style.  Varying degrees of new oak and use of MLF, lees contact and stirring, but the goal is elegance Riesling: Good acidity, very lemon-lime in flavor Grüner Veltliner, Gewürztraminer, Pinot Blanc, Syrah and some Bordeaux varieties The producer list! High-profile small producers: Ata Rangi, Margrain, Dry River, Escarpment, Te Kairanga, Martinborough Vineyard Paddy Borthwick in Gladstone Larger but still good producers: Palliser, Craggy Range Second labels: Martinborough Vineyard’s "Te Tera"  (UK, NZ, Oz only) Palliser "Pencarrow" (UK, NZ, Oz only) Escarpment "The Edge" (UK, NZ, Oz only)   _________________________________________  Thanks to our sponsors this week: Thanks to YOU! The podcast supporters on Patreon, who are helping us to make the podcast possible and who we give goodies in return for their help! Check it out today: https://www.patreon.com/winefornormalpeople And to sign up for classes, please go to www.winefornormalpeople.com/classes!    Last Bottle    I love this service!! Last Bottle Wines finds great wines and offers them at a one time discount. Last Bottle Wines: Is a fun way to discover the best wines at the lowest prices Maintains relationships with producers in the most prestigious wine regions around the world and traveling to Europe several times each year to eat with, stay with, drink with, walk the vineyards with the people who make the wines. Offer a range of prices from low end to high end $9 to $99 and the wines range from the lesser known kinds like Albariño and Bläufrankish to Cabernet, Merlot and Chardonnay. Visit: http://lastbottlewines.com/normal and join to get a $10 instant credit to use toward your first order. Invite your wine drinking pals and they’ll get $10 instantly and you get $30 when they make their first buy.   Coravin  Coravin is the first and only tool in the world that lets you pour wine without removing the cork. You can pour wine in any amount and preserve what’s left of the bottle for weeks, months of even years. Thousands of wine professionals, from sommeliers to winemakers, around the world have tested and trust Coravin with their wines and it will change the way you drink wine too. For a limited time, visit Coravin.com and enter NORMAL at checkout to get $20 off your purchase of $50 of more!   M.M. LaFleur        If you’ve wondered about these clothes, as I have, I’m here to tell you PULL THE TRIGGER! They are beautiful!! The M.M.LaFleur collection is designed by co-founder Miyako Nakamura, the former head designer of Zac Posen. M.M.LaFleur offers personal styling to help you find the best pieces for your body and lifestyle. Right now, new customers can enjoy $25 towards their first purchase or Bento Box with the code WINE. Visit mmlafleur.com/wine for more details and to redeem this gift.  

This week on The Sci-Files, Daniel and Chelsie interview Joel Soler, MA. Joel is a Ph.D. Candidate in the Department of Psychology-Behavioral Neuroscience at Michigan State University.Environmental lighting conditions influence cognitive function in both healthy populations and patients with dementia. However, the underlying neural mechanisms are not well understood. The goal of his research is to examine how chronic daytime light conditions impact a brain region, the hippocampus, which is crucial for learning and memory. His experiments have tested the hypothesis that light modulates the hippocampus function using a combination of approaches. The results shed insight into the neural pathways modulating the hippocampus functions in a diurnal brain. This implies prevention and slowing down of aging-associated cognitive decline.If you're interested in talking about your MSU research on the radio or nominating a student, please email Chelsie and Danny at scifiles@impact89fm.org. Check The Sci-Files out on Twitter @SciFiles89FM and Facebook!

Bats have a bad reputation because of the ones that drink blood or spread disease, but these furry flying critters can be pretty cute! This week, we’re talking about everything from echolocation to weird potential uses for bat poop. Are there really bats with suction cups on their wings or is that just a cool toy idea? What is white nose syndrome and could vaping mushroom compounds… help? And what do you really think about Hank’s Dracula impression?   Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out themes for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions!   And if you want to learn more about any of our main topics, check out these links: [Poem]   https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/these-pitcher-plants-call-bats-get-their-poo-180956014/ https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rsbl.2010.1141   [Truth or Fail]   Bats that spend time on the ground: http://news.cornell.edu/stories/2005/03/vampire-bats-keep-out-trouble-running-study-shows https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16621953 https://www.australiangeographic.com.au/blogs/creatura-blog/2018/01/why-fly-when-you-can-shuffle-the-lesser-short-tailed-bat-prefers-the-ground/   Diurnal bats: https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/2018/11/daytime-bats-help-explain-nocturnal-evolution/ https://blogs.plos.org/ecology/2017/06/29/bat-species-found-only-on-islands-in-trouble-worldwide/ https://www.degruyter.com/view/j/mamm.ahead-of-print/mammalia-2017-0128/mammalia-2017-0128.xml   Suction cup bats: https://www.wired.com/2010/04/how-sucker-winged-bats-hang-on/   [Fact Off]   Bat & dolphin echolocation: https://evolutionnews.org/2012/05/tangling_the_tr/ https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2010/01/hear-bats-and-whales-share-sonar-protein https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(09)02073-9 https://www.nature.com/articles/nature12511 https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/tetrapod-zoology/refined-fine-tuned-placental-mammal-family-tree/   Moth echolocation blocker: https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2009/07/moths-block-bats-sonar http://science.sciencemag.org/content/325/5938/325?keytype=ref&siteid=sci&ijkey=GbDjRlkoHfRnY https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/phenomena/2009/07/17/tiger-moths-jam-the-sonar-of-bats/ http://jeb.biologists.org/content/214/14/2416   [Ask the Science Couch]   White-nose syndrome: https://www.biologicaldiversity.org/campaigns/bat_crisis_white-nose_syndrome/Q_and_A.html https://www.whitenosesyndrome.org/static-page/what-is-white-nose-syndrome https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/how-bats-could-bounce-back-devastating-white-nose-syndrome-180969378/ https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-017-02441-z https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/4/2/48   [Butt One More Thing]   Bat guano gunpowder: https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/dkc09

Today in FirstWord:

Dr. Satchin Panda, PhD. is a professor and researcher at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies, and a founding executive member of the Center for Circadian Biology at the University of California, San Diego. He is widely recognized as one of the world’s leading experts on circadian rhythms and has been publishing revolutionary research with a current focus on the benefits of time-restricted eating. He is also the author of The Circadian Code, a guide for optimizing health and reversing disease by living in alignment with the body’s internal clock. Dr. Panda is with Dr. Tommy Wood on the podcast today, talking about the evidence that points to the dramatic impact of meal timing and light exposure on health. They discuss the high risk of chronic disease that comes with circadian mismatch and share the most important steps you can take to mitigate the damage associated with living in a world that never sleeps. In the introduction, I mention a survey. You can answer the questions (and get a little more detail about the program with Simon Marshall) at this link: → http://survey.nbt.ai ← Here’s the outline of this interview with Satchin Panda: [00:00:37] Book: The Circadian Code, by Satchin Panda. [00:03:25] Professor at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies. [00:06:56] Joe Bass, MD, PhD. [00:07:05] Study: Kohsaka, Akira, et al. "High-fat diet disrupts behavioral and molecular circadian rhythms in mice." Cell metabolism 6.5 (2007): 414-421. [00:07:47] Study: Gill, Shubhroz, et al. "Time-restricted feeding attenuates age-related cardiac decline in Drosophila." Science 347.6227 (2015): 1265-1269. [00:10:08] Christopher Vollmers, Assistant Professor at UC Santa Cruz. [00:10:53] Different Time Restricted Feeding (TRF) windows; Study: Chaix, Amandine, et al. "Time-restricted feeding is a preventative and therapeutic intervention against diverse nutritional challenges." Cell metabolism 20.6 (2014): 991-1005. [00:13:29] myCircadianClock; Study: Gill, Shubhroz, and Satchidananda Panda. "A smartphone app reveals erratic diurnal eating patterns in humans that can be modulated for health benefits." Cell metabolism 22.5 (2015): 789-798. [00:17:55] Endurance athletes. [00:19:10] Improved athletic performance; Study: Chaix, Amandine, et al. "Time-restricted feeding is a preventative and therapeutic intervention against diverse nutritional challenges." Cell metabolism 20.6 (2014): 991-1005. [00:20:32] Ketone production. [00:23:13] High fat diet leads to increased ketone production, improved endurance. [00:24:24] Meal timing. [00:26:52] Consistency is important. [00:29:53] Supplements and coffee. [00:32:05] Kenneth Wright, Jr.; Night owls and morning larks Study: Wright Jr, Kenneth P., et al. "Entrainment of the human circadian clock to the natural light-dark cycle." Current Biology 23.16 (2013): 1554-1558. [00:34:05] Michael Herf; f.lux. [00:35:24] Biphasic sleep; arousal threshold. [00:39:46] Exposure to light. [00:40:33] Effect of light on skin; Study: Lindblom, Niki, et al. "Bright light exposure of a large skin area does not affect melatonin or bilirubin levels in humans." Biological psychiatry 48.11 (2000): 1098-1104. [00:41:02] Improving sleep. [00:41:22] Naps. [00:42:52] Night workers and swing shifts. [00:43:20] Studying firefighters. [00:43:28] Food timing effective for resetting circadian clock; Study: Oike, Hideaki, et al. "Time-fixed feeding prevents obesity induced by chronic advances of light/dark cycles in mouse models of jet-lag/shift work." Biochemical and biophysical research communications 465.3 (2015): 556-561. [00:45:09] Traveling through time zones. [00:47:47] Timing of physical activity. [00:49:00] Email apnea. [00:50:00] Meal timing for prevention of cancer; Study: Kogevinas, Manolis, et al. "Effect of mistimed eating patterns on breast and prostate cancer risk (MCC‐Spain Study)." International journal of cancer (2018).  More from the MCC Research Team. [00:50:34] Effect of nightly fasting on breast cancer; Study: Marinac, Catherine R., et al. "Prolonged nightly fasting and breast cancer prognosis." JAMA oncology 2.8 (2016): 1049-1055. [00:50:52] Night shift work increases women’s risk of cancer: Yuan, Xia, et al. "Night shift work increases the risks of multiple primary cancers in women: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 61 articles." Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Biomarkers 27.1 (2018): 25-40. [00:51:03] Optimal timing of drugs; studies: Lévi, Francis, et al. "Implications of circadian clocks for the rhythmic delivery of cancer therapeutics." Advanced drug delivery reviews 59.9-10 (2007): 1015-1035; and Lauriola, Mattia, et al. "Diurnal suppression of EGFR signalling by glucocorticoids and implications for tumour progression and treatment." Nature communications 5 (2014): 5073. [00:52:14] Lifestyle: what, when and how much we eat, sleep, and move. [00:53:40] Book: The Longevity Diet: Discover the New Science Behind Stem Cell Activation and Regeneration to Slow Aging, Fight Disease, and Optimize Weight, by Valter Longo, PhD. [00:55:43] Architecture Study: Dance, Amber. "Science and Culture: The brain within buildings." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114.5 (2017): 785-787. [00:56:44] Benefits of daylight in architecture; Study: Boubekri, Mohamed, et al. "Impact of windows and daylight exposure on overall health and sleep quality of office workers: a case-control pilot study." Journal of clinical sleep medicine 10.06 (2014): 603-611; and Daylighting Facts & Figures. [00:59:29] 30 minutes of bright light in the morning. [01:00:51] Recommendations: 8 hours sleep, wait to eat breakfast, eat within 10 hours; 30 minutes of bright light, dim light/no food 3 hours before bed. [01:01:46] mycircadianclock.org; myLuxRecorder app.

Angus Watt was at death’s door and yet he braved the elements to come to the On Being Animals studio in James Bay to record this episode on the Diurnal Dichotomies. The animal featured in this episode is definitely  diurnal and definitely a dichotomy. In this episode, we don’t discuss dry spells or the importance of foreplay, but we do discuss Kangaroo nipples, DJ Khaled, and we figure out who really caused the Exxon Valdez oil spill.   Most Egregious Error: I had trouble saying skeletuture. Skeleture. It may not even be a word. I meant skeleton stuff. The whole skeleton together.  I also came up a bit short on my river knowledge in this ep.   Science Level: Right in the middle. Right in that sweet spot where I we don’t talk about differential equations, but we do talk about Bonobo sex.   Thanks for listening. I’m currently driving back to Montreal from Victoria and I’ll be bumming around in the Kootneys for a bit, so I’m going to try to honour my 1st and 15th release dates, but as you may have noticed, I’m already blowing it. You know what else is blowing it right now? My air conditioning unit in my car. It’s blowing exclusively hot air as we driving in 37 degrees celsius Okanagan weather. Not great. But you know what is great? Angus Watt. Great guest. He’s also a musician. You can check out the bands “Pastel Blank” and “Wept” to hear his lovely singing voice. For now, listen to his sniffly podcast voice as we discuss the Diurnal Dichotomies.

Hello Listener! Thank you for listening.  If you would like to support the podcast, and keep the lights on, you can support us whenever you use Amazon through the link below: It will not cost you anything extra, and I can not see who purchased what. Or you can become a Fluffle Supporter by donating through Patreon.com at the link below: Patreon/Hare of the Rabbit What's this Patreon? Patreon is an established online platform that allows fans to provide regular financial support to creators. Patreon was created by a musician who needed a easy way for fans to support his band. What do you need? Please support Hare of the Rabbit Podcast financially by becoming a Patron. Patrons agree to a regular contribution, starting at $1 per episode. Patreon.com takes a token amount as a small processing fee, but most of your money will go directly towards supporting the Hare of the Rabbit Podcast. You can change or stop your payments at any time. You can also support by donating through PayPal.com at the link below: Hare of the Rabbit PayPal Thank you for your support, Jeff Hittinger. Snow Shoe Hare - Snoring and Nasal Obstruction in Rabbits - The Shot Hare - Perplexing Difference between Hares and Rabbits Hares and rabbits are related, but there are some key differences. Hares tend to be larger than rabbits and have longer legs and bigger ears. When threatened, rabbits typically freeze and rely on camouflage, as compared to hares, who use their big feet to flee at the first sign of danger. Rabbits are born blind and helpless, while hares are born fully furred and ready to run. About the Snowshoe Hare Snowshoe hares are forest-dwellers that prefer the thick cover of brushy undergrowth. The smallest species of the Lepus genus, the snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus) is a rabbit-sized mammal that is incredibly adapted to its seasonally variable environment. The snowshoe hare is named for its hind feet, which are adapted for traveling across snowy ground and are therefore noticeably large relative to the hare’s body mass. Population Range The snowshoe hare has the most extensive range of all New World hares and is found in many northern and western U.S. states, as well as in all provinces of Canada except Nunavut. They are primarily a northern species that inhabits boreal forests and can also range as far north as the shores of the Arctic Ocean. Along North American mountain ranges, where elevation simulates the environment of more northerly latitudes, they can be found as far south as Virginia (the Appalachians) and New Mexico (the Rockies). Snowshoe hares occur from Newfoundland to Alaska; south in the Sierra Nevada to central California; in the Rocky Mountains to southern Utah and northern New Mexico; and in the Appalachian Mountains to North Carolina and Tennessee. Snowshoe hares are primarily found in boreal forests and upper montane forests; within these forests, they favor habitats with a dense shrub layer. In the Pacific Northwest, snowshoe hares occupy diverse habitats, including mature conifers (mostly Douglas-fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii] and variants), immature conifers, alder (Alnus spp.)/salmonberry (Rubus spectabilis), Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis)/salal (Gaultheria shallon), and cedar (Thuja spp.) swamps. In western Oregon, snowshoe hares were present in brush patches of vine maple (Acer circinatum), willows (Salix spp.), rhododendrons (Rhododendron spp.), and other shrubs. In Utah, snowshoe hares used Gambel oak (Quercus gambelli) in the northern portion of the Gambel oak range. In the Southwest, the southernmost populations of snowshoe hares occur in the Sangre de Cristo Mountains, New Mexico, in subalpine scrub: narrow bands of shrubby and prostrate conifers at and just below timberline that are usually composed of Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii), bristlecone pine (Pinus aristata), limber pine (P. flexilis), and/or common juniper (Juniperus communis). In Minnesota, snowshoe hares use jack pine (P. banksiana) uplands, edges, tamarack (Larix laricina) bogs, black spruce (Picea mariana) bogs, and sedge (Carex spp.), alder, and scrub fens. In New England, snowshoe hares favor second-growth aspen (Populus spp.)-birch (Betula spp.) near conifers, but other forest types occupied by snowshoe hares include aspens, paper birch (B. papyrifera), northern hardwoods, red maple (A. rubrum), balsam fir (Abies balsamea), red spruce (Picea rubens)-balsam fir, eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), northern red oak (Quercus rubra), oak (Quercus spp.)-pine (Pinus spp.), eastern white pine (P. strobus)-northern red oak-red maple, and eastern white pine. Snowshoe hares also use shrub swamps dominated by buttonbush (Cephalanthus occidentalis), alders, and silky dogwood (Cornus ammomum). Locations of subspecies are as follows: Lepus americanus americanus (Erxleben) – Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, Montana, and North Dakota L. a. cascadensis (Nelson) – British Columbia and Washington L. a. columbiensis (Rhoads) – British Columbia, Alberta, and Washington L. a. dalli (Merriam) – Mackenzie District, British Columbia, Alaska, Yukon L. a. klamathensis (Merriam) – Oregon and California L. a. oregonus (Orr) – Oregon L. a. pallidus (Cowan) – British Columbia L. a. phaeonotus (J. A. Allen) – Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota L. a. pineus (Dalquest) – British Columbia, Idaho, and Washington L. a. seclusus (Baker and Hankins) – Wyoming L. a. struthopus (Bangs) – Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, and Maine L. a. tahoensis (Orr) – California, western Nevada L. a. virginianus (Harlan) – Ontario, Quebec, Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, West Virginia, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, and Tennessee L. a. washingtonii (Baird) – British Columbia, Washington, and Oregon Description Snowshoe hares have an interesting adaptation that helps protect them against predators. Depending on the season, their fur can be a different color. During the winter, snowshoe hares are white, which helps them blend in with the snow. When the seasons change to spring and summer, snowshoe hares turn a reddish-brown. This color helps them camouflage with dirt and rocks. Not every part of the snowshoe hare changes color throughout the year. An important identification trick is to look at a snowshoe hare's ears. The tips of the ears are always black no matter the season. The hind legs of a snowshoe hare are noticeably larger, and have more fur and larger toes than those of other rabbits or hares. These adaptations provide additional surface area and support for walking on snow. The hind legs are what give the hare its common name. The fur of the snowshoe hare is extremely thick and has one of the highest insulation values of all mammals. Another adaptation which ensures that the snowshoe hare can survive in an environment that drastically changes seasonally is that its fur changes color between summer and winter. In winter, almost all individuals undergo molting that transforms the hare’s brown summer coat into one that is pure white apart from the black-tipped ears and the feet, which remain grey. It is thought that this enables the snowshoe hare to become camouflaged, and has evolved to coincide with snow cover. The snowshoe hare’s relatively short ears are also an adaptation to reduce heat loss in the winter. The female of this species tends to weigh approximately 10 to 25 percent more than the male. Physical Description Snowshoe hares range in length from 413 to 518 mm, of which 39 to 52 mm are tail. The hind foot, long and broad, measures 117 to 147 mm in length. The ears are 62 to 70 mm from notch to tip. Snowshoe hares usually weigh between 1.43 and 1.55 kg. Males are slightly smaller than females, as is typical for leporids. In the summer, the coat is a grizzled rusty or grayish brown, with a blackish middorsal line, buff flanks and a white belly. The face and legs are cinnamon brown. The ears are brownish with black tips and white or creamy borders. During the winter, the fur is almost entirely white, except for black eyelids and the blackened tips on the ears. The soles of the feet are densely furred, with stiff hairs (forming the snowshoe) on the hind feet. Coloring Hares are a bit larger than rabbits, and they typically have taller hind legs and longer ears. Snowshoe hares have especially large, furry feet that help them to move atop snow in the winter. They also have a snow-white winter coat that turns brown when the snow melts each spring. It takes about ten weeks for the coat to completely change color. The snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus), also called the varying hare, or snowshoe rabbit, is a species of hare found in North America. It has the name "snowshoe" because of the large size of its hind feet. The animal's feet prevent it from sinking into the snow when it hops and walks. Its feet also have fur on the soles to protect it from freezing temperatures. For camouflage, its fur turns white during the winter and rusty brown during the summer. Its flanks are white year-round. The snowshoe hare is also distinguishable by the black tufts of fur on the edge of its ears. Its ears are shorter than those of most other hares. Preferred habitat Major variables in habitat quality include average visual obstruction and browse biomass. Snowshoe hares prefer young forests with abundant under-stories. The presence of cover is the primary determinant of habitat quality, and is more significant than food availability or species composition. Species composition does, however, influence population density; dense softwood under-stories support greater snowshoe hare density than hardwoods because of cover quality. In Maine, female snowshoe hares were observed to be more common on sites with less cover but more nutritious forage; males tended to be found on sites with heavier cover. Winter browse availability depends on height of understory brush and winter snow depth; 6-to-8-foot-tall (1.8 to 2.4 m) saplings with narrow stem diameters are required for winter browse in heavy snow. In northern regions, snowshoe hares occupy conifer and mixed forests in all stages of succession, but early successional forests foster peak abundance. Deciduous forests are usually occupied only in early stages of succession. In New England, snowshoe hares preferred second-growth deciduous, coniferous, and mixed woods with dense brushy under stories; they appear to prefer shrubby old-field areas, early- to mid-successional burns, shrub-swamps, bogs, and upper montane krumholz vegetation. In Maine, snowshoe hares were more active in clear-cut areas than in partially cut or uncut areas. Sapling densities were highest on 12- to 15-year-old plots; these plots were used more than younger stands. In northern Utah, they occupied all the later stages of succession on quaking aspen and spruce-fir, but were not observed in meadows. In Alberta, snowshoe hares use upland shrub-sapling stages of regenerating aspens (either postfire or postharvest). In British Columbia overstocked juvenile lodge-pole pine (Pinus contorta) stands formed optimal snowshoe hare habitat. In western Washington, most un-burned, burned, or scarified clear-cuts will normally be fully occupied by snowshoe hares within four to five years, as vegetation becomes dense. In older stands (more than 25 years), stem density begins to decline and cover for snowshoe hares decreases. However, in north-central Washington, they may not colonize clear-cuts until six or seven years, and it may take 20 to 25 years for their density to reach maximum. Winter snowshoe hare pellet counts were highest in 20-year-old lodge-pole pine stands, lower in older lodge-pole stands, and lowest in spruce-dominated stands. In western Oregon, snowshoe hares were abundant only in early successional stages, including stable brushfields. In west-central Oregon, an old-growth Douglas-fir forest was clear-cut and monitored through 10 years of succession. A few snowshoe hares were noted in adjacent virgin forest plots; they represented widely scattered, sparse populations. One snowshoe hare was observed on the disturbed plot 2.5 years after it had been clear-cut and burned; at this stage, ground cover was similar to that of the uncut forest. By 9 years after disturbance, snowshoe hare density had increased markedly. In western Washington, snowshoe hares routinely used steep slopes where cover was adequate; most studies, however, suggest they tend to prefer gentle slopes. Moonlight increases snowshoe hare vulnerability to predation, particularly in winter. They tend to avoid open areas during bright phases of the moon and during bright periods of a single night. Their activity usually shifts from coniferous under-stories in winter to hardwood under-stories in summer. Vegetative structure plays an important role in the size of snowshoe hare home ranges. Snowshoe hares wander up to 5 miles (8 km) when food is scarce. In Montana home ranges are smaller in brushy woods than in open woods. In Colorado and Utah, the average home range of both sexes was 20 acres (8.1 ha). On the Island of Montreal in Quebec, the average daily range for both sexes was 4 acres (1.6 ha) in old-field mixed woods. In Montana, the home range averaged 25 acres (10 ha) for males and 19 acres (7.6 ha) for females. In Oregon the average snowshoe hare home range was 14.6 acres (5.9 ha).[32] Home Range During its active period, a hare may cover up to 0.02 square kilometers of its 0.03 to 0.07 square kilometer home range. Cover requirements Snowshoe hares require dense, brushy, usually coniferous cover; thermal and escape cover are especially important for young hares. Low brush provides hiding, escape, and thermal cover. Heavy cover 10 feet (3 m) above ground provides protection from avian predators, and heavy cover 3.3 feet (1 m) tall provides cover from terrestrial predators. Overwinter survival increases with increased cover. A wide variety of habitat types are used if cover is available. Base visibility in good snowshoe hare habitat ranges from 2% at 16.5 feet (5 m) distance to 0% at 66 feet (20 m). Travel cover is slightly more open, ranging from 14.7% visibility at 16.5 feet (5 m) to 2.6% at 66 feet (20 m). Areas with horizontal vegetation density of 40 to 100% at 50 feet (15 m) are adequate snowshoe hare habitat in Utah. Food habits Snowshoe hares eat a variety of plant materials. Forage type varies with season. Succulent green vegetation is consumed when available from spring to fall; after the first frost, buds, twigs, evergreen needles, and bark form the bulk of snowshoe hare diets until spring greenup. Snowshoe hares typically feed at night and follow well-worn forest paths to feed on various plants and trees. Winter Snowshoe hares prefer branches, twigs, and small stems up to 0.25 inch (6.3 mm) diameter; larger stems are sometimes used in winter. In Yukon, they normally eat fast-growing birches and willows, and avoid spruce. At high densities, however, the apical shoots of small spruce are eaten. The snowshoe hare winter diet is dominated by bog birch (Betula glandulosa), which is preferred but not always available. Greyleaf willow (Salix glauca) is eaten most often when bog birch is not available. Buffaloberry (Shepherdia canadensis) is the fourth most common diet item. White spruce (Picea glauca) is eaten, but not preferred. In Alaska, spruce, willows, and alders comprise 75% of snowshoe hare diets; spruce needles make up nearly 40% of the diet. In northwestern Oregon, winter foods include needles and tender bark of Sitka spruce, Douglas-fir, and western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla); leaves and green twigs of salal; buds, twigs, and bark of willows; and green herbs. In north-central Washington, willows and birches are not plentiful; snowshoe hares browse the tips of lodgepole pine seedlings. In Utah, winter foods include Douglas-fir, willows, snowberry (Symphoricarpos spp.), maples, and serviceberry (Amelanchier spp.). In Minnesota, aspens, willows, hazelnut (Corylus spp.), ferns (Pteridophyta spp.), birches, alders, sumacs (Rhus spp.), and strawberries (Fragaria spp.) are winter foods. Winter foods in New York include eastern white pine, red pine (Pinus resinosa), white spruce, paper birch, and aspens. In Ontario, sugar maple (Acer saccharum), striped maple (A. pensylvanicum), red maple, other deciduous species, northern white-cedar (T. occidentalis), balsam fir, beaked hazelnut (C. cornuta), and buffaloberry were heavily barked. In New Brunswick, snowshoe hares consumed northern white-cedar, spruces, American beech (Fagus grandifolia), balsam fir, mountain maple (A. spicatum), and many other species of browse. In Newfoundland, paper birch is preferred. Spring, summer and autumn In Alaska, snowshoe hares consume new leaves of blueberries (Vaccinium spp.), new shoots of field horsetails (Equisetum arvense), and fireweed (Epilobium angustifolium) in spring. Grasses are not a major item due to low availability associated with sites that have adequate cover. In summer, leaves of willows, black spruce, birches, and bog Labrador tea (Ledum groenlandicum) are also consumed. Black spruce is the most heavily used and the most common species in the area. Pen trials suggest black spruce is not actually preferred. Roses (Rosa spp.) were preferred, but a minor dietary item, as they were not common in the study area. In northwest Oregon, summer foods include grasses, clovers (Trifolium spp.), other forbs, and some woody plants, including Sitka spruce, Douglas-fir, and young leaves and twigs of salal. In Minnesota, aspens, willows, grasses, birches, alders, sumacs, and strawberries are consumed when green. In Ontario, summer diets consist of clovers, grasses, and forbs. Behavior Snowshoe hares feed at night, following well worn forest paths to feed on trees and shrubs, grasses, and plants. These animals are nimble and fast, which is fortunate, because they are a popular target for many predators. Lynx, fox, coyote, and even some birds of prey hunt this wary hare. Hares like to take dust baths. These help to remove ectoparasites from the hares' fur. Snowshoe hares are also accomplished swimmers. They occasionally swim across small lakes and rivers, and they have been seen entering the water in order to avoid predators. With the hindfeet splayed and the front feet close together, a snowshoe hare can erupt into a full run from a sitting position, attaining bursts of speeds of up to 40-56 km/h (25-35 mph) in a matter of seconds. Social System - The species is solitary, promiscuous, and sedentary. Males compete aggressively for receptive females, biting and scratching each other. Rarely, such encounters prove fatal to one of the combatants. Both sexes occupy small, overlapping home ranges of 1.6-4.8 ha (4-12 acre) that vary in shape with the configuration of the habitat. This species, which is well known for its dramatic fluctuations in numbers in other parts of its range, maintains relatively stable populations is the Adirondacks, and within suitable habitat, some of the highest densities anywhere, 1.7 per ha (0.7 per acre) Communication - Snowshoe hares use visual, tactile, vocal, chemical, and mechanical signals to communicate. Individuals "thump" with their hindfeet, perhaps as an alarm signal. During courtship, partners may touch noses before a male rushes or chases the female. Chases then alternate between the two, both stopping abruptly and turing to leap over the back of the other. Both may urinate on the other while leaping. Snowshoe hares perform guttural hisses at the conclusion of mating, and grunt, snort, or growl in other contexts. When captured, injured or frightened, they may scream. Communication and Perception Snowshoe hares have acute hearing, which presumably helps them to identify approaching predators. They are not particularly vocal animals, but may make loud squealing sounds when captured. When engaging in aggressive activities, these animals may hiss and snort. Most communication between hares involves thumping the hind feet against the ground. In summer, it feeds on plants such as grass, ferns and leaves; in winter, it eats twigs, the bark from trees, and buds from flowers and plants and, similar to the Arctic hare, has been known to steal meat from baited traps. Hares are carnivorous under the availability of dead animals, and have been known to eat dead rodents such as mice due to low availability of protein in a herbivorous diet. It can sometimes be seen feeding in small groups. This animal is mainly active at night and does not hibernate. The snowshoe hare has been reported to make many characteristic hare vocalizations, which are mainly emitted as a result of fear or stress associated with capture or predation. A common snowshoe hare vocalization is a high-pitched squeal, and other noises include whines, grunts and clicking sounds. Snowshoe hares are crepuscular to nocturnal. They are shy and secretive and spend most of the day in shallow depressions, called forms, scraped out under clumps of ferns, brush thickets, and downed piles of timber. They occasionally use the large burrows of mountain beavers (Aplodontia rufa) as forms. The snowshoe hare is a social species and has been spotted in groups of up to 25 individuals in one forest clearing at night, unlike most other Lepus species which are solitary until the mating season. Diurnal activity level increases during the breeding season. Juveniles are usually more active and less cautious than adults. Snowshoe hares are active year-round. The breeding season for hares is stimulated by new vegetation and varies with latitude, location, and yearly events (such as weather conditions and phase of snowshoe hare population cycle). Breeding generally begins in late December to January and lasts until July or August. In northwestern Oregon, male peak breeding activity (as determined by testes weight) occurs in May and is at the minimum in November. In Ontario, the peak is in May and in Newfoundland, the peak is in June. Female estrus begins in March in Newfoundland, Alberta, and Maine, and in early April in Michigan and Colorado. First litters of the year are born from mid-April to May. The gestation period is 35 to 40 days; most studies report 37 days as the average length of gestation. Litters average three to five leverets depending on latitude, elevation, and phase of population cycle, ranging from one to seven. Deep snow-pack increases the amount of upper-branch browse available to snowshoe hares in winter, and therefore has a positive relationship with the nutritional status of breeding adults. Litters are usually smaller in the southern sections of their range since there is less snow. Newborns are fully furred, open-eyed, and mobile. T hey leave the natal form within a short time after birth, often within 24 hours. After leaving the birthplace, siblings stay near each other during the day, gathering once each evening to nurse. Weaning occurs at 25 to 28 days except for the last litter of the season, which may nurse for two months or longer. Female snowshoe hares can become pregnant anytime after the 35th day of gestation. The second litter can therefore be conceived before the first litter is born (snowshoe hares have twin uteri). Pregnancy rates ranged from 78 to 100% for females during the period of first litter production, 82 to 100% for second litters, and for the periods of third and fourth litters pregnancy rates vary with population cycle. In Newfoundland, the average number of litters per female per year ranged from 2.9 to 3.5, and in Alberta the range was from 2.7 to 3.3. In Alberta the average number of litters per year was almost 3 just after a population peak and 4 just after the population low. Females normally first breed as 1-year-olds. Juvenile breeding is rare and has only been observed in females from the first litter of the year and only in years immediately following a low point in the population cycle. Reproduction Like most hares (and rabbits), snowshoe hares are prolific breeders. Females have two or three litters each year, which include from one to eight young per litter. Young hares, called leverets, require little care from their mothers and can survive on their own in a month or less. Snowshoe hare populations fluctuate cyclically about once a decade—possibly because of disease. These waning and waxing numbers greatly impact the animals that count on hares for food, particularly the lynx. The snowshoe hare may have up to four litters in a year which average three to eight young. Males compete for females, and females may breed with several males. Young snowshoe hares, known as leverets, are born in nests which consist of shallow depressions dug into the ground. They are born with a full coat of fur and with their eyes open, and remain concealed within dense vegetation. The female snowshoe hare visits the leverets to nurse them. Hares greatly influence the world around them, including the vegetation, predators, and other herbivores and omnivores that live in the same habitats. Hares browse heavily on vegetation. Browsing affects the growth of plants and stimulates plants to produce secondary compounds that make them unpalatable for hares and other omnivores. Predation The relationship between snowshoe hares and their year-round predators including lynx, great-horned owls, and northern goshawks is well documented. These and other predators such as golden eagles depend on snowshoe hares as a food source early in the nesting season. Across the boreal forest, the population size and reproductive success of many predators cycles with the abundance of hare. In Yukon, 30-day survival of radio-tagged leverets was 46%, 15%, and 43% for the first, second, and third litters of the year, respectively. There were no differences in mortality in plots with food added. The main proximate cause of mortality was predation by small mammals, including red squirrels (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus) and Arctic ground squirrels (Spermophilus parryii). Littermates tended to live or die together more often than by chance. Individual survival was negatively related to litter size and positively related to body size at birth. Litter size is negatively correlated with body size at birth. Snowshoe hares are experts at escaping predators. Young hares often "freeze" in their tracks when they are alerted to the presence of a predator. Presumably, they are attempting to escape notice by being cryptic. Given the hare's background-matching coloration, this strategy is quite effective. Older hares are more likely to escape predators by fleeing. At top speed, a snowshoe hare can travel up to 27 mile per hour. An adult hare can cover up to 10 feet in a single bound. In addition to high speeds, hares employ skillful changes in direction and vertical leaps, which may cause a predator to misjudge the exact position of the animal from one moment to the next. Important predators of snowshoe hares include gray foxes, red foxes, coyotes, wolves, lynx, bobcats and mink. Predators The snowshoe hare is a major prey item for a number of predators. Major predators include Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis), bobcats (L. rufus), fishers (Martes pennanti), American martens (M. americana), long-tailed weasels (Mustela frenata), minks (M. vison), foxes (Vulpes and Urocyon spp.), coyote (Canis latrans), domestic dogs (C. familiaris), domestic cats (Felis catus), wolves (C. lupus), mountain lions (Felis concolor), great horned owls (Bubo virginianus), barred owls (Strix varia), spotted owls (S. occidentalis), other owls, red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis), northern goshawks (Accipiter gentilis), other hawks (Buteonidae), golden eagles (Aquila chryseatos), and crows and ravens. Other predators include black bears (Ursus americanus). In Glacier National Park snowshoe hares are a prey item of Rocky Mountain wolves (Canis lupus irremotus). A major predator of the snowshoe hare is the Canadian lynx. Historical records of animals caught by fur hunters over hundreds of years show the lynx and hare numbers rising and falling in a cycle, which has made the hare known to biology students worldwide as a case study of the relationship between numbers of predators and their prey. Northern populations of snowshoe hares undergo cycles that range from seven to 17 years between population peaks. The average time between peaks is approximately 10 years. The period of abundance usually lasts for two to five years, followed by a population decline to lower numbers or local scarcity. Areas of great abundance tend to be scattered. Populations do not peak simultaneously in all areas, although a great deal of synchronicity occurs in northern latitudes. From 1931 to 1948, the cycle was synchronized within one or two years over most of Canada and Alaska, despite differences in predators and food supplies. In central Alberta, low snowshoe hare density occurred in 1965, with 42 to 74 snowshoe hares per 100 acres (40 ha). The population peak occurred in November 1970 with 2,830 to 5,660 snowshoe hares per 100 acres (40 ha). In the southern parts of its range, snowshoe hare populations do not fluctuate radically. As well as being prey to a number of forest animals, the snowshoe hare is hunted mainly for food by humans, particularly in Canada. Habitat loss and fragmentation, and possibly climate change, also threaten populations of the snowshoe hare. Clear-cutting of forests, whereby most or all of the trees in an area are cut down, reduces the area of ideal habitat for the snowshoe hare, which tends not to venture into open areas. The hares reach maturity after one year. Many hares do not live this long. But some hares can live as long as five years in the wild. Snowshoe hare conservation Although the snowshoe hare currently has a stable population trend and is not currently considered to be threatened, there are some conservation strategies in place for this species. In order to increase populations of the snowshoe hare in some southern states, hunting has been banned either permanently or temporarily, although it is not certain how effective this has been. In some areas, snowshoe hares have been bred in captivity and introduced to the wild in order to artificially boost populations. However, this has not been overly successful as many of these hares die during transport, and those that are introduced to the habitat are extremely susceptible to predation. Predator control has been suggested as a means of reducing mortality in the snowshoe hare, but this method produces several challenges for conservationists. Further research into various aspects of the snowshoe hare’s ecology has been recommended, as well as long-term monitoring of the species’ population trends, and studies on the impact of specific forestry management. In addition, the snowshoe hare occurs in several U.S. National Wildlife Refuges (NWR), including Koyukuk NWR, Red Rock Lakes NWR and Kodiak NWR, which are likely to afford it some protection. Snowshoe hares have been widely studied. One of the more interesting things known about hares are the dramatic population cycles that they undergo. Population densities can vary from 1 to 10,000 hares per square mile. The amplitude of the population fluctuations varies across the geographic range. It is greatest in northwestern Canada, and least in the rocky Mountain region of the United States, perhaps because there is more biological diversity in more southerly regions. The lack of diversity in the Northwestern portion of the hare's range means that there are fewer links in the food chain, and therefore fewer species to buffer either dramatic population increases or decreases. Disease may play a part in population fluctuation. Pneumonococcus, ringworm, and salmonella have all been associated with population crashes. Snowshoe hares are also famous for their seasonal molts. In the summer, the coat of the hare is reddish brown or gray, but during the winter, the coat is snowy white. The molt usually takes about 72 days to reach completion, and it seems to be regulated by day-length. Interestingly, there seem to be two entirely different sets of hair follicles, which give rise to white and brown hairs, respectively.  In the wild as much as 85% of snowshoe hares do not live longer than one year. Individuals may live up to 5 years in the wild. Economic Importance for Humans: Positive Snowshoe hares are utilized widely as a source of wild meat. In addition to this, they are an important prey species for many predators whose furs are highly valued. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/mammals/s/snowshoe-hare/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowshoe_hare https://www.nwf.org/Educational-Resources/Wildlife-Guide/Mammals/Snowshoe-Hare http://www.iucn.org/about/work/programmes/species/who_we_are/ssc_specialist_groups_and_red_list_authorities_directory/mammals/lagomorph_specialist_group/ https://www.arkive.org/snowshoe-hare/lepus-americanus/ http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Lepus_americanus/ https://www.esf.edu/aec/adks/mammals/snowshoe_hare.htm https://www.denali.org/denalis-natural-history/snowshoe-hare/ https://www.nps.gov/articles/snowshoe-hare.htm Snoring and Nasal Obstruction in Rabbits Did you know rabbits snore? Even occurring while they are awake, it is generally a result of blockage in the animal's airway. Typically referred to as stertor and stridor, it can also occur if nasal tissues are weak or flaccid or from excessive fluid in the passages. Symptoms The symptoms, signs and types of stertor and stridor depend on the underlying cause and severity of the condition. For example, an extremely stressed rabbit or a rabbit with a lowered immune system may sound excessively hoarse while breathing. Other typical signs for rabbits suffering from stertor and stridor include: Sneezing Rapid or loud wheezing sounds during breathing Nasal discharge (sometimes due to sinusitis or rhinitis) Discharge from the eyes Lack of appetite Inability to chew or swallow Oral abscesses (especially in the teeth) Causes Rabbits tend to be nasal breathers and any physical deformity or unusual nasal structure can result in a lower-pitched (stertor) or higher-pitched (stridor) sound emanating from the airway or nose. There are, however, many other causes for stertor and stridor in rabbits. These include: Sinusitis and rhinitis Abscesses, elongated teeth or secondary bacterial infections Facial, nasal or other trauma affecting this region, including bites from other insects or animals Allergies and irritants including inhaling pollen, dust or other insects Tumors that lodge in the airway Dysfunction of the neuromuscular system, which may include hypothyroidism or diseases affecting the brainstem Swelling and edema in the upper respiratory system Inflammation of the soft palate or throat and voice box Anxiety or stress Diagnosis To diagnose the animal, a veterinarian will first determine where the sounds are originating from in the rabbit. They will then conduct various lab tests, including X-rays, which are used to explore the rabbit's nasal cavity and identify any facial abnormalities or signs of abscesses and bacterial infections, such as Pasteurella. Other procedures may include collecting cultures Treatment includes providing supplemental oxygen to the rabbit, when appropriate, and providing a quite, cool and calm environment in which to live. A rabbit must also have a clear and unobstructed airway, keeping its ear and nasal cavities clean and debris-free. To combat harmful bacterial infections from developing, the veterinarian may alter the rabbit's diet to include more leafy greens. Medications which are helpful to control bacterial sinusitis, rhinitis or other related infection include antibiotics. And while steroids may be used to reduce nasal swelling or inflammation, it can worsen bacterial infections and should only be used when absolutely necessary and under the direct care of a trained veterinarian. Living and Management Because stertor and stridor are often related to airway obstructions, there are many serious complications which may arise. Pulmonary edema, or fluid retention in the lungs or airway, is one such common example. It is, therefore, important to closely monitor the rabbit and bring it to the veterinarian's office for regular checkups and follow-up care during recovery. https://www.petmd.com/rabbit/conditions/nose/c_rb_stertor_stridor The Shot Hare Wales Beti Ifan was one of the witches of Bedd Gelert. Her fear had fallen upon nearly all the inhabitants, so that she was refused nothing by any one, for she had the reputation of being able to handle ghosts, and to curse people and their possessions. She therefore lived in comfort and ease, doing nothing except keeping her house moderately clean, and leaning on the lower half of her front door knitting and watching passers-by. But there was one man in the village, a cobbler and a skilled poacher, who feared neither Beti Ifan nor any other old hag of the kind. His great hobby was to tease and annoy the old woman by showing her a hare or a wild duck, and asking her if she would like to get it. When she replied she would, he used to hand it almost within her reach and then pull it back, and walk away. She could not do him much harm, as he had a birthmark above his breast; but she contrived a way by which she could have her revenge on him. She used to transform herself into a wild duck or hare, and continually appear before him on the meadows and among the trees whenever he went out poaching, but took good care to keep outside the reach of the gun. He, being a good shot, and finding himself missing so frequently, began to suspect something to be amiss. He knew of a doctor who was a "skilled man" living not far away, so he went to consult him. The doctor told him, "Next time you go out take with you a small branch of mountain ash, and a bit of vervain and place it under the stock of the gun." Then giving him a piece of paper with some writing on, he said, "When you see the hare, or any other creature of which you have some doubt, read this backward, and if it is old Beti you will see her in her own form, though she retain her assumed form; shoot at her legs, but mind you do not shoot her anywhere else." The next day, as he was working his way through a grove near Beti's house, he could see a large hare hopping in front of him. He drew out his paper and read as he was instructed; he then fired at her legs, and the hare ran towards Beti's cottage. He ran after it, and was just in time to see the hare jumping over the lower half of the house door. Going up to the cottage he could hear the old woman groaning; when he went in she was sitting by the fire with blood streaming from her legs. He was never again troubled with the hare-like appearances of old Beti'r Fedw. https://www.pitt.edu/~dash/type3055.html#haas © Copyrighted

The Appalachian Trail, Twisted Branch, and Georgia Death Race are just a few of Abby McCarthy's exploits. On this episode, Abby and I discuss walking 2186 miles without any experience, and why she likes traveling excessive distances on foot, even though she doesn't like to be uncomfortable.

Hosts: Ed Brown, Dr. Shyane Joseph, Penny Dumsday. 00:01:08 A 7-year-old boy's life is saved from a rare skin disease after researchers genetically modify and grow his skin in a lab. 00:07:25 The widespread use of penicillin may been a factor in the very early development of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). 00:15:06 A new study suggests that while cold blooded dinosaurs ruled the daytime, mammals evolved to be nocturnal. And when the dinosaurs were wiped out, many mammals switched back to diurnal life. 00:19:21 NASA scientists say the giant hole in the ozone layer is shrinking, and is now the smallest it's ever been since 1988. 00:24:15 Eleven papers have been published in the journal Clinical Infectious Diseases and presented at the recent scientific meeting revealing the scale and damage caused by streptococcus infections. The authors have called for an acceleration in the development of a streptococcus vaccine.   This episode contains traces of protestors crashing a side event at the 23rd Conference of Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, known as COP 23. The US sent only a small delegation of low-level Whitehouse staffers and representatives from fossil fuel and nuclear power organisations to speak on a panel. Former New York City mayor Mike Bloomberg observed that “promoting coal at a climate summit is like promoting tobacco at a cancer summit.”  

The story of Hasbean and Finca Limoncillo has been told many many times, but it's one that I really love to share. So much of where we are today has come from this relationship, and I'm super proud of everything that's happened in the past, as well as amazingly excited for where we can go in the future. My relationship with Finca Limoncillo began in 2007, and back then we were buying their delicious coffee as part of a buying group. I loved it from the very first time I cupped it, and it was a coffee I just had to get. It was only after the auction closed that I discovered it was owned by a family in Nicaragua who were already good friends of mine, and indeed probably the only people I know from the whole country! The following year I visited the farm with our importers and spent the whole trip begging them to bring the coffee in for us. Eventually, they caved in (possibly just to stop me pestering them!) and kindly did so. This setup worked well for a time, but we received notice a couple of years ago that the importers were not going to be buying the coffee again (and for reasons other than the cup quality). This led to some frantic phone calls and a thorough search down the back of the sofa for loose change to fund buying twelve months' worth of coffee all at once. There were many, many obstacles in the way of doing this deal, but we were lucky in that we were able to pull everything together in a very short amount of time. The upside of all of this is that we now work directly with Finca Limoncillo instead of going via anyone else, and this is a relationship I'm super happy to have. This coffee has gone from a one-off Cup of Excellence buy to a fantastic long-term relationship. Finca Limoncillo is located in Matagalpa and, at 171 hectares, it. is. huge! Situated at an amazing location, it boasts 9 waterfalls within the farm and is owned by the Mierisch family; as I have already said, they're good friends, and also well-respected producers in Nicaragua. They're known for their experimental processing, varietal work, and exceptional coffee. The fact that the family are friends helps us drill down into the details of what they do for the people who work for them, and the information continues to prove to me that good people grow good coffee. On the farm, the family: Pay their staff 30% more than what is typical minimum wage. Provide free housing for 60 families. Provide free electricity and running water for their workers' homes. Provide free food for all workers. Provide free daycare facilities for families to use. Provide free healthcare facilities. Employ on-site teachers who educate the staff and teach other skills, such as pottery and weaving. The goal is to help staff diversify their skills. The teachers are also paid twice the wages they would receive in the cities. The coffees we receive from Limoncillo are fantastic and they come from a fantastic relationship. Erwin Mierisch has visited Stafford many times, and it's always a pleasure to have him around. Last time he was over he ended up at a Weird Beard tap takeover in Manchester, talking to two Weird Beards about crazy brewing / coffee farming ideas! A coffee from Finca Limoncillo (the 'Funky Red Pacamara') is used in two of Weird Beard's beers: Black Perle and Double Perle, both of which are mighty delicious beers! This is a Pacamara varietal coffee, but a Pacamara with a bit of a twist (more on that in a mo). Pacamaras are a little crazy on the cupping table. Pacamaras are exciting. I like Pacamaras! I could ramble on about Pacamaras for a while ... oh, wait a minute, I did! If you'd like to know more about this fantastic varietal, make sure to have a look at the article I wrote... As well as being a big ol' Pacamara this is also a lil' ol' Peaberry, a thing that's normally big is a little smaller than you might expect. An interesting mix of unusual sizing that I hope you'll enjoy. Normally the seed of the coffee fruit grows into the green bean we all know and love from 2 fertilised seeds inside each fruit, but sometimes things are a little different a Peaberry is born. When only 1 of the 2 seeds is fertilised it produces a smaller bean that looks like a shrunken version of what we'd normally know as a coffee bean because only 1 seed has grown instead of 2. Some say Peaberrys are sweeter and more delicious than their regular cousins, some people even come to us specifically looking for them because they crave them so much! I'll let you be the judge. In the cup orange and cinnamon meet in a wonderful way. There's orange acidity with hints of grapefruit and a blackberry hit whilst being thick and gloopy with a spicy aftertaste. Country: Nicaragua Municipality: Yasica Norte 
Region: Matagalpa
 Farm name: Limoncillo Farmer: Dr. Erwin Mierisch Farm size: 171 hectares Coffee growing area: 109 hectares
 Diurnal temperature cycle (average): High 28°C, low 20°C Altitude: 1,200 m.a.s.l.
 Varietal: Pacamara Peaberry Processing method: Washed

The story of Hasbean and Finca Limoncillo has been told many many times, but it's one that I really love to share. So much of where we are today has come from this relationship, and I'm super proud of everything that's happened in the past, as well as amazingly excited for where we can go in the future. My relationship with Finca Limoncillo began in 2007, and back then we were buying their delicious coffee as part of a buying group. I loved it from the very first time I cupped it, and it was a coffee I just had to get. It was only after the auction closed that I discovered it was owned by a family in Nicaragua who were already good friends of mine, and indeed probably the only people I know from the whole country! The following year I visited the farm with our importers and spent the whole trip begging them to bring the coffee in for us. Eventually, they caved in (possibly just to stop me pestering them!) and kindly did so. This setup worked well for a time, but we received notice a couple of years ago that the importers were not going to be buying the coffee again (and for reasons other than the cup quality). This led to some frantic phone calls and a thorough search down the back of the sofa for loose change to fund buying twelve months’ worth of coffee all at once. There were many, many obstacles in the way of doing this deal, but we were lucky in that we were able to pull everything together in a very short amount of time. The upside of all of this is that we now work directly with Finca Limoncillo instead of going via anyone else, and this is a relationship I’m super happy to have. This coffee has gone from a one-off Cup of Excellence buy to a fantastic long-term relationship. Finca Limoncillo is located in Matagalpa and, at 171 hectares, it. is. huge! Situated at an amazing location, it boasts 9 waterfalls within the farm and is owned by the Mierisch family; as I have already said, they’re good friends, and also well-respected producers in Nicaragua. They’re known for their experimental processing, varietal work, and exceptional coffee. The fact that the family are friends helps us drill down into the details of what they do for the people who work for them, and the information continues to prove to me that good people grow good coffee. On the farm, the family: Pay their staff 30% more than what is typical minimum wage. Provide free housing for 60 families. Provide free electricity and running water for their workers' homes. Provide free food for all workers. Provide free daycare facilities for families to use. Provide free healthcare facilities. Employ on-site teachers who educate the staff and teach other skills, such as pottery and weaving. The goal is to help staff diversify their skills. The teachers are also paid twice the wages they would receive in the cities. The coffees we receive from Limoncillo are fantastic and they come from a fantastic relationship. Erwin Mierisch has visited Stafford many times, and it's always a pleasure to have him around. Last time he was over he ended up at a Weird Beard tap takeover in Manchester, talking to two Weird Beards about crazy brewing / coffee farming ideas! A coffee from Finca Limoncillo (the 'Funky Red Pacamara') is used in two of Weird Beard's beers: Black Perle and Double Perle, both of which are mighty delicious beers! This is a Pacamara varietal coffee, but a Pacamara with a bit of a twist (more on that in a mo). Pacamaras are a little crazy on the cupping table. Pacamaras are exciting. I like Pacamaras! I could ramble on about Pacamaras for a while ... oh, wait a minute, I did! If you'd like to know more about this fantastic varietal, make sure to have a look at the article I wrote... As well as being a big ol' Pacamara this is also a lil' ol' Peaberry, a thing that's normally big is a little smaller than you might expect. An interesting mix of unusual sizing that I hope you'll enjoy. Normally the seed of the coffee fruit grows into the green bean we all know and love from 2 fertilised seeds inside each fruit, but sometimes things are a little different a Peaberry is born. When only 1 of the 2 seeds is fertilised it produces a smaller bean that looks like a shrunken version of what we'd normally know as a coffee bean because only 1 seed has grown instead of 2. Some say Peaberrys are sweeter and more delicious than their regular cousins, some people even come to us specifically looking for them because they crave them so much! I'll let you be the judge. In the cup orange and cinnamon meet in a wonderful way. There’s orange acidity with hints of grapefruit and a blackberry hit whilst being thick and gloopy with a spicy aftertaste. Country: Nicaragua Municipality: Yasica Norte 
Region: Matagalpa
 Farm name: Limoncillo Farmer: Dr. Erwin Mierisch Farm size: 171 hectares Coffee growing area: 109 hectares
 Diurnal temperature cycle (average): High 28°C, low 20°C Altitude: 1,200 m.a.s.l.
 Varietal: Pacamara Peaberry Processing method: Washed

Veteran health podcaster, blogger, international speaker, and bestselling author Jimmy Moore from “Livin’ La Vida Low-Carb” teams up with Toronto, Ontario Canada-based nephrologist Dr. Jason Fung from IntensiveDietaryManagement.com and Dr. Fung’s Clinical Director at his Intensive Dietary Management Program clinic Megan Ramos on this podcast dedicated to answering YOUR questions about intermittent, alternate day, and extended fasting. Jimmy and Dr. Fung are the coauthors of the 2016 international bestseller The Complete Guide to Fasting: Heal Your Body Through Intermittent, Alternate-Day, and Extended Fasting and, along with Megan, are happy to provide this podcast as an additional resource for anyone curious about going on a fast to improve their health. We love hearing from our listeners with new questions–send an email to Jimmy at livinlowcarbman@charter.net. And if you’re not already subscribed to the podcast on iTunes, then you can do that and leave a review HERE. Listen in today as Jimmy and Megan delve into the depths of all things fasting in Episode 15. FASTING NEVER TASTED THIS GOOD COUPON CODE “FASTINGTALK” FOR 10% OFF 1ST ORDER NOTICE OF DISCLOSURE: Paid sponsorship KEY QUOTE: "I've received feedback from patients that say the podcast is a great way to reinforce why they are doing this. When cravings come, listen to Fasting Talk." – Megan J. Ramos Here’s what Jimmy and Megan talked about in Episode 15: FEEDBACK: The latest one with Jason, is simply staggering in its implications. What will it take, seriously to get this man the recognition he richly deserves! Thank you for giving him a platform to share the ideas, so well presented. And lastly, sadly what can we do when we have friends and loved ones who don't want to hear anything other than the Standard of Care? Julian GIVE YOUR ELECTROLYTES A SUGAR-FREE BOOST USE COUPON CODE “LLVLC” FOR $10 OFF NOTICE OF DISCLOSURE: Paid sponsorship TESTIMONY: Hey Megan, I just wanted to tell you how your advice to switch it up is working for me. I'm on my second time through a 6 day cycle of 3 days fasting followed by 3 days feasting. Before I started, I was eating keto to satiety and slowly gaining weight. I was eating a lot at night, eating lots of macadamias, and drinking wine. So, I was primed for a change. My first day of a 3-day fast started with keto coffee (lots of coconut oil and a pinch of cayenne). Midday I had a mug of bone broth with a Tbsp of butter melted in it. At night I went right for salt-water with a dash of Chipotle chili pepper powder. I use Morton lite-salt so I can get some Potassium. On the second and third days of the fast I only drank black coffee and my hot salt-water concoction. At the end of the 3-day fast my fingers were getting cold but I had lost 7 pounds. I broke the fast with a handful of nuts and then a big meal after about 30 minutes. I feasted for 3 days eating 2 meals a day within a 6-hour window for an 18-hour intermittent fast. I know I overate a couple times with plenty of butter and macadamia nuts for lots of fat—lots. I was poaching burgers in butter, eating rib eye steaks, fried fish with keto breading, and an entire jar of tartar sauce. Still, I didn't gain an ounce in the 3 days that I feasted. Yesterday was my first day back to fasting. I started the day with keto coffee again, and my salt-water concoction with 1 tbsp of butter, and a couple more of those without the butter later in the day. This morning I had lost another 3 pounds. So, that's 10 pounds in 7 days—the most weight I've ever lost in a week. Ever. Also, last night my blood sugar was the lowest I've ever recorded it at 66. The first day of fasting is challenging, even the second time around. Last night I was dreaming of fast food. But, I got over it, and it was smooth sailing again here on Day 2. This pattern seems to really be working for me and I plan to continue on this path until it stops working. Thanks for the great advice. You guys are awesome. Carl KEY QUOTE: "When you're fasting don't have butter coffee six times a day, and when you're eating don't hold back. Fast when you're fasting, eat when you're eating." – Jimmy Moore GET A $39 BOTTLE OF OLIVE OIL FOR JUST A BUCK GET YOUR $39 BOTTLE FOR JUST $1 NOTICE OF DISCLOSURE: Paid sponsorship HOT TOPIC: Fasting: Worried about messing up metabolism by “doing it wrong” 1. Does eating a small amount of food in the middle of an extended fast impact my insulin levels and fasting efforts? Hey Jimmy and Megan, I love The Complete Guide to Fasting and have learned so much from it and your Fasting Talk podcast. I have a question for you guys. I started my fast on Thursday at 7:30pm and went until 11:30pm Saturday temporarily breaking the fast with 1 Tbs of natural peanut butter and a few bites of brussels sprouts. Then I decided to fast all day Sunday throughTuesday at 7:30 PM. All in all, it was a total of five days with that little bit of food. What if anything did that food break do to my insulin levels and fasting efforts? I have three small children and can’t check my insulin levels, so any insights you can provide would be greatly appreciated. All the best, Brieanne 2. Can someone with bulimia or binge eating disorder engage in fasting? Would this be beneficial or detrimental towards their efforts of overcoming it? Dear Jimmy and Megan, I have read your book on fasting and it was so full of great knowledge that I am grateful for. I am currently breastfeeding, so I am not fasting right now. But I am looking forward to start fasting soon. In your book I took notice of how people with eating disorders, specifically anorexia, shouldn't be fasting and this makes a lot sense. But what about people who have bulimia and binge eating disorder? Should they also steer clear of fasting? Are there any physical or hormonal benefits to be gained for someone like this to start fasting or will this simply perpetuate the binging behavior. Thanks for this podcast and for your amazing work! Teresa JIMMY AND DR. ADAM NALLY’S KETO LIVING SUPPLEMENTS 3. Is Diurnal Fasting with no food or beverages during daylight hours a viable option for fasting? Can you guys talk about the health effects of what is known as Diurnal Fasting where you engage in complete abstinence from food and beverages during daylight hours? Is this a good way to fast and are there any potential downfalls to doing it this way as compared to what you teach in the IDM clinic? Thank you, Catherine 4. How will I know when I am fat-adapted enough to push my fasting periods beyond intermittent fasting? I have been doing some form of LCHF/keto since August 2016 and have lost 30 pounds. I've been following the mantra to only eat when I’m hungry which is how I started unintentionally intermittent fasting. Most days I end up doing 18:6 but just can't get past 20 hours. I hear people say to get fully fat-adapted before trying longer fasting, so how will I know when I am there? Thanks in advance, Danielle WORLD’S 1ST REUSABLE BREATH KETONE ANALYZER NOTICE OF DISCLOSURE: Paid sponsorship 5. Is it okay to use infrared sauna therapy while fasting? Hi Jimmy and Megan, Quick question: Should I use my infrared sauna when I'm fasting? Toby iTunes review: LINKS MENTIONED IN EPISODE 15 – SUPPORT OUR SPONSOR: Fasting never tasted as good as when you use LifeBox. (Get 10% off your first order with the coupon code FASTINGTALK) – SUPPORT OUR SPONSOR: The world’s freshest and most flavorful artisanal olive oils. Get your $39 bottle for just $1. – JIMMY AND DR. ADAM NALLY’S NEW SUPPLEMENT LINE: Try the KetoEssentials Multivitamin and Berberine Plus ketogenic-enhancing supplements – SUPPORT OUR SPONSOR: Get the BRAND NEW 2017 Ketonix breath ketone analyzer from Ketonix.com – SUPPORT OUR SPONSOR: Get the new lemon-lime flavored Jigsaw Electrolyte Supreme supplement (Get $10 off your order with coupon code “LLVLC”) – Jimmy Moore from “Livin’ La Vida Low-Carb” – Dr. Jason Fung from Intensive Dietary Management – Megan Ramos from Intensive Dietary Management – The Complete Guide to Fasting: Heal Your Body Through Intermittent, Alternate-Day, and Extended Fasting – Get the full audiobook read by Jimmy on Audible – Fung Shweigh Facebook page

Interpretation of serial high-sensitivity cardiac troponin (hs-cTn) measurements for the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) assumes random fluctuation of hs-cTn around an individual's homeostatic set point.

Cerro Azul is one of the Mierisch family’s newer coffee projects in Honduras. The name 'Mierisch' might sound familiar; they have brought us Limoncillo, Escondida, San Jose and Mama Mina, to name just some of their amazing farms. The Mierisch family have been growing coffee for 4 generations, going on 5, in Nicaragua. They have achieved great results with their special way of farming, and more importantly by reaching out to specialty buyers and being at the forefront of coffee development. This farm is a new experiment for the Mierisch family. They're going across the border of their mother country and driving six hours from their home to neighbouring Honduras. I spoke with Erwin a lot about why they had made this decision, and it came down to his experiences as one of the Head Judges for the Cup of Excellence competitions in Honduras where he had seen amazing potential, but also a lack of care and attention to detail during the processing stage. This detail is vital to truly special coffee, and Erwin and his family are some of the best-qualified technicians of processing whom I have ever met. A match made in heaven. In 2011 they started the project of revitalising Finca Cerro Azul in the region of the National Park Azul Meambar in Siguatepeque, Comayagua, Honduras, across El Cielito, Santa Barbara. The farm lies on the other side of Lake Yojoa, and is blessed with micro-climates and conditions which are familiar to the family, as they are similar to their lands in Nicaragua. But the soil is something else, as is the plant stock they have inherited, and this is the first production they have been happy enough to share with special international friends. We are some of the first to taste the fruits of their hard work and long drives to the farm. In the cup expect a heap of cherry, dark chocolate bitterness and a little bit of funky fruit. This coffee also has a delicate floral side, think Turkish Delight. Country: Honduras Community: Rio Bonito Municipality: Siguatepeque Department: Comayagua Farm Name: Finca Cerro Azul Farm Manager(s): Francisco Escobar and Lidia Zeledon Farm Owners: Family Mierisch Area: 135 hectares Elevation: 1,450-1,900 m.a.s.l. Diurnal temp cycle: Average High: 26 C Average Low: 16 C Varietal: Red Catuai Shade: Inga and Liquidambar Processing Method: Red Honey CUPPING NOTES Cherry, dark chocolate, funky fruit, floral, Turkish Delight. Clean Cup: (1-8): 6 Sweetness: (1-8): 6 Acidity: (1-8): 7 Mouthfeel: (1-8): 8 Flavour: (1-8): 7 Aftertaste: (1-8): 6 Balance: (1-8): 6 Overall: (1-8): 7 Correction: (+36): +36 Total: (max 100): 88 Roasting Information Medium Dark - first pops of second as it drops. "Quick Look" Guide Cherry, dark chocolate, funky fruit, floral, Turkish Delight. Good filter? Yes Good espresso? Yes

Cerro Azul is one of the Mierisch family's newer coffee projects in Honduras. The name 'Mierisch' might sound familiar; they have brought us Limoncillo, Escondida, San Jose and Mama Mina, to name just some of their amazing farms. The Mierisch family have been growing coffee for four generations, going on five, in Nicaragua. They have achieved great results with their special way of farming, and more importantly by reaching out to specialty buyers and being at the forefront of coffee development. This farm is a new experiment for the Mierisch family. To farm here, they're going across the border of their mother country and driving six hours from their home to neighbouring Honduras. I've spoken with Erwin a lot about why the family made this decision, and it came down to his experiences as one of the Head Judges for the Cup of Excellence competitions in Honduras. He had seen amazing potential, but he'd also seen a lack of care and attention to detail during the processing stage. This detail is vital to truly special coffee, and Erwin and his family are some of the best-qualified technicians of processing whom I have ever met. A match made in heaven. In 2011 they started the project of revitalising Finca Cerro Azul in the region of the national park, Azul Meambar. It's in Siguatepeque, Comayagua, Honduras, and is across El Cielito, Santa Barbara. The farm lies on the other side of Lake Yojoa, and is blessed with micro-climates and conditions which are familiar to the family because those conditions are similar to the ones they experience on their lands in Nicaragua. But the soil is something else, as is the plant stock they have inherited, and this is the first production they have been happy enough to share with special international friends. We are some of the first to taste the fruits of their hard work and long drives to their new farm. In the cup expect a heap of cherry, dark chocolate bitterness and a little bit of funky fruit. This coffee also has a delicate floral side, think Turkish Delight. Country: Honduras Community: Rio Bonito Municipality: Siguatepeque Department: Comayagua Farm name: Finca Cerro Azul Farm manager(s): Francisco Escobar and Lidia Zeledon Farm owners: Family Mierisch Area: 135 hectares Elevation: 1,450–1,900 m.a.s.l. Diurnal temperature cycle: average high: 26 C, average low: 16 C Varietal: Red Catuai Shade: Inga and Liquidambar Processing method: Red Honey

Hilary and Roger talk about Amazon Echo and Alexa as AI as a service, the COMPAS algorithm, criminal justice forecasts, and whether algorithms can introduce or remove bias (or both). Show Notes: In Two Moves, AlphaGo and Lee Sedol Redefined the Future (http://www.wired.com/2016/03/two-moves-alphago-lee-sedol-redefined-future/) Google’s AI won the game Go by defying millennia of basic human instinct (http://qz.com/639952/googles-ai-won-the-game-go-by-defying-millennia-of-basic-human-instinct/) Machine Bias: There’s Software Used Across the Country to Predict Future Criminals. And it’s Biased Against Blacks (https://www.propublica.org/article/machine-bias-risk-assessments-in-criminal-sentencing) ProPublica analysis of COMPAS (https://www.propublica.org/article/how-we-analyzed-the-compas-recidivism-algorithm) Richard Berk’s Criminal Justice Forecasts of Risk (http://www.amazon.com/Criminal-Justice-Forecasts-Risk-SpringerBriefs/dp/1461430844?ie=UTF8&*Version*=1&*entries*=0) Cathy O’Neill: Weapons of Math Destruction (http://www.amazon.com/Weapons-Math-Destruction-Increases-Inequality/dp/0553418815) Cathy O’Neill: I’ll stop calling algorithms racist when you stop anthropomorphizing AI https://mathbabe.org/2016/04/07/ill-stop-calling-algorithms-racist-when-you-stop-anthropomorphizing-ai/ RMS Fact package: https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/rmsfact/index.html Use R! 2016: http://user2016.org

Most wine once purchased is consumed within 24 hours.  Once you’re walking out of the retail store with your wine treasures in hand what’s the best way to protect your investment until you consume it?  What are some signs that your wine may be heat damaged?  What does heat damaged wine look and taste like?  In this pod cast we’ll answer these questions and offer some tips on how to take care of your wines so that they can show their best when you’re ready to enjoy them.   Unless you’re a big time collector or wine investor who will be storing wines for many years you don’t have to obsess over wine storage.  Treasury Wine Estate recently dumped 33 million dollars worth of wine (1/2 million cases) that was past its prime.  Clearly they will sell no wine past its prime.  Jokes aside it’s important to remember that all wines have a shelf life unlike distilled spirits that can last indefinitely because of the high amounts of alcohol they contain.  The minute most wines leave the producers care they can become subjected to less than ideal transport and storage conditions.  Unless you’re in the unique position to buy directly from the winery there isn’t much you can do to ensure that your wine is treated properly before your buy it, but there are steps you can take to care for your wine once it’s in your possession.  Becca offers a fine article if you want to geek out on the damaging effects of heat exposure on wine.    We decided to conduct an experiment in an effort to show what could happen to your wine if it is exposed to extreme temperature variations and high heat for an extended period of time.  Our test subjects were two bottles of 2011 Louis M. Martini Cabernet Sauvignon Sonoma County.  You can purchase this wine at Costco for around $13.  Martini’s Cabernet represents an excellent value and is true to type displaying black fruit, cassis, a deft use of oak, vanilla, spice and round smooth tannins.  Conventional wisdom maintains that if you expose your wines to temperatures over 80 degrees for any period of time the wine will be ruined.  For this experiment we left one bottle in the confines of my wine closet where the temperature is fairly constant and rarely exceeds 66 to 68 degrees, not the ideal conditions for wine but more than adequate for short term storage ( 1 to 5 years ) of wines suitable for extended aging.  The other bottle we placed in the trunk of my daily commuter a BMW 2002.  This car does not get the garage treatment at home or at the office so the wine was subjected to the best and worst of conditions that Northern California had to offer at the beginning of our summer.  The bottle went into the trunk on 4/28/13 and was removed three months later on 7/27/13.  While we had a relatively mild summer this year it’s fair to speculate that the temperature fluctuations that the bottle in the car trunk was exposed to were extreme.  Diurnal temperature swings of forty degrees or more are the norm in Sonoma County and these swings were certainly magnified by the trunk space.  As the surrounding air warms, the wine and the air in the bottle warms up and expands.  The Achilles heal in the container is the cork.  The cork gets pushed upwards or the wine/ air seep up through the gap between the cork and the glass.  The excessive expansion and contraction of the wine/air draws air through the cork and hastens oxidation.  Our trunk bottle clearly showed the visual effects of heat damage with a protruding or pushed cork.  Miraculously the tin foil was able to keep the bottle from popping its cork.  We removed the tortured Cabernet and allowed it to rest in a cool dark place for several months before we opened both wines to do a side by side comparison.  Check out the pod cast to find out how our tortured bottle of wine faired. Here are seven tips to ensure that your wine purchases show their best side.Don’t store your wines in the kitchen above the stove, on top of the refrigerator or near windows.  Wines should be stored in a cool, dark, vibration free area.Don’t store your wines in the refrigerator for long periods of time/ three or more weeks.    It dulls the flavors.Treat your wines just like you would treat your recently purchased perishable groceries.  While transporting keep them in the air conditioned passenger seat not the trunk.  If you’re traveling all day and making several stops take a cooler with ice packs to protect your wine from heat damage and cover them so they are not exposed to direct sunlight.  Wine is packaged in dark bottles to protect it from the light.  The suns ultra violet rays are bad for your eyes and they can also shorten the life of your wine.  Consider making your wine stop the last stop of the day to minimize the wines exposure to elevated temperatures.Don’t buy wines that show a pushed cork or seepage on the capsule.Do allow your wine time to settle and recuperate when you receive wine that has traveled a long distance over several days.  Sometimes wines that have just been bottled or have been shipped recently can seem out of balance and exhibit muted flavors (bottle shock/ bottle sickness).  Your wine will show better if it’s allowed to rest in a dark cool place for a couple of week.Do store wines that have natural corks on their sides.  Ask a clerk at any retailer for an extra wine box and make sure you get a box with the inserts in place.  Turn that box on its side and you have a perfect short term storage vessel for your wine.Be happy if the retailer you’re purchasing from says they won’t ship your wine during the hot season.  It’s safer to ship wines in the spring and fall.We hope you enjoy the pod cast.  Cheers!

Eiswolken und insbesondere hohe Zirruswolken bedecken im globalen jährlichen Mittel bis zu 30 % der Erde und haben deshalb einen signifikanten Einfluß auf das Klima. Eine Besonderheit hoher Eiswolken ist, dass sie einen wärmenden Effekt auf das System Erde und Atmosphäre besitzen können. Dieser wärmende Effekt wird u. a. durch tägliche und saisonale Variationen der optischen Eigenschaften beeinflußt. Um genaue Messungen der optischen Eigenschaften von Aerosolen und Zirruswolken zu erhalten, wurde 2006 die "Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations" (CALIPSO) Mission in einen polaren Orbit gestartet. Mit Hilfe des Hauptinstrumentes, des "Cloud- Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization" (CALIOP), können nun optische Eigenschaften von Aerosol- und dünnen Wolkenschichten mit bisher unerreichter Genauigkeit und Sensitivität bestimmt werden. Allerdings erlaubt dieser Orbit mit einer Wiederkehrdauer von mehr als zwei Wochen keine Ableitung von Tagesgängen der optischen Eigenschaften und des Bedeckungsgrades von Zirruswolken, weshalb in dieser Arbeit der Wolkensensor "Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager" (SEVIRI) auf dem geostationären "METEOSAT Second Generation" (MSG) Satelliten benutzt wird. SEVIRI deckt mit seinen Messungen fast ein Drittel der Erde ab und reicht von 80 N bis 80 S und von 80 W bis 80 E bei einer räumlichen Auflösung von bis zu 3 km x 3 km im Nadir und einer zeitlichen Auflösung von 15 Minuten. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde ein gänzlich neuer Ansatz verfolgt, um die Vorteile beider Instrumente (die hohe Sensitivität und Genauigkeit von CALIOP und die hohe zeitliche und räumliche Auflösung von SEVIRI) miteinander zu verbinden: Der "Cirrus Optical properties derived from CALIOP and SEVIRI during day and night" (COCS) Algorithmus basiert auf dem Prinzip künstlicher Neuronaler Netze und leitet die optischen Dicken von Zirruswolken und deren Oberkantenhöhen aus Messungen der Infrarotkanäle des Instrumentes SEVIRI ab, was Beobachtungen sowohl in der Nacht als auch am Tage ermöglicht. Dieses Neuronale Netz wurde mit gleichzeitigen Messungen der optischen Dicken und Höhen der Wolkenoberkante von CALIOP trainiert. In dieser Arbeit wird die Entwicklung von COCS und die Validierung mit zwei unterschiedlichen Lidar-Messungen beschrieben, mit denen von CALIOP und mit denen des flugzeuggetragenen "High Spectral Resolution Lidar" (HSRL). Die Validierungen zeigen die hohe Genauigkeit des hier entwickelten Algorithmus in der Ableitung der optischen Dicken und Höhen der Wolkenoberkante von Zirruswolken. Zusätzlich wurden auch Vergleiche der COCS-Ergebnisse mit zwei weiteren auf SEVIRI basierenden Algorithmen durchgeführt: Zum einen mit dem "METEOSAT Cirrus Detection Algorithm 2" (MECiDA-2), welcher ebenfalls die thermischen Infrarotkanäle benutzt, zum anderen mit dem "Algorithm for the Physical Investigation of Clouds with SEVIRI" (APICS), welcher zur Ableitung der optischen Eigenschaften von Wolken sowohl auf den Infrarotkanälen als auch auf Kanälen im sichtbaren Spektralbereich basiert. Die Validierung zeigt hervorragende Ergebnisse für die Erkennung von Zirruswolken mit einer Fehldetektionsrate von unter 5 % und einer Detektionseffizienz von bis zu 99 % ab einer optischen Dicke von 0.1. Ebenfalls wird eine Standardabweichung von 0.25 für die optische Dicke und 0.75 km für die Höhe der Wolkenoberkante nachgewiesen. Basierend auf fünf Jahren prozessierter COCS-Daten werden die Tagesgänge von Zirruswolken in verschiedenen Regionen der Erde analysiert und diskutiert. Die Ergebnisse zeigen ausgeprägte Tagesgänge des Zirrusbedeckungsgrades und der optischen Dicke, welche sich von den Vorhersagen des "European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts" (ECMWF) unterscheiden. Eine Betrachtung des Bedeckungsgrades hoher Wolken, vorhergesagt durch das ECMWF, und der Ergebnisse des COCS Algorithmus zeigt gut übereinstimmende Tagesgänge in konvektiven Regionen, während Unterschiede in nichtkonvektiven Regionen über dem Nord- (NAR) und Südatlantik (SAR) sichtbar werden. Generell wird vor allem in diesen Regionen ein höherer Bedeckungsgrad mit Unterschieden von 3-10 % durch COCS errechnet. Abschließend werden die Unterschiede der NAR und SAR diskutiert, da im Nordatlantik einer der meist frequentierten ozeanischen Flugkorridore liegt. Hier mischen sich die heißen Flugzeugabgase mit kalten Luftmassen und führen zur Bildung von Kondensstreifen. Diese Kondensstreifen verlieren mit der Zeit ihre lineare Form und können anschließend nicht mehr von natürlich entstandenen Zirruswolken unterschieden werden. Grundsätzlich zeigt sich hier eine starke Korrelation des Tagesganges von Bedeckungsgrad und optischer Dicke der Zirruswolken mit der Luftverkehrsdichte. Es werden Unterschiede von bis zu 3 % im Bedeckungsgrad zwischen NAR und SAR detektiert.

Transcript -- The influence of differing levels of light, water, CO2 and nutrients on plant photosynthesis around the world

The influence of differing levels of light, water, CO2 and nutrients on plant photosynthesis around the world

Transcript -- The influence of differing levels of light, water, CO2 and nutrients on plant photosynthesis around the world

The influence of differing levels of light, water, CO2 and nutrients on plant photosynthesis around the world

A look at Mercury retrograde and its usefulness in the process of transformation. Also a look at Mercury's function as mediator between Nocturnal and Diurnal planets in classical astrology and how that might play out in the coming weeks.

Mon, 1 Jan 1979 12:00:00 +0100 https://epub.ub.uni-muenchen.de/9253/1/9253.pdf Knorr, D.; Bidlingmaier, F.; Weil, J.; Scriba, Peter Christian; Fink, R.; Müller, O. A.

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.04.21.053751v1?rss=1 Authors: Pantazopoulos, H., Gisabella, B., Rexrode, L., Benefield, D., Yildiz, E., Seltzer, P., Valeri, J., Chelini, G., Reich, A., Ardelt, M., Berretta, S. Abstract: Perineuronal Nets (PNNs) are extracellular matrix (ECM) structures that envelop neurons and regulate synaptic functions. Long thought to be stable structures, PNNs have been recently shown to respond dynamically during learning, potentially regulating the formation of new synapses. We postulated that PNNs may vary during sleep, a period of active synaptic modification. Notably, PNN components are cleaved by matrix proteases such as the protease cathepsin-S, synthesized by microglia. Cathepsin-S is expressed in a diurnal manner in the mouse cortex, coinciding with dendritic spine density rhythms. Thus, cathepsin-S may induce PNN remodeling during sleep, mediating synaptic reorganization. These studies were designed to test the hypothesis that PNN numbers vary in a diurnal manner in the rodent and human brain, and in a circadian manner in the rodent brain, in association with cathepsin-S expression rhythms coinciding with reported rhythms in synaptic plasticity. In mice, we observed diurnal and circadian rhythms of PNNs labeled with the lectin wisteria floribunda agglutinin (WFA+PNNs) in several brain regions involved in emotional memory processing. Sleep deprivation prevented the daytime decrease of WFA+ PNNs. Diurnal rhythms of cathepsin-S expression in microglia were observed in the same brain regions, opposite to PNN rhythms. Finally, incubation of mouse sections with cathepsin-S eliminated PNN labeling. In humans, WFA+PNNs showed a diurnal rhythm in the amygdala and thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN). Our results demonstrate that PNNs vary in a circadian manner that coincides with expression rhythms of cathepsin-S in the mouse hippocampus. We suggest that rhythmic modification of PNNs may contribute to memory consolidation during sleep. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info

Thu, 1 Jan 1970 12:00:00 +0100 https://epub.ub.uni-muenchen.de/8795/1/8795.pdf Müller, O. A.; Kluge, F.; Gerb, A. C.; Boss, M.; Scriba, Peter Christian